404:
338:
43:
207:
432:
Interestingly, previous root trauma and unusual root morphology do not predispose one to OEIRR. Furthermore, endodontically treated teeth do not increase OIERR due to the absence of a vital pulp that can induce inflammation. Thus, it is recommended to take screening radiographs to detect for OIERR as indicated, use light forces especially for intrusive movements, and perform endodontic treatment if needed.
435:
However, due to the lack of robust evidence in treatment of other forms of external root resorption, there is currently no single recommended best treatment for the management of external root resorption. Treatments are case-dependent and dependent on clinical judgment and experience. Therefore, more
357:
External inflammatory root resorption may be caused by trauma to the root surface, due to damage to the periodontal ligament (PDL) and/or extended drying following tooth avulsion. Following trauma, dentinal tubules are exposed leading to communication with an infective or necrotic pulp. This leads to
174:
While resorption of bone is a normal physiological response to stimuli throughout the body, root resorption in permanent dentition and sometimes in the primary dentition is pathological. The root is protected internally (endodontium) by pre-dentin and externally on the root surface by cementum and
317:
It may also present as an incidental, radiographic finding. Radiographically, a radiolucent area of uniform density within the root canal may be visible with well-defined borders. Canal walls may appear sclerosed, thus the outline of pulp chambers or root canals may not be followed through the
321:
Chronic pulpal inflammation is thought to be a cause of internal resorption. The pulp must be vital below the area of resorption to provide osteoclasts with nutrients. If the pulp becomes totally necrosed the resorption will cease unless lateral canals are present to supply osteoclasts with
286:
can lead to RANKL release activating osteoclasts. Osteoclasts in close proximity to the root surface will resorb the root surface cementum and underlying root dentin. This can vary in severity from evidence of microscopic pits in the root surface to complete devastation of the root surface.
431:
Orthodontically induced external root resorption (OIERR) may occur during orthodontic treatment. The use of heavy, continuous force increases the incidence and severity of OIERR. Additionally, forces directed toward the bone (i.e. intrusive) or lingual torque may also cause OEIRR.
395:. When at least 3 teeth are affected, it is referred to as multiple idiopathic cervical root resorption. The causes of external cervical root resorption are poorly understood but trauma, periodontal treatment, and/or tooth whitening may be predisposing factors.
361:
Alternatively, pressure may also cause external inflammatory root resorption. Specifically, application of heavy, continuous, and intrusive (i.e. directed toward the bone) forces during orthodontic tooth movement are associated with external root resorption.
297:
If the insult is transient, resorption will stop and healing will occur, this is known as transient inflammatory resorption. If the insult is persistent, then resorption continues, and if the tooth tissue is irretrievably damaged, complete resorption may occur.
1020:
Choi BK, Moon SY, Cha JH, Kim KW, Yoo YJ (May 2005). "Prostaglandin E(2) is a main mediator in receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand-dependent osteoclastogenesis induced by
Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Treponema socranskii".
390:
External cervical resorption is a localised resorptive lesion in the cervical area of the tooth, below the epithelial attachment. It is distinguished from external inflammatory root resorption in that it rarely involves the
1253:
Alhadainy, Hatem A.; Flores-Mir, Carlos; Abdel-Karim, Amany H.; Crossman, Jacqueline; El-Bialy, Tarek (May 2019). "Orthodontic-induced
External Root Resorption of Endodontically Treated Teeth: A Meta-analysis".
262:
One thought is that the presence of bacteria plays a role. Bacterial presence leads to pulpal or peri-periapical inflammation. These bacteria are not mediators of osteoclast activity but do cause leukocyte
290:
When there is insult leading to inflammation (trauma, bacteria, tooth whitening, orthodontic movement, periodontal treatment) in the root canal/s or beside the external surface of the root,
1083:
Andreasen JO (1981). "Relationship between cell damage in the periodontal ligament after replantation and subsequent development of root resorption. A time-related study in monkeys".
1118:
Lossdörfer S, Götz W, Jäger A (July 2002). "Immunohistochemical localization of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB (RANK) and its ligand (RANKL) in human deciduous teeth".
329:(root canal therapy) may be carried out with the expectation of a fairly high success rate. Removing the stimulus (inflamed pulp) results in cessation of the resorptive process.
2579:
2761:
1808:
239:), also called osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF) and osteoprotegerin ligand (OPGL), is a regulator of osteoclast function. In physiological bone turn over,
2766:
374:. It is a transient, self-limiting process of resorption that ceases after removal of the traumatic stimulus and is followed by healing of root surface,
314:
Internal resorption is defined by the loss of intraradicular dentin and tubular dentin from within the middle and apical thirds of the root canal(s).
1420:
3393:
2591:
2542:
455:
349:
External resorption is the loss of tooth structure from the external surface of the tooth and is further subcategorized based on its etiology.
955:
881:"Osteoclast differentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor and is identical to TRANCE/RANKL"
3076:
2919:
2193:
1677:
3320:
175:
the periodontal ligament. Chronic stimuli that damage these protective layers expose underlying dentin to the action of osteoclasts.
3423:
1953:
282:
Osteoclasts are active during bone regulation, there is constant equilibrium between bone resorption and deposition. Damage to the
403:
337:
3295:
3232:
3227:
3109:
2537:
2517:
1429:
3141:
2778:
2232:
3126:
2961:
669:"External root resorption: its implication in dental traumatology, paedodontics, periodontics, orthodontics and endodontics"
2966:
2490:
2099:
1803:
1788:
1726:
1672:
1595:
1413:
3018:
2981:
2711:
1992:
1904:
3028:
2976:
2783:
2716:
2485:
1985:
1980:
1931:
211:
3033:
2751:
2655:
2126:
1590:
558:"Root resorption - diagnosis, classification and treatment choices based on stimulation factors: Root resorption"
408:
342:
178:
Root resorption most commonly occurs due to inflammation caused by pulp necrosis, trauma, periodontal treatment,
306:
Resorptive lesions are categorized as internal or external and then further subdivided based on their etiology.
259:(OPG) is also secreted by osteoclasts and stromal cells; this inhibits RANKL and therefore osteoclast activity.
3340:
3119:
3104:
2800:
2756:
2701:
2574:
2532:
2300:
2146:
1381:
3173:
2505:
3237:
3038:
3003:
2829:
2696:
2500:
2280:
2121:
2067:
1997:
1919:
1899:
1886:
1863:
1406:
600:
Galler, Kerstin M.; Grätz, Eva-Maria; Widbiller, Matthias; Buchalla, Wolfgang; Knüttel, Helge (2021-03-26).
77:
3383:
3350:
3023:
3013:
3008:
2950:
2877:
2833:
2729:
2724:
2510:
2340:
2335:
2310:
2156:
2087:
1914:
1823:
1741:
1468:
415:
External replacement root resorption (ERRR) occurs due to replacement of the root surface with bone, i.e.
2007:
1731:
1214:
Weltman, Belinda; Vig, Katherine W.L.; Fields, Henry W.; Shanker, Shiva; Kaizar, Eloise E. (April 2010).
668:
3192:
3094:
2706:
2584:
2564:
2446:
2405:
2268:
2256:
2205:
1868:
1941:
294:
are produced, the RANKL system is activated and osteoclasts are activated and resorb the root surface.
3418:
3290:
2929:
2914:
2480:
2413:
2019:
1751:
1305:
Ahangari, Zohreh; Nasser, Mona; Mahdian, Mina; Fedorowicz, Zbys; Marchesan, Melissa A. (2015-11-24).
892:
780:
283:
267:. Leukocytes differentiate into osteoclasts in the presence of lipopolysaccharide antigens found in
3345:
3081:
3061:
3051:
2924:
2857:
2739:
2734:
2660:
2559:
2212:
2136:
1975:
1924:
1873:
1853:
1766:
1756:
1682:
1657:
1515:
602:"Pathophysiological mechanisms of root resorption after dental trauma: a systematic scoping review"
1622:
3388:
3242:
3046:
2862:
2810:
2771:
2468:
2384:
2315:
2024:
1848:
1828:
1781:
1667:
1612:
1575:
1565:
1550:
1480:
1287:
1215:
1143:
1002:
804:
753:
649:
326:
219:
187:
67:
3335:
3310:
2971:
879:
Yasuda H, Shima N, Nakagawa N, Yamaguchi K, Kinosaki M, Mochizuki S, et al. (March 1998).
3086:
2675:
2640:
2473:
2369:
2227:
2151:
1858:
1798:
1761:
1736:
1585:
1463:
1458:
1344:
1326:
1279:
1271:
1235:
1193:
1135:
1100:
1038:
994:
951:
920:
861:
843:
796:
745:
737:
696:
688:
641:
623:
577:
535:
508:
420:
379:
116:
55:
42:
279:
species (these are all bacterial species associated with pulpal or periapical inflammation).
3056:
2691:
2681:
2645:
2554:
2244:
2178:
2168:
2116:
2014:
1909:
1746:
1334:
1318:
1263:
1227:
1183:
1127:
1092:
1065:
1030:
984:
943:
910:
900:
851:
835:
788:
727:
680:
631:
613:
569:
498:
488:
224:
The pathophysiology of root resorption is not completely understood. It is postulated that
3212:
2998:
2793:
2686:
2522:
2441:
2421:
2345:
2330:
2200:
2104:
2072:
2043:
1965:
1891:
1687:
1570:
1560:
1505:
1490:
450:
445:
416:
318:
lesion. Lesions may also be oval radiolucencies that are continuous with the canal walls.
256:
206:
183:
163:
159:
158:. Root resorption is a normal physiological process that occurs in the exfoliation of the
419:. ERRR can be further categorized as transient or progressive depending on the extent of
896:
784:
771:
Boyle WJ, Simonet WS, Lacey DL (May 2003). "Osteoclast differentiation and activation".
557:
3378:
3330:
3300:
3168:
3099:
3066:
2788:
2527:
2261:
2141:
1936:
1721:
1534:
1339:
1306:
856:
823:
684:
636:
601:
503:
476:
3412:
3280:
3158:
2986:
2805:
2569:
2549:
2458:
2325:
2285:
2082:
1843:
1818:
1793:
1771:
1555:
1545:
1510:
1069:
1006:
947:
915:
880:
653:
573:
1291:
1147:
757:
3131:
2907:
2902:
2887:
2867:
2837:
2670:
2379:
2320:
2251:
2173:
2163:
2131:
2094:
2055:
2047:
1662:
1617:
1602:
1500:
1495:
1398:
1322:
808:
392:
371:
244:
179:
1386:
1216:"Root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth movement: A systematic review"
3325:
3315:
3305:
3222:
3217:
3148:
2222:
2183:
2002:
1878:
1838:
1706:
1627:
1607:
1231:
155:
106:
1267:
885:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
618:
477:"Tooth resorption part I — pathogenesis and case series of internal resorption"
17:
3285:
3071:
2897:
2665:
2495:
2436:
2374:
2364:
2357:
2352:
2290:
2273:
2217:
2188:
2109:
1970:
1948:
1833:
1813:
1131:
1096:
1034:
989:
972:
264:
248:
240:
229:
225:
135:
82:
1330:
1275:
847:
741:
692:
627:
493:
3153:
3136:
2872:
2650:
2453:
2077:
1960:
1580:
1475:
1453:
1188:
1171:
822:
Patel, Shanon; Saberi, Navid; Pimental, Tiago; Teng, Peng-Hui (2022-03-30).
732:
715:
325:
If the condition is discovered before perforation of the root has occurred,
60:
1348:
1283:
1239:
1197:
1139:
1042:
998:
905:
865:
800:
749:
645:
581:
539:
512:
1104:
924:
700:
3163:
3114:
2882:
2635:
2616:
2596:
2417:
2295:
2239:
1485:
375:
291:
252:
151:
1373:
792:
3249:
3207:
2892:
2852:
2746:
2620:
2409:
1776:
147:
839:
526:
Ne RF, Witherspoon DE, Gutmann JL (January 1999). "Tooth resorption".
2991:
2463:
2051:
1646:
370:
Occurs due to a localized and limited injury to the root surface or
162:. However, pathological root resorption occurs in the permanent or
402:
336:
236:
195:
139:
971:
Nakamura I, Takahashi N, Jimi E, Udagawa N, Suda T (April 2012).
938:
Mak TW, Saunders ME (2006). "Cytokines and
Cytokine Receptors".
232:
surface. Osteoclasts can break down bone, cartilage and dentin.
191:
3367:
3266:
3190:
2948:
2827:
2613:
2403:
2041:
1704:
1644:
1532:
1440:
1402:
1442:
1307:"Interventions for the management of external root resorption"
423:
damage with the latter resulting in complete root resorption.
358:
an inflammatory process that causes external root resorption.
1172:"Resorption: part 1. Pathology, classification and aetiology"
716:"Resorption: part 1. Pathology, classification and aetiology"
1220:
American
Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
186:. Less common causes include pressure from malpositioned
1056:
Trope M (2002). "Root resorption due to dental trauma".
824:"Present status and future directions: Root resorption"
27:
Breakdown of the tooth root to be absorbed by the blood
235:
Receptive activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (
1363:
228:
are the cells responsible for the resorption of the
1367:
556:Fuss, Zvi; Tsesis, Igor; Lin, Shaul (August 2003).
125:
115:
105:
97:
89:
76:
66:
54:
35:
2842:Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities
475:Fernandes M, de Ataide I, Wagle R (January 2013).
72:Dark tooth discoloration, swollen gums, chip tooth
3197:Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues
1809:Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
2767:Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis
1414:
8:
1209:
1207:
129:Dental crowns, tooth extraction, gum surgery
1311:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
3364:
3263:
3187:
2945:
2824:
2610:
2400:
2038:
1701:
1641:
1529:
1437:
1421:
1407:
1399:
1364:
551:
549:
50:Post traumatic External tooth resorption 9
41:
32:
1338:
1187:
988:
914:
904:
855:
731:
635:
617:
502:
492:
205:
166:and sometimes in the primary dentition.
3394:Oral manifestations of systemic disease
2543:Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
467:
2580:As a manifestation of systemic disease
456:Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion
353:External Inflammatory Root Resorption
7:
2426:Gums and tooth-supporting structures
595:
593:
591:
399:External Replacement Root Resorption
3077:Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
2920:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
1170:Darcey J, Qualtrough A (May 2013).
973:"Regulation of osteoclast function"
714:Darcey, J.; Qualtrough, A. (2013).
255:which fuse and become osteoclasts.
2194:Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis
1678:Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
685:10.1111/j.1365-2591.1985.tb00427.x
407:x-ray of external root resorption
25:
436:research is needed in this area.
386:External Cervical Root Resorption
3296:Cutaneous sinus of dental origin
3233:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
3228:Central hypoventilation syndrome
3110:Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
2538:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
2518:Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
1430:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
1070:10.1034/j.1601-1546.2002.10106.x
948:10.1016/b978-012088451-3.50019-3
828:International Endodontic Journal
673:International Endodontic Journal
574:10.1034/j.1600-9657.2003.00192.x
366:External Surface Root Resorption
93:External (most common), internal
3142:Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis
2779:Osteoporotic bone marrow defect
2233:Keratocystic odontogenic tumour
3127:Sclerosing polycystic adenosis
2962:Benign lymphoepithelial lesion
1323:10.1002/14651858.CD008003.pub3
1120:Calcified Tissue International
1085:Acta Odontologica Scandinavica
1:
3321:Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
3270:Soft tissues around the mouth
2967:Ectopic salivary gland tissue
146:, is the progressive loss of
2491:Gingival cyst of the newborn
2100:Failure of eruption of teeth
1804:Hand, foot and mouth disease
1789:Focal epithelial hyperplasia
1727:Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
1673:Palatal cysts of the newborn
1596:Transient lingual papillitis
247:release RANKL, this acts on
3019:Salivary gland diverticulum
2982:Necrotizing sialometaplasia
1993:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
1905:Basaloid squamous carcinoma
1232:10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.06.021
3440:
3029:Salivary gland hyperplasia
2977:HIV salivary gland disease
2486:Gingival cyst of the adult
1932:Oral florid papillomatosis
1268:10.1016/j.joen.2019.02.001
619:10.1186/s12903-021-01510-6
217:
121:Dental examination, X-rays
3374:
3363:
3276:
3268:Orofacial soft tissues –
3262:
3203:
3186:
3034:Salivary gland hypoplasia
2957:
2944:
2848:
2823:
2762:Bisphosphonate-associated
2656:Idiopathic osteosclerosis
2631:
2609:
2432:
2399:
2127:Dentinogenesis imperfecta
2063:
2037:
1717:
1700:
1653:
1640:
1591:Median rhomboid glossitis
1541:
1528:
1449:
1436:
1132:10.1007/s00223-001-2086-7
1097:10.3109/00016358109162254
1035:10.1902/jop.2005.76.5.813
1023:Journal of Periodontology
990:10.3109/s10165-011-0530-8
667:Andreasen, J. O. (1985).
341:external root resorption
210:X-Ray of affected tooth (
49:
40:
3424:Acquired tooth disorders
3341:Orofacial granulomatosis
3120:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
3105:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
3039:Salivary gland neoplasms
2830:Temporomandibular joints
2801:Periapical periodontitis
2533:Linear gingival erythema
2301:Regional odontodysplasia
2147:Enamel hypocalcification
494:10.4103/0972-0707.105290
333:External root resorption
310:Internal root resorption
3238:Obstructive sleep apnea
3004:Salivary duct stricture
2784:Paget's disease of bone
2281:Pulp canal obliteration
2122:Dentin hypersensitivity
2068:Amelogenesis imperfecta
1920:Squamous cell carcinoma
1900:Adenosquamous carcinoma
1887:Squamous cell papilloma
1864:Melanocytic oral lesion
1189:10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.431
733:10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.431
427:Clinical considerations
3384:Hemifacial hypertrophy
3351:Pyostomatitis vegetans
3024:Salivary gland fistula
3014:Salivary gland atresia
3009:Salivary gland aplasia
2863:Mandibular dislocation
2834:muscles of mastication
2712:Calcifying odontogenic
2341:Vertical root fracture
2336:Cracked tooth syndrome
2311:Shovel-shaped incisors
2206:Wisdom tooth impaction
2088:Early childhood caries
1954:Benign mucous membrane
1915:Spindle cell carcinoma
1824:Intraoral dental sinus
1742:Burning mouth syndrome
1256:Journal of Endodontics
1176:British Dental Journal
906:10.1073/pnas.95.7.3597
720:British Dental Journal
412:
346:
215:
3193:Stomatognathic system
3095:Acinic cell carcinoma
2717:Glandular odontogenic
1869:Molluscum contagiosum
942:. Elsevier: 463–516.
406:
340:
209:
3336:Oral Crohn's disease
3291:Basal cell carcinoma
2930:Condylar hyperplasia
2915:Maxillary hypoplasia
2481:Gingival enlargement
2414:periodontal ligament
2020:Verruciform xanthoma
1752:Condyloma acuminatum
834:(Suppl 4): 892–921.
421:periodontal ligament
380:periodontal ligament
284:periodontal ligament
111:Trauma, orthodontics
3346:Perioral dermatitis
3082:Pleomorphic adenoma
3062:Monomorphic adenoma
3052:Canalicular adenoma
2925:Condylar hypoplasia
2858:Condylar resorption
2702:Lateral periodontal
2661:Mandibular fracture
2560:Periodontal abscess
2157:Turner's hypoplasia
1925:Verrucous carcinoma
1874:Morsicatio buccarum
1854:Lupus erythematosus
1767:Erythema multiforme
1683:Stomatitis nicotina
977:Modern Rheumatology
940:The Immune Response
897:1998PNAS...95.3597Y
793:10.1038/nature01658
785:2003Natur.423..337B
562:Dental Traumatology
182:tooth movement and
164:secondary dentition
138:of the root of the
3389:Facial hemiatrophy
3243:Periodic breathing
3174:Sjögren's syndrome
3047:Basal cell adenoma
2811:Torus mandibularis
2789:Periapical abscess
2772:Osteoradionecrosis
2697:Buccal bifurcation
2676:Intraosseous cysts
2565:Periodontal trauma
2469:Pyogenic granuloma
2316:Supernumerary root
2269:Pulp calcification
2257:Premature eruption
2228:Odontogenic tumors
2025:White sponge nevus
1998:Submucous fibrosis
1942:Smoker's melanosis
1829:Irritation fibroma
1668:High-arched palate
1576:Foliate papillitis
1566:Cunnilingus tongue
1551:Black hairy tongue
1481:Congenital lip pit
413:
347:
327:endodontic therapy
220:Calcium metabolism
216:
101:Trauma, idiopathic
3406:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3359:
3358:
3258:
3257:
3182:
3181:
3087:Sebaceous adenoma
2940:
2939:
2819:
2818:
2730:Median mandibular
2725:Nasopalatine duct
2641:Alveolar osteitis
2605:
2604:
2592:Perio-endo lesion
2474:Congenital epulis
2395:
2394:
2152:Enamel hypoplasia
2033:
2032:
2008:Riga–Fede disease
1859:Melanocytic nevus
1799:Hairy leukoplakia
1762:Epulis fissuratum
1696:
1695:
1636:
1635:
1586:Geographic tongue
1524:
1523:
1396:
1395:
1058:Endodontic Topics
957:978-0-12-088451-3
840:10.1111/iej.13715
160:primary dentition
154:by the action of
133:
132:
117:Diagnostic method
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3431:
3365:
3264:
3188:
3057:Ductal papilloma
2946:
2825:
2722:Non-odontogenic:
2707:Globulomaxillary
2646:Buccal exostosis
2611:
2555:Peri-implantitis
2401:
2117:Dentin dysplasia
2039:
2015:Verruca vulgaris
1910:Mucosal melanoma
1757:Darier's disease
1732:Behçet's disease
1702:
1658:Bednar's aphthae
1642:
1530:
1516:Trumpeter's wart
1438:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1400:
1365:
1353:
1352:
1342:
1317:(11): CD008003.
1302:
1296:
1295:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1211:
1202:
1201:
1191:
1167:
1152:
1151:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1017:
1011:
1010:
992:
968:
962:
961:
935:
929:
928:
918:
908:
876:
870:
869:
859:
819:
813:
812:
779:(6937): 337–42.
768:
762:
761:
735:
711:
705:
704:
664:
658:
657:
639:
621:
597:
586:
585:
553:
544:
543:
528:Quintessence Int
523:
517:
516:
506:
496:
472:
45:
33:
21:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3398:
3370:
3355:
3311:Ludwig's angina
3272:
3254:
3213:Mouth breathing
3199:
3178:
2999:Pneumoparotitis
2972:Frey's syndrome
2953:
2951:Salivary glands
2936:
2844:
2815:
2794:Phoenix abscess
2627:
2623:hard tissues –
2601:
2523:Hypercementosis
2442:Cementoblastoma
2428:
2391:
2105:Dens evaginatus
2059:
2029:
1981:Denture-related
1966:Plasmoacanthoma
1892:Keratoacanthoma
1713:
1711:Lining of mouth
1692:
1688:Torus palatinus
1649:
1632:
1613:Lingual thyroid
1571:Fissured tongue
1561:Crenated tongue
1537:
1520:
1506:Nasolabial cyst
1491:Herpes labialis
1445:
1432:
1427:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1376:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1169:
1168:
1155:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1019:
1018:
1014:
970:
969:
965:
958:
937:
936:
932:
891:(7): 3597–602.
878:
877:
873:
821:
820:
816:
770:
769:
765:
713:
712:
708:
666:
665:
661:
606:BMC Oral Health
599:
598:
589:
555:
554:
547:
525:
524:
520:
474:
473:
469:
464:
451:Tooth ankylosis
446:Cementoblastoma
442:
429:
401:
388:
368:
355:
335:
312:
304:
302:Classifications
257:Osteoprotegerin
222:
204:
202:Pathophysiology
184:tooth whitening
172:
144:root resorption
36:Root resorption
31:
28:
23:
22:
18:Root resorption
15:
12:
11:
5:
3437:
3435:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3411:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3379:Eagle syndrome
3375:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3301:Cystic hygroma
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3267:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3191:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3169:Sialolithiasis
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3100:Adenocarcinoma
3097:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3067:Myoepithelioma
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2828:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2740:Traumatic bone
2737:
2735:Median palatal
2732:
2727:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2614:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2535:
2530:
2528:Hypocementosis
2525:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2404:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2262:Neonatal teeth
2254:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2149:
2144:
2142:Ectopic enamel
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2042:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1937:Oral melanosis
1934:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1894:
1889:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1737:Bohn's nodules
1734:
1729:
1724:
1722:Amalgam tattoo
1718:
1715:
1714:
1705:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:Classification
1361:
1360:External links
1358:
1355:
1354:
1297:
1245:
1226:(4): 462–476.
1203:
1153:
1110:
1075:
1048:
1012:
963:
956:
930:
871:
814:
763:
726:(9): 439–451.
706:
679:(2): 109–118.
659:
587:
568:(4): 175–182.
545:
518:
481:J Conserv Dent
466:
465:
463:
460:
459:
458:
453:
448:
441:
438:
428:
425:
400:
397:
387:
384:
367:
364:
354:
351:
334:
331:
311:
308:
303:
300:
203:
200:
171:
168:
131:
130:
127:
123:
122:
119:
113:
112:
109:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
80:
74:
73:
70:
64:
63:
58:
52:
51:
47:
46:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3436:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:Actinomycosis
3279:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3159:Sialodochitis
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2838:malocclusions
2835:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2806:Stafne defect
2804:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2757:Osteonecrosis
2755:
2753:
2752:Osteomyelitis
2750:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2625:Bones of jaws
2622:
2618:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2570:Periodontitis
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2550:Pericoronitis
2548:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2506:Granulomatous
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:Eruption cyst
2457:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:Pulp necrosis
2284:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2245:Dens in dente
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:Discoloration
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1844:Lichen planus
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1819:Herpes zoster
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:Fordyce spots
1792:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1772:Erythroplakia
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:Caviar tongue
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1546:Ankyloglossia
1544:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:Sun poisoning
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1182:(9): 439–51.
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:(5): 813–20.
1028:
1024:
1016:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
986:
983:(2): 167–77.
982:
978:
974:
967:
964:
959:
953:
949:
945:
941:
934:
931:
926:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
875:
872:
867:
863:
858:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
818:
815:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
767:
764:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
729:
725:
721:
717:
710:
707:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
663:
660:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
633:
629:
625:
620:
615:
611:
607:
603:
596:
594:
592:
588:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
552:
550:
546:
541:
537:
533:
529:
522:
519:
514:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
486:
482:
478:
471:
468:
461:
457:
454:
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449:
447:
444:
443:
439:
437:
433:
426:
424:
422:
418:
410:
405:
398:
396:
394:
385:
383:
381:
377:
373:
365:
363:
359:
352:
350:
344:
339:
332:
330:
328:
323:
319:
315:
309:
307:
301:
299:
295:
293:
288:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
269:Porphyromonas
266:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:stromal cells
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
221:
213:
208:
201:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
176:
169:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
128:
124:
120:
118:
114:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
79:
78:Complications
75:
71:
69:
65:
62:
59:
57:
53:
48:
44:
39:
34:
19:
3269:
3196:
3132:Sialadenitis
3091:
3043:
2908:Scissor bite
2903:Retrognathia
2888:Overeruption
2868:Malocclusion
2841:
2721:
2680:
2671:Micrognathia
2624:
2615:Periapical,
2501:Desquamative
2425:
2406:Periodontium
2380:Acid erosion
2321:Taurodontism
2305:
2252:Open contact
2164:Enamel pearl
2132:Dilaceration
2095:Concrescence
1896:
1883:
1710:
1663:Cleft palate
1623:Microglossia
1618:Macroglossia
1603:Glossoptosis
1501:Microcheilia
1496:Macrocheilia
1380:
1314:
1310:
1300:
1262:(5): 483–9.
1259:
1255:
1248:
1223:
1219:
1179:
1175:
1126:(1): 45–52.
1123:
1119:
1113:
1091:(1): 15–25.
1088:
1084:
1078:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1026:
1022:
1015:
980:
976:
966:
939:
933:
888:
884:
874:
831:
827:
817:
776:
772:
766:
723:
719:
709:
676:
672:
662:
609:
605:
565:
561:
531:
527:
521:
484:
480:
470:
434:
430:
414:
389:
372:periodontium
369:
360:
356:
348:
324:
320:
316:
313:
305:
296:
289:
281:
276:
272:
268:
261:
234:
223:
177:
173:
156:odontoclasts
143:
134:
107:Risk factors
3419:Endodontics
3326:Microstomia
3316:Macrostomia
3306:Gnathophyma
3223:Catathrenia
3218:Sleep apnea
3149:Sialectasis
2692:Dentigerous
2682:Odontogenic
2511:Plasma cell
2447:Gigantiform
2223:Microdontia
2213:Macrodontia
2184:Hyperdontia
1879:Oral cancer
1839:Leukoplakia
1747:Candidiasis
1707:Oral mucosa
1628:Rhabdomyoma
1608:Hypoglossia
1469:Plasma cell
534:(1): 9–25.
409:premolar 25
343:premolar 25
322:nutrients.
249:macrophages
241:osteoblasts
226:osteoclasts
180:orthodontic
85:, infection
3413:Categories
3286:Angioedema
3092:Malignant:
3072:Oncocytoma
2898:Prognathia
2687:periapical
2666:Microgenia
2617:mandibular
2575:Aggressive
2496:Gingivitis
2437:Cementicle
2375:Abfraction
2365:Tooth wear
2358:Edentulism
2353:Tooth loss
2306:Resorption
2291:Pulp polyp
2274:Pulp stone
2218:Meth mouth
2189:Hypodontia
2179:Gemination
2110:Talon cusp
2003:Ulceration
1971:Stomatitis
1949:Pemphigoid
1897:Malignant:
1849:Linea alba
1834:Leukoedema
1814:Herpangina
1782:Giant-cell
1064:: 79–100.
612:(1): 163.
487:(1): 4–8.
462:References
273:Prevotella
265:chemotaxis
218:See also:
136:Resorption
83:Tooth loss
3154:Sialocele
3137:Parotitis
2878:Open bite
2873:Crossbite
2651:Cherubism
2621:maxillary
2454:Cementoma
2385:Attrition
2201:Impaction
2169:Fluorosis
2078:Anodontia
2073:Ankylosis
1961:Pemphigus
1581:Glossitis
1476:Cleft lip
1454:Cheilitis
1331:1469-493X
1276:1878-3554
1007:218989802
848:0143-2885
742:0007-0610
693:0143-2885
654:232376543
628:1472-6831
417:ankylosis
292:cytokines
277:Treponema
253:monocytes
212:incisor 9
126:Treatment
61:Dentistry
56:Specialty
3164:Sialosis
3115:Lymphoma
2987:Mucocele
2883:Overbite
2636:Agnathia
2597:Teething
2422:alveolus
2418:cementum
2370:Abrasion
2346:Occlusal
2331:Avulsion
2296:Pulpitis
2240:Odontoma
1986:Herpetic
1976:Aphthous
1486:Eclabium
1349:26599212
1292:85500512
1284:30904319
1240:20362905
1198:23660900
1148:20902759
1140:12043011
1043:15898943
999:21953286
866:35229320
801:12748652
758:21870065
750:23660900
646:33771147
582:12848710
540:10323155
513:23349568
440:See also
376:cementum
214:, left).
152:cementum
68:Symptoms
3250:Snoring
3208:Bruxism
3044:Benign:
2893:Overjet
2853:Bruxism
2747:Osteoma
2585:Chronic
2410:gingiva
1884:Benign:
1777:Fibroma
1464:Angular
1459:Actinic
1387:D014091
1340:7185846
1105:6943905
925:9520411
893:Bibcode
857:9790676
809:4428121
781:Bibcode
701:2860072
637:7995728
504:3548344
190:teeth,
188:ectopic
2992:Ranula
2464:Epulis
2326:Trauma
2174:Fusion
2083:Caries
2056:enamel
2052:dentin
1647:Palate
1535:Tongue
1347:
1337:
1329:
1290:
1282:
1274:
1238:
1196:
1146:
1138:
1103:
1041:
1005:
997:
954:
923:
913:
864:
854:
846:
807:
799:
773:Nature
756:
748:
740:
699:
691:
652:
644:
634:
626:
580:
538:
511:
501:
378:, and
196:tumors
194:, and
170:Causes
148:dentin
98:Causes
3369:Other
2044:Teeth
1288:S2CID
1144:S2CID
1003:S2CID
916:19881
805:S2CID
754:S2CID
650:S2CID
237:RANKL
192:cysts
142:, or
140:tooth
90:Types
3331:Noma
2836:and
2619:and
2424:) –
2048:pulp
1443:Lips
1382:MeSH
1345:PMID
1327:ISSN
1315:2016
1280:PMID
1272:ISSN
1236:PMID
1194:PMID
1136:PMID
1101:PMID
1039:PMID
995:PMID
952:ISBN
921:PMID
862:PMID
844:ISSN
797:PMID
746:PMID
738:ISSN
697:PMID
689:ISSN
642:PMID
624:ISSN
578:PMID
536:PMID
509:PMID
393:pulp
275:and
251:and
243:and
230:root
150:and
1335:PMC
1319:doi
1264:doi
1228:doi
1224:137
1184:doi
1180:214
1128:doi
1093:doi
1066:doi
1031:doi
985:doi
944:doi
911:PMC
901:doi
852:PMC
836:doi
789:doi
777:423
728:doi
724:214
681:doi
632:PMC
614:doi
570:doi
499:PMC
489:doi
3415::
3195:–
2840:–
2832:,
2420:,
2416:,
2412:,
2054:,
2050:,
1709:–
1385::
1343:.
1333:.
1325:.
1313:.
1309:.
1286:.
1278:.
1270:.
1260:45
1258:.
1234:.
1222:.
1218:.
1206:^
1192:.
1178:.
1174:.
1156:^
1142:.
1134:.
1124:71
1122:.
1099:.
1089:39
1087:.
1060:.
1037:.
1027:76
1025:.
1001:.
993:.
981:22
979:.
975:.
950:.
919:.
909:.
899:.
889:95
887:.
883:.
860:.
850:.
842:.
832:55
830:.
826:.
803:.
795:.
787:.
775:.
752:.
744:.
736:.
722:.
718:.
695:.
687:.
677:18
675:.
671:.
648:.
640:.
630:.
622:.
610:21
608:.
604:.
590:^
576:.
566:19
564:.
560:.
548:^
532:30
530:.
507:.
497:.
485:16
483:.
479:.
382:.
271:,
198:.
2684::
2408:(
2058:)
2046:(
1422:e
1415:t
1408:v
1374:D
1351:.
1321::
1294:.
1266::
1242:.
1230::
1200:.
1186::
1150:.
1130::
1107:.
1095::
1072:.
1068::
1062:1
1045:.
1033::
1009:.
987::
960:.
946::
927:.
903::
895::
868:.
838::
811:.
791::
783::
760:.
730::
703:.
683::
656:.
616::
584:.
572::
542:.
515:.
491::
411:.
345:.
20:)
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