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is a well-known story, probably apocryphal, about how Hill gained an interest in reforming the postal system; he apparently noticed a young woman too poor to claim a letter sent to her by her fiancé. At that time, letters were normally paid for by the recipient, not the sender. The recipient could simply refuse delivery. Frauds were commonplace: for example, coded information could appear on the cover of the letter; the recipient would examine the cover to gain the information, and then refuse delivery to avoid payment. Each individual letter had to be logged. In addition, postal rates were complex, depending on the distance and the number of sheets in the letter.
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468:, Secretary to the Post Office, also a Whig, denounced Hill's study: "This plan appears to be a preposterous one, utterly unsupported by facts and resting entirely on assumption". But merchants, traders and bankers viewed the existing system as corrupt and a restraint of trade. They formed a "Mercantile Committee" to advocate Hill's plan and push for its adoption. In 1839 Hill was given a two-year contract to run the new system.
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249:, aiming for useful, pupil-centred education which would give sufficient knowledge, skills and understanding to allow a student to continue self-education through a life "most useful to society and most happy to himself". The school, which Hill designed, included innovations such as a science laboratory, a swimming pool, and forced air heating. In his
390:, on 4 January 1837. This first edition was marked "private and confidential" and was not released to the general public. The Chancellor summoned Hill to a meeting in which the Chancellor suggested improvements, asked for reconsiderations and requested a supplement, which Hill duly produced and supplied on 28 January 1837.
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rate lowered the cost to fourpence from 5 December 1839, then to the penny rate on 10 January 1840, even before stamps or letter sheets could be printed. The volume of paid internal correspondence increased dramatically, by 120%, between
November 1839 and February 1840. This initial increase resulted
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were not yet common; they were not yet mass-produced, and in an era when postage was calculated partly on the basis of the number of sheets of paper used, the same sheet of paper would be folded and serve for both the message and the address. In addition, Hill proposed to lower the postage rate to a
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that most of the costs in the postal system were not for transport, but rather for laborious handling procedures at the origins and the destinations. Costs could be reduced dramatically if postage were prepaid by the sender, the prepayment to be proven by the use of prepaid letter sheets or adhesive
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Hill, like his father, was a fan of proportional representation. As a member of the
Colonization Commission, Hill convinced the Commission to give Adelaide an election system that provided for minority representation. Although not STV, the system used was based on the Hare quota. This was said to be
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of peers, dignitaries and members of parliament, while censorship and political espionage were conducted by postal officials. Fundamentally, the postal system was mismanaged, wasteful, expensive and slow. It had become inadequate for the needs of an expanding commercial and industrial nation. There
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The
Commission's annual report, written by Hill, said the novel system was to be used to "make timely provision against the arbitrary power that under popular governments the majority exercise over the minority.... , parties shall bear the same proportion to each other in the Council that they may
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to serve businesses and the public, including the postage stamp and the system of low and uniform postal rates, which is often taken for granted in the modern world. In this, he not only changed postal services around the world, but also made commerce more efficient and profitable, even though it
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However, a niche commercial publishing industry for machine-printed illustrated envelopes subsequently developed in
Britain and elsewhere. So it is likely that it was the grandiose and incomprehensible illustration printed on the envelopes that provoked the ridicule and led to their withdrawal.
885:
For the centenary of the first stamp, Portugal issued a miniature sheet with 8 stamps mentioning his name. Later, on his death centenary, an omnibus issue of stamps commemorating Hill was produced by about 80 countries. Altogether, 147 countries have issued stamps commemorating him.
187:– in 1840, the first year of Penny Post, the number of letters sent in the UK more than doubled. Within 10 years, it had doubled again. Within three years postage stamps were introduced in Switzerland and Brazil, a little later in the US, and by 1860, they were used in 90 countries.
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In 1882 the Post Office instituted the
Rowland Hill Fund for postal workers, pensioners and dependents in need. The Rowland Hill Memorial Fund of Ireland was founded for Ireland in 1928, to help serving or retired staff and their dependents, for the former
416:, both advocates of free trade, attacked the policies of privilege and protection of the Tory government. McCulloch, in 1833, advanced the view that "nothing contributes more to facilitate commerce than the safe, speedy and cheap conveyance of letters."
182:
Hill made the case that if letters were cheaper to send, people, including the poorer classes, would send more of them, thus eventually profits would go up. Proposing an adhesive stamp to indicate pre-payment of postage – with the first being the
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628:
Green. Bartram House was the largest house in a row of four
Georgian mansions which were demolished at the start of the twentieth century to make way for Hampstead General Hospital, which was itself demolished in the 1970s and replaced by
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Indeed, in the absence of examples of machine-printed illustrated envelopes before this, the
Mulready envelope may be recognised as a significant innovation in its own right. Machine-printed illustrated envelopes are a mainstay of the
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named him a director and later chairman of the board, from 1843 to 1846. He lowered the fares from London to
Brighton, expanded the routes, offered special excursion trains, and made the commute comfortable for passengers. In 1844
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and his solution of pre-payment, facilitating the safe, speedy and cheap transfer of letters. Hill later served as a government postal official, and he is usually credited with originating the basic concepts of the modern
257:) he argued that kindness, instead of caning, and moral influence, rather than fear, should be the predominant forces in school discipline. Science was to be a compulsory subject, and students were to be self-governing.
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took 30 years before the
British Post Office's revenue recovered to its 1839 level. The Uniform Penny Post continued in the UK into the 20th century, and at one point, one penny (1d) paid for up to four ounces (113 g).
506:), the Mulready envelopes threatened the livelihoods of stationery manufacturers, who encouraged the satires. They became so unpopular that the government used them on official mail and destroyed many others.
794:(formerly London's principal Post Office) in King Edward Street. There is a large sculpture in Dalton Square, Lancaster, The Victoria Monument, depicting eminent Victorians and Rowland Hill is included.
225:
In 1827, he married
Caroline Pearson, originally from Wolverhampton, who died on 27 May 1881. Together they had four children: three daughters (Eleanor, Clara and Louisa), and one son (Pearson).
302:
431:, referred to above, was circulated privately in 1837. The report called for "low and uniform rates" according to weight, rather than distance. Hill's study reported his findings and those of
578:, and other friends formed a society called "Friends in Council," which met at each other's houses to discuss questions of political economy. Hill also became a member of the influential
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pub called The Penny Black in the town centre until 2019 and a large shopping mall linking Vicar Street and Worcester Street is named The Rowland Hill Shopping Centre.
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and other classical economists, but now including many powerful businessmen and political figures. Mill and Hill were both advocates for proportional representation.
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and unveiled in June 1881. It is at the junction of Vicar and Exchange Streets. Hill is prominent in Kidderminster's community history. There used to be a
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Deborah Sara Gorham, 'Hill, Rosamond Davenport (1825–1902)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2007
314:, who believed that many of the social problems in Britain were caused by overcrowding and overpopulation. In 1832 Rowland Hill published a tract called
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returned to office on 30 August 1841 and served until 29 June 1846. Amid rancorous controversy, Hill was dismissed in July 1842. However, the
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In Adelaide, the capital of South Australia, both Hill Street, North Adelaide and Rowland Place in the city centre are named in his honour.
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charged with regulating the international postal system. His name appears on one of the two large meeting halls at the UPU headquarters in
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Hill has two legacies. The first was his model for the education of the emerging middle classes. The second was his model for an efficient
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1837:
Bartrip, P.W.J. (February 1980). "A Thoroughly Good School": An Examination of the Hazelwood Experiment in Progressive Education".
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was an instant success. Refinements, such as perforations to ease the separation of the stamps, were instituted with later issues.
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of material". Hill commenced a detailed study of these documents and this led him to publish, in early 1837, a pamphlet called
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There are at least two marble busts of Hill, also unveiled in 1881. One, by W. D. Keyworth, Jr., is in St Paul's Chapel,
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In recognition of his contributions to the development of the modern postal system, Rowland Hill is commemorated at the
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were not popular and were widely satirised. According to a brochure distributed by the National Postal Museum (now the
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In May 1840 the world's first adhesive postage stamps were distributed. With an elegant engraving of the young
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In 1819 he moved his father's school "Hill Top" from central Birmingham, establishing the Hazelwood School at
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penny per half ounce, without regard to distance. He first presented his proposal to the government in 1837.
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284:, London. In 1833, the original Hazelwood School closed and its educational system was continued at the new
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1455:
The Parliaments of England, from 1st George I., to the Present Time. Vol II: Oxfordshire to Wales Inclusive
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Home colonies: sketch of a plan for the gradual extinction of pauperism, and for the diminution of crime
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stamps (adhesive stamps had long been used to show payment of taxes, on documents for example).
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Plans for the Government and Liberal Instruction of Boys in Large Numbers Drawn from Experience
1476:, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, January 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2009.
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Plans for the Government and Liberal Instruction of Boys in Large Numbers Drawn from Experience
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For the last 30 years of his life, and where he died in 1879, Hill lived at Bartram House on
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653:. There are streets named after him in Hampstead (off Haverstock Hill, down the side of the
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2008:
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Home Colonies: a Plan for the Gradual Extinction of Pauperism and the Diminution of Crime
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374:
Rowland Hill first started to take a serious interest in postal reforms in 1835. In 1836
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the first application of proportional representation to a public election in the world.
327:, which worked successfully to establish a settlement without convicts at what is today
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339:, the colony was to embody the ideals and best qualities of British society, shaped by
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This article is about the postal reformer. For other people named Rowland Hill, see
1966:
Sir Rowland Hill: reformer extraordinary 1795–1879: Some notes on his life and work
1899:
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861:
in 1997, are annual awards for philatelic "innovation, initiative and enterprise."
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378:, provided Hill with numerous books and documents, which Hill described as a "half
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260:
Hazelwood gained international attention when French education leader and editor
1824:
Armytage, W.H.G. (1967). "The Lunar Society and its Contribution to Education".
665:
575:
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401:
In the 1830s at least 12.5% of all British mail was conveyed under the personal
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951:
668:, unveiled in 1893, commemorates Hill at the Royal Free Hospital in Hampstead.
2250:. Vol. II (1876–1881). London: Macmillan and Co. 1893. pp. 168–186.
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unveiled in 1870. Its location was moved in 1874, 1891 (when it was placed in
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935:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 465–466.
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Hill was one of eight children. Several of his siblings also achieved fame:
162:(3 December 1795 – 27 August 1879) was an English teacher, inventor and
2198:
1904:
1761:
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1279:
Christopher Hibbert; Ben Weinreb; John Keay; Julia Keay (9 September 2011).
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237:, an affluent neighbourhood of Birmingham, as an "educational refraction of
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764:) and 1934. In 1940 it was removed for safekeeping for the duration of the
268:, visited and wrote about the school in the June 1823 issue of his journal
203:, was an innovator in education and politics, including among his friends
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A marble statue in Kidderminster, Hill's birthplace, was sculpted by Sir
701:
from 1840 until 1872, and invented a mechanical system to make envelopes.
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924:
448:
1937:
1872:
1788:
1560:. Public Monument and Sculpture Association. 1 May 1990. Archived from
870:
2433:
Committee members of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
843:(where Hill lived during the 1840s) including some relevant exhibits.
633:. For twenty years his next-door neighbour on Hampstead Green was the
1809:. Harry Hays Philatelic Pamphlets. Vol. 4. Batley: Harry Hayes.
874:
1921:
1458:. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. pp. 147–150 – via
1436:. London: Sampson Low, Son, and Marston. pp. 42–43 – via
801:
Bust of Rowland Hill marking his burial place in Westminster Abbey.
2239:
Sir Rowland Hill at National Portrait Gallery, London (npg.org.uk)
1389:
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952:"The Penny Post revolutionary who transformed how we send letters"
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532:
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418:
392:
386:. He submitted a copy of this to the Chancellor of the Exchequer,
301:
2244:"Sir Rowland Hill (Obituary Notice, Thursday, August 29, 1879)".
2088:
The Life of Sir Rowland Hill and the History of the Penny Postage
272:. Jullien even transferred his son there. Hazelwood so impressed
2190:
The English school: Its architecture and organization, 1370–1870
1945:
Daunton, M.J. (August 1985). "Rowland Hill and the Penny Post".
1033:
829:
167:
974:"Joseph Priestley and his Influence on Education in Birmingham"
609:
from 1854 until 1864. For his services, Hill was knighted as a
491:
from the elimination of "free franking" privileges and fraud.
366:, and their large family migrated to South Australia in 1850.
16:
Devisor of the Postal system, inventor and teacher (1795–1879)
768:. It is now in the foyer of the Royal Mail sorting office in
589:
In 1846, the Conservative Party split over the repeal of the
1807:
The Social and Economic Importance of Postal Reform in 1840
1670:. Public Monument and Sculpture Association. Archived from
1615:. Public Monument and Sculpture Association. Archived from
1527:. Public Monument and Sculpture Association. Archived from
1394:
Papers from the Education Doctoral Research Conference 2015
1168:
1396:. Birmingham: University of Birmingham. pp. 137–144.
1390:"Hazelwood School – A Catalyst For Reformatory Education?"
1309:. AskPhil.org – Collectors Club of Chicago. Archived from
748:
There are four public statues of Hill. The earliest is in
323:
Hill then served from 1833 until 1839 as secretary of the
2272:"A dark deed mapped by the originator of the Penny Black"
976:. Revolutionary Players. 28 February 2004. Archived from
464:, a Whig, denounced Hill's "wild and visionary schemes."
397:
1 Orme Square, Bayswater, London, W2, Hill's home 1839–42
423:
Commemorative plaque at 1 Orme Square, Bayswater, London
222:
in Birmingham and painted landscapes in his spare time.
839:, north London, there is now a local history museum at
1979:
Posting It: The Victorian Revolution in Letter Writing
2247:
Eminent Persons: Biographies reprinted from the Times
2113:
Postal Reform and the Penny Black: a New Appreciation
2064:
Post Office Reform: its Importance and Practicability
1548:
1546:
1244:
Economic Sophisms: Series 2, Chapter 12. See II.12.25
1135:
1133:
521:(whose 21st birthday was celebrated that month), the
429:
Post Office Reform: its Importance and Practicability
310:
The colonisation of South Australia was a project of
288:, of which Hill was headmaster from 1827 until 1839.
1902:(November 1939). "Rowland Hill and the Penny Post".
1431:
Walks in the Black Country and its Green Border-Land
946:
944:
942:
649:; there is a memorial to him on his family grave in
545:
Rowland Hill continued at the Post Office until the
384:
Post Office Reform its Importance and Practicability
108:
Schoolteacher, social reformer, postal administrator
276:that in 1827 a branch of the school was created at
135:
122:
112:
104:
94:
75:
53:
28:
1515:
1513:
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877:. The fund assists more than 300 people annually.
166:. He campaigned for a comprehensive reform of the
869:and continues to serve the reorganised companies
2039:Hill, Matthew Davenport; Hill, Rowland (1827) .
179:, including the invention of the postage stamp.
1115:Encyclopedia of World Biography on Rowland Hill
1880:Brown, Robert; Martin/Clark Committee (1999).
1639:"People Buried or Commemorated – Rowland Hill"
2299:Sir Rowland Hill; the story of a great reform
2219:Sir Rowland Hill, the story of a great reform
2028:Rowland Hill and the Fight for the Penny Post
1783:"The Rowland Hill Memorial Fund of Ireland".
241:ideas". Hazelwood was to provide a model for
199:, Worcestershire, England. Rowland's father,
8:
1285:(3rd ed.). Pan Macmillan. p. 608.
1826:University of Birmingham Historical Journal
1139:
195:Rowland Hill was born in Blackwell Street,
2408:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
456:, the world's first adhesive postage stamp
335:was chairman of the commission. Under the
45:
25:
1724:"Welcome to the British Philatelic Trust"
1009:
1007:
645:, facing their houses. Hill is buried in
611:Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath
2310:American Philatelic Society Hall of Fame
1256:
1215:
1191:
1179:
1054:
998:
790:, also made in 1881, stands outside the
498:, were distributed in early 1840. These
494:Prepaid letter sheets, with a design by
325:South Australian Colonization Commission
2339:The British Postal Museum & Archive
1502:The British Postal Museum & Archive
1474:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1364:"Hill, Sir Rowland, K.C.B. (1795–1879)"
1169:Brown & Martin/Clark Committee 1999
1066:
911:
744:, circa 1894, shortly after its opening
697:(1793–1876), who was the first British
298:British colonisation of South Australia
1840:British Journal of Educational Studies
1609:"Rowland Hill, Statue, King Edward St"
1472:I.D. Hill, "Hill, Edwin (1793–1876)",
1078:
1016:"Sir Rowland Hill – a social reformer"
460:In the House of Lords the Postmaster,
2011:. pp. 153–4, 249–478, 433, 491.
1227:
1149:
1147:
724:, 1884, at King Edward Street, London
7:
2228:(Eleanor Smyth was Hill's daughter.)
2005:The Growth of Philosophic Radicalism
1307:"Glossary of Stamp Collecting Terms"
1267:
1203:
1081:, pp. 153–4, 249–478, 433, 491.
617:and awarded an honorary degree from
1694:"What Are the Rowland Hill Awards?"
504:British Postal Museum & Archive
364:Caroline Clark, her husband Francis
2176:The British Post Office; a History
2140:The Classical Economists Revisited
867:Department of Posts and Telegraphs
707:(1803–1896) was a prison reformer.
306:Sir Rowland Hill, mid-19th century
14:
643:St Stephen's Church, Rosslyn Hill
601:. Hill was made Secretary to the
471:From 1839 to 1842, Hill lived at
2291:Smyth, Eleanor Caroline (1907).
141:
2335:"Rowland Hill's Postal Reforms"
2293:"Biography of Sir Rowland Hill"
2090:. Vol. 2 volumes. London:
2056:. London: Simpkin and Marshall.
1498:"Rowland Hill's Postal Reforms"
292:Colonisation of South Australia
2378:19th-century British inventors
2045:(new with additions ed.).
1554:"Sir Rowland Hill (1795–1879)"
1521:"Sir Rowland Hill (1795–1879)"
1353:Newman, Hare-Clark in Tasmania
762:the city's General Post Office
742:the city's General Post Office
691:, and, from 1832, MP for Hull.
1:
2201:and Kegan Paul. p. 196.
1857:10.1080/00071005.1980.9973560
1700:. 14 May 2007. Archived from
1584:"Roland Hill Shopping Centre"
1333:"Biography of Edwin Chadwick"
786:In London a bronze statue by
359:bear in the elective body ."
21:Rowland Hill (disambiguation)
2403:Fellows of the Royal Society
2393:Burials at Highgate Cemetery
2388:Burials at Westminster Abbey
2084:Hill, George Birkbeck Norman
1977:Golden, Catherine J (2009).
1884:. Adelaide: self-published.
1452:Stooks Smith, Henry (1845).
605:, and then Secretary to the
483:plaque there in his honour.
2428:American Philatelic Society
2383:19th-century English people
2315:American Philatelic Society
2195:University of Toronto Press
1983:University Press of Florida
1758:Communication Workers Union
1388:Wale, Daniel (March 2016).
1156:Proportional Representation
615:Fellow of the Royal Society
559:London and Brighton Railway
2449:
2306:"Sir Rowland Hill, K.C.B."
2187:Seaborne, Malcolm (1971).
2180:Princeton University Press
2145:Princeton University Press
1668:National Recording Project
1613:National Recording Project
1558:National Recording Project
1525:National Recording Project
720:Statue of Rowland Hill by
479:, London, and there is an
331:. The political economist
295:
170:, based on the concept of
18:
2413:People from Kidderminster
2216:Smyth, Eleanor C (1907).
2174:Robinson, Howard (1948).
1154:Hoag and Hallett (1926).
926:"Hill, Sir Rowland"
881:Philatelic commemorations
740:The Birmingham statue in
712:Legacy and commemorations
318:, based on a Dutch model.
266:Maximilien de Robespierre
140:
70:, Worcestershire, England
44:
2193:. Toronto & London:
2032:Frederick Warne & Co
1728:British Philatelic Trust
1698:British Philatelic Trust
1282:The London Encyclopaedia
859:British Philatelic Trust
440:were to be used because
337:South Australia Act 1834
2270:Campbell, Tony (1990).
2265:– via HathiTrust.
2256:2027/osu.32435022453492
1964:Farrugia, Jean (1979).
932:Encyclopædia Britannica
631:The Royal Free Hospital
613:in 1860. He was made a
362:Rowland Hill's sister,
312:Edward Gibbon Wakefield
2317:. 1941. Archived from
2297:(Extract from Smyth's
2117:National Postal Museum
2061:Hill, Rowland (1837).
2050:Hill, Rowland (1832).
1970:National Postal Museum
822:Universal Postal Union
802:
745:
725:
685:Recorder of Birmingham
681:Matthew Davenport Hill
593:and was replaced by a
580:Political Economy Club
542:
488:uniform fourpenny post
466:William Leader Maberly
457:
424:
398:
307:
264:, former secretary to
253:(1822, often cited as
1805:Allam, David (1976).
1014:Tim, Midgley (2009).
800:
739:
719:
663:Royal Society of Arts
657:) and Tottenham (off
639:Samuel Sanders Teulon
551:1841 General Election
537:Hill famlly vault at
536:
451:
422:
414:John Ramsey McCulloch
396:
305:
296:Further information:
2282:: 31. Archived from
2067:. London: C Knight.
1849:Taylor & Francis
1216:Hill & Hill 1880
1192:Hill & Hill 1880
1180:Hill & Hill 1880
792:King Edward Building
699:Controller of Stamps
619:University of Oxford
343:and a commitment to
270:Revue encyclopédique
262:Marc Antoine Jullien
2026:Hill, H.W. (1940).
1754:"Rowland Hill Fund"
1734:on 24 February 2009
1704:on 28 December 2008
1158:. pp. 167–171.
851:Rowland Hill Awards
655:Royal Free Hospital
286:Bruce Castle School
218:Hill worked at the
2345:on 18 January 2009
1882:The Hatbox Letters
1674:on 29 October 2013
1664:"Sir Rowland Hill"
1619:on 29 October 2013
1564:on 29 October 2013
1531:on 29 October 2013
1092:"Sir Rowland Hill"
803:
788:Edward Onslow Ford
746:
726:
722:Edward Onslow Ford
687:, a campaigner on
603:Postmaster General
547:Conservative Party
543:
500:Mulready envelopes
458:
425:
399:
388:Thomas Spring Rice
376:Robert Wallace, MP
308:
229:Educational reform
201:Thomas Wright Hill
172:Uniform Penny Post
117:Uniform Penny Post
2398:English inventors
2321:on 17 August 2002
2276:The Map Collector
2161:on 29 August 2008
1992:978-0-8130-3379-2
1643:Westminster Abbey
1403:978-0-7044-2862-1
1292:978-0-230-73878-2
1240:Bastiat, Frédéric
1069:, pp. 46–59.
853:, started by the
807:Westminster Abbey
683:(1792–1872), was
651:Highgate Cemetery
647:Westminster Abbey
599:Lord John Russell
539:Highgate Cemetery
427:Hill's pamphlet,
341:religious freedom
245:for the emerging
149:
148:
99:Westminster Abbey
89:, London, England
2440:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2341:. Archived from
2330:
2328:
2326:
2296:
2287:
2286:on 25 July 2014.
2266:
2264:
2262:
2227:
2212:
2183:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2157:. Archived from
2135:O'Brien, Denis P
2130:
2095:
2092:Thomas de la Rue
2078:
2057:
2046:
2035:
2022:
1996:
1973:
1960:
1941:
1895:
1876:
1833:
1820:
1793:
1792:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1760:. Archived from
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1730:. Archived from
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1660:
1654:
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1517:
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1441:
1435:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1368:English Heritage
1360:
1354:
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1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1303:
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1254:
1248:
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1236:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1151:
1142:
1137:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1002:
996:
990:
989:
987:
985:
970:
964:
963:
961:
959:
948:
937:
936:
928:
916:
766:Second World War
568:John Stuart Mill
566:, Rowland Hill,
496:William Mulready
255:Public Education
243:public education
205:Joseph Priestley
152:Sir Rowland Hill
145:
131:
82:
63:
61:
49:
26:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2423:Postal pioneers
2358:
2357:
2348:
2346:
2333:
2324:
2322:
2304:
2290:
2269:
2260:
2258:
2243:
2235:
2224:T. Fisher Unwin
2215:
2209:
2186:
2173:
2164:
2162:
2155:
2133:
2127:
2109:Muir, Douglas N
2107:
2082:Hill, Rowland;
2081:
2075:
2060:
2049:
2038:
2025:
2019:
2009:Faber and Faber
1999:
1993:
1981:. Gainesville:
1976:
1963:
1944:
1922:10.2307/2548883
1914:Wiley-Blackwell
1898:
1892:
1879:
1836:
1823:
1817:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1791:: 8. June 2006.
1787:(116). Dublin:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1764:on 13 June 2010
1752:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1735:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1519:
1518:
1509:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1480:
1471:
1467:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1251:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1163:
1153:
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1145:
1138:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1013:
1012:
1005:
997:
993:
983:
981:
972:
971:
967:
957:
955:
950:
949:
940:
919:
917:
913:
909:
904:
892:
883:
832:, Switzerland.
781:J D Wetherspoon
714:
674:
659:White Hart Lane
641:, who designed
595:Whig government
531:
433:Charles Babbage
372:
349:civil liberties
345:social progress
300:
294:
231:
193:
164:social reformer
129:
90:
84:
80:
71:
65:
64:3 December 1795
59:
57:
40:
34:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2446:
2444:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2418:Postal history
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2331:
2302:
2288:
2267:
2241:
2234:
2233:External links
2231:
2230:
2229:
2213:
2207:
2184:
2171:
2153:
2131:
2125:
2119:. p. 42.
2105:
2079:
2073:
2058:
2047:
2036:
2023:
2017:
1997:
1991:
1974:
1961:
1942:
1908:. New Series.
1896:
1890:
1877:
1834:
1821:
1815:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1775:
1745:
1715:
1685:
1655:
1630:
1600:
1575:
1542:
1507:
1489:
1478:
1465:
1444:
1425:Burritt, Elihu
1416:
1402:
1380:
1355:
1346:
1324:
1313:on 11 May 2009
1298:
1291:
1271:
1260:
1249:
1231:
1220:
1218:, p. 264.
1208:
1196:
1194:, p. 246.
1184:
1182:, p. 242.
1172:
1161:
1143:
1129:
1118:. Bookrags.com
1105:
1083:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1030:"Rowland Hill"
1021:
1003:
1001:, p. 196.
991:
980:on 26 May 2008
965:
938:
923:, ed. (1911).
921:Chisholm, Hugh
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
898:
891:
888:
882:
879:
817:, Manchester.
809:. Another, by
772:, Birmingham.
754:Carrara marble
713:
710:
709:
708:
702:
692:
673:
670:
635:Gothic revival
564:Edwin Chadwick
530:
527:
519:Queen Victoria
462:Lord Lichfield
410:Richard Cobden
380:hundred weight
371:
368:
333:Robert Torrens
293:
290:
274:Jeremy Bentham
247:middle classes
230:
227:
192:
189:
177:postal service
147:
146:
138:
137:
133:
132:
124:
120:
119:
114:
113:Known for
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
85:
83:(aged 83)
79:27 August 1879
77:
73:
72:
66:
55:
51:
50:
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41:
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32:
29:
15:
13:
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3:
2:
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2214:
2210:
2208:0-8020-1784-3
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2178:. Princeton:
2177:
2172:
2160:
2156:
2154:0-691-11939-2
2150:
2146:
2143:. Princeton:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2126:0-9515948-0-X
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2074:9780665216176
2070:
2066:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2018:0-571-09787-1
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1948:History Today
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1891:0-646-36207-0
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1816:0-905222-17-2
1812:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1776:
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1759:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1733:
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1725:
1719:
1716:
1703:
1699:
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1659:
1656:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1589:
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1579:
1576:
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1549:
1547:
1543:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1503:
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1457:
1456:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1381:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1257:Robinson 1948
1253:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1206:, p. 42.
1205:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1106:
1094:. Answers.com
1093:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1057:, p. 67.
1056:
1055:Armytage 1967
1051:
1048:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:Seaborne 1971
995:
992:
979:
975:
969:
966:
953:
947:
945:
943:
939:
934:
933:
927:
922:
915:
912:
906:
901:
897:
894:
893:
889:
887:
880:
878:
876:
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868:
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860:
856:
852:
847:
844:
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
818:
816:
815:Albert Square
812:
811:William Theed
808:
799:
795:
793:
789:
784:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:Peter Hollins
756:sculpture by
755:
751:
743:
738:
734:
731:
730:postal system
723:
718:
711:
706:
705:Frederic Hill
703:
700:
696:
693:
690:
689:prison reform
686:
682:
679:
678:
677:
671:
669:
667:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
584:David Ricardo
582:, founded by
581:
577:
573:
572:Lyon Playfair
569:
565:
560:
556:
552:
548:
540:
535:
528:
526:
524:
520:
515:
513:
507:
505:
501:
497:
492:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
473:1 Orme Square
469:
467:
463:
455:
450:
446:
443:
439:
438:Letter sheets
434:
430:
421:
417:
415:
411:
407:
404:
395:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
370:Postal reform
369:
367:
365:
360:
356:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
320:
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263:
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244:
240:
236:
228:
226:
223:
221:
216:
214:
213:Richard Price
210:
206:
202:
198:
197:Kidderminster
191:Personal life
190:
188:
186:
180:
178:
173:
169:
168:postal system
165:
161:
157:
153:
144:
139:
134:
128:
125:
121:
118:
115:
111:
107:
105:Occupation(s)
103:
100:
97:
95:Resting place
93:
88:
78:
74:
69:
68:Kidderminster
56:
52:
48:
43:
38:
27:
22:
2347:. Retrieved
2343:the original
2323:. Retrieved
2319:the original
2308:
2298:
2284:the original
2279:
2275:
2259:. Retrieved
2246:
2218:
2189:
2175:
2163:. Retrieved
2159:the original
2139:
2112:
2087:
2063:
2052:
2041:
2027:
2004:
2001:Halévy, Élie
1978:
1965:
1946:
1909:
1903:
1881:
1844:
1838:
1829:
1825:
1806:
1784:
1778:
1766:. Retrieved
1762:the original
1748:
1736:. Retrieved
1732:the original
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1702:the original
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1672:the original
1667:
1658:
1646:. Retrieved
1633:
1621:. Retrieved
1617:the original
1612:
1603:
1591:. Retrieved
1587:
1578:
1566:. Retrieved
1562:the original
1557:
1533:. Retrieved
1529:the original
1524:
1501:
1492:
1481:
1473:
1468:
1460:Google Books
1454:
1447:
1430:
1419:
1407:. Retrieved
1393:
1383:
1371:. Retrieved
1358:
1349:
1337:. Retrieved
1327:
1315:. Retrieved
1311:the original
1301:
1281:
1274:
1263:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1187:
1175:
1164:
1155:
1140:O'Brien 2004
1120:. Retrieved
1114:
1108:
1096:. Retrieved
1086:
1074:
1067:Bartrip 1980
1062:
1050:
1038:. Retrieved
1024:
994:
982:. Retrieved
978:the original
968:
956:. Retrieved
930:
914:
884:
863:
848:
845:
841:Bruce Castle
834:
819:
804:
785:
777:Thomas Brock
774:
747:
727:
675:
623:
588:
544:
516:
508:
493:
485:
470:
459:
428:
426:
408:
400:
383:
373:
361:
357:
353:
322:
315:
309:
278:Bruce Castle
269:
259:
254:
250:
232:
224:
220:Assay Office
217:
194:
181:
151:
150:
127:Albert Medal
81:(1879-08-27)
33:Rowland Hill
2373:1879 deaths
2368:1795 births
1916:: 423–435.
1900:Coase, R.H.
1079:Halévy 1972
666:blue plaque
607:Post Office
576:Neil Arnott
555:Robert Peel
523:Penny Black
512:direct mail
454:Penny Black
239:Priestley's
185:Penny Black
2362:Categories
2261:8 February
2222:. London:
2115:. London:
2030:. London:
2007:. London:
1968:. London:
1678:24 October
1623:24 October
1568:24 October
1535:24 October
1438:Wikisource
1373:23 October
1228:Allam 1976
902:References
896:Penny Blue
855:Royal Mail
750:Birmingham
695:Edwin Hill
637:architect
529:Later life
514:industry.
60:1795-12-03
2199:Routledge
2003:(1972) .
1957:0018-2753
1930:0013-0427
1905:Economica
1865:0007-1005
1851:: 46–59.
1409:26 August
1268:Hill 1837
1204:Muir 1990
958:14 August
837:Tottenham
826:UN agency
626:Hampstead
591:Corn Laws
477:Bayswater
442:envelopes
282:Tottenham
235:Edgbaston
209:Tom Paine
136:Signature
87:Hampstead
2325:30 March
2137:(2004).
2111:(1990).
2102:volume 2
2098:volume 1
2086:(1880).
1785:Postnews
1427:(1868).
1317:17 April
890:See also
857:and the
813:, is in
549:won the
541:, London
329:Adelaide
2349:24 July
2165:29 July
1938:2548883
1873:3120365
1799:Sources
1789:An Post
1768:29 July
1738:29 July
1708:29 July
1648:29 July
1593:18 July
1339:29 July
1122:29 July
1098:29 July
1040:27 July
984:29 July
871:An Post
770:Newtown
597:led by
2205:
2151:
2123:
2071:
2015:
1989:
1955:
1936:
1928:
1912:(24).
1888:
1871:
1863:
1813:
1442:
1433:
1400:
1289:
1036:. 2019
875:eircom
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