531:, Kaufman and Mariano Bernardez worked with a senior faculty and the President of the institute to create a certification, Master's degree, and Ph.D. based on needs assessment and Mega planning. Bernardez developed a Mega-based, social impact-centered educational and consulting design for graduating companies and projects under the motto "Give your company a PhD." Students at the Ph.D. level must work in a company or head of a company and apply the Mega principles in a real-world project. Guerra and Rodriguez first described evidence of ITSON's results.
441:"Mega Planning" starts with the question of "What kind of world do you want for your children and grandchildren?" with responses distilled in terms of consequences. An Ideal Vision defines the measurable variables for Mega planning including survival, self-sufficiency, and quality of life. He calls Mega planning (a system approach) "Mother's Rule" because if you ask just about any mother what kind of world they want for their children, they don't talk to means (credentials of teachers, money spent on social programs) but the survival,
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511:, 2005) aligns with this concept. The model was developed over many years and across multiple countries and cultures to validate the measures. Moore conducted a factor and reliability analysis of the construct, finding that all measures loaded onto a single factor (i.e. described a single concept), r=.95 (a notably high reliability). Kaufman's model has sometimes been referred to as "Kirkpatrick Plus" - an extension of
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outside of their organizations. Traditional planning ends with "Macro" level results, which are organizational results such as profits, graduation rates, ratings, etc. While these are important measures of organizational performance, they do not indicate the impact of an organization on external clients and society. Kaufman's model is similar to some of the concepts behind "
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solution before identifying the actual problem to be solved. When using 'need' as a verb, an intervention has been selected before a clear definition of the actual gap in results that would be addressed. Once a gap, or need, is accurately identified, only then can a means be sensibly selected for moving from current to desired results.
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Kaufman developed a model for strategic thinking and planning, called "Mega
Planning." Kaufman argues that many organizational planning models incorrectly begin with, and end with internal or organizational performance, therefore restricting organizations from a chance to plan how they deliver value
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These levels of needs are also levels of planning for any organization and indicate a relationship between the levels. Alignment of objectives at each level is critical to ensure that planning translates into clear organizational operations and ensure that activities at each level add value back up
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Kaufman's model is argued to be the first business planning model that makes a business case for social responsibility and that establishes a data-based construct for organizational planning and evaluation that goes beyond the walls of the organization. Recent work by McKinsey & Co's Ian Davis
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Poverty will not exist, and every woman and man will earn at least as much as it costs them to live unless they are progressing toward being self-sufficient and self-reliant. No adult will be under the care, custody, or control of another person, agency, or substance. All adult citizens will be
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One of the defining chaOnly once a gap, or need, is accurately identified characteristics of
Kaufman's work is his emphasis on "need" as a noun, not a verb; it is a gap in results and consequences, not a gap in resources or methods. Kaufman explains when "need" is used as a verb, it presupposes a
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Another case study is a project for the president and minister of tourism of Panama taking a systemic approach using the Mega planning model to address issues of high crime, low standard of living, and other measures of social impact. Using the metaphor of "city doctors," Bernardez, Vallarino,
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Kaufman expanded this approach to "need" from looking at gaps in products to gaps in outputs and then outcomes: from building block results to results delivered outside the organization to external client and societal results - what the organization uses, does, produces, and delivers and the
539:, developed a shared vision for Colon based on Kaufman's Basic Ideal Vision, prioritized, and set goals for the major strategic indicators (such as security, job creation and employment, recovery of real estate values, increase in tourism revenue, and health and sanitation).
515:'s Four Levels of Evaluation by adding Mega—societal value added as a fifth level. However, the debate over this is a rather long-standing one. Some practitioners in the field argue that the fifth level of evaluation is ROI, or "return on investment," evaluation.
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Moore, S. L. (2005). The social impact of a profession: An analysis of factors influencing ethics and the teaching of social responsibility in educational technology programs. Unpublished Doctor of
Philosophy dissertation, University of Northern
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consequences all of that adds measurable value for our shared society. Used in this way, cost-consequences estimates may be made to prioritize closing gaps based on the cost of meeting the need as compared to the costs of ignoring the need.
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the chain linking measurable to societal value-added. As a consequence, no level of results is any more important than the others. Rather, it is the alignment of all levels that is critical to achieving desired results.
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Guerra, I. and
Rodriguez, G. (2005). Educational Planning and Social Responsibility: Eleven Years of Mega Planning at the Sonora Institute of Technology (ITSON). Performance Improvement Quarterly, 18(3) pp.
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Watkins, R., Leigh, D., Foshay, R. and
Kaufman, R. (1998). Kirkpatrick Plus: Evaluation and Continuous Improvement with a Community Focus. Educational Technology Research & Development, 46(4): 90-96.
343:, as well as in strategic thinking and planning for public and private-sector organizations. He is regarded as one of the field's founding figures, referred to as the father of needs assessment.
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Bernardez, M., Vallarino, C.A., Krivatsy, A., and
Kaufman, R. (2012). City doctors: A systemic approach to transform Colon City, Panama. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 24(4): 41-60.
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There will be no losses of life nor elimination or reduction of levels of well-being, survival, self-sufficiency, and quality of life from any source, including (but not limited to):
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Kaufman, R. (2019: Aug.) Revisiting Mega as the
Central Focus for Defining and Delivering Worthy Results. Performance Improvement Journal. Vol. 59, No. 7. Pp.20-23.
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Bernardez, M. (2009). Minding the
Business of Business: Tools and Models to Design and Measure Wealth Creation. Performance Improvement Quarterly. 22(2) Pp. 17-72.
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Lee, S. & Reeves, T. C. (2009; May–June). Roger
Kaufman: A Significant Contributor to the Field of Educational Technology. .Educational Technology, Pp 43-45.
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This becomes the basis for defining a vision and mission statement that map out exactly how an organization, of any type, will add measurable value to society.
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Kaufman, R. (Nov.-Dec. 2018). A Hierarchy of
Planning: Where You Start Can Make A Difference, Performance Improvement Journal. Vol. 57, Issue 19. Pp. 37-40.
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Kaufman, R. (2018: July). A Glossary of Terms for Mega Thinking and Planning, Performance improvement Journal. Vol. 57, No. 6. Pp.57-65.
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Bernardez, M. (May–June, 2009). Sailing the Winds of “Creative Destruction:” Educational Technology during economic downturns. Educational Technology.
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Fulgham, S.M & Shaughnessy, M. (2008: Sept.-Oct.). Q & A with Ed Tech Leaders: Interview with Roger Kaufman. Educational Technology. Pp. 49-52.
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Muir, M., Watkins, R. Kaufman, R., & Leigh, D. (1998: Apr.). Costs-Consequences Analysis: A Primer. Performance Improvement, 37 (4), 8-17, 48.
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Moore, S.L., Ellsworth, J., and Kaufman, R. (2008). Objectives: Are they useful? A Quick Assessment. Performance Improvement, 47(7), 41-47.
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Moore, S.L., Ellsworth, J., and Kaufman, R. (2008). Objectives: Are they useful? A Quick Assessment. Performance Improvement, 47(7), 41-47.
555:. This award is given to individuals and organizations who demonstrate continuous improvement and measurable positive societal impact (see
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Extensive examples of planning and aligned objectives can be found in Moore, 2010 and Moore, Ellsworth & Kaufman, 2008.
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Kaufman, R. (2006). Change, Choices, and Consequences: A Guide to Mega Thinking and Planning. Amherst, MA. HRD Press Inc.
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Kaufman, R. (2000, 2006). Mega Planning: Practical Tools for Organizational Success. Thousand Oaks, CA. Sage Publications.
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self-sufficient and self-reliant as minimally indicated by their consumption being equal to or less than their production.
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Phillips, J.J. (1997). Return on Investment in Training and Performance Improvement Programs. Butterworth-Heinemann.
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Kaufman, R. & Guerra-Lopez (2013) Needs Assessment for Organizational Success. Alexandria, Va. ATD/ASTD Press.
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Witkin, B. R. (1994). Needs Assessment Since 1981: The State of the Practice. Evaluation Practice, 15 (1), 17-27.
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Kaufman, R. (2011) A Manager’s Pocket Guide to Strategic Thinking and Planning. Amherst, MA. HRD Press, Inc.
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Kaufman developed the mega-planning model, a framework for adding measurable value to society.
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The world we want to help create for tomorrow's child
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