706:: In November 2006 the UK Ministry of Defence announced that it was considering a programme to develop a 4th generation tungsten APFSDS under the designation L28A2. The contract would be issued to BAE Systems, Global Combat Systems Munitions and would cover fabrication and test of prototypes up to, but not including, the design chill and qualification phase. They explicitly noted that this was not envisioned as a replacement for the depleted uranium-based L27 APFSDS used by the Challenger 2. The designation was therefore changed to L23A2 as it is seen more as a replacement for the first generation APFSDS L23A1 shot. British-funded firing trials to demonstrate terminal ballistics have been carried out. British qualification had been scheduled for 2009, but was held back to 2010, after which production for Oman began. The L23A2 features the lighter projectile weight (7.95 kg) of the L23A1 APFSDS and integrates with the L18A1 propellant charge of the L29A1 CHARM 3 Training Round (C3TR). The use of the C3TR propellant extends barrel life but reduces muzzle velocity. Due to improved penetrator design, external and terminal ballistics are still better than the L23A1. British qualification had been scheduled for 2010 and production for Oman was supposed to start just after. The L23A2 is backwards-compatible with the older L11A5 gun used by the Royal Jordanian Army
694:: Private venture development by Royal Ordnance plc. as an interim solution to the forecoming L26A1 CHARM 1. It featured a 4.08 kg monobloc penetrator with a L/D ratio of 18.6:1. This penetrator is made of Tungsten-Nickel-Iron penetrator (W.Ni.Fe) TF49P alloy which in terms of toughness and ductility is at least twice as tough as the standard Tungsten-Nickel-Copper alloy. The capabilities of the BD26 were presented to MOD on 14 Nov 1986, the BD26 provides the round with approx. 15% increase in penetration performance compared to the L23A1 when fired from the L11 gun with the L8 charge and approx. 25% when fired from L30A1 with the high pressure charge. The BD26 was never adopted by the British Army.
44:
782:
470:(HESH), smoke and other rounds used a hemi-cylindrical (i.e. a cylinder sliced in two lengthways) charge (the L3). Two HE charges could therefore be stowed in the same space as one AP charge. In the Chieftain and Challenger tanks, the charges were stored in 36 recesses surrounded by water jackets, so that a hit which penetrated the fighting compartment would rupture the jacket and drench the propellant, preventing a catastrophic ammunition fire (known colloquially as a "brew-up").
700:: This was essentially a L27A1 projectile with the depleted uranium alloy penetrator replaced by a Tungsten-Nickel-Iron (W.Ni.Fe) alloy penetrator manufactured by BAE. The APFSDS L28A1 was developed specifically for Challenger 2 L30A1 tank guns but could be fired from the earlier Challenger 1 L11 gun following FCS modifications, use of a less powerful propellant charge and modification to the ammunition stowage to accommodate the longer projectile.
808:
1416:
795:
749:
610:: This is employed as a general purpose high explosive round, though it also has a good anti-armour performance, and is effective against fortifications and structures. It can cause the spalling of lethal metal scabs behind a 150 mm-thick plate sloped at 60° at 1000 yards. The L31A7 round is fired using the L3 bag charge. Muzzle velocity is 670 metres per second (2,200 ft/s).
720:
592:: It was developed under the CHARM 1 (CHallenger ARMament 1) programme and can be fired from both the L11 gun in and the L30 gun. The complete projectile weighs 8.5 kg and it has a 4.63 kg depleted uranium U¾Ti alloy long rod penetrator surrounded by an aluminium alloy sabot. The L26A1 shot and the less-volatile L14 bag charge combination is known as the JERICHO round (
762:
736:
616:: A training projectile, which matches the trajectory of the L31 HESH. It is available as a completely inert form, or can be filled with an inert HE substitute (a composition of calcium sulphate and castor oil) or an inert HE substitute plus a live fuze and a flash pellet for spotting purposes. It is fired with the L3A2 bag charge.
304:
greater than those of other armies, for example 2,000 m (2,200 yd), as specified by the US Army, despite studies at the time that suggested engagement ranges were below those of the US Army requirements in the great majority of cases. The L11 was specifically designed to fit into the turret
566:
uses a dense tungsten-alloy core held within a steel and light-alloy subprojectile, which is itself carried in a light-alloy sabot, the entire projectile assembly weighing 10.4 kg, reduced to 7.5 kg without the sabot. The subprojectile carries a tracer element carried in a short housing at
497:
replaced the ranging MG in
British service, and in conjunction with the "Muzzle Reference System" (MRF) added in 1975, allowed engagements at ranges out to 5,000 meters. Further improvement in gunnery performance came with the adoption of the Marconi "Improved Fire Control System" (IFCS) fitted to
567:
the rear that also serves as a locking point between the subprojectile and sabot before the round is fired. The projectile assembly is fired using the L4 CCC charge, which contains 8.4 kg of NQ/S53-12 propellant. The muzzle velocity is 1,370 m/s. The L15A3 is capable of defeating both
581:
subprojectile with a 6 bladed aluminium fin located in a 3 segment aluminium alloy saddle type sabot. It is capable of defeating the NATO Single Heavy Target (150mm RHA at 60°) at 6350 m and the NATO Triple Heavy Target (triple array equivalent to 110mm RHA at 65°) at 6300 m. The L23A1 weighs
582:
7.89 kg and features a 3.89 kg subprojectile containing a 3.69 kg
Tungsten-Nickel-Copper (W.Ni.Cu) alloy monobloc penetrator with a L/D ratio of 14:1. The shot 120 mm TK APFSDS, L23 is used with the L8A1 CCC charge. Designated
631:: This is a relatively low-cost training discarding sabot projectile with the subprojectile made from steel with a light alloy nose. It is lighter, but matches the L23 trajectory to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). Its use also extends barrel life.
488:
was fitted over the barrel of the L11. The projectiles for this ballistically matched those for HESH rounds fired from the main armament out to 2,600 m (2,800 yd), at which point the tracer element burned out. Starting in 1971 a
963:
The Muzzle
Reference System uses a laser beam reflected from a mirror at the muzzle to measure minute dimensional changes in the barrel due to temperature, humidity, etc., which are then compensated for in the Fire Control System. The
375:– RO Defence incorporated numerous minor changes, including a modified vent tube, an obturator sleeve protector, and a 15-hole vent tube magazine. Stronger material was used in fabricating the breech ring.
981:
concluded that engaging targets beyond 3 km (1.9 mi) is not practical due to round deviation. This is especially true against targets that are moving. However see note about 5.1km "kill" in
305:
mountings of the
Chieftain tank (FV4201). After firing trials in 1961, the L11 was accepted for service on the Chieftain in 1965 and entered service with the British Army in 1966.
1359:
1460:
1182:
324:
rounds, which were then in use by the
Germans and Americans. The British Army argued the modifying the turret would be impractical and that a smoothbore gun could not fire
1445:
308:
The adoption of a rifled tank gun on the
Challenger led to some controversy, and some experts later urged the British Army to retrofit the turret to fit the smoothbore
648:
fired using the L3 bag charge, it discharged pellets lethal against unprotected personnel up to a range of 200 m from the gun muzzle. It was not placed in production.
571:(150 mm RHA at 60°), the Triple Heavy Target (triple array equivalent to 115 mm RHA at 60°) at 1000 yards (914 m) or 355 mm at 0° obliquity at 1000 m.
578:
659:
1010:
1265:
968:
had originally been developed to minimise such dimensional changes in the barrel which have an increasing effect on gun accuracy as ranges are increased.
1352:
1450:
1419:
451:
Unlike most
Western tank weapons which fire a single fixed round, the projectile and propellant are loaded separately. And unlike the Soviet 125-mm
455:, the propellant is in the form of a combustible bagged charge (or later, a combustible charge case for armour-piercing rounds). This required the
354:
Since its introduction, the L11 has evolved into eight production versions. In June 1976, development of new ammunition for the L11A5 was begun.
1345:
362:
The Royal
Ordnance basic L11 design was developed into a series of improved production models; the L11A5 was the major production version.
604:
combination was about 15% better in penetration terms than the L23A1 and closer to 25% when fired from the L30A1 gun with the L14 charge.
625:: Matches the L31 HESH in ballistic performance. It is the same shape, though it is supplied in a different colour to prevent confusion.
1216:
1140:
1074:
1051:
43:
563:
332:
argued that the later concern was unwarranted. In the mid 1980s the
British Army adopted an "operational emergency" APFDS round.
1290:
910:
1096:
440:
37 cm (15 in) in most applications. This breechblock design was based on the breechblock on the Krupp/Skoda
1014:
655:
467:
325:
1455:
861:: French equivalent, developed by Établissement d'Études et de Fabrication d'Armements de Bourges (EFAB) in 1979.
669:
253:
115:
1041:
466:
When first introduced, APDS (armour-piercing discarding sabot) rounds were fired using a cylindrical charge.
978:
621:
394:
1381:
407:– This was a conversion of the A3 to accommodate the Muzzle Reference System and fume extractor of the A5.
688:: a product improved smoke round with a new CCC charge. Developed by the RARDE, it was unveiled in 1976.
301:
1183:"President's Letter 03/00: Safety Precautions for Operating with Depleted Uranium (DU) Tank Ammunition"
463:
in the breech rather than the cartridge case, as in fixed rounds and 125 mm separate-loaded ones.
296:
designed a new 120 mm rifled tank gun in 1957. The new gun was deemed to be necessary because the
276:, which replaced the Chieftain in British and Jordanian service. The weapon has been superseded by the
233:
design. It was the second 120 mm calibre tank gun in service with
British Army. It was the first of
1037:
926:
511:
329:
226:
249:. A total of 3,012 of the L11 guns were produced by 2005. The list price was US$ 227,000 in 1990.
1396:
848:
825:
416:
309:
277:
186:
413:– A semi-automatic plunger was proposed for the vent tube loader, but did not enter production.
1424:
1401:
1386:
1212:
1136:
1047:
900:
494:
401:
which required the addition of 7.7 kilograms (17 lb) of weight at the breech for balance.
261:
1337:
867:: Experimental British weapon of the late 1970s/early 1980s. Was to have equipped the MBT-80.
532:
Maximum range/velocity (APDS): 3,000 metres (3,300 yd), 4,495 ft/s (1,370 m/s)
1232:
1157:
982:
490:
445:
336:
269:
265:
238:
1291:"Budget cuts and environmental concerns put UK depleted uranium upgrade out of the picture"
535:
Maximum range/velocity (HESH): 8,000 metres (8,700 yd), 2,198 ft/s (670 m/s)
906:
842:
586:
when fired with modified L14 CCC. The L23A1 is still in service in the Royal Army of Oman.
460:
965:
920:
876:
829:
813:
478:
474:
436:. The gun was equipped with a hydro-pneumatic recoil system using two buffers. The gun
398:
343:
scored the longest tank-to-tank "kill" in military history, when it destroyed an Iraqi
257:
1439:
645:
293:
289:
97:
17:
707:
568:
441:
420:
340:
297:
273:
206:
1298:
934:
916:
880:
852:
485:
433:
317:
1266:"120 mm BAE Systems, Global Combat Systems - Munitions, UK tank gun ammunition"
1209:
Challenger 1 Main Battle Tank 1983-2001 Fv 4030/4 Model Owners' Workshop Manual
845:: Russian 125-mm equivalent, developed by Spetstekhnika Design Bureau in 1960s.
890:
719:
456:
170:
313:
419:(EXP 32M1) – A further development of the L11 design, developed under the
1369:
870:
858:
246:
230:
896:
242:
196:
930:
886:
864:
800:
754:
437:
321:
654:: The Product-Improved Squashed Head was an improved 120 mm
393:– This was the main production model. It introduced the integral
787:
767:
741:
679:
452:
344:
234:
1341:
723:
Map with L11A5 operators in blue with former operators in red
529:
Maximum design pressure: 497.7 megapascals (72,190 psi)
387:– Evaluation test prototype for an automatic loading system.
526:
Maximum proof pressure: 482.3 megapascals (69,950 psi)
348:
48:
Gun on Challenger 1 tank at Bovington Tank Museum, UK, 2010
432:
The breech mechanism is a downward sliding semi-automatic
510:
Barrel length: 6.604 metres (21 ft 8.0 in) (55
658:
developed by the RARDE. Unveiled in 1976, it featured a
477:
approximately two-thirds of the way to the muzzle and a
484:
When first introduced, a 12.7 mm (.50 in) calibre
678:: an illuminating round fitted with an airburst time
523:
Recoil distance: 37 centimetres (1 ft 3 in)
517:
Length overall: 6.858 metres (22 ft 6.0 in)
381:– This incorporated minor changes to the breech ring.
290:
Royal Armament Research and Development Establishment
98:
Royal Armament Research and Development Establishment
369:– The initial production variant; 130 were produced.
1075:"Desert Storm Part 22: Charge of the Heavy Brigade"
205:
195:
185:
169:
161:
153:
148:
140:
129:
121:
111:
103:
93:
88:
74:
66:
61:
53:
34:
682:, developed by the RARDE, it was unveiled in 1976.
672:, developed by the RARDE, it was unveiled in 1976.
873:: French equivalent, developed by EFAB in 1980s.
837:Weapons of comparable role, performance and era
444:that the British studied extensively after the
320:. This would allow the British to fire 120 mm
1077:. British Army Official Blog. 28 February 2016
448:and perfected for use in the 120 mm gun.
1353:
245:for Western tanks in the later period of the
8:
1131:Gander, Terry; Hogg, Ian (1 December 1993).
1325:Design and Development of Fighting Vehicles
1099:. British Army Official Blog. 11 March 2016
1461:Military equipment introduced in the 1960s
1360:
1346:
1338:
1004:
1002:
919:: Russian 125-mm equivalent, developed by
828:: British rifled equivalent, developed by
31:
1334:. AFV Profile No. 19. Profile Publishing.
1135:. Jane's Information Group. p. 160.
473:The barrel of the L11A5 is fitted with a
1446:Cold War artillery of the United Kingdom
1297:. ICBUW. 18 January 2011. Archived from
1211:. J H Haynes & Co Ltd. p. 160.
909:: South Korean equivalent, developed by
718:
1188:. Bristol: Ordnance Board. 23 June 2000
1097:"Desert Storm Part 24: Back to Germany"
1046:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 184–185.
998:
947:
710:main battle tanks (phased out in 2018).
520:Weight: 1,778 kilograms (3,920 lb)
507:Calibre: 120 millimetres (4.7 in)
328:rounds. Polish-British tank historian
351:(2.9 miles) with an L23 "Fin" round.
7:
1156:Pengelley, Rupert (8 January 2001).
899:: Japanese equivalent, developed by
544:Elevation: +20/−10 on Chieftain Mk 2
541:Sustained rate of fire: 6 rounds/min
280:series 120 mm rifled tank gun.
260:as the successor to the 105 mm
1332:Chieftain and Leopard (Description)
929:: Turkish equivalent, developed by
889:: Italian equivalent, developed by
879:: Israeli equivalent, developed by
252:The L11 was developed by Britain's
1207:Taylor, Dick (24 September 2015).
1133:Jane's Ammunition Handbook 1994-95
851:: German equivalent, developed by
538:Maximum rate of fire: 8 rounds/min
25:
1158:"New projectile for Challenger 2"
514:, i.e., 55 times 120 millimetres)
1415:
1414:
806:
793:
780:
760:
747:
734:
564:armour-piercing discarding sabot
397:(MRS) and a smaller and lighter
42:
1451:Tank guns of the United Kingdom
1246:"Improved Chieftain for Iran".
1196:– via whatdotheyknow.com.
865:EXP-28M1 120 mm rifled tank gun
241:guns which became the standard
911:Agency for Defense Development
130:
1:
1270:39.107.233.64:8413/zbbd/index
493:LF2 "Tank Laser Sight" (TLS)
1248:International Defense Review
1011:"L11 and L30 120mm Tank Gun"
1043:Tanks: 100 Years of History
881:Israeli Military Industries
421:Challenger Armament program
211:6–8 rounds per minute
1477:
1327:. London: Macdonald, 1968.
954:sometimes abbreviated "Tk"
600:with the L14 charge). The
468:High explosive squash head
272:. It was also used on the
223:Gun, 120 mm, Tank L11
1410:
1377:
686:Product-Improved Smoke WP
339:an L11 on a British Army
180:
54:Place of origin
41:
1402:165 mm L9 Demolition Gun
1009:Forecast International.
569:NATO Single Heavy Target
254:Royal Ordnance Factories
221:, officially designated
116:Royal Ordnance Factories
979:Aberdeen Proving Ground
977:Testing at the US Army
826:L30A1 120 mm rifled gun
596:with the L8 charge and
498:the Chieftain in 1979.
395:Muzzle Reference System
1295:bandepleteduranium.org
913:(ADD) and WIA in 2008.
849:Rheinmetall 120 mm gun
724:
312:adopted by the German
207:Rate of fire
1254:(4): 98. August 1976.
722:
662:and a new CCC charge.
636:Prototypes ammunition
1038:Ogorkiewicz, Richard
1017:on 10 November 2013.
887:OTO Breda 120 mm gun
704:L28A2 / L23A2 APFSDS
642:L35A1 Anti-Personnel
219:Royal Ordnance L11A5
201:120 mm (4.7 in)
165:6.858 m (22 ft 6 in)
18:Royal Ordnance L11A5
1323:Ogorkiewicz, R.M.,
1027:Ogorkiewicz, p. 50.
927:MKE 120 mm tank gun
871:CN120-26 120 mm gun
859:CN120-25 120 mm gun
670:shaped-charge shell
330:Richard Ogorkiewicz
225:, is a 120 mm
176:55 calibres (6.6 m)
157:1,778 kg (3,920 lb)
1301:on 19 October 2019
917:2A82-1M 125 mm gun
725:
676:Illuminating shell
554:Service ammunition
459:to be provided by
442:sFH 18/43 model 18
347:at a range of 4.7
310:Rheinmetall Rh-120
89:Production history
70:1966–present
1433:
1432:
1425:List of tank guns
1420:British tank guns
1382:QF 20-pdr (84 mm)
1372:post-World War II
1330:Norman, Michael.
1121:. p. 51, para. 3.
901:Japan Steel Works
728:Current operators
495:laser rangefinder
491:Barr & Stroud
358:Production models
302:engagement ranges
215:
214:
16:(Redirected from
1468:
1456:120 mm artillery
1418:
1417:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1339:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1187:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1128:
1122:
1119:The Guns 1939-45
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1013:. Archived from
1006:
986:
983:Operation Granby
975:
969:
961:
955:
952:
812:
810:
809:
799:
797:
796:
786:
784:
783:
774:Former operators
766:
764:
763:
753:
751:
750:
740:
738:
737:
446:Second World War
337:Operation Granby
264:gun used in the
239:main battle tank
132:
125:$ 227,000 (1990)
46:
37:
32:
21:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1406:
1373:
1368:United Kingdom
1366:
1315:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1245:
1244:
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1231:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:
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1164:
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1125:
1116:
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1073:
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1068:
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1036:
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1008:
1007:
1000:
995:
990:
989:
976:
972:
962:
958:
953:
949:
944:
907:CN08 120 mm gun
843:2A46 125 mm gun
839:
822:
807:
805:
794:
792:
781:
779:
776:
761:
759:
748:
746:
735:
733:
730:
717:
638:
629:L20A1 DS/T Prac
556:
551:
504:
430:
360:
286:
237:'s 120 mm
181:
83:
81:
79:
67:In service
62:Service history
49:
35:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1474:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1438:
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1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1367:
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1364:
1357:
1350:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1313:
1312:
1282:
1257:
1238:
1224:
1218:978-0857338150
1217:
1199:
1174:
1148:
1142:978-0710611673
1141:
1123:
1110:
1088:
1066:
1052:
1029:
1020:
997:
996:
994:
991:
988:
987:
970:
966:thermal sleeve
956:
946:
945:
943:
940:
939:
938:
924:
921:Uralvagonzavod
914:
904:
897:JSW 120 mm gun
894:
884:
877:IMI 120 mm gun
874:
868:
862:
856:
846:
838:
835:
834:
833:
830:ROF Nottingham
821:
818:
817:
816:
814:United Kingdom
803:
790:
775:
772:
771:
770:
757:
744:
729:
726:
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713:
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711:
701:
695:
689:
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673:
663:
649:
637:
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617:
611:
605:
587:
572:
555:
552:
550:
547:
546:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
508:
503:
500:
479:thermal sleeve
475:bore evacuator
429:
426:
425:
424:
414:
408:
402:
399:fume extractor
388:
382:
376:
370:
359:
356:
285:
282:
270:Conqueror tank
268:and the heavy
266:Centurion tank
258:Chieftain tank
213:
212:
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189:
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182:
178:
177:
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167:
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159:
158:
155:
151:
150:
149:Specifications
146:
145:
144:L11A1 to L11A7
142:
138:
137:
134:
127:
126:
123:
122:Unit cost
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
86:
85:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:
57:United Kingdom
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1462:
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1398:
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1371:
1363:
1358:
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1299:the original
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698:L28A1 APFSDS
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620:L34A2 Smoke/
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590:L26A1 APFSDS
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575:L23A1 APFSDS
574:
562:: The L15A5
560:L15A5 APDS-T
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341:Challenger 1
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298:British Army
287:
274:Challenger 1
251:
222:
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173: length
112:Manufacturer
75:Used by
26:
1318:Works cited
1103:27 December
1081:27 December
935:Hyundai WIA
853:Rheinmetall
668:: A finned
486:ranging gun
434:breechblock
318:M1A1 Abrams
133: built
1440:Categories
1397:120 mm L30
1392:120 mm L11
993:References
891:OTO Melara
708:Al-Hussein
656:HESH round
608:L31A7 HESH
549:Ammunition
457:obturation
300:specified
229:55 rifled
1387:105 mm L7
1370:tank guns
1275:13 August
1162:janes.com
1059:16 August
715:Operators
602:Jericho 1
598:Jericho 2
594:Jericho 1
584:Jericho 2
314:Leopard 2
1305:22 March
1233:"Jane's"
1192:22 March
1167:10 March
1040:(2015).
937:in 2016.
923:in 2014.
903:in 2008.
893:in 1988.
883:in 1988.
855:in 1974.
832:in 1989.
820:See also
512:calibres
247:Cold War
231:tank gun
141:Variants
104:Designed
94:Designer
438:recoils
335:During
284:History
243:calibre
197:Calibre
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755:Jordan
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739:
579:APFSDS
428:Design
322:APFSDS
171:Barrel
162:Length
82:Jordan
36:L11A5
29:Weapon
1186:(PDF)
942:Notes
577:: An
461:rings
411:L11A7
405:L11A6
391:L11A5
385:L11A4
379:L11A3
373:L11A2
367:L11A1
187:Shell
136:3,012
1307:2020
1277:2022
1213:ISBN
1194:2020
1169:2022
1137:ISBN
1105:2016
1083:2016
1061:2024
1048:ISBN
933:and
788:Iraq
768:Oman
742:Iran
692:BD26
680:fuze
666:HEAT
652:PISH
644:: A
453:2A46
345:T-55
326:HESH
288:The
235:NATO
217:The
154:Mass
107:1957
84:Oman
80:Iran
417:L30
292:at
278:L30
131:No.
1442::
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1001:^
622:WP
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349:km
262:L7
227:L/
78:UK
1361:e
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20:)
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