31:
580:
423:
541:
those of
Ehrlich and Chenzinsky, which lacked the purple hue associated with the Romanowsky effect. Romanowsky's 1890 publication did not include a description of how he modified his methylene blue solution, but in his 1891 doctoral thesis he described methylene blue best as used after mold began forming on the surface. Other than the use of an aged methylene blue solution, Romanowsky's stain was based on Chenzinsky's stain technique. Romanowsky's use of his method to study the malaria parasite has been attributed to the continued interest in his staining method.
498:
166:
545:
662:
his stain, but never fully published details on how he produced it, although it is thought that he used a combination of azure B and methylene blue. Giemsa published a number of modifications of his stains between 1902 and 1934. In 1904 he suggested adding glycerin to his stain, along with the methanol, to increase its stability.
296:. The addition of Giemsa to Wright's stain increases the brightness of the "reddish-purple" color of the cytoplasmic granules. The Wright's and Wright-Giemsa stains are two of the Romanowsky-type stains in common use in the United States and are mainly used for the staining of blood and bone marrow films.
233:, which results in the breakdown of methylene blue into multiple other stains, some of which are necessary to produce the Romanowsky effect. Methylene blue that has undergone this oxidative process is known as "polychromed methylene blue". Polychromed methylene blue may contain up to 11 dyes, including
555:
has been credited with independently observing the same stain combination as Dmitri
Romanowsky in 1891, although he has also been credited with being the first to do so. Malachowsky was the first to use a deliberately polychromed methylene blue solution, which Malachowsky accomplished by the addition
540:
Dmitri
Romanowsky in 1890 published preliminary findings of his blood stain (a combination of aged methylene blue and eosin), including the results when applied to malaria infected blood. This use of polychromed methylene blue differentiated Romanowsky's stain (and the subsequent formulations) from
1808:
661:
name has also become associated with the stain as he is credited with publishing a useful formulation and protocol in 1902. Giemsa attempted to use combinations of pure dyes rather than polychromed methylene blue solutions which are highly variable in composition. Giemsa sold the rights to produce
335:
Giemsa stain is composed of "Azure II" and eosin Y with methanol and glycerol as the solvent. "Azure II" is thought to be a mixture of azure B (which Giemsa called "azure I") and methylene blue, although the exact composition of "azure I" is considered a trade secret. Comparable formulations using
263:
Although azure B and eosin have been shown to be the required components to produce the
Romanowsky effect, these stains in their pure forms have not always been used in the formulation of the staining solutions. The original sources of azure B (one of the oxidation products of methylene blue) were
448:
and aspirate smears. Examination of both blood and bone marrow can be of importance in the diagnosis of a variety of blood diseases. In the United States the Wright and Wright-Giemsa variants of the
Romanowsky-type stains are widely used, while in Europe Giemsa stain is commonly employed.
1823:
390:
developed a stain that was similar to Louis Jenner's but with the replacement of pure methylene blue with polychromed methylene blue. Leishman's stain is prepared from the eosinate of polychromed methylene blue and eosin Y using methanol as the solvent.
560:
to the staining mixture. Malachowsky is reported to have demonstrated the stain on June 15, 1890, and in the same year to have published a paper "describing his public demonstration". Both the
Romanowsky and Malachowsky methods were able to stain the
291:
who in 1902 published a method using heat to produce polychromed methylene blue, which is combined with eosin Y. The polychromed methylene blue is combined with eosin and allowed to precipitate, forming an eosinate which is redissolved in
245:, methylene violet Bernthesen, methyl thionoline and thionoline. The exact composition of polychromed methylene blue depends on the method used, and even batches of the stain from the same manufacturer may vary in composition.
214:. This became known as the Romanowsky effect. Eosin and pure methylene blue alone (or in combination) do not produce the Romanowsky effect, and the active stains which produce the effect are now considered to be
1935:
Woronzoff-Dashkoff, Kristine
Pauline Krafts (1993). "The Ehrlich-Chenzinsky-Plehn-Malachowski-Romanowsky-Nocht-Jenner-May-Grünwald-Leishman-Reuter-Wright-Giemsa-Lillie-Roe-Wilcox Stain: The Mystery Unfolds".
524:(basic dye) to examine blood films. In 1888 Cheslav Ivanovich Chenzinsky used methylene blue, but substituted the acid fuchsin used by Ehrlich with eosin. Chenzinsky's stain combination was able to stain the
134:
The value of
Romanowsky staining lies in its ability to produce a wide range of hues, allowing cellular components to be easily differentiated. This phenomenon is referred to as the
798:
Horobin, RW (2011). "How
Romanowsky stains work and why they remain valuable — including a proposed universal Romanowsky staining mechanism and a rational troubleshooting scheme".
633:
developed stains that combined Louis Jenner's use of alcohol as the solvent and
Malachowsky's use of polychromed methylene blue. Reuter's stain differed from Jenner's in using
336:
known dyes have been published and are commercially available. Giemsa stain is considered to be the standard stain for detection and identification of the malaria parasite.
1441:
Lillie, R. D. (1978). "Romanowsky–Malachowski Stains the So-Called Romanowsky Stain: Malachowski's 1891 Use of Alkali Polychromed Methylene Blue for Malaria Plasmodia".
1979:
Giemsa G (1904). "Eine Vereinfachung und Vervollkommnung meiner Methylenazur-Methylenblau-Eosin-Färbemethode zur Erzielung der Romanowsky-Nochtschen Chromatinfärbung".
2015:
2397:
1232:
Wittekind, D. H. (1983). "On the nature of Romanowsky-Giemasa staining and its significance for cytochemistry and histochemistry: an overall view".
287:
Wright's stain can be used alone or in combination with the Giemsa stain, which is known as the Wright-Giemsa stain. Wright's stain is named after
764:
Bain, Barbara J.; Bates, Imelda; Laffan, Mike A. (11 August 2016). "Chapter 4: Preparation and staining methods for blood and bone marrow films".
2474:
775:
2045:
264:
from polychromed methylene blue solutions, which were treated with oxidizing agents or allowed to naturally age in the case of Romanowsky.
1104:Романовскiй Д.Л. Къ вопросу о паразитологіи и терапiи болотной лихорадки. Диссертацiя на степень доктора медицины. Спб. 1891 г., 118 с.
1854:
1740:
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651:
in 1902 published a method using heat to polychrome the methylene blue, which he combined with eosin Y. This technique is known as
30:
2098:
537:). Neither Ehrlich's or Chenzinsky's stains produced the Romanowsky effect as the methylene blue they used was not polychromed.
2008:
683:
462:
2200:
1551:
Krafts, KP; Hempelmann, E; Oleksyn, BJ (2011). "The color purple: from royalty to laboratory, with apologies to Malachowski".
579:
422:
665:
Giemsa stain powders produced in Germany were widely used in the United States until the interruption of the supply during
226:
Romanowsky-type stains can be made from either a combination of pure dyes, or from methylene blue that has been subject to
2533:
506:
92:
2292:
2429:
976:
Bezrukov, AV (2017). "Romanowsky staining, the Romanowsky effect and thoughts on the question of scientific priority".
505:
Although debate exists as to who deserves credit for this general staining method, popular usage has attributed it to
2459:
2333:
2558:
2001:
622:) which is similar to the version proposed by Jenner in 1899, and likewise does not produce the Romanowsky effect.
2060:
619:
345:
115:
2479:
1756:
Krafts, KP; Pambuccian, SE (2011). "Romanowsky staining in cytopathology: history, advantages and limitations".
497:
126:
stains. They differ in protocols and additives and their names are often confused with one another in practice.
2548:
2342:
2267:
1723:
Peterson, Powers; McNeill, Sheila; Gulati, Gene (2012). "Cellular Morphologic Analysis of Peripheral Blood".
465:
are an alternative to the staining and microscopic examination of blood films for the detection of malaria.
442:
81:
1847:
A history of microtechnique : the evolution of the microtome and the development of tissue preparation
2538:
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588:
478:
426:
355:
2434:
2309:
2371:
2337:
1873:
Krafts, Kristine; Hempelmann, Ernst; Oleksyn, Barbara J. (2011). "In search of the malarial parasite".
552:
265:
1671:"Note on a Simple and Rapid Method of Producing Romanowsky Staining in Malarial and other Blood Films"
367:
202:
that formed hues unattributable to the staining components alone: distinctive shades of purple in the
119:
2352:
2091:
669:, which caused increased utilization of James Homer Wright's method for polychroming methylene blue.
608:
458:
2543:
2127:
482:
249:
611:
the blood samples, although Jenner's version of the stain does not produce the Romanowsky effect.
2553:
2469:
1906:
1809:"Methodologische Beiträge zur Physiologie und Pathologie der verschiedenen Formen der Leukocyten"
1789:
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648:
626:
288:
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in 1891 was the first to purposely polychrome methylene blue for use in a Romanowsky-type stain.
57:
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95:(1861–1921), who was one of the first to recognize its potential for use as a blood stain.
2329:
2084:
486:
599:. Romanowsky-type stains prepared from the collected precipitates are sometimes known as
591:
developed a more stable version of the methylene blue and eosin stain by collecting the
60:
technique that was the forerunner of several distinct but similar stains widely used in
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2250:
2055:
1695:
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Cooksey, CJ (2017). "Quirks of dye nomenclature. 8. Methylene blue, azure and violet".
678:
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Family of related stains for examination of blood including the detection of parasites
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256:. Other methods have been employed, as well, such as oxidation in acidic medium with
230:
139:
65:
2076:
1588:
1481:"A Rapid Method for the Differential Staining of Blood Films and Malarial Parasites"
1327:
1269:
1181:
1166:
1135:"Understanding Romanowsky staining. I: The Romanowsky-Giemsa effect in blood smears"
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909:
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437:
Romanowsky-type stains are widely used in the examination of blood, in the form of
330:
173:
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99:
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38:
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1303:
989:
1769:
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321:. The stain is dark blue and results in very observable clearly stained nucleus.
17:
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2145:
2119:
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666:
592:
544:
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400:
318:
111:
68:(the study of diseased cells). Romanowsky-type stains are used to differentiate
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1886:
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533:
311:
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154:
98:
Stains that are related to or derived from the Romanowsky-type stains include
85:
77:
61:
34:
1957:
1894:
1777:
1572:
1387:"An Acid Polychrome-Methylene Blue Solution for Routine and Special Staining"
1311:
1253:
1114:
Romanowsky D (1891). "Zur Frage der Parasitologie und Therapie der Malaria".
1064:
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819:
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2165:
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1005:
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457:
Of the Romanowsky-type stains, the Giemsa stain is especially important in
1965:
1261:
1158:
2280:
2255:
2233:
2160:
2150:
2107:
930:
Li, Qigui; Weina, Peter J.; Miller, R. Scott (2012). "Malaria Analysis".
596:
573:
445:
351:
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293:
248:
Common method of rapid oxidation uses increasing pH of the solution with
242:
42:
1868:
1866:
1462:
1055:
901:
603:. Besides increasing the stability of the stain, the use of methanol in
576:, when until this point the stains used had only colored the cytoplasm.
405:
Field stain is used for staining thick blood films in order to discover
2412:
2392:
2210:
1245:
1150:
893:
731:
Theil, Karl S. (2012). "Bone Marrow Processing and Normal Morphology".
642:
638:
570:
525:
406:
238:
195:
183:
1045:
1028:
459:
the detection and identification of malaria parasites in blood samples
1086:Романовскiй Д.Л. (1890). "Къ вопросу о строенiи чужеядныхъ малярiи".
253:
1993:
637:
instead of methanol, and Leishman's differed from Jenner's by using
433:, a commercial Romanowsky stain variant widely used in cytopathology
2137:
578:
557:
543:
529:
421:
372:
This method is a combination of May-Grünwald and Giemsa staining.
191:
164:
1374:(9th ed.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. pp. 692p.
880:
Marshall, P. N. (1978). "Romanowsky-type stains in haemotology".
2115:
2080:
1997:
145:
Eosin part of the stain is responsible for pink-orange hue of
358:
in a histopathology lab for the diagnosis of tumorous cells.
91:
The staining technique is named after the Russian physician
1930:
1928:
1926:
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1922:
1920:
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in 1892 published a version of the stain (now known as the
1622:
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1618:
1602:
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1598:
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that forms in water-based mixtures and redissolving it in
473:
Romanowsky-type stains are also used for the staining of
1718:
1716:
1714:
190:
In 1891 Romanowsky developed a stain using a mixture of
1849:(2nd ed.). Lincolnwood, IL: Science Heritage Ltd.
1546:
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1611:(11th ed.). Philadelphia: The Blackstone Company.
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2181:
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1840:
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1836:
1029:"The Staining of Mast Cells: A Historical Overview"
1227:
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1217:
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516:used a mixture of acidic and basic dyes including
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1033:International Archives of Allergy and Immunology
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206:of the cell nucleus and within granules in the
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2009:
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718:
716:
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708:
252:and boiling it, which introduces atmospheric
8:
182:(center of image), the parasite that causes
1629:"The wright-giemsa stain. Secrets revealed"
1391:Journal of the American Medical Association
1182:"The wright-giemsa stain. Secrets revealed"
2099:
2085:
2077:
2016:
2002:
1994:
1694:
1496:
1054:
1044:
770:(12 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences.
501:Dmitri Leonidovich Romanowsky (1861-1921)
496:
453:Detection of malaria and other parasites
350:The May-Grünwald-Giemsa is used for the
29:
704:
84:films, and to detect parasites such as
2398:Jaswant Singh–Bhattacharji (JSB) stain
477:specimens such as those produced from
1607:Gatenby, J. B.; Beams, H. W. (1950).
767:Dacie and Lewis Practical Haematology
7:
2475:Grocott's methenamine silver stain
25:
2108:Microbial and histological stains
1403:10.1001/jama.1917.25910390002016c
2046:Jaswant Singh–Bhattacharji stain
1758:Biotechnic & Histochemistry
1553:Biotechnic & Histochemistry
1292:Biotechnic & Histochemistry
1180:Woronzoff-Dashkoff KK. (2002).
978:Biotechnic & Histochemistry
800:Biotechnic & Histochemistry
684:Malaria antigen detection tests
463:Malaria antigen detection tests
418:Blood and bone marrow pathology
72:for microscopic examination in
1938:Clinics in Laboratory Medicine
1725:Laboratory Hematology Practice
1627:Woronzoff-Dashkoff KK (2002).
1372:H. J. Conn's Biological stains
1370:Lillie, Ralph Dougall (1977).
1133:Horobin RW, Walter KJ (1987).
932:Laboratory Hematology Practice
733:Laboratory Hematology Practice
1:
1950:10.1016/S0272-2712(18)30406-2
1645:10.1016/S0272-2712(03)00065-9
1304:10.1080/10520295.2017.1315775
1198:10.1016/S0272-2712(03)00065-9
990:10.1080/10520295.2016.1250285
507:Dmitri Leonidovich Romanowsky
93:Dmitri Leonidovich Romanowsky
1770:10.3109/10520295.2010.515492
1609:The Microtomist's Vade-Mecum
1565:10.3109/10520295.2010.515490
1116:St Petersburg Med Wochenschr
812:10.3109/10520295.2010.515491
1845:Bracegirdle, Brian (1986).
1385:Goodpasture, E. W. (1917).
2580:
2201:Periodic acid–Schiff stain
1027:Ribatti, Domenico (2018).
940:10.1002/9781444398595.ch48
741:10.1002/9781444398595.ch22
528:parasite (a member of the
443:examination of bone marrow
398:
379:
365:
343:
328:
310:Jenner's stain is used in
303:
280:
222:Polychromed methylene blue
2031:
1887:10.1007/s00436-011-2475-4
1822:: 553–560. Archived from
1733:10.1002/9781444398595.ch2
1455:10.3109/10520297809111439
1234:The Histochemical Journal
882:The Histochemical Journal
441:, and in the microscopic
64:(the study of blood) and
2343:Light Green SF yellowish
2334:Masson's trichrome stain
2293:Auramine–rhodamine stain
198:) and aged solutions of
155:eosinophilic leukocytes
138:, or more generally as
2460:Schaeffer–Fulton stain
2430:Gömöri trichrome stain
1687:10.1136/bmj.2.2125.757
584:
549:
502:
434:
429:specimen stained with
427:Bronchoalveolar lavage
356:fine-needle aspiration
354:of slides obtained by
187:
76:specimens, especially
50:
2435:Luxol fast blue stain
2310:Auramine phenol stain
1875:Parasitology Research
582:
547:
500:
479:fine-needle aspirates
425:
394:
168:
33:
2534:Anatomical pathology
2480:Warthin–Starry stain
2353:Phosphomolybdic acid
1981:Centralbl F Bakt Etc
934:. pp. 626–637.
735:. pp. 279–299.
589:Louis Leopold Jenner
469:Use in cytopathology
413:Clinical importances
241:, azure B, azure C,
149:and granules inside
2496:Tissue stainability
2268:Ziehl–Neelsen stain
2128:Perls Prussian blue
1669:Leishman W (1901).
1122:: 297–302, 307–315.
483:cerebrospinal fluid
250:potassium carbonate
54:Romanowsky staining
2470:Bielschowsky stain
2372:Van Gieson's stain
2338:Lillie's trichrome
2061:May–Grünwald stain
1807:Ehrlich P (1880).
1727:. pp. 10–25.
1479:Wright JH (1902).
1246:10.1007/BF01002498
1151:10.1007/bf00490267
894:10.1007/BF01003411
694:Staining (biology)
689:Papanicolaou stain
649:James Homer Wright
620:May–Grünwald stain
607:had the effect of
585:
550:
503:
435:
346:May–Grünwald stain
340:May-Grünwald stain
289:James Homer Wright
188:
88:within the blood.
56:is a prototypical
51:
2559:Romanowsky stains
2521:
2520:
2322:Connective tissue
2074:
2073:
2025:Romanowsky stains
1681:(2125): 757–758.
1240:(10): 1029–1047.
1046:10.1159/000487538
777:978-0-7020-6925-3
553:Ernst Malachowsky
548:Ernst Malachowsky
266:Ernst Malachowsky
161:Romanowsky effect
136:Romanowsky effect
18:Romanowsky stains
16:(Redirected from
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2348:Biebrich scarlet
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1443:Stain Technology
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631:William Leishman
614:Richard May and
487:lumbar punctures
388:William Leishman
368:Pappenheim stain
362:Pappenheim stain
258:dichromate anion
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1721:
1712:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1626:
1625:
1616:
1606:
1605:
1596:
1550:
1549:
1514:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1440:
1439:
1416:
1407:
1405:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1368:
1335:
1289:
1288:
1277:
1231:
1230:
1213:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1026:
1025:
1021:
975:
974:
957:
950:
929:
928:
917:
879:
878:
843:
797:
796:
785:
778:
763:
762:
758:
751:
730:
729:
706:
702:
675:
659:Gustav Giemsa's
616:Ludwig Grünwald
520:(acid dye) and
495:
471:
455:
420:
415:
403:
397:
384:
378:
370:
364:
348:
342:
333:
327:
308:
302:
285:
279:
274:
224:
163:
132:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2577:
2575:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2526:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2487:Wright's stain
2484:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2358:Fast Green FCF
2355:
2350:
2345:
2326:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2286:Methylene blue
2283:
2277:Carbol fuchsin
2260:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2251:Gentian violet
2238:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2142:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2056:Leishman stain
2053:
2051:Jenner's stain
2048:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1991:
1990:
1971:
1944:(4): 759–771.
1916:
1881:(3): 521–529.
1862:
1856:978-0940095007
1855:
1832:
1829:on 2011-07-19.
1799:
1748:
1741:
1710:
1658:
1614:
1594:
1512:
1491:(1): 138–144.
1468:
1414:
1377:
1333:
1298:(5): 347–356.
1275:
1211:
1172:
1145:(3): 331–336.
1139:Histochemistry
1125:
1106:
1097:
1078:
1019:
955:
948:
915:
841:
783:
776:
756:
749:
703:
701:
698:
697:
696:
691:
686:
681:
674:
671:
653:Wright's stain
625:In 1901, both
605:Jenner's stain
522:methylene blue
494:
491:
475:cytopathologic
470:
467:
454:
451:
419:
416:
414:
411:
399:Main article:
396:
393:
382:Leishman stain
380:Main article:
377:
376:Leishman stain
374:
366:Main article:
363:
360:
344:Main article:
341:
338:
329:Main article:
326:
323:
306:Jenner's stain
304:Main article:
301:
298:
283:Wright's stain
281:Main article:
278:
275:
273:
270:
235:methylene blue
223:
220:
200:methylene blue
162:
159:
131:
128:
45:surrounded by
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2576:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2539:Cytopathology
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2450:Movat's stain
2448:
2446:
2445:Moeller stain
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2420:Janus Green B
2418:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2403:H&E stain
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2388:Cresyl violet
2386:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2272:Kinyoun stain
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2247:Methyl violet
2245:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2183:Carbohydrates
2180:
2172:
2171:Sudan Black B
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1742:9781444398595
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
956:
951:
949:9781444398595
945:
941:
937:
933:
926:
924:
922:
920:
916:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
842:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
794:
792:
790:
788:
784:
779:
773:
769:
768:
760:
757:
752:
750:9781444398595
746:
742:
738:
734:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
705:
699:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
672:
670:
668:
663:
660:
656:
654:
650:
646:
644:
640:
636:
635:ethyl alcohol
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
583:Gustav Giemsa
581:
577:
575:
572:
568:
564:
559:
554:
546:
542:
538:
536:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
512:In the 1870s
510:
508:
499:
492:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
468:
466:
464:
460:
452:
450:
447:
444:
440:
432:
428:
424:
417:
412:
410:
408:
402:
395:Field's stain
392:
389:
383:
375:
373:
369:
361:
359:
357:
353:
347:
339:
337:
332:
324:
322:
320:
317:
313:
307:
299:
297:
295:
290:
284:
276:
271:
269:
267:
261:
259:
255:
251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
231:demethylation
229:
221:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
185:
181:
180:
175:
172:stained with
171:
167:
160:
158:
156:
152:
148:
143:
141:
140:metachromasia
137:
129:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
94:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
66:cytopathology
63:
59:
55:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
2513:Chromophobic
2465:Silver stain
2425:Giemsa stain
2408:Haematoxylin
2066:Wright stain
1984:
1980:
1974:
1941:
1937:
1878:
1874:
1846:
1824:the original
1819:
1815:
1802:
1764:(2): 82–93.
1761:
1757:
1751:
1724:
1678:
1674:
1639:(1): 15–23.
1636:
1633:Clin Lab Med
1632:
1608:
1556:
1552:
1488:
1484:
1449:(1): 23–28.
1446:
1442:
1406:. Retrieved
1394:
1390:
1380:
1371:
1295:
1291:
1237:
1233:
1192:(1): 15–23.
1189:
1186:Clin Lab Med
1185:
1175:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1100:
1094:: 1171–1173.
1091:
1087:
1081:
1056:11586/227987
1039:(1): 55–60.
1036:
1032:
1022:
984:(1): 29–35.
981:
977:
931:
885:
881:
806:(1): 36–51.
803:
799:
766:
759:
732:
664:
657:
647:
624:
613:
600:
586:
551:
539:
532:
518:acid fuchsin
514:Paul Ehrlich
511:
504:
472:
456:
436:
404:
385:
371:
349:
334:
331:Giemsa stain
325:Giemsa stain
319:blood smears
309:
300:Jenner stain
286:
277:Wright stain
262:
247:
225:
189:
177:
147:erythrocytes
144:
135:
133:
116:May–Grünwald
97:
90:
74:pathological
53:
52:
47:erythrocytes
39:Giemsa stain
2503:Acidophilic
2455:Neutral red
2440:Methyl blue
2303:Rhodamine B
2196:Mucicarmine
2191:Alcian blue
2146:Sudan stain
2120:hemosiderin
2041:Field stain
1559:(1): 7–35.
1397:(12): 998.
888:(1): 1–29.
679:Liu's stain
667:World War I
641:instead of
627:Karl Reuter
593:precipitate
439:blood films
409:parasites.
401:Field stain
218:and eosin.
194:(typically
186:infections.
82:bone marrow
2544:Hematology
2528:Categories
2508:Basophilic
2363:Sirius Red
2298:Auramine O
2242:Gram stain
2224:Thioflavin
1987:: 308–311.
1816:Z Klin Med
1408:2024-01-16
700:References
534:Plasmodium
312:microscopy
212:leukocytes
179:Plasmodium
170:Blood film
151:cytoplasms
120:Pappenheim
62:hematology
35:Blood film
2554:Histology
2263:Acid-fast
2219:Congo red
2166:Oil Red O
2156:Sudan III
2036:Diff-Quik
1958:0272-2712
1895:0932-0113
1778:1052-0295
1573:1052-0295
1485:J Med Res
1312:1052-0295
1254:0018-2214
1065:1018-2438
998:1052-0295
836:207513741
820:1052-0295
601:eosinates
587:In 1899,
567:cytoplasm
431:Diff-Quik
228:oxidative
208:cytoplasm
204:chromatin
130:Mechanism
43:Monocytes
2564:Staining
2281:Fuchsine
2256:Safranin
2234:Bacteria
2161:Sudan IV
2151:Sudan II
1903:21660627
1786:21395493
1705:20759810
1675:Br Med J
1653:11933573
1589:19829220
1581:21235291
1507:19971449
1328:46746062
1320:28598697
1270:23896062
1206:11933573
1167:25723230
1073:29597213
1014:37401579
1006:28098484
910:37939306
828:21235292
673:See also
597:methanol
574:parasite
446:biopsies
407:malarial
386:In 1901
352:staining
316:staining
294:methanol
243:thionine
210:of some
176:showing
124:Leishman
58:staining
2413:Eosin Y
2393:Cyanine
2211:Amyloid
1966:7508837
1911:1823696
1794:5168332
1696:2507168
1498:2105822
1262:6196323
1159:2437082
643:eosin Y
639:eosin B
571:malaria
569:of the
563:nucleus
526:malaria
493:History
239:azure A
216:azure B
196:eosin Y
184:malaria
86:malaria
2138:Lipids
1964:
1956:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1853:
1792:
1784:
1776:
1739:
1703:
1693:
1651:
1587:
1579:
1571:
1505:
1495:
1461:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1204:
1165:
1157:
1071:
1063:
1012:
1004:
996:
946:
908:
900:
834:
826:
818:
774:
747:
609:fixing
254:oxygen
174:Giemsa
108:Wright
104:Jenner
100:Giemsa
2381:Other
1907:S2CID
1827:(PDF)
1812:(PDF)
1790:S2CID
1585:S2CID
1463:78544
1324:S2CID
1266:S2CID
1163:S2CID
1088:Врачъ
1010:S2CID
906:S2CID
902:74370
832:S2CID
558:borax
530:genus
485:from
272:Types
192:eosin
112:Field
78:blood
70:cells
37:with
2116:Iron
1962:PMID
1954:ISSN
1899:PMID
1891:ISSN
1851:ISBN
1782:PMID
1774:ISSN
1737:ISBN
1701:PMID
1649:PMID
1577:PMID
1569:ISSN
1503:PMID
1459:PMID
1395:LXIX
1316:PMID
1308:ISSN
1258:PMID
1250:ISSN
1202:PMID
1155:PMID
1069:PMID
1061:ISSN
1002:PMID
994:ISSN
944:ISBN
898:PMID
824:PMID
816:ISSN
772:ISBN
745:ISBN
629:and
565:and
481:and
314:for
122:and
80:and
1946:doi
1883:doi
1879:109
1766:doi
1729:doi
1691:PMC
1683:doi
1641:doi
1561:doi
1493:PMC
1451:doi
1399:doi
1300:doi
1242:doi
1194:doi
1147:doi
1051:hdl
1041:doi
1037:176
986:doi
936:doi
890:doi
808:doi
737:doi
556:of
153:of
2530::
2332::
1985:37
1983:.
1960:.
1952:.
1942:13
1940:.
1919:^
1905:.
1897:.
1889:.
1877:.
1865:^
1835:^
1818:.
1814:.
1788:.
1780:.
1772:.
1762:86
1760:.
1735:.
1713:^
1699:.
1689:.
1677:.
1673:.
1661:^
1647:.
1637:22
1635:.
1631:.
1617:^
1597:^
1583:.
1575:.
1567:.
1557:86
1555:.
1515:^
1501:.
1487:.
1483:.
1471:^
1457:.
1447:53
1445:.
1417:^
1393:.
1389:.
1336:^
1322:.
1314:.
1306:.
1296:92
1294:.
1278:^
1264:.
1256:.
1248:.
1238:15
1236:.
1214:^
1200:.
1190:22
1188:.
1184:.
1161:.
1153:.
1143:86
1141:.
1137:.
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