1070:, in which they developed the concept of the phoneme, and elucidated the structure of phonological systems. The second stage, from roughly the late 1930s to the 1940s, during which he developed the notion that "binary distinctive features" were the foundational element in language, and that such distinctiveness is "mere otherness" or differentiation. In the third stage in Jakobson's work, from the 1950s to 1960s, he worked with the acoustician C. Gunnar Fant and Morris Halle (a student of Jakobson's) to consider the acoustic aspects of distinctive features.
1149:
Language
Questions in the Soviet Union", 1934, an attack on the policy of Ukrainization and its proponents) he presented the phonological development in Slavic languages as motivated only in Russian and Serbo-Croatian languages, while all other Slavic languages, including Ukrainian, are considered as devoid of independent development, subject only to Russian and Serbo-Croatian tendencies. In the same spirit, in his article about the Ukrainian imperative (1965), Jacobson tried to downplay the peculiarities of this form in the Ukrainian language.
1169:. The three concepts are tightly intertwined: typology is the classification of languages in terms of shared grammatical features (as opposed to shared origin), markedness is (very roughly) a study of how certain forms of grammatical organization are more "optimized" than others, and linguistic universals is the study of the general features of languages in the world. He also influenced
1132:
from the axis of selection to the axis of combination". Very broadly speaking, it implies that poetry successfully combines and integrates form and function, that poetry turns the poetry of grammar into the grammar of poetry, so to speak. Jakobson's theory of communicative functions was first published in "Closing
Statements: Linguistics and Poetics" (in
857:
of the Soviet diplomatic mission while continuing with his doctoral studies. Living in
Czechoslovakia meant that Jakobson was physically close to the linguist who would be his most important collaborator during the 1920s and 1930s, Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy, who fled Russia at the time of the Revolution and took up a chair at Vienna in 1922. In 1926 the
1140:, Cambridge Massachusetts, MIT Press, 1960, pp. 350–377). Despite its wide adoption, the six-functions model has been criticized for lacking specific interest in the "play function" of language that, according to an early review by Georges Mounin, is "not enough studied in general by linguistics researchers".
1131:
One of the six functions is always the dominant function in a text and usually related to the type of text. In poetry, the dominant function is the poetic function: the focus is on the message itself. The true hallmark of poetry is according to
Jakobson "the projection of the principle of equivalence
1148:
As a
Russophile, in his "Remarques sur l'évolution phonologique du russe comparée a celle des autres langues slaves" ("Remarks on the phonological evolution of the Russian language in comparison with other Slavic languages", 1929) and similarly in "Slavische Sprachfragen in der Sovjetunion" ("Slavic
1053:
According to
Jakobson's own personal reminiscences, the most decisive stage in the development of his thinking was the period of revolutionary anticipation and upheaval in Russia between 1912 and 1920, when, as a young student, he fell under the spell of the celebrated Russian futurist wordsmith and
856:
Although he was initially an enthusiastic supporter of the
Bolshevik revolution, Jakobson soon became disillusioned as his early hopes for an explosion of creativity in the arts fell victim to increasing state conservatism and hostility. He left Moscow for Prague in 1920, where he worked as a member
72:
953:
820:
1023:. In the same year, Jakobson's theory of 'distinctive features' made a profound impression on the thinking of young Noam Chomsky, in this way also influencing generative linguistics. He was elected a foreign member of the
1968:
1034:, where he was an honorary professor emeritus. In the early 1960s, Jakobson shifted his emphasis to a more comprehensive view of language and began writing about communication sciences as a whole. He converted to
736:", became a major post-war intellectual movement in Europe and the United States. Meanwhile, though the influence of structuralism declined during the 1970s, Jakobson's work has continued to receive attention in
1065:
argues that this book represents the fourth stage in "Jakobson's quest to uncover the function and structure of sound in language." The first stage was roughly the 1920s to 1930s where he collaborated with
847:
approach) – to communicate information between speakers. Jakobson was also well known for his critique of the emergence of sound in film. Jakobson received a master's degree from Moscow
University in 1918.
1973:
2008:
1993:
1913:
881:
and established close relationships with a number of Czech poets and literary figures. Jakobson received his Ph.D. from
Charles University in 1930. He became a professor at
1998:
1606:
992:. When the American authorities considered "repatriating" him to Europe, it was Franz Boas who actually saved his life. After the war, he became a consultant to the
1928:
1024:
1978:
1565:
772:
descent, the industrialist Osip
Jakobson and chemist Anna Volpert Jakobson, and he developed a fascination with language at a very young age. He studied at the
993:
1988:
878:
1251:
2018:
296:
2023:
1125:
773:
127:
1219:
Jakobson's legacy among researchers specializing in Slavics, and especially Slavic linguistics in North America, has been enormous, for example,
1918:
1903:
1514:
Knight, Chris, 2018. "Decoding Chomsky: Science and revolutionary politics". London & New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018, pp. 85-86.
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1019:, achieved its canonical exposition in a book published in the United States in 1951, jointly authored by Roman Jakobson, C. Gunnar Fant and
1983:
1898:
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1701:
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and language competence). When Swedish colleagues feared a possible German occupation, he managed to leave on a cargo ship, together with
1938:
1933:
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593:
183:
1640:
716:, among others, Jakobson became a pivotal figure in the adaptation of structural analysis to disciplines beyond linguistics, including
1908:
1555:
Knight, Chris, 2018. "Decoding Chomsky: Science and revolutionary politics". London & New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 85-90.
657:, he developed revolutionary new techniques for the analysis of linguistic sound systems, in effect founding the modern discipline of
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1923:
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2003:
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2013:
1943:
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Brooke-Rose, C., A Structural Analysis of Pound's 'Usura Canto': Jakobson's Method Extended and Applied to Free Verse, 1976.
928:. He fled to Norway on 1 September 1939, and in 1940 walked across the border to Sweden, where he continued his work at the
831:
and insisted that the only scientific study of language was to study the history and development of words across time (the
1603:
836:
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31:
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1953:
661:. Jakobson went on to extend similar principles and techniques to the study of other aspects of language such as
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756:, who became the dominant figure in theoretical linguistics during the second half of the twentieth century.
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1092:, Jakobson distinguishes six communication functions, each associated with a dimension or factor of the
843:, and developed an approach focused on the way in which language's structure served its basic function (
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and others. It was the poetry of his contemporaries that partly inspired him to become a linguist.
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329:
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748:. Jakobson's concept of underlying linguistic universals, particularly his celebrated theory of
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654:
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486:
862:
1045:, on 18 July 1982. His widow died in 1986. His first wife, who was born in 1908, died in 2000.
1707:
1703:
Remarks on the Phonological Evolution of Russian in Comparison with the Other Slavic Languages
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1498:
1238:
Remarks on the Phonological Evolution of Russian in Comparison with the Other Slavic Languages
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431:
308:
131:
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1007:, where he remained until his retirement in 1967. His universalizing structuralist theory of
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1157:
Jakobson's three principal ideas in linguistics play a major role in the field to this day:
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865:, with Jakobson as a founding member and a prime intellectual force (other members included
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Remarques sur l'évolution phonologique du russe comparée à celle des autres langues slaves
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639:
441:
391:
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in 1933. He also made an impression on Czech academics with his studies of Czech verse.
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of linguistic theory was established by the professor of English at Charles University,
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97:
1822:
The Modes of Modern Writing: Metaphor, Metonymy, and the Typology of Modern Literature
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Caprini, Rita (1996). "Conference reports / Rapports de congrès / Konferenzberichte".
1470:
964:, still closely associated with the Czech émigré community during that period. At the
944:
in 1941 to become part of the wider community of intellectual émigrés who fled there.
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Mounin, Georges (1972) La linguistique du XX siècle. Presses Universitaires de France
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Jakobson R., Language in Literature (ed. Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rudy), 1987.
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Preliminaries to Speech Analysis: The distinctive features and their correlates.
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Structuralist Poetics: Structuralism, Linguistics, and the Study of Literature
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741:
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35:
17:
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29 September] 1896 – 18 July 1982) was a Russian and
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Offering a slightly different picture, the preface to the second edition of
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952:
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670:
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202:
1292:(ed. Stephen Rudy). The Hague, Paris, Mouton, in six volumes (1971–1985):
968:, a sort of Francophone university-in-exile, he met and collaborated with
797:
286:
933:
917:
877:). Jakobson immersed himself in both the academic and cultural life of
839:). Jakobson, on the other hand, had come into contact with the work of
43:
1456:
1236:. Prague, 1929 (Annotated English translation by Ronald F. Feldstein:
1780:
Roman Jakobson's Approach to Language: Phenomenological Structuralism
785:
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662:
302:
93:
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and the semiotics of culture developed by Jakobson's former student
740:, especially through the ethnography of communication developed by
1386:
Jakobson R., La Génération qui a gaspillé ses poètes, Allia, 2001.
951:
818:
701:, he proposed methods for the investigation of poetry, music, the
1787:
Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik. Ergebnisse und Perspektiven
1383:(ed. Linda R. Waugh and Monique Monville-Burston). 1990. 386–392.
1568:. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from
916:
Jakobson escaped from Prague in early March 1939 via Berlin for
905:
886:
801:
976:. He also made the acquaintance of many American linguists and
900:
disrupted this plan and it laid dormant until being revived by
1622:
Knight, Chris, 2018. 'Incantation by Laughter', chapter 11 in
1281:
Jakobson R., "Closing Statement: Linguistics and Poetics", in
1969:
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
1123:
1301:
III. The Poetry of Grammar and the Grammar of Poetry, 1980;
1626:
London & New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 91-103.
1114:
conative (: vocative or imperative addressing of receiver)
649:, Jakobson was one of the most celebrated and influential
1782:, Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press, 1975.
1030:
In his last decade, Jakobson maintained an office at the
800:. Under the pseudonym 'Aliagrov', he published books of
1497:, pp. 5, 30. trans. Stephen Rudy. Marsilio Publishers.
1316:
VIII. Major Works 1976–1980. Completion Volume 1, 1988;
1261:, 1934, pp324-343), with critique by Roman Smal-Stocki.
1803:(pbk), London & New Haven: Yale University Press.
1624:
Decoding Chomsky: Science and revolutionary politics.
1405:
Decoding Chomsky: Science and revolutionary politics.
768:
29 September] 1896 to well-to-do parents of
1801:
Decoding Chomsky: Science and revolutionary politics
1754:
Caton, Steve C., "Contributions of Roman Jakobson",
764:
Jakobson was born in Moscow on 11 October [
1267:
Child Language, Aphasia and Phonological Universals
776:and then at the Historical-Philological Faculty of
177:
165:
149:
137:
123:
104:
78:
55:
1799:Knight, Chris. "Russian Formalism", chapter 10 in
1313:VII. Contributions to Comparative Mythology, 1985;
1974:Recipients of the Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
1794:L'Enonciation: De la subjectivité dans le langage
1542:Jakobson, R., C. Gunnar Fant and M. Halle, 1951.
1245:K charakteristike evrazijskogo jazykovogo sojuza
792:art and poetry; he was especially interested in
1639:Jakobson, Roman; Waugh, Linda R. (2002-01-01).
1373:(ed. Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rudy), 1985.
827:The linguistics of the time was overwhelmingly
728:; his development of the approach pioneered by
1674:, p.241. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
1407:New Haven & London: Yale University Press,
1379:Jakobson R. "Shifters and Verbal Categories".
1025:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
780:. As a student he was a leading figure of the
752:, decisively influenced the early thinking of
1815:Sémantique de la metaphore et de la métonymie
1240:. MIT Press: Cambridge, MA and London, 2018).
940:(the former rector of Hamburg University) to
587:
8:
2009:Corresponding fellows of the British Academy
1666:
1664:
1662:
1310:VI. Early Slavic Paths and Crossroads, 1985;
1307:V. On Verse, Its Masters and Explores, 1978;
994:International Auxiliary Language Association
1994:Czechoslovak emigrants to the United States
1869:MIT "Guide to the Papers of Roman Jakobson"
1914:Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Judaism
1744:Armstrong, D., and van Schooneveld, C.H.,
972:, who would also become a key exponent of
948:Career in the United States and later life
594:
580:
198:
70:
52:
1746:Roman Jakobson: Echoes of His Scholarship
1433:
1322:IX.1. Completion, Volume 2/Part 2, 2014.
1319:IX.1. Completion, Volume 2/Part 1, 2013;
1253:Slavische Sprachfragen in der Sovjetunion
681:and an analysis of the categories of the
1999:Linguistic Society of America presidents
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
623:[rɐˈmanˈosʲɪpəvʲɪt͡ɕ(j)ɪkɐpˈson]
1584:"YIVO | Jakobson, Roman Osipovich"
1396:
774:Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages
534:
383:
357:
316:
213:
201:
128:Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages
1929:People of the Prague linguistic circle
1105:referential (: contextual information)
1634:
1632:
1120:metalingual (: checking code working)
1032:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
796:, the Russian incarnation of Italian
621:
7:
1979:Academic staff of Masaryk University
1856:Roman Jakobson's Science of Language
1604:"Roman Jakobson: A Brief Chronology"
1371:Verbal Art, Verbal Sign, Verbal Time
1275:On Linguistic Aspects of Translation
1108:aesthetic/poetic (: auto-reflection)
804:poetry and befriended the Futurists
673:. He made numerous contributions to
1117:phatic (: checking channel working)
920:, where he was associated with the
1989:Soviet emigrants to Czechoslovakia
1734:. New York: Interlingua Institute.
1483:from the original on 8 March 2023.
960:In New York, he began teaching at
708:Through his decisive influence on
141:Svatava Pirkova, Krystyna Pomorska
25:
1758:, vol 16: pp. 223–260, 1987.
1336:Six Lectures of Sound and Meaning
2019:20th-century Russian translators
1839:Russian Formalism: A Metapoetics
1732:Interlingua Institute: A History
1670:Middleton, Richard (1990/2002).
1080:Jakobson's functions of language
184:Jakobson's functions of language
2024:20th-century Russian scientists
1706:. MIT Press. 13 November 2018.
1526:Dialectologia et Geolinguistica
1144:Political dimension of his work
879:pre-World War II Czechoslovakia
653:of the twentieth century. With
176:
1304:IV. Slavic Epic Studies, 1966;
1295:I. Phonological Studies, 1962;
677:, most notably two studies of
1:
1919:Linguists of Slavic languages
1756:Annual Review of Anthropology
1566:"R.O. Jakobson (1896 - 1982)"
1546:Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
1180:Jakobson has also influenced
1036:Eastern Orthodox Christianity
966:École libre des hautes études
32:Eastern Slavic naming customs
1904:Jews from the Russian Empire
1298:II. Word and Language, 1971;
1202:ethnography of communication
924:, and such intellectuals as
922:Copenhagen linguistic circle
892:Roman Jakobson proposed the
548:Tartu–Moscow Semiotic School
27:Russian linguist (1896–1982)
1984:Columbia University faculty
1899:People from Moskovsky Uyezd
1642:The Sound Shape of Language
1357:The Sound Shape of Language
1111:emotive (: self-expression)
1074:The communication functions
1063:The Sound Shape of Language
685:. Drawing on insights from
90:29 September] 1896
2045:
1939:Jewish American scientists
1934:Harvard University faculty
1613:, compiled by Stephen Rudy
1441:(1983). "Roman Jakobson".
1362:Jakobson R., Pomorska K.,
1285:(ed. Thomas Sebeok), 1960.
1182:Friedemann Schulz von Thun
1077:
1049:Intellectual contributions
1003:In 1949 Jakobson moved to
30:In this name that follows
29:
1909:20th-century Russian Jews
1730:Esterhill, Frank (2000).
1343:The Framework of Language
615:Рома́н О́сипович Якобсо́н
614:
297:Semiotic theory of Peirce
193:
145:
69:
62:
1959:Phonologists from Russia
1792:Kerbrat-Orecchioni, C.,
1493:Jakobson, Roman (1997).
1350:Fundamentals of Language
1208:, the psychoanalysis of
1043:Cambridge, Massachusetts
782:Moscow Linguistic Circle
607:Roman Osipovich Jakobson
160:Prague linguistic circle
156:Moscow linguistic circle
116:Cambridge, Massachusetts
83:Roman Osipovich Jakobson
1924:Communication theorists
1476:Encyclopædia Britannica
1355:Jakobson R., Waugh L.,
1348:Jakobson R., Halle M.,
896:in the late 1930s, but
894:Atlas Linguarum Europae
738:linguistic anthropology
626:; 11 October [
543:Copenhagen–Tartu school
427:Algirdas Julien Greimas
335:Computational semiotics
2004:20th-century linguists
1672:Studying Popular Music
1586:. Yivoencyclopedia.org
1128:
996:, which would present
957:
912:Escapes before the war
824:
647:structural linguistics
2029:Linguists from Russia
2014:Translation theorists
1944:American semioticians
1645:. Walter de Gruyter.
1403:Knight, Chris, 2018.
1329:Questions de poetique
1175:paradigmatic analysis
1167:linguistic universals
1127:
955:
841:Ferdinand de Saussure
822:
730:Ferdinand de Saussure
497:Ferdinand de Saussure
371:Paradigmatic analysis
86:11 October [
1849:Poétique de la prose
1212:, and philosophy of
1017:distinctive features
823:Yakobson before 1917
750:distinctive features
695:communication theory
527:Victoria, Lady Welby
376:Syntagmatic analysis
345:Semiotics of culture
1949:Jewish philosophers
1894:Writers from Moscow
1832:Semiotics of Poetry
1773:Rhétorique générale
1572:on 12 October 2020.
1259:Slavische Rundschau
1190:Michael Silverstein
1159:linguistic typology
1054:linguistic thinker
970:Claude Lévi-Strauss
930:Karolinska Hospital
814:Aleksei Kruchyonykh
806:Vladimir Mayakovsky
788:'s active world of
746:Michael Silverstein
710:Claude Lévi-Strauss
507:Michael Silverstein
330:Cognitive semiotics
1964:Metaphor theorists
1808:Poetry and Science
1609:2016-01-26 at the
1129:
1084:Influenced by the
1056:Velimir Khlebnikov
1005:Harvard University
990:Leonard Bloomfield
958:
883:Masaryk University
867:Nikolai Trubetzkoy
825:
693:, as well as from
675:Slavic linguistics
655:Nikolai Trubetzkoy
558:Post-structuralism
340:Literary semiotics
232:relational complex
1495:My Futurist Years
1290:Selected Writings
1283:Style in Language
1138:Style In Language
1041:Jakobson died in
852:In Czechoslovakia
784:and took part in
778:Moscow University
640:literary theorist
604:
603:
522:Jakob von Uexküll
477:Charles S. Peirce
472:Charles W. Morris
447:Vyacheslav Ivanov
197:
196:
132:Moscow University
16:(Redirected from
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1954:Jewish linguists
1778:Holenstein, E.,
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1471:"Roman Jakobson"
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1435:
1408:
1401:
1186:four sides model
1134:Thomas A. Sebeok
837:Saussure's terms
810:Kazimir Malevich
794:Russian Futurism
625:
620:
616:
596:
589:
582:
517:Vladimir Toporov
457:Roberta Kevelson
366:Commutation test
350:Social semiotics
214:General concepts
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111:
74:
65:
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21:
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1739:Further reading
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1611:Wayback Machine
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1247:. Prague, 1930.
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1214:Giorgio Agamben
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978:anthropologists
950:
932:(with works on
926:Louis Hjelmslev
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863:Vilém Mathesius
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726:literary theory
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442:Louis Hjelmslev
392:Mikhail Bakhtin
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1863:External links
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1828:Riffaterre, M.
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1486:
1462:
1451:(4): 871–883.
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1296:
1286:
1279:
1278:, essay, 1959.
1270:
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1248:
1241:
1228:
1225:
1194:metapragmatics
1154:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1078:Main article:
1075:
1072:
1050:
1047:
986:Benjamin Whorf
962:The New School
956:Roman Jakobson
949:
946:
938:Ernst Cassirer
913:
910:
875:Jan Mukařovský
853:
850:
761:
758:
714:Roland Barthes
705:, and cinema.
602:
601:
599:
598:
591:
584:
576:
573:
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571:
570:
565:
563:Deconstruction
560:
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536:
535:Related topics
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531:
530:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
492:Augusto Ponzio
489:
484:
482:Susan Petrilli
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
452:Roman Jakobson
449:
444:
439:
434:
432:Félix Guattari
429:
424:
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397:Roland Barthes
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277:Representation
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167:Main interests
166:
163:
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146:
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135:
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121:
120:
114:
112:(aged 85)
106:
102:
101:
98:Russian Empire
92:
82:
80:
76:
75:
67:
66:
60:
59:
57:Roman Jakobson
56:
26:
24:
18:Roman Jacobson
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1867:
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1862:
1857:
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1843:
1840:
1837:Steiner, P.,
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1806:Koch, W. A.,
1805:
1802:
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1791:
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1713:9780262038690
1709:
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1697:
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1681:
1680:0-335-15275-9
1677:
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1663:
1659:
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1652:9783110889451
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1503:1-56886-049-8
1500:
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1472:
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1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1439:Kučera, Henry
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:Jakobson R.,
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1341:Jakobson R.,
1340:
1337:
1334:Jakobson R.,
1333:
1330:
1327:Jakobson R.,
1326:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1288:Jakobson R.,
1287:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:Jakobson R.,
1271:
1268:
1265:Jakobson R.,
1264:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:Jakobson R.,
1249:
1246:
1243:Jakobson R.,
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232:Jakobson R.,
1231:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1221:Olga Yokoyama
1217:
1215:
1211:
1210:Jacques Lacan
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1188:, as well as
1187:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1171:Nicolas Ruwet
1168:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1150:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:communication
1091:
1087:
1086:Organon-Model
1081:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1015:hierarchy of
1014:
1011:, based on a
1010:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
974:structuralism
971:
967:
963:
954:
947:
945:
943:
942:New York City
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
911:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
859:Prague school
851:
849:
846:
842:
838:
835:approach, in
834:
830:
829:neogrammarian
821:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
760:Life and work
759:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:structuralism
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
645:A pioneer of
643:
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633:
629:
624:
612:
608:
597:
592:
590:
585:
583:
578:
577:
575:
574:
569:
568:Postmodernism
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
553:Structuralism
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
539:
538:
533:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
502:Thomas Sebeok
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
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463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
422:Gottlob Frege
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
402:Marcel Danesi
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
388:
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377:
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364:
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283:
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278:
275:
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245:
244:Confabulation
242:
240:
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224:
223:
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219:
218:
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212:
208:
207:
204:
200:
192:
189:
185:
182:
179:Notable ideas
173:
170:
164:
161:
157:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
117:
107:
103:
99:
95:
89:
81:
77:
73:
68:
64:Роман Якобсон
61:
54:
49:
45:
42: and the
41:
37:
33:
19:
1855:
1848:
1838:
1831:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1755:
1745:
1731:
1702:
1696:
1687:
1671:
1641:
1623:
1618:
1599:
1588:. Retrieved
1578:
1570:the original
1560:
1551:
1543:
1538:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1510:
1494:
1489:
1474:
1465:
1448:
1442:
1404:
1399:
1380:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1289:
1282:
1273:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1237:
1233:
1227:Bibliography
1218:
1206:ethnopoetics
1179:
1156:
1147:
1137:
1130:
1083:
1062:
1060:
1052:
1040:
1029:
1021:Morris Halle
1002:
959:
915:
902:Mario Alinei
898:World War II
891:
855:
826:
763:
754:Noam Chomsky
732:, known as "
722:anthropology
707:
687:C. S. Peirce
683:Russian verb
679:Russian case
644:
606:
605:
512:Eero Tarasti
487:John Poinsot
451:
417:Paolo Fabbri
384:Semioticians
325:Biosemiotics
301:
260: /
251: /
110:(1982-07-18)
108:18 July 1982
47:
39:
1889:1982 deaths
1884:1896 births
1854:Waugh, L.,
1845:Todorov, T.
1820:Lodge, D.,
1381:On Language
1090:Karl Bühler
998:Interlingua
871:René Wellek
790:avant-garde
703:visual arts
699:cybernetics
632:naturalised
467:Juri Lotman
462:Kalevi Kull
437:Stuart Hall
412:Umberto Eco
292:Semiosphere
249:Connotation
172:Linguistics
44:family name
1878:Categories
1785:Ihwe, J.,
1771:Groupe μ,
1762:Culler, J.
1725:References
1590:2014-01-17
1198:Dell Hymes
1163:markedness
1096:process :
1068:Trubetzkoy
1013:markedness
982:Franz Boas
980:, such as
845:synchronic
833:diachronic
742:Dell Hymes
718:philosophy
667:morphology
407:John Deely
253:Denotation
188:Markedness
36:patronymic
1364:Dialogues
1100:Functions
1038:in 1975.
1027:in 1960.
1009:phonology
1000:in 1951.
691:semiotics
671:semantics
659:phonology
651:linguists
634:American
203:Semiotics
138:Spouse(s)
40:Osipovich
1775:, 1970.
1607:Archived
1481:Archived
1444:Language
798:Futurism
636:linguist
287:Semiosis
282:Salience
272:Modality
262:Decoding
258:Encoding
227:relation
48:Jakobson
1858:, 1976.
1851:, 1971.
1841:, 1984.
1834:, 1978.
1824:, 1977.
1817:, 1973.
1810:, 1983.
1796:, 1980.
1789:, 1971.
1768:, 1975.
1748:, 1977.
1366:, 1983.
1359:, 1979.
1352:, 1956.
1345:, 1980.
1338:, 1978.
1331:, 1973.
1269:, 1941.
934:aphasia
918:Denmark
611:Russian
358:Methods
267:Lexical
1710:
1678:
1649:
1532:: 122.
1501:
1457:413375
1455:
1165:, and
1153:Legacy
988:, and
786:Moscow
770:Jewish
663:syntax
317:Fields
303:Umwelt
209:
151:School
118:, U.S.
94:Moscow
34:, the
1453:JSTOR
1391:Notes
309:Value
1708:ISBN
1676:ISBN
1647:ISBN
1499:ISBN
1204:and
906:1965
887:Brno
873:and
802:zaum
766:O.S.
724:and
712:and
697:and
669:and
638:and
628:O.S.
619:IPA:
239:Code
222:Sign
105:Died
88:O.S.
79:Born
1200:'s
1192:'s
1184:'s
1173:'s
1088:by
904:in
885:in
812:,
689:'s
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38:is
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1830:,
1764:,
1661:^
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1473:.
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1447:.
1412:^
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1216:.
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1505:.
1459:.
1257:(
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20:)
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