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1358:. Until 1928 there were no official RFB groups in Bavaria. Only after the end of the ban of the local group Dortmund by the Reichsgericht on April 2, 1928, RFB groups could at least formally be founded also in Bavaria. But there was a constant threat of a ban on events, especially since Bavaria had been pressing for a nationwide ban of RFB since the decision of the Reichsgericht. On April 13, 1928, after the formation of the Bund on Reich level, Jakob Boulanger founded an RFB-Gau Nordbayern with subsequent local groups in
801:
135:
2993:
305:
25:
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198:
1438:" organizations such as workers unions. In most cases they provided security services for the various events but also participated in active agitation. Hardened by their harsh work and living conditions, the RFB men engaged in acts of violence against the police and the political rivals who tried to disrupt rallies.
524:
on 11 May 1924, police fired on a demonstration; eight workers were killed and 16 seriously wounded. The KPD announced the formation of the RFB to all its local branches, and soon the first local RFB groups were formed. Most of these first RFB units were located in industrial cities, seaports, and
545:(Bloody May). More than 30 people were shot and killed by the police. The RFB was banned and all its assets confiscated by the government. At the time of the ban, the RFB had close to 130,000 members. Many of them continued their activities illegally or in local successor organizations such as the
1467:
grew constantly and violence intensified. Since the strategy of the SA was to fight and provoke, violent encounters between the RFB and SA soon became a part of everyday life. The SA achieved some strength in working-class districts, although these areas supported either the
1494:
Most RFB public actions were directed against the Weimar government and its involvement with powerful German industrialists. The RFB demanded the preservation of peace and denounced plans for a new war. Most of the RFB also supported the KPD's program of
491:) to protect their meetings and demonstrations, but this organization was banned in 1923. This left the KPD's political activities exposed to attacks from the police and right-wing paramilitary organizations such as the nationalist
2252:
Sitzungen vom
Oktober 1929 – Juni 1930 (Abschluß der Beratungen in erster Lesung und der §§ 86 ff. in zweiter Lesung. Gesetzentwurf zum Schutze der Republik und zur Befriedung des politischen Lebens)
3044:
3034:
1483:
Its statutes defined the RFB as anti-militarist, and therefore it opposed German re-armament. For instance, the RFB and other organizations protested against the spending of billions of
1403:
533:
Over the years the RFB engaged more and more in violent street fights with the police, the SA, and other political rivals. In 1929, the RFB participated in bloody protests after
2573:
Deutschland, Russland, Komintern – Dokumente (1918–1943): Nach der
Archivrevolution: Neuerschlossene Quellen zu der Geschichte der KPD und den deutsch-russischen Beziehungen
350:
1977:""Deutscher Oktober" 1923 an der Alster: ein blutiger Reinfall – Unbekannte Briefe und Berichte zum Putschversuch der Hamburger Kommunisten: Aufstand an der Waterkant"
1888:
3019:
2578:
Germany, Russia, Comintern - Documents (1918-1943): After the
Archival Revolution: Newly-Discovered Sources on the History of the KPD and German-Russian Relations
3024:
2698:
Skandinavische
Erfahrungen erwünscht?: Nachexil und Remigration ; die ehemaligen KPD-Emigranten in Skandinavien und ihr weiteres Schicksal in der SBZ/DDR
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from 1 March 1926. In May 1926, during a flag parade, activists used it as a sign of rallying to the movement and as an oath to defend the
89:
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The first local branches of the RFB were established in July 1924. The group's inaugural nationwide meeting was held in
February 1925 in
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for legal support and also, in case of sentencing to prison, for financial support of their families while they were unable to work.
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98% of the RFB belonged to the working class and only 1% had received a higher education. A large part of the RFB were veterans of
68:
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2923:
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2846:
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710:
At the time of the ban in 1929, only 30% of the RFB were actually KPD members. 70% were non-party or members of other parties.
507:(SA). The ninth national conference of the KPD in April 1924 decided to form a new defense organization. It was given the name
1832:
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1506:
Other RFB events included propaganda marches in rural areas to get poor farmers and agricultural workers to join their cause.
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While many RFB groups were led by KPD members, most Red Front fighters were not party members. Some were even members of the
75:
46:
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Numerous events ended in mass brawls between the police and the RFB, leaving injured on both sides and in some cases dead.
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534:
310:
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in West
Germany enforced the ban of 1929 and prosecuted former Red Front fighters who admitted to their RFB activities.
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1221:
754:
690:
654:
1945:"Die Bedeutung der Reichsexekution in der Weimarer Reichsverfassung und ihre Anwendung 1923 in Sachsen und Thüringen"
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2015:
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35:
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2723:"Ernst Thälmann and Willy Leow at the Head of a Red Front Fighters' League Demonstration in Berlin (June 1927)"
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A large part of the RFB activities were directed at supporting the political propaganda work of the KPD, the
696:
The number of members grew constantly, peaking with close to 130,000 members at the time of the ban in 1929.
571:
2668:
815:. The local groups elected the regional leadership and the regional leaders elected the federal committee.
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586:
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82:
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800:
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After the Nazi takeover in 1933, former RFB members were among the first arrested and incarcerated in
383:, translated as "Alliance of Red Front-Fighters" or "Red Front Fighters' League"), usually called the
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1004:
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264:
2366:. L'Allemagne de Weimar: 1919–1933, Fayard, coll. « Biographies Historiques », 2007 (
1976:
746:
and to underline their goal of a united front. 40% of local RFB groups had a section of the RJ.
567:. The Nazis sought revenge on their former rivals and many of the RFB died in the Nazi prisons.
450:, often used among friends and foes to refer to the organization instead of its full title. The
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859:
Local Group (with several battalions, depending on the member strength of the local group)
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Until the RFB was banned, its rivalry with hostile organizations such as the SA, the
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were actively involved in the creation of the first police and military units of the
519:
767:) with sections in all major port cities. The RM was also considered an elite unit.
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1602:
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1379:
1259:
1141:
783:
620:
594:
467:
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Lehrstücke in
Solidarität: Briefe und Biographien deutscher Sozialisten 1945–1949
674:
RFB membership badges of the 1924 pattern (above) and of the 1926 pattern (below)
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686:
451:
24:
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1890:
Creating German
Communism, 1890–1990: From Popular Protests to Socialist State
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994:
359:
2640:
Lessons in
Solidarity: Letters and Biographies of German Socialists 1945-1949
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1990:
1700:
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For its younger members (between the ages of 16 and 21), the RFB formed the
2012:
Beating the
Fascists: The German Communists and Political Violence 1929–1933
1503:", leading to several temporary bans of its announced parades and meetings.
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1209:
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463:
249:
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February 1926: 68,392 members in 1,120 local groups (55% non-party members)
1567:[Red Hamburg: Where Christmas was Considered Bourgeois Nonsense].
1386:. In the summer of 1928, 14 local groups with 800 members, 350 of them in
462:) was the symbol of the RFB, used on all its insignia, and its registered
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1981:
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Of those who survived or avoided arrest, many followed the call of the
542:
700:
April 1925: 40,450 members in 558 local groups (49% non-party members)
2225:
Neighbors and Enemies: The Culture of Radicalism in Berlin, 1929–1933
1565:"Rotes Hamburg: Wo das Weihnachtsfest als bürgerlicher Blödsinn galt"
1475:
The RFB members also fought to stop landlords from evicting tenants.
1351:
1311:
703:
June 1925: 51,630 members in 826 local groups (53% non-party members)
538:
415:
1918:
2949:"Roter Frontkämpferbund, 1924–1929 – Historisches Lexikon Bayerns"
1751:"Roter Frontkämpferbund, 1924–1929 – Historisches Lexikon Bayerns"
1721:"Der Mann, den sie "Teddy" nannten – Thälmann im Porträt | MDR.DE"
1402:
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805:
799:
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442:) while giving a clenched fist salute gave rise to the expression
349:
938:
Platoon made up of 4 Groups, approx. 35 men plus 1 platoon leader
1161:
432:('The Red Front') was the newspaper of the RFB. The greeting of
513:, with the intent of attracting non-Communist workers as well.
411:, the RFB was banned in 1929 but continued its work illegally.
18:
1472:
or the KPD but not the "brown" Nazi Party the SA stood for.
653:) claimed to carry on the traditions of the RFB, while the
2192:"Gerade auf LeMO gesehen: LeMO Kapitel: Weimarer Republik"
1833:"Gerade auf LeMO gesehen: LeMO Kapitel: Weimarer Republik"
999:(2. Federal Leader, Organizational and Technical Manager)
1491:, and demanded the money go instead to relieve poverty.
757:. To commemorate this, in May 1925 the RFB founded the
792:. At the 1929 ban, the RFMB had about 4,000 members.
3045:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1933
525:
other traditional strongholds of the working class.
770:From 1925 the female members were organized in the
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
906:Comradeship made up of 3 Platoons, approx. 100 men
454:"protecting the friend, fighting off the enemy" (
3035:Paramilitary organisations of the Weimar Republic
1346:Plans to form local RFB groups in the cities of
2899:Die KPD und der Spanische Bürgerkrieg 1936–1939
609:After World War II, former RFB members such as
597:former Red Front fighters fought in the Soviet
2464:"Erich Honecker | Jugendopposition in der DDR"
738:) in 1925 to avoid similarities with the Nazi
483:The KPD depended on the Proletarian Hundreds (
2439:[Stasi: The Man Who Loved Everyone].
8:
1499:. The RFB therefore was soon considered an "
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2606:"Saalbau « Gedenkstätte Neustadt e.V."
2281:"Kampfbund gegen den Faschismus, 1930–1933"
1919:"Georg Elser und der Rote Frontkämpferbund"
1661:[Third Reich: Hamburg's Red East].
689:and some had been actively involved in the
555:) Others retired from the political scene.
460:"schützend den Freund, abwehrend den Feind"
426:was elected to lead the federal committee.
1089:or Regional sections of the RFB included:
957:Group made up of 8 men plus 1 group leader
120:
2570:; Albert, Gleb, eds. (17 December 2014).
2190:Museum, Stiftung Deutsches Historisches.
1831:Museum, Stiftung Deutsches Historisches.
1826:
1824:
1444:Arrested RFB members could depend on the
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:German far-left paramilitary organization
2823:"Hans Jendretzky – Munzinger Biographie"
682:(SPD) or other political organizations.
2334:"Der Spanische Bürgerkrieg (1936–1939)"
1808:pankow-weissensee-prenzlauerberg.berlin
1515:
1975:ZEIT (Archiv), D. I. E. (1993-10-22).
3020:Anti-fascist organisations in Germany
1659:"Drittes Reich: Hamburgs Roter Osten"
1544:(in German). Munich. 21 November 2017
880:Battalion made up of X "Comradeships"
378:
7:
3025:Left-wing militant groups in Germany
1745:
1743:
1626:
1624:
1354:in 1925 were banned by the state of
47:adding citations to reliable sources
3030:Military wings of communist parties
2953:www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de
2701:(in German). Franz Steiner Verlag.
2537:Zank, Wolfgang (14 November 2007).
2164:"Roter Frontkämpferbund, 1924–1929"
1594:Der rote Frontkämpferbund 1924–1929
1563:Lucks, Günther (24 December 2015).
2674:Federal Agency for Civic Education
2667:Schüller, Elke (13 January 2009).
2539:"Stasi: Der Mann, der alle liebte"
2437:"Stasi: Der Mann, der alle liebte"
680:Social Democratic Party of Germany
638:Combat Groups of the Working Class
288:
14:
3050:Defunct communist militant groups
978:or "Federal Committee" included:
553:Fighting-Alliance Against Fascism
380:[ˈʁoːtɐˈfʁɔntˌkɛmpfɐbʊnt]
2991:
2977:
2517:www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de
2010:Eve Rosenhaft (25 August 1983).
1538:[The Red Hitler Youth].
331:
317:
303:
196:
133:
23:
2397:Erich Honecker: Das Leben davor
2249:Schubert, Werner (2015-02-06).
2074:"Spartakus, Rote Front, Antifa"
2039:Steffahn, Harald (1976-04-02).
1861:"Spartakus, Rote Front, Antifa"
1685:Steffahn, Harald (1976-04-02).
778:Alliance of Red Women and Girls
34:needs additional citations for
2928:bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de
2876:bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de
2851:bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de
2802:bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de
2777:bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de
2752:bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de
2228:. Cambridge University Press.
2100:; Baratta, Alessandro (1992).
548:Kampfbund gegen den Faschismus
409:legally registered association
1:
2896:Niemeyer, Ralf (2001-10-25).
2609:www.gedenkstaette-neustadt.de
2445:(in German). 14 November 2007
2139:"1. Mai: Feiertag und Symbol"
1667:(in German). 5 September 2015
1592:Schuster, Kurt G. P. (1975).
1413:
924:
898:
773:Roter Frauen und Mädchen Bund
489:Proletarische Hundertschaften
2955:(in German (formal address))
2924:"Steinbrecher, Curt Alexius"
2286:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
2172:(in German (formal address))
2169:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
1756:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
780:). The federal leaders were
541:during what became known as
362:(right) in Berlin, June 1927
3040:German resistance to Nazism
2695:Scholz, Michael F. (2000).
1632:"Der Rote Frontkämpferbund"
755:November Revolution of 1918
691:November Revolution of 1918
661:Membership and organisation
655:Federal Republic of Germany
578:(1936–39). They joined the
3066:
3015:Communist Party of Germany
2016:Cambridge University Press
1895:Princeton University Press
1479:"Social Justice and Peace"
813:bottom to top organization
811:The RFB's structure was a
629:(GDR; East Germany). The
627:German Democratic Republic
535:International Workers' Day
401:Communist Party of Germany
213:Communist Party of Germany
1778:"May Day, Bloody May Day"
1596:(in German). Düsseldorf:
1431:
1399:"Protection and Security"
1065:
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1040:
1031:
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993:
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636:
619:
611:
552:
518:
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397:paramilitary organization
132:
2902:(in German). diplom.de.
2197:German Historical Museum
1838:German Historical Museum
1726:Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk
1637:German Historical Museum
796:Organizational structure
753:had a major role in the
565:Nazi concentration camps
58:"Roter Frontkämpferbund"
2748:"Oelßner, Alfred Franz"
2468:www.jugendopposition.de
2315:(in German). 2017-04-20
2309:"Gegner des NS-Regimes"
2145:(in German). 2019-05-01
572:Second Spanish Republic
510:Roter Frontkämpfer-Bund
265:Political position
180:–May 14, 1929
2644:Walter de Gruyter GmbH
2582:Walter de Gruyter GmbH
2568:Bayerlein, Bernhard H.
2257:Walter de Gruyter GmbH
1536:"Der rote Hitlerjunge"
1497:Soviet-style Communism
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1409:Roter Frontkämpferbund
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651:National People's Army
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601:against Nazi Germany.
587:International Brigades
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370:Roter Frontkämpferbund
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2404:. 26 September 2016.
2143:Demokratiegeschichten
1804:"Ernst-Thälmann-Park"
1406:
803:
673:
589:to fight against the
559:Under the Third Reich
353:
2669:"Clara Zetkin | bpb"
2338:www.andalusien360.de
1534:Written at Hamburg.
1489:"pocket battleships"
751:Imperial German Navy
645:Nationale Volksarmee
632:Arbeiterkampfgruppen
399:affiliated with the
43:improve this article
2642:] (in German).
2632:(29 October 2015).
2580:] (in German).
2357:Baechler, Christian
1953:Deutscher Bundestag
1541:Süddeutsche Zeitung
1291:Erzgebirge-Vogtland
989:(1. Federal Leader)
387:Rotfrontkämpferbund
150:Rotfrontkämpferbund
2798:"Jendretzky, Hans"
2773:"Schneller, Ernst"
2566:; Drabkin, Jakov;
2108:C.F. Müller Verlag
2041:"Thälmanns Truppe"
1923:www.mythoselser.de
1687:"Thälmanns Truppe"
1501:enemy of the state
1420:
1115:Berlin-Brandenburg
840:Regional Committee
809:
728:). It was renamed
676:
591:Nationalist rebels
395:), was a far-left
364:
168:Dates of operation
2847:"Selbmann, Fritz"
2708:978-3-515-07651-7
2653:978-3-486-70778-6
2591:978-3-11-033978-9
2218:Swett, Patricia;
2072:Becker, Klaus J.
1956:(in German). 2006
1859:Becker, Klaus J.
1390:were registered.
1067:Curt Steinbrecher
827:Federal Committee
776:(RFMB) (English:
576:Spanish Civil War
403:(KPD) during the
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32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2957:. Retrieved
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2313:G/GESCHICHTE
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2080:. Retrieved
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2011:
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1994:. Retrieved
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1958:. Retrieved
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1927:. Retrieved
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608:
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36:verification
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1925:(in German)
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1759:(in German)
1729:(in German)
1664:Der Spiegel
1601: [
1573:(in German)
1548:12 November
1526: [
1485:Reichsmarks
1436:proletarian
1417: 1925
1327:Nord-Bayern
1319:Westsachsen
1299:Mecklenburg
1236:Württemberg
1181:Mittelrhein
1174:Lower Rhine
1169:Niederrhein
1152:(Northwest)
1095:Wasserkante
1042:Werner Jurr
1009:(Treasurer)
955:, English:
949:(8 men + 1
936:, English:
878:, English:
857:, English:
854:Abteilungen
760:Rote Marine
687:World War I
574:during the
529:Development
358:(left) and
3009:Categories
2959:2020-03-06
2832:2019-08-22
2727:ghi-dc.org
2681:2020-03-06
2615:2020-03-06
2549:2019-09-30
2523:2019-09-30
2473:2019-09-30
2449:2019-11-04
2343:2019-09-30
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1996:2019-07-09
1845:2019-09-20
1789:2019-07-09
1763:2019-07-09
1733:2019-07-09
1706:2019-07-09
1671:2019-07-09
1510:References
1459:, and the
1447:Rote Hilfe
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1426:Rote Hilfe
1412:standard,
1394:Activities
1339:Süd-Bayern
1307:Ostsachsen
1255:Ostpreußen
1217:Saargebiet
1157:Ruhrgebiet
1058:Rote Front
995:Willy Leow
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649:(English:
641:) and the
635:(English:
440:Red Front!
438:(English:
360:Willy Leow
234:Rote Front
209:Allegiance
184:1929-05-14
69:newspapers
2933:22 August
2881:22 August
2856:22 August
2807:22 August
2782:22 August
2757:22 August
2732:22 August
2053:0044-2070
1991:0044-2070
1701:0044-2070
1456:Stahlhelm
1388:Nuremberg
1360:Nuremberg
1348:Nuremberg
1279:Schlesien
1248:Pomerania
1224:district)
1210:Frankfurt
1164:district)
1107:Thuringia
1102:Thüringen
933:Zugführer
928: 35
869:Abteilung
742:Jungsturm
593:. During
479:Formation
464:trademark
296:Opponents
279:Dissolved
250:Communism
229:Newspaper
2543:Die Zeit
2442:Die Zeit
2402:C.H.Beck
2045:Die Zeit
1982:Die Zeit
1887:(1997).
1692:Die Zeit
1570:Die Welt
1432:Red Help
1384:Bayreuth
1372:Sulzbach
1364:Würzburg
1149:Nordwest
1086:RFB-Gaue
1077:RFB-Gaue
930:men + 1
765:Red Navy
714:Sections
599:Red Army
583:Thälmann
581:Centuria
516:Then in
446:Rotfront
418:, where
270:Far-left
242:Ideology
219:Group(s)
1783:Jacobin
1376:Bamberg
1356:Bavaria
1332:Bavaria
1330:(North
1284:Silesia
1243:Pommern
920:Gruppen
666:Members
585:of the
543:Blutmai
474:History
376:German:
203:Germany
192:Country
182: (
176:1924-07
174: (
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911:3.3.
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866:3.1.
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520:Halle
90:JSTOR
76:books
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1987:ISSN
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1579:2019
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1382:and
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1222:Saar
1162:Ruhr
1083:The
972:The
894:Züge
804:RFB
788:and
617:and
407:. A
366:The
289:est.
284:Size
139:logo
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