1252:
claimed
Rolfing could balance the mental and emotional aspects of subjects, and that "the amazing psychological changes that appeared in Rolfed individuals were completely unexpected". Rolfers suggest their manipulations can cause the release of painful repressed memories. Rolfers also hold that by manipulating the body they can bring about changes in personality; for example, teaching somebody to walk with confidence will make them a more confident person. The connection between physical structure and psychology has not been proven by scientific studies.
2060:
efficient and healthy when it can function in an aligned and balanced arrangement. With gravity's continuing pull, stresses and injuries occur to pull the body out of its normal alignment; imbalance occurs and causes the body to become painful, malaligned, and inefficient. Rolf's philosophy and techniques focus on improving the body's posture so all functions including breathing, flexibility, strength, and coordination are optimally efficient.
51:
1215:, offered this definition: "Rolfing is a system of bodywork invented by Ida Pauline Rolf (1896–1979) employing deep manipulation of the body's soft tissue allegedly to realign and balance the body's myofascial structures." Rolfing is based on the unproven belief that such alignment results in improved movement, breathing, pain reduction, stress reduction, and emotional changes.
1388:
Structural
Integration" including the Guild for Structural Integration, Hellerwork Structural Integration, Aston Patterning, SOMA, KMI, and a dozen other Structural Integration programs. A professional membership organization exists called the International Association of Structural Integration, which has certified practitioners by exam since 2007.
1674:: "The idea of vital energy... does not correspond to known facts of how the human body operates. Similarly, there is absolutely no support in psychological literature for the idea of traumatic experiences being repressed in the form of muscle memory, and so the basic ideas of Rolfing certainly fall into the category of pseudoscience."
1387:
Since Rolf's death, the field of
Structural Integration has branched into various schools. Of these schools, the Rolf Institute is the only one with the use of the trademarked terms "Rolfing" and "Certified Rolfer". Other programs of Structural Integration certify "Practitioners of the Rolf Method of
1251:
Rolf claimed to have found an association between emotions and the soft tissue, writing "although rolfing is not primarily a psychotherapeutic approach to the problems of humans", it does constitute an "approach to the personality through the myofascial collagen components of the physical body". She
1260:
Rolfing is typically performed in ten sessions, sometimes called "the recipe", which claim to reorganize the body's connective tissues. The first three sessions focus on superficial tissues, the next four focus on deeper tissues and specifically the pelvis, and the final sessions address the whole
2059:
Dr. Rolf based her techniques on the realization that fascia surrounded all tissue and body structures, so it also influenced those tissues and structures when it is modified. She observed that the body centers on a vertical line of pull created by gravity. It was her theory that the body is most
1983:
Before we explore medical reactions to therapeutic innovations in this era, we must stop to consider the meaning of 'alternative medicine' in this context. Often scholars use the term to denote systems of healing that are philosophically as well as therapeutically distinct from regular medicine:
1708:
Before we explore medical reactions to therapeutic innovations in this era, we must stop to consider the meaning of 'alternative medicine' in this context. Often scholars use the term to denote systems of healing that are philosophically as well as therapeutically distinct from regular medicine:
1346:
began working on clients in New York City in the 1940s with the premise that the human structure could be organized "in relation to gravity". She developed structural integration with one of her sons and by the 1950s she was teaching her work across the United States. In the mid-1960s she began
1299:
published a review of 17 alternative therapies, including
Rolfing, which concluded no clear evidence of effectiveness was found. Accordingly, in 2017, the Australian government named Rolfing as a practice that would not qualify for insurance subsidy, to ensure the best use of insurance funds.
1391:
In some states such as New
Hampshire and Nevada, there is a separate license for SI. Internationally, some countries have a Board of Health that regulates bodywork while others don't. Four Canadian provinces require licensure for bodywork practitioners. Switzerland has separate licensure for
1223:, leading to disorder of the body's arrangement around its axis and creating imbalance, inefficiency in movement, and pain. Rolfers aim to lengthen the fascia in order to restore the body's arrangement around its axis and facilitate improved movement. Rolf also discussed this in terms of "
1202:
with movement prompts. The process is sometimes painful. The safety of
Rolfing has not been confirmed. The principles of Rolfing contradict established medical knowledge, and there is no good evidence Rolfing is effective for the treatment of any health condition.
1917:
1218:
Rolf described the body as organized around an axis perpendicular to the earth, pulled downward by gravity, and she believed the function of the body was optimal when it was aligned with that pull. In her view, gravity tends to shorten
1984:
homeopathy, reflexology, rolfing, macrobiotics, and spiritual healing, to name a few, embody interpretations of health, illness, and healing that are not only different from, but also at odds with conventional medical opinion.
1709:
homeopathy, reflexology, rolfing, macrobiotics, and spiritual healing, to name a few, embody interpretations of health, illness, and healing that are not only different from, but also at odds with conventional medical opinion.
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body. A session typically lasts between 60 and 90 minutes. The recipient wears undergarments and moves between the positions of lying on a table, sitting, and standing. Rolfing treatments can be painful and cause soreness.
1924:
1290:
the public is inadequately protected from bodywork practices such as
Rolfing because of the lack of independent oversight; instead regulation is carried out within a "closed loop" system by such bodies as the
1231:
Rolfers make a life study of relating bodies and their fields to the earth and its gravity field, and we so organize the body that the gravity field can reinforce the body's energy field. This is our primary
1300:
Proponents of
Rolfing claim it can be used to alleviate pain. However, Rolfing's focus on appropriate "alignment" of structures of the body does not reflect modern science about pain.
2416:
Named after its founder, Dr. Ida P. Rolf, Rolfing
Structural Integration is a form of bodywork that reorganizes the connective tissues, called fascia, that permeate the entire body.
1104:
1379:. In 1971 she founded the Rolf Institute of Structural Integration. The school has been based in Boulder, Colorado, since 1972, and as of 2010 included five institutes worldwide.
1426:
1198:
Rolfing is typically delivered as a series of ten hands-on physical manipulation sessions sometimes called "the recipe". Practitioners combine superficial and deep
498:
3098:
2467:
Note in the US the Rolf
Institute is approved by the National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork as a continuing education provider; see:
2901:
She eventually opened a school in Boulder, Colorado, The Rolf Institute; there are now five institutes around the world teaching what is now known as Rolfing.
1822:
This is the gospel of Rolfing: When the body gets working appropriately, the force of gravity can flow through. Then, spontaneously, the body heals itself.
1097:
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Practitioners suggest pent-up mental anguish tied to initial traumatic event or subsequent chronic pain is released as the fascias become more pliable.
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says the deep soft tissue manipulations such as those used in Rolfing are a concern if practiced on people with cancer near tumor sites.
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concepts and its unevidenced propositions about the connection between physical manipulation and psychology, Rolfing is classified as a
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1244:. Some osteopaths were influenced by Rolf, and some of her students became teachers of massage, including one of the founders of
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1720:"Chapter 9: Protecting the Integrity of the Family Law System: Multidisciplinary Processes and Family Law Reform"
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371:
317:
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Some massage styles with different names may be essentially the same (e.g., Structural Integration and Rolfing)
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693:
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578:
1882:
Deutsch, Judith E. (2008). "The Ida Rolf Method of Structural Integration". In Deutsch, Judith E. (ed.).
2513:
Counseling Techniques: Improving Relationships with Others, Ourselves, Our Families, and Our Environment
2192:
1401:
1071:
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248:
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1351:, where she gathered a loyal following of students and practitioners. Esalen was the epicenter of the
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65:
42:
2988:"Organisation der Arbeitswelt KomplementärTherapie OdA KT : Methoden der KomplementärTherapie"
2962:"Massage Therapy License Requirements by State | State Regulations & License Requirements"
1841:
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688:
473:
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93:
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of "internet scams" identified Rolfing as having been used for deceptive claims about alleviating
3322:
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361:
287:
1628:
2428:
Daniels, Rick; Nicoll, Leslie, eds. (2011). "Ch. 14: Complementary and Alternative Therapies".
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2090:
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2016:
1972:
1918:"Review of the Australian Government Rebate on Natural Therapies for Private Health Insurance"
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1966:
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2916:. Office of Professional Licensure and Certification, State of New Hampshire. Archived from
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2008:
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618:
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265:
2939:
2263:
Discovering the Body's Wisdom: A Comprehensive Guide to More Than Fifty Mind-Body Practices
3143:
2159:
1026:
983:
568:
558:
433:
396:
334:
302:
297:
270:
208:
178:
1621:
American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies
1179:. Rolfing is marketed with unproven claims of various health benefits, is recognized as
3198:
2844:
2819:
2571:
Moseley, G. Lorimer (2013). "Reconceptualising pain according to modern pain science".
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453:
376:
339:
282:
260:
148:
98:
2668:
1588:
3158:
3138:
3128:
2635:"Internet health scams-Developing a taxonomy and risk-of-deception assessment tool"
2600:
2268:
2155:
1762:
1558:
1491:"Development of a taxonomy to describe massage treatments for musculoskeletal pain"
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993:
963:
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715:
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528:
428:
423:
329:
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275:
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183:
168:
2708:
2148:
2042:
1884:
Complementary Therapies for Physical Therapy: A Clinical Decision-Making Approach
1451:
Myers TW (2004). "Structural integration—developments in Ida Rolf's 'Recipe'—I".
3168:
2917:
2633:
Garrett B, Murphy S, Jamal S, MacPhee M, Reardon J, et al. (January 2019).
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reported that Rolfing was enjoying a "resurgence" following an endorsement from
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50:
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2012:
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158:
108:
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2187:
Handbook of Clinical Massage: A Complete Guide for Students and Practitioners
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1315:
973:
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908:
613:
573:
438:
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2020:
1724:
Parental Alienation: The Handbook for Mental Health and Legal Professionals
1526:
1507:
1421:
2835:
1744:
Junk Science: How Politicians, Corporations, and Other Hucksters Betray Us
3343:
3123:
1563:
Alternative Medicine – A Critical Assessment of 150 Modalities
1343:
1328:
1184:
1172:
886:
794:
633:
87:
1355:, allowing Rolf to exchange ideas with many of their leaders, including
3076:
2914:"Reflexologists, Structural Integrators, and Asian Bodywork Therapists"
2540:
Complementary Therapies for Pain Management: An Evidence-Based Approach
1241:
978:
896:
861:
851:
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17:
2100:
2086:
1220:
1066:
891:
846:
513:
3048:
Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy
2751:
Bodywork: What Type of Massage to Get and How to Make the Most of It
1923:. Australian Government – Department of Health. Archived from
2961:
2400:
2987:
943:
918:
799:
349:
1845:
1359:. Rolf incorporated a number of ideas from other areas including
1293:
National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork
928:
782:
3080:
3015:
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America
2940:"Applicants: Structural Integration Educational Requirements"
2469:
2001:
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America
1132:
1946:"Australian review finds no benefit to 17 natural therapies"
2871:
2493:"Homeopathy, naturopathy struck off private insurance list"
1144:
881:
2990:. Organisation der Arbeitswelt KomplementärTherapie OdA KT
1392:
complementary therapies including Structural Integration.
1187:. It is based on Rolf's ideas about how the human body's "
1156:
1141:
2432:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cengage Learning. p.
3071:
1768:
Suckers: How Alternative Medicine Makes Fools of Us All
1277:, and its practice has been characterized as quackery.
1236:
The manipulation is sometimes referred to as a type of
1968:
Negotiating Disease: Power and Cancer Care, 1900–1950
1693:
Negotiating Disease: Power and Cancer Care, 1900–1950
1489:
Sherman KJ, Dixon MW, Thompson D, Cherkin DC (2006).
1138:
2537:
Ernst, Edzard; Pittler, Max; Wider, Barbara (2007).
2311:. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. pp. 26–27.
1159:
1153:
1135:
1129:
3331:
3295:
3264:
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3207:
3114:
1810:. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. p. 27,31.
1150:
1126:
2748:
2336:
2147:
1614:
2889:(3rd ed.). Human Kinetics. pp. 174–75.
2887:Therapeutic Exercise for Musculoskeletal Injuries
2820:"Structural integration: origins and development"
2047:(4th ed.). Human Kinetics. pp. 432–34.
2044:Therapeutic Exercise for Musculoskeletal Injuries
2686:(4th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. p. 423.
2075:Thackery, Ellyn; Harris, Madeline, eds. (2003).
2868:"Business Search (search for 'Rolf Institute')"
2377:Elsevier's Dictionary of Psychological Theories
1971:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 63.
1696:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 63.
1663:, Greenwood Publishing Group, pp. 217–18,
2070:
2068:
3092:
2231:(2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 152, 370.
1722:. In Lorandos D, Bernet W, Sauber SR (eds.).
1098:
8:
2403:. Rolf Institute of Structural Integration.
1427:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
1297:Australian Government's Department of Health
1191:" can benefit when aligned with the Earth's
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
1335:problems by "restructuring" muscle tissue.
3099:
3085:
3077:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
1877:
1875:
1453:Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies
1105:
1091:
174:Association for Research and Enlightenment
29:
2843:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2650:
2401:"What is Rolfing Structural Integration?"
2339:Controversies in the Practice of Medicine
2330:
2328:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2078:The Gale Encyclopedia Of Mental Disorders
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1516:
1506:
1484:
1482:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1286:, lawyer Jann Bellamy writes that in the
2870:. Secretary of State, CA. Archived from
2684:Massage Therapy: Principles and Practice
2218:
2216:
1994:
1992:
1911:
1909:
1907:
2942:. Nevada State Board of Massage Therapy
2459:"Massage Therapy rubs me the wrong way"
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1414:
41:
2343:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
2294:
2292:
2430:Contemporary Medical-Surgical Nursing
1650:
1648:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1211:Professor of Complementary Medicine,
7:
3013:Jones, Tracey A. (2004). "Rolfing".
1999:Jones, Tracey A. (2004). "Rolfing".
1682:
1680:
2713:Modalities for Massage and Bodywork
2335:Goldstein MC, Goldstein MA (2001).
2229:Modalities for Massage and Bodywork
2150:The Bodywork and Massage Sourcebook
1747:. St. Martin's Press. p. 114.
1661:Popular Psychology: An Encyclopedia
1383:The field of Structural Integration
2457:Jann Bellamy (17 September 2015).
2120:. Healing Arts Press. p. 86.
1613:Russell J, Rovere A, eds. (2009).
25:
2616:"Rolfing, Excruciatingly Helpful"
2543:. Moseby: Elsevier. p. 150.
1726:. Charles C Thomas. p. 279.
244:Chiropractic treatment techniques
3313:Glossary of alternative medicine
1122:
1047:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
49:
2407:from the original on 2016-03-28
1944:Gavura, S. (19 November 2015).
83:Alternative veterinary medicine
3365:Alternative medical treatments
2787:In and Out of the Garbage Pail
2711:. In Elaine Stillerman (ed.).
2614:Considine A (6 October 2010).
2497:Australian Journal of Pharmacy
1565:. Springer. pp. 192–193.
1183:and has been characterized as
706:Water fluoridation controversy
662:Big Pharma conspiracy theories
1:
3251:Manual and body-based methods
2303:Rosemary Feitis, ed. (1990).
1465:10.1016/S1360-8592(03)00088-3
1269:Because of its dependence on
1077:Wilson's temperature syndrome
1062:Multiple chemical sensitivity
189:Biological terrain assessment
3189:Traditional Chinese medicine
2309:Rolfing and Physical Reality
2117:Rolfing and Physical Reality
1807:Rolfing and Physical Reality
1804:Ida P. Rolf, Ph.D. (1990) .
1404: – an influence on Rolf
27:Form of alternative medicine
3344:Anti-quackery organizations
2516:. Routledge. pp. 67–.
2491:Paola S (17 October 2017).
2183:Cassar, Mario-Paul (2004).
1265:Effectiveness and reception
738:Alternative medical systems
367:Fabunan Antiviral Injection
133:Fringe medicine and science
3401:
3241:Biologically based therapy
3050:. Routledge. p. 331.
2510:Rosemary Thompson (2015).
1852:(Online ed.). Wiley.
748:Biologically based therapy
308:Dental amalgam controversy
3027:10.1016/j.pmr.2004.03.008
2784:Perls, Frederick (1969).
2639:Health Soc Care Community
2379:. Elsevier. p. 530.
2227:. In Stillerman E (ed.).
2013:10.1016/j.pmr.2004.03.008
1571:10.1007/978-3-030-12601-8
1495:BMC Complement Altern Med
372:Facilitated communication
3042:Williams, W. F. (2013).
2964:. Laws and Legislation.
2682:Salvo, Susan G. (2012).
2585:10.1179/108331907X223010
2573:Physical Therapy Reviews
2472:. Dr. Ida Rolf Institute
1850:The Skeptic's Dictionary
1771:. Random House. p.
1361:osteopathic manipulation
1353:Human Potential Movement
1288:United States of America
1171:originally developed by
1037:Candida hypersensitivity
219:Fake COVID-19 treatments
33:This article is part of
3339:Evidence-based medicine
2885:Houglum, Peggy (2010).
2824:J Altern Complement Med
2747:Claire, Thomas (1995).
2259:Knaster, Mirka (1996).
2146:Levine, Andrew (1998).
2041:Houglum, Peggy (2016).
1625:American Cancer Society
1305:American Cancer Society
711:COVID-19 misinformation
639:Young blood transfusion
519:Orthomolecular medicine
484:Mind–body interventions
154:Anthroposophic medicine
94:Rise of modern medicine
3308:Complementary medicine
3256:Mind-body intervention
3217:Mind-body intervention
3072:Rolf Institute website
2826:(Historical article).
2757:William Morrow and Co.
2463:Science-Based Medicine
2371:Roeckelein JE (2006).
2114:Rolf, Ida P. (1990) .
1950:Science-Based Medicine
1508:10.1186/1472-6882-6-24
1321:The Oprah Winfrey Show
1283:Science-Based Medicine
1234:
1177:Structural Integration
743:Mind–body intervention
694:MMR vaccine and autism
684:Vaccine misinformation
579:Rapid prompting method
3169:Naturopathic medicine
2836:10.1089/acm.2011.0001
2790:. Real People Press.
2193:Churchill Livingstone
1402:Pierre Bernard (yogi)
1229:
1072:Vertebral subluxation
1021:Alternative diagnoses
609:Thought Field Therapy
249:Vertebral subluxation
3303:Alternative medicine
3265:Public-health issues
3194:Traditional medicine
3108:Alternative medicine
2225:"Myofascial Release"
1842:Carroll, Robert Todd
1686:For "quackery" see:
1169:alternative medicine
1042:Chronic Lyme disease
771:Traditional medicine
753:Manipulative methods
554:Postural Integration
417:Bach flower remedies
293:Craniosacral therapy
121:Therapeutic nihilism
66:Alternative medicine
43:Alternative medicine
3332:Contrary viewpoints
2818:Jacobson E (2011).
2707:Riggs, Art (2014).
2470:"Legal Information"
1916:Baggoley C (2015).
1890:. pp. 266–67.
1655:Cordón, LA (2005),
1193:gravitational field
689:Vaccines and autism
679:Anti-vaccinationism
672:OPV AIDS hypothesis
474:Megavitamin therapy
387:Functional medicine
164:Applied kinesiology
60:General information
3323:Skeptical movement
3287:Water fluoridation
3021:(4): 799–809, vi.
2968:. 12 February 2014
2920:on 16 October 2020
2620:The New York Times
2007:(4): 799–809, vi.
1365:cranial osteopathy
1312:The New York Times
1246:myofascial release
1240:, or as a type of
1057:Leaky gut syndrome
1032:Aerotoxic syndrome
969:Prophetic medicine
667:HIV/AIDS denialism
494:Myofascial release
402:Holistic dentistry
382:Feldenkrais Method
362:Estrogen dominance
288:Conversion therapy
3352:
3351:
3057:978-1-135-95522-9
2726:978-0-323-26079-4
2652:10.1111/hsc.12643
2550:978-0-7234-3400-9
2523:978-1-134-61441-7
2386:978-0-08-046064-2
2354:978-0-313-31131-4
2318:978-0-89281-380-3
2127:978-1-62055-338-1
2103:on 8 August 2014.
1817:978-1-62055-338-1
1782:978-1-4090-5916-5
1754:978-1-4668-3853-6
1741:Dan Agin (2007).
1733:978-0-398-08750-0
1670:978-0-313-32457-4
1580:978-3-030-12600-1
1373:general semantics
1115:
1114:
842:Chinese herbology
599:Scientific racism
564:Psychodermatology
469:Medical intuitive
449:Lightning Process
407:Hologram bracelet
355:Therapeutic touch
256:Christian Science
229:Cancer treatments
16:(Redirected from
3392:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3078:
3061:
3038:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2847:
2815:
2802:
2801:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2754:
2744:
2731:
2730:
2715:(2nd ed.).
2704:
2698:
2697:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2654:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2466:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2342:
2332:
2323:
2322:
2296:
2287:
2286:
2266:
2256:
2243:
2242:
2223:Riggs A (2016).
2220:
2211:
2210:
2191:(2nd ed.).
2190:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2153:
2143:
2132:
2131:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2099:. Archived from
2072:
2063:
2062:
2038:
2025:
2024:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1942:Lay summary in:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1922:
1913:
1902:
1901:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1838:
1825:
1824:
1801:
1795:
1786:
1758:
1737:
1711:
1684:
1675:
1673:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1623:(2nd ed.).
1618:
1610:
1593:
1592:
1555:
1534:
1533:
1520:
1510:
1486:
1477:
1476:
1448:
1431:
1419:
1377:Alfred Korzybski
1349:Esalen Institute
1333:gastrointestinal
1207:Conceptual basis
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1107:
1100:
1093:
857:Gill plate trade
619:Vaginal steaming
266:Colloidal silver
234:Charcoal cleanse
53:
30:
21:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3375:Massage therapy
3355:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3327:
3291:
3272:Dental amalgams
3260:
3227:
3203:
3144:Energy medicine
3110:
3105:
3068:
3058:
3041:
3012:
3009:
3007:Further reading
3004:
3003:
2993:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2945:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2923:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2817:
2816:
2805:
2798:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2746:
2745:
2734:
2727:
2719:. p. 153.
2706:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2468:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2410:
2408:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2334:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2302:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2258:
2257:
2246:
2239:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2145:
2144:
2135:
2128:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2097:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2055:
2040:
2039:
2028:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1979:
1965:Clow B (2001).
1964:
1963:
1959:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1930:on 26 June 2016
1927:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1905:
1898:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1840:
1839:
1828:
1818:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1783:
1761:
1755:
1740:
1734:
1714:
1704:
1690:Clow B (2001).
1689:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1612:
1611:
1596:
1581:
1557:
1556:
1537:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1450:
1449:
1434:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1398:
1385:
1341:
1267:
1258:
1209:
1175:(1896–1979) as
1167:) is a form of
1149:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1082:
1081:
1027:Adrenal fatigue
1022:
1014:
1013:
788:Southern Africa
773:
763:
762:
733:
731:Classifications
723:
722:
699:in chiropractic
657:
649:
648:
569:Quantum healing
559:Psychic surgery
434:Ionized jewelry
397:Herbal medicine
345:Esoteric energy
335:Energy medicine
303:Cupping therapy
298:Crystal healing
271:Colon cleansing
209:Bowen technique
179:Auriculotherapy
134:
126:
125:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3398:
3396:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3370:Manual therapy
3367:
3357:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3277:Growth hormone
3274:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3246:Energy therapy
3243:
3237:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3213:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3199:Unani medicine
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3067:
3066:External links
3064:
3063:
3062:
3056:
3039:
3008:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2979:
2953:
2931:
2905:
2896:978-0736075954
2895:
2877:
2874:on 2015-03-15.
2859:
2803:
2797:978-0911226041
2796:
2776:
2770:978-1591202325
2769:
2732:
2725:
2699:
2693:978-1437719772
2692:
2674:
2645:(1): 226–240.
2625:
2606:
2563:
2549:
2529:
2522:
2502:
2483:
2449:
2443:978-1439058664
2442:
2420:
2392:
2385:
2363:
2353:
2324:
2317:
2305:"Introduction"
2288:
2282:978-0307575500
2281:
2244:
2238:978-0323239318
2237:
2212:
2206:978-0443073496
2205:
2175:
2169:978-0737300987
2168:
2133:
2126:
2106:
2096:978-0787657697
2095:
2064:
2054:978-0736075954
2053:
2026:
1988:
1978:978-0773522107
1977:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1903:
1897:978-0721601113
1896:
1871:
1859:978-0471272427
1858:
1826:
1816:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1792:Bellamy (2015)
1790:
1787:
1781:
1759:
1753:
1738:
1732:
1712:
1703:978-0773522107
1702:
1676:
1669:
1644:
1638:978-0944235713
1637:
1594:
1579:
1535:
1478:
1432:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1394:
1384:
1381:
1340:
1337:
1295:. In 2015 the
1266:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1208:
1205:
1200:manual therapy
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
900:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
877:Pressure point
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
808:
807:
802:
792:
791:
790:
785:
774:
769:
768:
765:
764:
761:
760:
758:Energy therapy
755:
750:
745:
740:
734:
729:
728:
725:
724:
721:
720:
719:
718:
708:
703:
702:
701:
696:
691:
686:
676:
675:
674:
664:
658:
655:
654:
651:
650:
647:
646:
644:Zero balancing
641:
636:
631:
629:Vision therapy
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
544:Parapsychology
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
464:Manual therapy
461:
459:Magnet therapy
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
420:
419:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
358:
357:
352:
347:
342:
332:
327:
322:
321:
320:
313:Detoxification
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
279:
278:
268:
263:
258:
253:
252:
251:
246:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:
124:
123:
118:
117:
116:
106:
101:
96:
91:
90:(health fraud)
85:
80:
79:
78:
73:
62:
59:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3397:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3380:Pseudoscience
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3318:Pseudoscience
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3149:Faith healing
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3097:
3095:
3090:
3088:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2830:(9): 775–80.
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2780:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2579:(3): 169–78.
2578:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2552:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2533:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2484:
2471:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1961:
1958:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1800:
1797:
1791:
1789:Caroll (2014)
1788:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:(2): 131–42.
1458:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1275:pseudoscience
1272:
1264:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:pseudoscience
1178:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1119:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
914:Faith healing
912:
910:
907:
905:
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898:
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3139:Chiropractic
3129:Aromatherapy
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964:Naftalan oil
837:Blood stasis
716:Turbo cancer
604:ThetaHealing
593:
529:Osteomyology
429:Hypnotherapy
424:Hydrotherapy
330:Ear candling
325:Dry needling
276:Coffee enema
239:Chiropractic
204:Bone-setting
184:Bates method
169:Aromatherapy
2994:15 February
2972:15 February
2271:. pp.
2195:. pp.
2158:. pp.
1934:12 December
1357:Fritz Perls
954:Mien Shiang
872:Moxibustion
584:Reflexology
509:Oil pulling
504:Naturopathy
444:Jilly Juice
224:Camel urine
194:Black salve
144:Acupuncture
139:Acupressure
104:Antiscience
76:Terminology
3359:Categories
3233:Treatments
3179:Osteopathy
3174:Orthopathy
3164:Homeopathy
2556:18 January
2411:2016-07-13
2085:. p.
1865:2014-03-03
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1497:(Review).
1409:References
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1369:hatha yoga
1327:In 2019 a
1271:vitalistic
1052:Heavy legs
1009:Vietnamese
989:Sri Lankan
549:Phrenology
534:Osteopathy
524:Orthopathy
412:Homeopathy
318:Foot detox
214:Breathwork
159:Apitherapy
114:Scientific
109:Skepticism
3296:Key terms
3219:advocates
3184:Shamanism
3154:Herbalism
3044:"Rolfing"
2759:pp.
2593:1083-3196
2373:"Rolfing"
2300:quoted in
2298:Ida Rolf
1846:"Rolfing"
1716:Barden RC
1657:"Rolfing"
1473:1360-8592
1422:"Rolfing"
1316:Mehmet Oz
1256:Technique
974:Shamanism
959:Mongolian
934:Kayakalpa
909:Curandero
827:Cambodian
817:Brazilian
614:Urophagia
574:Radionics
479:Mesmerism
439:Iridology
3385:Somatics
3282:Vaccines
3134:Bodywork
3124:Ayurveda
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1561:(2019).
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887:San Jiao
867:Meridian
795:Ayurveda
634:Vitalism
199:Bodywork
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3223:Critics
3116:Systems
2966:Massage
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1559:Ernst E
1518:1544351
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1242:massage
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979:Shiatsu
924:Iranian
904:Chumash
897:Zang-fu
862:Long gu
852:Gua sha
832:Chinese
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