706:
969:
518:
1496:
413:
796:
754:
36:
999:
990:, he minces no words about his late father-in-law: "the lord Romanus the Emperor was an idiot and an illiterate man, neither bred in the high imperial manner, nor following Roman custom from the beginning, nor of imperial or noble descent, and therefore the more rude and authoritarian in doing most things ... for his beliefs were uncouth, obstinate, ignorant of what is good, and unwilling to adhere to what is right and proper."
824:
462:
111:
612:
582:
1025:, who died in 922. However, genealogical and chronological considerations have led to the hypothesis that his three eldest children may have been born from an otherwise unattested first marriage. Romanos had at least eight legitimate and at least one illegitimate children, leading to numerous aristocratic descendants and connections in the Middle Byzantine period, including every emperor for the next century.
2511:
654:(renamed Eirene, "Peace"), the daughter of Romanos' eldest son and co-emperor Christopher, and thus his granddaughter. On this occasion Christopher received precedence in rank over his brother-in-law Constantine VII, something which compounded the latter's resentment towards the Lekapenoi, the Bulgarians, and imperial marriages to outsiders (as documented in his composition
631:, Romanos criticized Simeon's disregard for tradition and Orthodox Christian brotherhood and supposedly shamed him into coming to terms and lifting the siege. In reality, this was accomplished by Romanos' tacit recognition of Simeon as emperor of Bulgaria. Relations were subsequently marred by continued wrangling over titles (Simeon called himself emperor of the
2548:
965:. When they threatened the position of Constantine VII, however, the people of Constantinople revolted, and Stephen and Constantine were likewise stripped of their imperial rank and sent into exile to their father. Romanos died on 15 June 948, and was buried as the other members of his family in the church of Myrelaion.
607:
for a marital alliance with
Constantine VII, and Romanos was determined to deny the unpopular concession of imperial recognition to Simeon, which had already toppled two imperial governments. Consequently, the first four years of Romanos' reign were spent in warfare against Bulgaria. Although Simeon
537:
in 924, although, for the time being, Constantine VII was regarded as first in rank after
Romanos himself. It is notable that, as he left Constantine VII untouched, he was called 'the gentle usurper'. Romanos strengthened his position by marrying his daughters to members of the powerful aristocratic
835:
Romanos I Lekapenos attempted to strengthen the
Byzantine Empire by seeking peace everywhere that it was possible—his dealings with Bulgaria and Kievan Rus' have been described above. To protect Byzantine Thrace from Magyar incursions (such as the ones in 934 and 943), Romanos paid them protection
408:
and had been rewarded by a place in the
Imperial Guard. Romanos' byname, now usually treated as a family name, was derived from his place of birth, Lakape, and is found mostly as Lakapenos in the sources, although English-language scholarship in particular prefers the form Lekapenos, in large part
956:
Romanos' later reign was marked by the old emperor's heightened interest in divine judgment and his increasing sense of guilt for his role in the usurpation of the throne from
Constantine VII. On the death of Christopher, by far his most competent son, in 931, Romanos did not advance his younger
399:
and that's the reason he was assumed to have been
Armenian. This alleged ethnicity has been repeated so often in literature that it has acquired the status of a known fact, even though it is based on the most tenuous of indirect connections. Nevertheless, his father Theophylact, as a soldier, had
943:
895:. The emperor also managed to increase the taxes levied on the aristocracy and established the state on a more secure financial footing. Romanos was also able to effectively subdue revolts in several provinces of the empire, most notably in Chaldia, the
882:. The new patriarch did not achieve renown for his piety and spirituality, but he added theatrical elements to the Byzantine liturgy and was an avid horse-breeder, allegedly leaving mass to tend to one of his favorite mares when she was giving birth.
646:, but he showed himself ready to negotiate for a more permanent peace. Romanos seized the occasion and proposed a marriage alliance between the imperial houses of Byzantium and Bulgaria, at the same time renewing the Serbian-Byzantine alliance with
608:
generally had the upper hand, he was unable to gain a decisive advantage because of the impregnability of
Constantinople's walls. In 924, when Simeon had once again blockaded the capital by land, Romanos succeeded in opening negotiations.
957:
sons in precedence over
Constantine VII. Fearing that Romanos would allow Constantine VII to succeed him instead of them, his younger sons Stephen and Constantine arrested their father on 20 (or 16) December 944, carried him off to the
815:," was dismissed after the fall of the Lekapenoi in 945. Nevertheless, his campaigns in the East paved the way for the even more dramatic reconquests in the middle and the second half of the 10th century.
4109:
391:(hence the name), was the son of a peasant with the remarkable name of Theophylact the Unbearable (Theophylaktos Abastaktos), usually identified as Armenian. However, according to the Byzantinist
420:
Although he did not receive any refined education (for which he was later abused by his son-in-law
Constantine VII), Romanos advanced through the ranks of the army during the reign of Emperor
4114:
4064:
885:
Romanos was active as a legislator, promulgating a series of laws to protect small landowners from being swallowed up by the estates of the land-owning nobility (
2531:
616:
600:
576:
705:
1122:
876:
4124:
4079:
2685:
1757:
1364:
968:
3210:
910:
into the empire in 942 and renamed it
Romanopolis (Ρωμανούπολις). In Constantinople, he built his palace in the place called Myrelaion, near the
660:). From this point on, Romanos' government was free from direct military confrontation with Bulgaria. Although Byzantium would tacitly support a
1734:
1267:
879:
4074:
4004:
3872:
1655:
1621:
1587:
4084:
3217:
2454:
891:). The legislative reform may have been partly inspired by hardship caused by the famine of 927 and the subsequent semi-popular revolt of
669:
57:
3840:
511:
2526:
2492:
2435:
1187:, king of Italy, died 949; (2) c. 956 Anastaso (renamed Theophano), daughter of Krateros, died after 978; they were the parents of:
395:, Romanos is discussed in many Byzantine sources, but none of them calls him an Armenian. His father came from humble origin in the
79:
517:
4129:
3806:
3789:
3616:
3604:
1131:, born c. 920, co-emperor from 923 to 945, died 963; he married (in 934?) Anna, daughter of Gabalas; they were the parents of:
3777:
3569:
3531:
3491:
3458:
2426:
1554:
1400:
1289:
931:
4037:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
743:
4069:
3992:
3818:
3645:
3611:
3575:
3464:
380:
283:
3633:
2678:
2187:
Shepard 2003: 26-27, building on Poppe 1997; Shepard also accepts Poppe's suggestion that Anna was the mother of Saints
1022:
240:
1712:
702:
in 934. The capture of this city is often considered the first major Byzantine territorial recovery from the Muslims.
4104:
4089:
3714:
3393:
2859:
1216:
668:
raids across their territory into Byzantine possessions, Byzantium and Bulgaria remained at peace for 40 years, until
412:
731:
50:
44:
1201:, born 960 or 961, died 1028; he married c. 976 Helena, daughter of Alypios, died c. 989; they were the parents of:
795:
4094:
4024:
3980:
3958:
3909:
3796:
3587:
3356:
2698:
2608:
1740:
1509:
101:
753:
4099:
3931:
3899:
3724:
2904:
1448:
1220:
647:
442:
in 917, but he was unable to carry out his mission. In the aftermath of the disastrous Byzantine defeat at the
61:
4119:
3941:
3894:
3441:
3088:
982:
723:
656:
564:
3749:
3729:
3503:
3383:
2671:
1501:
1358:
1230:
1146:, born c. 921, co-emperor from 923 to 945, died between 945 and 948; he married (1) Helena, daughter of the
620:
430:
603:, which had been re-ignited by the regency of Zoe. The rise to power of Romanos had curtailed the plans of
549:
His early reign saw several conspiracies to topple him, which led to the successive dismissal of his first
4019:
3998:
3904:
2694:
1717:
1685:
1676:
686:
650:, returning independence the same year. In September 927 Peter arrived before Constantinople and married
435:
1483:, who remained influential at court, dominating it in 976–985, before being set aside; he died after 986.
717:
In 941, while most of the army under Kourkouas was absent in the East, a fleet of 15 old ships under the
3953:
3948:
3924:
3919:
3835:
3672:
3660:
3431:
3056:
2644:
2626:
1143:
1074:
Michael Porphyrogennetos, born after 921, possibly given quasi-imperial honors before 945, subsequently
1029:
1009:
998:
919:
892:
775:
in 944. As the price for his withdrawal, Kourkouas obtained one of Byzantium's most prized relics, the
694:
and intervened in Armenia in 924. From 926 Kourkouas campaigned across the eastern frontier against the
534:
526:
352:
273:
263:
182:
170:
1303:
1208:
918:
which became the first example of a private burial church of a Byzantine emperor. Moreover, he erected
4054:
3936:
3884:
3744:
3719:
3684:
3599:
3513:
3363:
3194:
2663:
2445:
1393:
1331:
1224:
1057:
604:
590:
586:
490:
466:
455:
875:
in 920. In 933 Romanos took advantage of a vacancy on the patriarchal throne to name his young son
4059:
3867:
3852:
3830:
3765:
3754:
3709:
3145:
3083:
3046:
1414:
1379:
1354:
1350:
1299:
1212:
1051:
958:
772:
639:
223:
972:
Stephanos and Constantine are deposed during lunch with Constantine VII and exiled to a monastery.
3914:
3857:
3801:
3783:
3772:
3734:
3704:
3582:
3300:
3204:
2954:
2923:
2916:
2572:
1760:
gives 15 July, but this is most likely a mistake, as the entire chapter is essentially a copy of
1544:
1368:
1239:
443:
304:
2409:
Streams of Gold, Rivers of Blood: The rise and fall of Byzantium, 955 A.D. to the First Crusade,
942:
867:
Similarly, Romanos re-established peace within the church and overcame the new conflict between
110:
2449:
2393:
2381:
2369:
2354:
2342:
2330:
2309:
2297:
2285:
2273:
2261:
2249:
2237:
2225:
2213:
2201:
2176:
2164:
2152:
2140:
2128:
2116:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2044:
2032:
2020:
2008:
1996:
1984:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1898:
1886:
1874:
1862:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1801:
1789:
1528:
3879:
3825:
3666:
3564:
3539:
3388:
3250:
2986:
2971:
2849:
2817:
2635:
2488:
2431:
2420:
2415:
1800:
For this and the other family relationships, see the relevant articles in Lillie et al. 2013:
1680:
1651:
1617:
1583:
1550:
1425:
1128:
1063:
840:
were the allies of the Byzantines until the reign of Romanos, when he started persecuting the
789:
556:
539:
530:
451:
392:
360:
268:
247:
176:
125:
1611:
1577:
1110:
unnamed daughter; she married (Alexios?) Mousele, who died in 922; they were the parents of:
4009:
3986:
3889:
3862:
3847:
3813:
3739:
3699:
3689:
3414:
3341:
3311:
3174:
3129:
3124:
2996:
2459:
1603:
1418:
1271:
1198:
1184:
923:
857:
845:
759:
665:
479:
116:
3650:
3640:
3549:
3336:
3244:
3232:
3226:
3078:
2899:
2869:
2812:
2792:
2655:
2617:
2601:
2478:
1753:
1460:
1254:
1170:
1166:
977:
849:
800:
719:
661:
651:
495:
421:
368:
288:
278:
157:
145:
976:
Having lived long under constant threat of deposition—or worse—by the Lekapenoi family,
434:). In this capacity he was supposed to participate in the Byzantine operations against
3544:
3508:
3453:
3346:
3269:
3167:
3161:
3093:
3073:
2827:
2787:
2188:
1730:
1607:
1422:
1047:
1004:
911:
900:
823:
747:
727:
710:
681:
551:
506:
461:
447:
396:
332:
1367:, by the first marriage, died c. 1074; he married Theodora Komnene, sister of Emperor
611:
581:
4048:
4014:
3974:
3518:
3326:
3134:
2552:
2522:
2517:
2501:
Shepard, Jonathan (2003), "Marriages towards the Millennium," in P. Magdalino (ed.),
1389:
1309:
915:
828:
560:
425:
1150:
Adrianos, and (2), 941? Theophano Mamas; he and his first wife were the parents of:
563:. From 925 and until the end of his reign, the post was occupied by the chamberlain
3759:
3554:
3486:
3481:
3471:
3294:
3156:
2797:
1373:
1183:, born 937–939, died 963; he married (1) 944 Bertha (renamed Eudokia), daughter of
750:. This crisis having passed, Kourkouas was free to return to the eastern frontier.
500:
2482:
1645:
3623:
3498:
3448:
3373:
2947:
2894:
2837:
896:
768:
757:
The Byzantine fleet under Theophanes repels the Rus' in 941. Miniature from the
2484:
The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and His Reign: A Study of Tenth-Century Byzantium
3679:
3594:
3559:
3524:
3436:
3351:
3111:
3104:
3051:
3031:
2976:
2941:
2934:
2879:
2844:
2707:
1491:
1180:
987:
907:
853:
812:
735:
494:, but he moved swiftly to consolidate his position: in April 919 his daughter
2535:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 583–584.
3426:
3378:
3288:
3275:
3062:
2991:
2964:
2959:
2928:
2874:
2822:
2757:
2752:
1125:, born 913, castrated as child, patriarch of Constantinople from 933 to 956.
1016:
807:
John Kourkouas, although considered by some of his contemporaries "a second
777:
628:
484:
308:
2558:
2547:
1032:, co-emperor from 921 to 931 (senior co-emperor from 927); he married the
3694:
3476:
3368:
3321:
3281:
3263:
3183:
3118:
3098:
3068:
3041:
3036:
3021:
3011:
2981:
2889:
2884:
2832:
2807:
2802:
2767:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
1250:
1246:
1191:
739:
695:
405:
388:
384:
228:
17:
1436:
Pulcheria Argyre, born c. 965, died c. 1034; she married Basil Skleros,
831:, commissioned by Romanos I as a family shrine in 922 in Constantinople.
3628:
3331:
3238:
3151:
3006:
2782:
887:
837:
699:
691:
401:
299:
3400:
3257:
3139:
2911:
2777:
1464:
1103:
unnamed daughter, who died after 961; she married Romanos Saronites,
948:
927:
868:
808:
785:
643:
543:
538:
families of Argyros and Mouseles, by recalling the deposed patriarch
439:
364:
203:
1447:
unnamed Skleraina, died before 1042; she married the future Emperor
498:
was married to Constantine VII, and Lekapenos assumed the new title
690:) in the East. John Kourkouas subdued a rebellion in the theme of
3001:
2772:
2762:
2742:
2516:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
997:
967:
941:
822:
794:
782:
752:
704:
610:
580:
516:
460:
411:
2463:
450:, where he gradually overcame the discredited regency of Empress
2747:
2737:
962:
478:
On 25 March 919, at the head of his fleet, Lekapenos seized the
2667:
664:
revolt against Bulgaria in 931, and the Bulgarians would allow
2430:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1806.
1302:, died 1034; he married (1) Helena, nun 1028; (2) the Empress
852:
responded to the persecution of Jews by "doing away with many
841:
525:
In subsequent years Romanos crowned his own sons co-emperors,
29:
1529:
https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ28987/html
638:
On the death of Simeon in May 927, Bulgaria's new emperor,
599:
The first major challenge faced by the new emperor was the
589:
and Romanos engaging the Bulgarians, from the 14th century
1060:, emperor of Bulgaria, died 977; he married and left issue
2487:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
799:
In exchange for sparing Edessa, its inhabitants gift the
416:
Bulgarian forces rout the Byzantines at Anchialos in 917.
1613:
Studies on the Internal Diaspora of the Byzantine Empire
742:, by the returning army under Kourkouas. In 944 Romanos
409:
due to Sir Steven Runciman's 1928 study on the emperor.
1382:, by the second marriage, born c. 1070, died after 1094
1295:(Marianos?) Argyros; he married and was the father of:
1211:, born c. 978, died 1050; she married (1) 1028 Emperor
635:
as well), but peace had been effectively established.
521:
Leo Phokas' supporters surrender to Romanos Lekapenos.
2191:, but that is explicitly contradicted by the sources.
482:
and the reins of government. Initially, he was named
1082:, died after 963; he married and was the father of:
1071:
Romanos, possibly co-emperor, died young, before 927
952:
of Romanos I, marked: "RωMAN(ός) BASILЄVS RωM(αῖων)"
3967:
3413:
3310:
3193:
3020:
2858:
2706:
698:and their vassals, and won an important victory at
314:
298:
246:
236:
218:
210:
194:
190:
164:
153:
141:
131:
124:
94:
2419:
1138:, logothete of the envoys, castrated 945, died 975
1050:, died before 967 (963?); she married 927 Emperor
1376:, by the second marriage, born c. 1069, died 1087
542:, and by putting an end to the conflict with the
363:from 920 until his deposition in 944, serving as
4110:Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars
1353:, died 1072; he married (1) unnamed daughter of
4115:Burials at Myrelaion Monastery (Constantinople)
1107:; they were the parents of two unnamed children
115:Romanos Lekapenos depicted in the 12th century
1650:. Harvard University Press. pp. 174–175.
1538:
1536:
424:. In 911 he was general of the naval theme of
2679:
2364:
2362:
1463:, illegitimate son by a "Scythian" mistress,
1288:Agatha, born c. 908?; she married in 921-922
1054: ; they were parents, among others, of:
642:, made a show of force by invading Byzantine
8:
1647:Romanland: Ethnicity and Empire in Byzantium
1324:, died 1034; married and was the father of:
446:in 917 by the Bulgarians, Romanos sailed to
1546:The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and His Reign
1238:Anna, born 963, died 1011; she married 989
1223:, died 1055; no issue, but adopted Emperor
1169:, b. c. 907, died 961; she married Emperor
836:money and pursued diplomatic avenues. The
546:over the four marriages of Emperor Leo VI.
428:and later served as admiral of the fleet (
3190:
2686:
2672:
2664:
2563:
1549:. Cambridge University Press. p. 63.
1092:Sophia; she married Pankratios Taronites,
1085:Helene; she married Konstantinos Radenos,
1048:Maria (supposedly renamed Eirene, "Peace")
1044:Niketas Helladikos; they were parents of:
986:manual written for his son and successor,
109:
91:
2470:Poppe, Andrzej, "Feofana Novgorodskaja,"
1161:, born after 934, castrated 945, died 971
1036:Sophia (died after 944), daughter of the
980:was extremely resentful of them. In his
906:He incorporated the Armenian fortress of
738:, and again at land, when they landed in
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
4065:9th-century Byzantine military personnel
1699:
680:Romanos appointed the brilliant general
43:This article includes a list of general
1520:
1346:, died 1032; they were the parents of:
871:and Constantinople by promulgating the
2559:World History Encyclopedia - Romanos I
856:", and Romanos retaliated by inciting
1176:Leo, born before 939, died 944 or 945
367:for and senior co-ruler of the young
7:
2455:Prosopography of the Byzantine World
1671:
1669:
1667:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
726:had to defend Constantinople from a
504:. On 24 September 920, he was named
1242:of Rus'; they were the parents of:
781:, the holy towel allegedly sent by
771:and besieged the important city of
469:on the orders of Romanos Lekapenos.
214:15 June 948 (aged 77–78)
2427:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
1776:Cambridge History Byzantine Empire
1579:Historical Dictionary of Byzantium
1431:Basilio Orseolo, died 1006 or 1007
1233:, born c. 980 (or 989?), died 1056
1008:of Romanos I with his eldest son,
767:In 943 Kourkouas invaded northern
577:Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927
102:Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2472:Novgorodskij istoriÄŤeskij sbornik
1417:, died 1006 or 1007; she married
1399:unnamed Argyre; she married King
930:, the monumental entrance to the
864:in the letter) against Khazaria.
670:Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria
615:Simeon orders the burning of the
27:Byzantine emperor from 920 to 944
2546:
2509:
1681:"Libri VI: Constantini Imperium"
1494:
844:of the empire. According to the
617:Church of St. Mary of the Spring
34:
4125:Governors of the Theme of Samos
4080:10th-century Byzantine emperors
2450:"Romanos I. Lekapenos (#26833)"
1739:. Translated by Wortley, John.
1582:. Scarecrow Press. p. 56.
1270:, nun 959; married 970 Emperor
1066:, emperor of Bulgaria, died 997
1021:Romanos I's only named wife is
684:commander of the field armies (
379:Romanos, born in Lakape (later
1616:. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 66.
1401:Hovhannes-Smbat III of Armenia
1392:; she married after 1028 King
1219:, died 1041; (3) 1042 Emperor
1215:, died 1034; (2) 1034 Emperor
961:and compelled him to become a
510:; and on 17 December, Romanos
337:Ῥωμανός Λακαπηνός or Λεκαπηνός
1:
348:
4075:10th-century Armenian people
1689:. pp. 393–397, 436–441.
1444:; they were the parents of:
1428:; they were the parents of:
1361:; they were the parents of:
1330:unnamed Argyre; she married
1292:; they were the parents of:
1173:; they were the parents of:
1144:Constantine Porphyrogennetos
627:Meeting Simeon in person at
404:from the enemy in battle at
4085:Armenian Byzantine emperors
1644:Kaldellis, Anthony (2019).
880:patriarch of Constantinople
734:at sea, through the use of
713:takes the city of Melitene.
571:War and peace with Bulgaria
253:
4146:
3959:Constantine XI Palaiologos
3910:Andronikos III Palaiologos
3797:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
2503:Byzantium in the Year 1000
1741:Cambridge University Press
1543:Runciman, Steven (1969) .
1510:List of Byzantine emperors
1257:, died c. 1057; left issue
1014:
914:. Beside it Romanos built
574:
512:was crowned senior emperor
4035:
3932:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
3900:Andronikos II Palaiologos
3725:Constantine IX Monomachos
2652:
2606:
2598:
2593:
2566:
1449:Constantine IX Monomachos
1221:Constantine IX Monomachos
336:
108:
99:
3895:Michael VIII Palaiologos
2505:, Leiden, pp. 1–34.
1774:Jonathan Shepard (ed.).
1129:Stephen Porphyrogennetos
983:De Administrando Imperio
657:De Administrando Imperio
318:Theophylaktos Abastaktos
3750:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
3384:Tiberius II Constantine
2532:Encyclopædia Britannica
1576:John H. Rosser (2011).
1502:Byzantine Empire portal
1359:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
1312:, called Mesardonites,
709:The army under general
431:droungarios tou ploimou
64:more precise citations.
4130:Megaloi hetaireiarchai
3905:Michael IX Palaiologos
2448:; et al. (2013).
1762:Theophanes Continuatus
1718:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1686:Theophanes Continuatus
1012:
973:
953:
832:
804:
764:
714:
687:domestikos ton scholon
624:
596:
522:
470:
417:
3999:Thessalonian emperors
3993:Trapezuntine emperors
3954:John VIII Palaiologos
3949:Manuel II Palaiologos
3920:John VI Kantakouzenos
3836:Andronikos I Komnenos
3673:Constantine Lekapenos
2701:and empresses regnant
2645:Constantine Lekapenos
2627:Christopher Lekapenos
2446:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes
2421:"Romanos I Lekapenos"
1245:Feofana; she married
1194:, born 958, died 1025
1010:Christopher Lekapenos
1001:
971:
945:
893:Basil the Copper Hand
827:The palace church at
826:
798:
756:
708:
676:Campaigns in the East
614:
584:
520:
464:
415:
183:Constantine Lekapenos
171:Christopher Lekapenos
4070:9th-century generals
3937:John VII Palaiologos
3885:Theodore II Laskaris
3745:Constantine X Doukas
3685:Nikephoros II Phokas
2568:Romanos I Lekapenos
2555:at Wikimedia Commons
2407:Kaldellis, Anthony,
2320:Kaldellis 2017: 139.
1394:Bagrat IV of Georgia
1365:Constantine Diogenes
1332:Constantine Diogenes
605:Simeon I of Bulgaria
587:Simeon I of Bulgaria
585:A feast in honor of
491:megas hetaireiarches
400:rescued the Emperor
351:870 – 15 June 948),
3868:Theodore I Laskaris
3853:Alexios III Angelos
3831:Alexios II Komnenos
3755:Romanos IV Diogenes
3710:Romanos III Argyros
3656:Romanos I Lekapenos
2392:Lilie et al. 2013:
2380:Lilie et al. 2013:
2368:Lilie et al. 2013:
2353:Lilie et al. 2013:
2341:Lilie et al. 2013:
2329:Lilie et al. 2013:
2308:Lilie et al. 2013:
2296:Lilie et al. 2013:
2284:Lilie et al. 2013:
2272:Lilie et al. 2013:
2260:Lilie et al. 2013:
2248:Lilie et al. 2013:
2236:Lilie et al. 2013:
2224:Lilie et al. 2013:
2212:Lilie et al. 2013:
2200:Lilie et al. 2013:
2175:Lilie et al. 2013:
2163:Lilie et al. 2013:
2151:Lilie et al. 2013:
2139:Lilie et al. 2013:
2127:Lilie et al. 2013:
2115:Lilie et al. 2013:
2103:Lilie et al. 2013:
2091:Lilie et al. 2013:
2079:Lilie et al. 2013:
2067:Lilie et al. 2013:
2055:Lilie et al. 2013:
2043:Lilie et al. 2013:
2031:Lilie et al. 2013:
2019:Lilie et al. 2013:
2007:Lilie et al. 2013:
1995:Lilie et al. 2013:
1983:Lilie et al. 2013:
1971:Lilie et al. 2013:
1959:Lilie et al. 2013:
1947:Lilie et al. 2013:
1935:Lilie et al. 2013:
1923:Lilie et al. 2013:
1911:Lilie et al. 2013:
1885:Lilie et al. 2013:
1873:Lilie et al. 2013:
1861:Lilie et al. 2013:
1849:Lilie et al. 2013:
1837:Lilie et al. 2013:
1825:Lilie et al. 2013:
1813:Lilie et al. 2013:
1788:Lilie et al. 2013:
1736:Synopsis of History
1527:Lilie et al. 2013,
1380:Nikephoros Diogenes
1355:Alusian of Bulgaria
1351:Romanos IV Diogenes
1300:Romanos III Argyros
1213:Romanos III Argyros
1052:Peter I of Bulgaria
848:, the Khazar ruler
730:raid. The invaders
357:Romanus I Lecapenus
325:Romanos I Lakapenos
224:Myrelaion Monastery
149:(under regent rule)
95:Romanos I Lekapenos
4105:Macedonian dynasty
4090:Byzantine admirals
3987:Britannic emperors
3981:Palmyrene emperors
3915:John V Palaiologos
3858:Alexios IV Angelos
3807:Constantine Doukas
3802:Alexios I Komnenos
3790:Constantine Doukas
3773:Michael VII Doukas
3735:Michael VI Bringas
3301:Romulus Augustulus
2924:Trebonianus Gallus
2917:Herennius Etruscus
2699:Byzantine emperors
2573:Macedonian dynasty
2416:Kazhdan, Alexander
1369:Alexios I Komnenos
1280:Theophano, nun 959
1264:Zoe, nun since 959
1013:
974:
954:
833:
805:
803:to the Byzantines.
765:
744:concluded a treaty
715:
625:
597:
592:Manasses Chronicle
523:
471:
454:and her supporter
444:Battle of Acheloos
418:
4095:Byzantine regents
4042:
4041:
3880:John III Vatatzes
3826:Manuel I Komnenos
3565:Michael I Rangabe
3409:
3408:
3251:Petronius Maximus
2850:Severus Alexander
2818:Septimius Severus
2662:
2661:
2653:Succeeded by
2636:Stephen Lekapenos
2609:Byzantine emperor
2551:Media related to
2474:6 (1997) 102–120.
1702:, pp. 59–62.
1657:978-0-674-98651-0
1623:978-0-88402-247-3
1608:Angeliki E. Laiou
1589:978-0-8108-7567-8
1426:Pietro II Orseolo
1113:Romanos Mousele,
819:Internal policies
790:Abgar V of Edessa
601:war with Bulgaria
557:John the Rhaiktor
552:paradynasteuontes
540:Nicholas Mystikos
452:Zoe Karvounopsina
393:Anthony Kaldellis
361:Byzantine emperor
341:Rōmanos Lakapēnos
322:
321:
177:Stephen Lekapenos
135:17 December 920 –
126:Byzantine emperor
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
4137:
4100:Lekapenos family
3890:John IV Laskaris
3863:Alexios V Doukas
3848:Isaac II Angelos
3814:John II Komnenos
3740:Isaac I Komnenos
3700:Constantine VIII
3690:John I Tzimiskes
3417:Byzantine Empire
3191:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2665:
2599:Preceded by
2589:
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2479:Runciman, Steven
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1604:Hélène Ahrweiler
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1419:Giovanni Orseolo
1272:John I Tzimiskes
1199:Constantine VIII
1185:Hugh of Provence
959:Princes' Islands
938:End of the reign
924:Christ Chalkites
858:Oleg of Novgorod
846:Schechter Letter
760:Madrid Skylitzes
648:ÄŚaslav of Serbia
621:Theodosian Walls
480:Boukoleon Palace
465:The blinding of
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60:this article by
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1451:, who died 1055
1336:protospatharios
1327:unnamed Argyros
1314:protospatharios
1290:Romanos Argyros
1277:Agatha, nun 959
1171:Constantine VII
1087:protospatharios
1019:
996:
978:Constantine VII
940:
821:
720:protovestiarios
678:
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3168:Magnus Maximus
3164:
3162:Valentinian II
3159:
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3142:
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3094:Constantius II
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2760:
2755:
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2711:27 BC – AD 235
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3613:
3612:Theodora (II)
3610:
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3526:
3522:
3520:
3519:Constantine V
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3504:Anastasius II
3502:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3488:
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3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3327:Theodosius II
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
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3213:
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3208:
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3200:
3196:
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3186:
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3177:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3135:Valentinian I
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
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3082:
3080:
3077:
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3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
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3058:
3057:Constantine I
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3047:Constantius I
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
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3023:
3019:
3013:
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2623:
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2611:
2610:
2603:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2565:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2518:public domain
2507:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2494:0-521-35722-5
2490:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2437:0-19-504652-8
2433:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2411:Oxford, 2017.
2410:
2406:
2405:
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2221:
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2215:
2209:
2206:
2203:
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2190:
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2178:
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2157:
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2148:
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2136:
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2100:
2097:
2094:
2088:
2085:
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2076:
2073:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1926:
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1917:
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1908:
1905:
1900:
1894:
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1879:
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1828:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1778:. p. 39.
1777:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1700:Runciman 1988
1696:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1572:
1569:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1492:
1487:
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1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1411:, killed 1017
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1390:Helena Argyre
1388:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1310:Basil Argyros
1308:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:Anna, nun 959
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1136:sebastophoros
1133:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1123:Theophylaktos
1121:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1000:
993:
991:
989:
985:
984:
979:
970:
966:
964:
960:
951:
950:
944:
937:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
889:
883:
881:
878:
877:Theophylaktos
874:
870:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
830:
825:
818:
816:
814:
810:
802:
797:
793:
791:
787:
784:
780:
779:
774:
770:
762:
761:
755:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
732:were defeated
729:
725:
722:
721:
712:
707:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:
683:
675:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
630:
622:
618:
613:
609:
606:
602:
594:
593:
588:
583:
578:
570:
568:
566:
562:
561:John Mystikos
558:
554:
553:
547:
545:
541:
536:
532:
528:
519:
515:
513:
509:
508:
503:
502:
497:
493:
492:
487:
486:
481:
474:Rise to power
473:
468:
463:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:
427:
423:
414:
410:
407:
403:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
374:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
346:
342:
334:
330:
326:
317:
313:
310:
306:
303:
301:
297:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
259:
256:
255:
249:
245:
242:
239:
235:
230:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
197:
193:
189:
184:
178:
172:
169:
163:
159:
156:
152:
147:
144:
140:
134:
130:
127:
123:
118:
112:
107:
104:
103:
98:
93:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
3942:Andronikos V
3940:
3923:
3871:
3839:
3817:
3805:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3764:
3758:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3655:
3632:
3615:
3603:
3586:
3574:
3568:
3555:Nikephoros I
3530:
3529:
3523:
3490:
3487:Justinian II
3482:Tiberius III
3472:Justinian II
3463:
3457:
3440:
3392:
3364:Anastasius I
3355:
3299:
3295:Julius Nepos
3287:
3280:
3268:
3256:
3249:
3237:
3225:
3216:
3215:
3209:
3182:
3173:
3172:
3166:
3157:Theodosius I
3144:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3074:Maximinus II
3061:
2963:
2946:
2933:
2927:
2915:
2903:
2836:
2798:Lucius Verus
2648:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2607:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2530:
2502:
2483:
2471:
2464:10.1515/pmbz
2453:
2425:
2408:
2388:
2376:
2349:
2337:
2325:
2316:
2304:
2292:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2244:
2232:
2220:
2208:
2196:
2183:
2171:
2159:
2147:
2135:
2123:
2111:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2027:
2015:
2003:
1991:
1979:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1919:
1907:
1893:
1881:
1869:
1857:
1845:
1833:
1821:
1809:
1796:
1784:
1775:
1769:
1761:
1758:continuation
1749:
1735:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1695:
1684:
1646:
1612:
1598:
1578:
1571:
1560:. Retrieved
1545:
1523:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1441:
1437:
1415:Maria Argyre
1408:
1374:Leo Diogenes
1343:
1339:
1335:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1204:Eudokia, nun
1158:
1154:
1147:
1135:
1117:; left issue
1114:
1104:
1096:; left issue
1093:
1089:; left issue
1086:
1079:
1075:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1020:
1003:
981:
975:
955:
947:
932:Great Palace
905:
886:
884:
872:
866:
861:
834:
806:
776:
766:
758:
748:Igor of Kiev
746:with Prince
718:
716:
685:
679:
655:
637:
632:
626:
619:outside the
598:
591:
550:
548:
524:
505:
501:basileopator
499:
489:
483:
477:
429:
419:
378:
356:
344:
340:
328:
324:
323:
252:
227:(modern-day
202:(modern-day
100:
76:
67:
48:
4055:870s births
4001:(1224–1242)
3995:(1204–1461)
3784:Konstantios
3661:Christopher
3634:Constantine
3624:Michael III
3605:Constantine
3588:Constantine
3570:Theophylact
3499:Philippicus
3449:Constans II
3374:Justinian I
3270:Severus III
3218:Constans II
2972:Claudius II
2948:Silbannacus
2895:Gordian III
2870:Maximinus I
2838:Diadumenian
2588:15 June 948
1306:, died 1050
1159:praipositos
1030:Christopher
928:Chalke Gate
922:devoted to
897:Peloponnese
769:Mesopotamia
535:Constantine
527:Christopher
284:Theophylact
274:Constantine
264:Christopher
166:Co-emperors
142:Predecessor
62:introducing
4060:948 deaths
4049:Categories
3778:Andronikos
3766:Nikephoros
3715:Michael IV
3680:Romanos II
3600:Theophilos
3595:Michael II
3576:Staurakios
3560:Staurakios
3532:Nikephoros
3525:Artabasdos
3437:Heraclonas
3394:Theodosius
3352:Basiliscus
3112:Nepotianus
3105:Magnentius
3099:Constans I
3052:Severus II
3032:Diocletian
2977:Quintillus
2942:Aemilianus
2935:Volusianus
2880:Gordian II
2845:Elagabalus
2708:Principate
2394:PMBZ 23078
2382:PMBZ 23266
2370:PMBZ 28935
2355:PMBZ 23282
2343:PMBZ 27091
2331:PMBZ 26811
2310:PMBZ 22896
2298:PMBZ 26199
2286:PMBZ 23243
2274:PMBZ 28993
2262:PMBZ 22321
2250:PMBZ 22588
2238:PMBZ 30281
2226:PMBZ 22322
2214:PMBZ 29759
2202:PMBZ 30662
2177:PMBZ 22589
2165:PMBZ 29760
2153:PMBZ 30663
2141:PMBZ 23914
2129:PMBZ 24731
2117:PMBZ 25889
2105:PMBZ 22991
2093:PMBZ 30280
2081:PMBZ 23309
2069:PMBZ 28988
2057:PMBZ 26572
2045:PMBZ 24727
2033:PMBZ 28995
2021:PMBZ 30278
2009:PMBZ 22277
1997:PMBZ 25985
1985:PMBZ 28996
1973:PMBZ 22584
1961:PMBZ 29405
1949:PMBZ 30347
1937:PMBZ 28998
1925:PMBZ 22394
1913:PMBZ 28997
1887:PMBZ 29309
1875:PMBZ 24732
1863:PMBZ 27328
1851:PMBZ 28994
1839:PMBZ 27073
1827:PMBZ 29306
1815:PMBZ 23428
1802:PMBZ 28987
1790:PMBZ 29757
1562:2024-08-15
1556:0521061644
1516:References
1396:; no issue
1274:, died 976
1240:Vladimir I
1217:Michael IV
1181:Romanos II
1015:See also:
988:Romanos II
908:Citharizum
854:Christians
813:Belisarius
736:Greek fire
724:Theophanes
565:Theophanes
467:Leo Phokas
456:Leo Phokas
383:) between
305:Macedonian
70:March 2018
45:references
4020:Classical
4005:Empresses
3989:(286–296)
3983:(267–273)
3977:(260–274)
3720:Michael V
3646:Alexander
3459:Heraclius
3427:Heraclius
3379:Justin II
3289:Glycerius
3276:Anthemius
3146:Procopius
3084:Martinian
3063:Maxentius
2992:Florianus
2965:Saloninus
2960:Gallienus
2929:Hostilian
2905:Philip II
2875:Gordian I
2823:Caracalla
2758:Vespasian
2753:Vitellius
2649:(924–945)
2640:(924–945)
2631:(921–931)
2622:(913–959)
2553:Romanus I
2481:(1988) .
1733:(2010) .
1442:magistros
1438:patrikios
1421:, son of
1318:patrikios
1225:Michael V
1155:patrikios
1153:Romanos,
1148:patrikios
1134:Romanos,
1115:magistros
1105:magistros
1094:patrikios
1076:magistros
1042:patrikios
1038:magistros
1017:Lekapenos
926:near the
829:Myrelaion
801:Mandylion
778:mandylion
629:Kosmidion
485:magistros
353:Latinized
345:Lekapēnos
329:Lekapenos
309:Lekapenos
269:Stephanos
186:(924–944)
180:(924–944)
174:(921–931)
154:Successor
18:Romanus I
4015:Usurpers
4010:Augustae
3968:See also
3873:Nicholas
3695:Basil II
3492:Tiberius
3477:Leontius
3465:Tiberius
3442:Tiberius
3420:610–1453
3415:Eastern/
3369:Justin I
3322:Arcadius
3282:Olybrius
3264:Majorian
3205:Honorius
3184:Eugenius
3119:Vetranio
3069:Licinius
3042:Galerius
3037:Maximian
3022:Dominate
3012:Numerian
2982:Aurelian
2955:Valerian
2900:Philip I
2890:Balbinus
2885:Pupienus
2833:Macrinus
2808:Pertinax
2803:Commodus
2768:Domitian
2733:Claudius
2728:Caligula
2723:Tiberius
2718:Augustus
1610:(1998).
1488:See also
1481:proedros
1409:katepano
1349:Emperor
1340:katepano
1322:katepano
1298:Emperor
1268:Theodora
1255:Novgorod
1251:posadnik
1247:Ostromir
1231:Theodora
1229:Empress
1207:Empress
1197:Emperor
1192:Basil II
1190:Emperor
1179:Emperor
1058:Boris II
1023:Theodora
920:a chapel
916:a shrine
860:(called
788:to King
740:Bithynia
700:Melitene
696:Abbasids
529:in 921,
436:Bulgaria
406:Tephrike
389:Samosata
385:Melitene
241:Theodora
229:Istanbul
4025:Eastern
3925:Matthew
3819:Alexios
3667:Stephen
3629:Basil I
3514:Leo III
3389:Maurice
3332:Marcian
3315:395–610
3239:Joannes
3198:395–480
3152:Gratian
3025:284–610
3007:Carinus
2987:Tacitus
2863:235–285
2783:Hadrian
2613:920–944
2527:Romanus
2520::
2402:Sources
1080:raiktor
1034:augusta
1005:solidus
946:Silver
888:dynatoi
838:Khazars
692:Chaldia
662:Serbian
640:Peter I
531:Stephen
438:on the
402:Basil I
381:Laqabin
300:Dynasty
254:more...
237:Consort
160:(alone)
58:improve
3787:&
3763:&
3670:&
3641:Leo VI
3617:Thekla
3573:&
3540:Leo IV
3462:&
3401:Phocas
3357:Marcus
3342:Leo II
3258:Avitus
3175:Victor
3140:Valens
3130:Jovian
3125:Julian
2997:Probus
2932:&
2912:Decius
2860:Crisis
2778:Trajan
2584:
2581:c. 870
2514:
2491:
2434:
1654:
1620:
1586:
1553:
1465:eunuch
1167:Helena
994:Family
949:follis
899:, and
850:Joseph
809:Trajan
786:Christ
773:Edessa
728:Kievan
666:Magyar
644:Thrace
633:Romans
544:Papacy
507:caesar
496:Helena
440:Danube
375:Origin
365:regent
359:, was
315:Father
291:(ill.)
279:Helena
219:Burial
204:Turkey
200:Lakape
198:c. 870
47:, but
3583:Leo V
3550:Irene
3337:Leo I
3002:Carus
2773:Nerva
2763:Titus
2743:Galba
2695:Roman
2616:with
2586:Died:
2579:Born:
1461:Basil
1064:Roman
1002:Gold
862:Helgu
783:Jesus
652:Maria
426:Samos
333:Greek
289:Basil
248:Issue
132:Reign
3939:(w.
3922:(w.
3870:(w.
3841:John
3838:(w.
3816:(w.
3804:(w.
3775:(w.
3757:(w.
3658:(w.
3631:(w.
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3602:(w.
3585:(w.
3567:(w.
3528:(w.
3489:(w.
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2902:(w.
2835:(w.
2828:Geta
2748:Otho
2738:Nero
2697:and
2489:ISBN
2432:ISBN
1652:ISBN
1618:ISBN
1584:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1423:Doge
1344:doux
1157:and
1078:and
1040:and
963:monk
869:Rome
842:Jews
792:.
559:and
533:and
488:and
387:and
211:Died
195:Born
3760:Leo
3705:Zoe
2951:(?)
2529:".
2460:doi
1715:".
1713:Rus
1304:Zoe
1253:of
1209:Zoe
811:or
355:as
343:or
327:or
4051::
3781:,
3664:,
2458:.
2452:.
2424:.
2361:^
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1666:^
1632:^
1606:;
1535:^
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1475:,
1471:,
1467:,
1440:,
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1334:,
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555:,
514:.
458:.
371:.
349:c.
347:;
339:,
335::
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3536:)
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1660:.
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