20:
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186:, produced in 1887 with a small intended circulation. In its original form it lacked any illustrations and gave only a brief overview of many of its topics. Thanks to a high degree of interest and correspondence regarding the work Wiedersheim decided to publish a revised and expanded version. The German second edition was published in 1893 with an English translation by Henry and Matilda Bernard following in 1895.
216:
It is important to note that a vestige is not necessarily a completely useless organ. Although defined as "useless" in popular media, a vestige as defined in evolutionary biology may still have some use, but the use has since diminished. This definition is consistent with
Wiedersheim, who said that
203:: the muscles of the ear, wisdom teeth, the appendix, the coccyx (tail bone), body hair, and the semilunar fold in the corner of the eye. The list, however, contains structures which today are known to be essential, and thus represents a historical record of the physiologic understanding of the day.
189:
As part of the book
Wiedersheim included a list of the organs discussed in the text which might be considered vestigial. He writes, "comparative morphology points not only to the essentially similar plan of organization of the bodies of all vertebrates, ... but also to the occurrence in them of
144:. This book and its subsequent edition proved very popular and a shorter outline version was published, this was also popular and went through several editions, gaining in size with each edition. In 1902 this outline version superseded the original and was published as
816:"Frühe Zeugnisse vom Eichbergschacht (Kat.-Nr.7621/7) bei Undingen (Schwäbische Alb)und Würdigung des biospeläologischen Wirkens von Robert Ernst Wiedersheim. Beiträge zur Höhlen- und Karstkunde in Südwestdeutschland Nr. 46 S. 5-18 Stuttgart, Juni 2008. S. 12"
67:. In 1871 he moved his studies to WĂĽrzburg and the following year to Freiburg. In 1872 Wiedersheim finished a doctoral thesis on the finer structural relations of the glands in the gizzard of birds, a subject suggested to him by Carl Hasse while in WĂĽrzburg.
50:
Wiedersheim's father was Eduard
Friedrich Wiedersheim (1819–1882), a medical doctor and naturalist. His mother, Bertha Friederike Wiedersheim (née Otto, 1825–1848) died a few days after his birth. During his school years Wiedersheim showed an interest in
167:
deals with various anatomical elements of the human body and attempts to frame them in an evolutionary context with other vertebrates. Wiedersheim himself suggests in the introduction that this work is in the same vein as
62:
Initially commencing a science degree at
Lausanne in 1868 Wiedersheim switched after one semester to a medical degree at TĂĽbingen, following his father's wishes. He studied at TĂĽbingen from 1868 to 1870 under
85:
and published a number of relevant textbooks. He also collected early photographs and documents of scientists of his day. In 1883 Wiedersheim became a full professor of anatomy and succeeded
1074:"Anatomy Atlases: Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus I: Muscular System: Alphabetical Listing of Muscles: O: Occipitalis Minor (Transversus Nuchae) (of Santorini)"
213:, on the other hand, have used the discredited examples as an argument against evolution. There is no "scientific" proof, they say, of the uselessness of a particular organ.
228:
that "There are, according to
Wiedersheim, no less than 180 vestigial structures in the human body, sufficient to make of a man a veritable walking museum of antiquities."
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certain organs, or parts of organs, now known as 'vestigial.' "By such organs are meant those which were formerly of greater physiological significance than at present."
217:
vestigial organs are "wholly or in part functionless" (Wiedersheim 1893, p. 200) and have "lost their original physiological significance" (p. 205).
209:
have used the credited examples of this list as an argument for evolution as they are evolutionary leftovers, of little use to the current organism.
1176:
889:
Wegbereiter unserer
Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Moderne: 219 Biographien zur Portrait-Sammlung des Anatomen Robert Wiedersheim (1848-1923)
120:
and the resulting work is still considered a standard reference on anuran anatomy. A translation by George Haslam of the first two volumes of
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78:
371:
220:
Although
Wiedersheim's originally published list contains 86 items, later interpretations enlarged his list to 180 vestiges. The zoologist
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Drewes RC, Hedrick MS, Hillman SS, Withers PC. "Unique role of skeletal muscle contraction in vertical lymph movement in anurans."
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152:. English editions under both titles were translated by W.N. Parker an anatomist at University College of South Wales, now
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116:. This collaboration took place over a 40-year period with several publications between 1864 and 1904 under the title
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1092:"Anatomy Atlases: Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus IV: Organ Systems: Mammary Gland"
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In 1873 Wiedersheim married
Mathilde (Tilla) Sophie Gruber with whom he had one son, Walter Wiedersheim.
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After finishing his studies
Wiedersheim returned to WĂĽrzburg where he worked as an assistant to
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The young Robert Ernst Eduard
Wiedersheim, probably in early 1874 by Alfredo Noack in Genoa.
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1030:. Second Edition. Translated by H. and M. Bernard. London: Macmillan and Co. 1895. p.xi
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1015:. Second Edition. Translated by H. and M. Bernard. London: Macmillan and Co. 1895. p.3
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to produce a comprehensive, illustrated atlas of anatomy for the European edible frog
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Robert Wiedersheim is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of chameleon,
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The formation of rudimentary dental papillae before the sinking of the dental ridge.
839:. Second Edition. Translated by H. and M. Bernard. London: Macmillan and Co. 1895.
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The transition bundles between the trapezius and the sterno- cleido-mastoideus.
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59:. However, he was not a good student and barely passed the final examination.
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as the director of Freiburg's Institute of Anatomy and Comparative Anatomy.
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At Freiburg Wiedersheim took part in a lengthy ongoing collaboration with
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until 1876. In 1876 he became an associate professor of anatomy at the
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of the fifth toe, and less conspicuously of the third and fourth toes.
1056:"Episternal ossicles - Radiology Reference Article - Radiopaedia.org"
461:
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124:, including considerable new material, was published under the title
52:
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18:
1042:
The World's Most Famous Court Trial: The Tennessee Evolution Case
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Structures included in Wiedersheim's list of 86 vestigial organs
304:
The branchial clefts (for the most part) and branchial ridges.
1112:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp.
1108:
Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011).
473:
The vertex coccygeus, the foveola and glabella coccygea.
859:. 2008. Retrieved August 17, 2015 from Encyclopedia.com
871:"Robert Ernst Wiedersheim, born 1848 - Ancestry.co.uk"
830:
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224:
said in a written statement read into evidence in the
400:
Facial muscles transformed into tendinous expansions.
197:'s concept of "rudimentary" organs such as listed in
953:
Lehrbuch der vergleichende Anatomie der Wirbelthiere
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The ciliated epithelium of the embryonic oesophagus.
138:
Lehrbuch der vergleichende Anatomie der Wirbelthiere
81:
where he taught until 1918. He became an expert in
1028:The Structure of Man: An Index to His Past History
1013:The Structure of Man: An Index to His Past History
968:Elements of the comparative anatomy of vertebrates
837:The Structure of Man: An Index to His Past History
165:The structure of Man: An Index to His Past History
142:Elements of the comparative anatomy of vertebrates
40:The Structure of Man: An Index to His Past History
709:Certain structures of a vestigial nature in the
1040:Darrow, Clarence and William J. Bryan. (1997).
605:The rami recurrentes of certain cranial nerves.
407:and palmaris longus, when completely tendinous.
291:(probable vestige of the episternal apparatus).
728:Superficial plantar arterial arch of the foot.
136:In 1882 Wiedersheim published a book entitled
8:
936:Ecker, A. Wiedersheim, R. Haslam. G (Trans)
30:(21 April 1848 – 12 July 1923) was a German
857:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
231:
182:began as a much shorter academic treatise,
34:who is famous for publishing a list of 86 "
1139:
970:. Macmillan and Co., Ltd, New York. 1897.
983:Vergleichende Anatomie der Wirbelthiere.
1000:. Macmillan and Co., Ltd, London. 1907.
807:
593:The hypophysis cerebri (pituitary body)
476:Certain vortices of hair on the breast.
297:Certain centres of ossification in the
146:Vergleichende Anatomie der Wirbelthiere
1044:Pub. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 268
512:(Cloquet's canal) of the embryo – the
485:Supernumerary mammary glands in women.
79:Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg
7:
996:Wiedersheim. R, Parker. WN (Trans.)
966:Wiedersheim. R, Parker. WN (Trans.)
598:The dorsal roots and ganglia of the
488:Alleged vestiges of mammary pouches
359:Processus frontalis of the temporal.
287:The interarticular cartilage of the
175:Evidence as to man's place in nature
308:Processus styloideus ossis temporis
998:Comparative anatomy of vertebrates
666:The vestiges of a third dentition.
372:Processus supracondyloideus humeri
150:Comparative anatomy of vertebrates
132:Comparative anatomy of vertebrates
14:
1110:The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles
752:system, and (in the male) of the
940:. Oxford, Clarendon Press. 1889.
891:Academia-Press, Germany, 2003.
748:Vestiges (in the female) of the
460:The primitive hairy covering or
346:(and ? preinterparietalia).
924:Journal of Experimental Biology
491:Supernumerary olfactory ridges.
394:and the Musculus occipitalis. L
28:Robert Ernst Eduard Wiedersheim
1177:19th-century German biologists
912:. Braunschweig, Germany. 1864.
695:Lobus subpericardiacus of the
16:German anatomist and biologist
1:
1137:Biodiversity Heritage Library
955:. Gustav Fischer, Jena. 1883.
500:Papilla palatina and foliata.
739:Venae cardinales posteriores
497:, and ductus naso-palatinus.
397:M. transversus nuchae. L. --
349:Processus paramastoideus of
1133:Works by Robert Wiedersheim
985:Gustav Fischer, Jena. 1902.
926:2007 Nov;210(Pt 22):3931-9.
733:vena cava superior sinistra
679:Musculi broncho-oesophagei.
672:Bursa sub- and prehyoidea (
659:The occurrence of a fourth
1198:
1120:. ("Wiedersheim", p. 285).
908:Ecker, A. Wiedersheim, R.
652:The occurrence of a third
581:, taeniae medullares, and
378:Trochanter tertius femoris
333:Processus gracilis of the
910:Die Anatomie des Frosches
568:parieto-occipital fissure
538:Certain varieties of the
422:M. latissimo-condyloideus
417:M. epitrochleo-anconaeus.
122:Die Anatomie des Frosches
118:Die Anatomie des Frosches
608:Certain elements of the
583:velum medullare anterius
312:ligamentum stylohyoideum
1167:Evolutionary biologists
1026:Wiedersheim, R. (1893)
1011:Wiedersheim, R. (1893)
938:The anatomy of the frog
855:"Wiedersheim, Robert."
835:Wiedersheim, R. (1893)
690:Ventricle of the larynx
428:M. transversus thoracis
324:, for the greater part.
289:sterno-clavicular joint
126:The anatomy of the frog
98:The anatomy of the frog
1096:www.anatomyatlases.org
1078:www.anatomyatlases.org
779:Trioceros wiedersheimi
759:Conus inguinalis, and
717:Arteria sacralis media
702:Certain Valves of the
430:(triangularis sterni).
244:Superfluous embryonic
24:
1182:People from NĂĽrtingen
443:M. levator claviculae
363:Processus coracoideus
340:Post-frontal bone (?)
294:Ossa supra-sternalia.
22:
761:ligamentum inguinale
684:appendix vermiformis
410:M. ischio femoralis.
344:Ossa interparietalia
184:Der Bau der Menschen
180:The structure of Man
160:The Structure of Man
75:Albert von Koelliker
692:(Morgagni's pouch).
674:ductus thyroglossus
563:and parietal organ.
413:The caudal muscles.
83:comparative anatomy
875:www.ancestry.co.uk
792:Human vestigiality
723:Arteria ischiadica
449:M. rectus thoracis
434:M. palmaris brevis
368:Os centrale carpi.
356:Torus occipitalis.
200:The Descent of Man
154:Cardiff University
25:
1172:German anatomists
1118:978-1-4214-0135-5
628:glandula coccygea
600:hypoglossus nerve
561:Glandula pinealis
544:Darwin's tubercle
542:of the ear, i.e.
514:choroidal fissure
504:Plica semilunaris
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766:The area scroti.
520:Lachrymal glands
495:Jacobson's organ
299:manubrium sterni
193:He picked up on
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699:(reversionary).
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656:(reversionary).
633:Palatal ridges.
621:coccygeal nerve
589:, of the brain.
551:filum terminale
390:Muscles of the
318:Anterior cornua
273:The thirteenth
248:and associated
241:. Cauda humana.
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170:Thomas Huxley's
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648:Wisdom teeth
614:lumbo-sacral
533:M. orbitalis
467:Vestiges of
455:M. cremaster
282:cervical rib
280:The seventh
226:Scopes Trial
219:
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211:Creationists
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1162:1923 deaths
1157:1848 births
750:mesonephric
555:spinal cord
506:of the eye.
351:exoccipital
239:Os coccygis
108:Ernst Gaupp
1151:Categories
897:3000119426
803:References
527:epicanthus
522:, in part.
310:, and the
255:Embryonic
638:sublingua
616:plexuses.
587:posterius
469:vibrissae
405:plantaris
385:phalanges
246:notochord
128:in 1889.
46:Biography
32:anatomist
786:See also
654:premolar
610:brachial
257:cervical
172:earlier
553:of the
482:in men.
480:Nipples
335:malleus
320:of the
250:somites
57:zoology
1116:
895:
772:Legacy
741:, and
579:ligula
462:lanugo
265:sacral
263:, and
261:lumbar
195:Darwin
53:botany
819:(PDF)
711:heart
704:veins
661:molar
540:pinna
392:pinna
322:hyoid
1114:ISBN
893:ISBN
731:The
697:lung
682:The
646:The
636:The
626:The
619:The
612:and
585:and
575:obex
573:The
566:The
549:The
525:The
403:Mm.
383:The
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