193:. According to adults who stutter, stuttering is defined as a "constellation of experiences" expanding beyond the external disfluencies that are apparent to the listener. In fact, most of the experience of stuttering is internal and encompasses more experiences beyond the external speech disfluencies that are not observable by the listener. The moment of stuttering often begins before the disfluency is produced, described as a moment of anticipation - where the person who stutters knows which word they are going to stutter on. The sensation of losing control and anticipation of a stutter can lead people who stutter to react in different ways including behavioral and cognitive reactions. Some behavioral reactions can manifest outwardly and be observed as physical tension or struggle anywhere in the body. Almost 80 million people worldwide stutter, about 1% of the world's population.
761:, who claimed that the onset of stuttering was connected to the cultural expectations and the pressure put on young children by anxious parents, which has since been debunked. Later studies found that this claim was not supported by the facts, so the influence of cultural factors in stuttering research declined. It is generally accepted by contemporary scholars that stuttering is present in every culture and in every race, although the attitude towards the actual prevalence differs. Some believe stuttering occurs in all cultures and races at similar rates, about 1% of general population (and is about 5% among young children) all around the world. A US-based study indicated that there were no racial or ethnic differences in the incidence of stuttering in preschool children.
749:, or the proportion of individuals expected to stutter at one time in their lives, is about 5–6%, and overall males are affected two to five times more often than females. As seen in children who have just begun stuttering, there is an equivalent number of boys and girls who stutter. Still, the sex ratio appears to widen as children grow: among preschoolers, boys who stutter outnumber girls who stutter by about a two to one ratio, or less. This ratio widens to three to one during first grade, and five to one during fifth grade, as girls have higher recovery rates. the overall prevalence of stuttering is generally considered to be approximately 1%.
506:(SLP). Diagnosis of stuttering employs information both from direct observation of the individual and information about the individual's background, through a case history. The SLP may collect a case history on the individual through a detailed interview or conversation with the parents (if client is a child). They may also observe parent-child interactions and observe the speech patterns of the child's parents. The overall goal of assessment for the SLP will be (1) to determine whether a speech disfluency exists, and (2) assess if its severity warrants concern for further treatment.
518:
factors including: anxiety (Endler multidimensional anxiety scales (EMAS)), attitudes (personal report of communication apprehension (PRCA)), perceptions of self (self-rating of reactions to speech situations (SSRSS)), quality of life (overall assessment of the speaker's experience of stuttering (OASES)), behaviors (older adult self-report (OASR)), and mental health (composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI)).
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stuttering as a defect and instead positions stuttering as a valuable and respectable way of speaking in its own right. The movement encourages stutterers to take pride in their unique speech patterns and in what stuttering can tell us about the world. It also advocates for societal adjustments to allow stutterers equal access to education and employment opportunities, and addresses how this may impact
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514:). They might also employ a test to evaluate the severity of the stuttering and predictions for its course. One such test includes the stuttering prediction instrument for young children (SPI), which analyzes the child's case history, and stuttering frequency in order to determine the severity of the disfluency and its prognosis for chronicity for the future.
960:. Churchill claimed, perhaps not directly discussing himself, that "ometimes a slight and not unpleasing stammer or impediment has been of some assistance in securing the attention of the audience ..." However, those who knew Churchill and commented on his stutter believed that it was or had been a significant problem for him. His secretary
1078:, have begun to embrace their stuttering voices as an important part of their identity. In July 2015 the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) announced the launch of the Defence Stammering Network to support and champion the interests of British military personnel and MOD civil servants who stammer and to raise awareness of the condition.
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blinking and lip movements, may be used, as well as fear and avoidance of sounds, words, people, or speaking situations. Eventually, some become fully aware of their disorder and begin to identify themselves as stutterers. Depending on the situation, this may come with deeper frustration, embarrassment and shame.
510:(number of iterations, percentage of syllables stuttered (%SS)), and speaking rate (syllables per minute (SPM), words per minute (WPM)). They may also test for naturalness and fluency in speaking (naturalness rating scale (NAT), test of childhood stuttering (TOCS)) and physical concomitants during speech (
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Self-help and advocacy organisations for people who stammer have reportedly been in existence since the 1920s. In 1921, a
Philadelphia-based attorney who stammered, J. Stanley Smith, established the Kingsley Club. Designed to support people with a stammer in the Philadelphia area, the club
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World
Congress is primarily focused on people who stutter. There is also Joint World Congress on Stuttering and Cluttering that brings together academics, researchers, speech-language pathologists, people who stutter, and people who clutter for a focus more on research, viewpoints, and treatments for
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In some cases, stuttering may be acquired in adulthood as the result of a neurological event such as a head injury, tumour, stroke, or drug use. This stuttering has different characteristics from its developmental equivalent: it tends to be limited to part-word or sound repetitions, and is associated
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Stuttering is a multifaceted, complex disorder that can impact an individual's life in a variety of ways. Children and adults are monitored and evaluated for evidence of possible social, psychological or emotional signs of stress related to their disorder. Some common assessments of this type measure
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repositioning stuttering as a valuable and respectable way of speaking. The movement seeks to counter the societal narratives in which temporal and societal expectations dictate how communication takes place. In this sense, the stuttering pride movement challenges the pervasive societal narrative of
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Many counties have regular events and activities to get people who stutter together in mutual support. These events take place at regional, national, and international level. At a regional level, there are often stuttering support or chapter groups that look to provide a place for people who stutter
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Altered auditory feedback effect can be produced by speaking in chorus with another person, by blocking out the voice of the person who stutters while they are talking (masking), by delaying slightly the voice of the person who stutters (delayed auditory feedback) or by altering the frequency of the
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are frequent in people who stutter, and may increase tension and effort. With time, continued negative experiences may crystallize into a negative self-concept and self-image. People who stutter may project their own attitudes onto others, believing that the others think them nervous or stupid. Such
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These behavioral reactions are those that might not be apparent to listeners and only be perceptible to people who stutter. Some people who stutter exhibit covert behaviors such as avoiding speaking situations, substituting words/phrases when they know they are going to stutter, or use other methods
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With time a young person who stutters might transition from easy, relaxed repetition to more tense and effortful stuttering, including blocks and prolongations. Some propose that parental reactions may affect this development. With time, secondary stuttering, including escape behaviours such as eye
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diagnostic codes. The DSM-5 describes "Childhood-Onset
Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)" for developmental stuttering, and "Adult-onset Fluency Disorder". However, the specific rationale for this change from the DSM-IV is ill-documented in the APA's published literature, and is felt by some to promote
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that reduce stuttering. Overactivity of the midbrain has been found at the level of the substantia nigra extended to the red nucleus and subthalamic nucleus, which all contribute to the production of dopamine. However, increased dopamine does not imply increased excitatory function since dopamine's
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tragic case of a man from Sydney who "sought relief from the effects of stammering in suicide". As well as providing self-help, this club adopted an advocacy role with the intention of appealing to the
Government to provide special education and to fund research into the causes of stammering.
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Different regions of the world are researched unevenly. The largest number of studies has been conducted in
European countries and in North America, where the experts agree on the mean estimate to be about 1% of the general population. African populations, particularly from West Africa, might have
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Additionally, psychogenic stuttering may also arise after a traumatic experience such as a death, the breakup of a relationship or as the psychological reaction to physical trauma. Its symptoms tend to be homogeneous: the stuttering is of sudden onset and associated with a significant event, it is
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Other patterns of stuttering development have been described, including sudden onset, with the child being unable to speak, despite attempts to do so. The child usually is unable to utter the first sound of a sentence, and shows high levels of awareness and frustration. Another variety also begins
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is the ability to speak two languages. Many bilingual people have been exposed to more than one language since birth and throughout childhood. Since language and culture are relatively fluid factors in a person's understanding and production of language, bilingualism may be a feature that impacts
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Prognosis is guarded with later age of onset: children who start stuttering at age 3½ years or later, and/or duration of greater than 6–12 months since onset, that is, once stuttering has become established, about 18% of children who stutter after five years recover spontaneously. Stuttering that
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While there is no cure for stuttering, several treatment options exist and the best option is dependent on the individual. Therapy should be individualized and tailored to the specific and unique needs of the client. The speech–language pathologist and the client typically work together to create
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Avoidance
Reduction Therapy for Stuttering (ARTS) is an effective form of modification therapy. It is a framework based on theories developed by professor Joseph Sheehan and his wife Vivian Sheehan. This framework focuses on self-acceptance as someone who stutters, and efficient, spontaneous and
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During direct observation of the client, the SLP will observe various aspects of the individual's speech behaviors. In particular, the therapist might test for factors including the types of disfluencies present (using a test such as the
Disfluency Type Index (DTI)), their frequency and duration
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Stuttering is not connected to the physical production of speech sounds or putting thoughts into words. Acute nervousness and stress are not thought to cause stuttering, but they can trigger stuttering in people who have the speech disorder, and living with a stigmatized disability can result in
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Other support groups for people who stammer began to emerge in the first half of the twentieth century. In 1935 a
Stammerer's Club was established in Melbourne, Australia, by a Mr H. Collin of Thornbury. At the time of its formation it had 68 members. The club was formed in response to the
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placed upon the person by the speaking situation. Demands may be increased by internal factors or inadequate language skills or external factors. In stuttering, the severity of the disorder is seen as likely to increase when demands placed on the person's speech and language system exceed their
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The impact of discrimination against stuttering can be severe. This may result in fears of stuttering in social situations, self-imposed isolation, anxiety, stress, shame, low self-esteem, being a possible target of bullying or discrimination, or feeling pressured to hide stuttering. In popular
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Some stuttering is also believed to be caused by neurophysiology. Neurogenic stuttering typically appears following some sort of injury or disease to the central nervous system. Injuries to the brain and spinal cord, including cortex, subcortex, cerebellum, and even the neural pathway regions.
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Preschool aged children often have difficulties with speech concerning motor planning and execution; this often manifests as disfluencies related to speech development (referred to as normal dysfluency or "other disfluencies"). This type of disfluency is a normal part of speech development and
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There is evidence of differences in linguistic processing between people who stutter and people who do not. Brain scans of adult stutterers have found greater activation of the right hemisphere, which is associated with emotions, than of the left hemisphere, which is associated with speech. In
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In and around eighteenth and nineteenth century Europe, surgical interventions for stuttering were recommended, including cutting the tongue with scissors, removing a triangular wedge from the posterior tongue, and cutting nerves, or neck and lip muscles. Others recommended shortening the
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The child is having difficulty using grammatically complex sentences in one or both languages as compared to other children of the same age. Also, the child may make grammatical mistakes. Developing proficiency in both languages may be gradual, so development may be uneven between the two
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People who stutter may have reactions, avoidance behaviors, or secondary behaviors related to their stuttering that may look like struggle and tension in the body. These could range anywhere from tension in the head and neck, behaviors such as snapping or tapping, or facial grimacing.
865:. Believing that fear aggravated stuttering, he suggested techniques to overcome this. Humoral manipulation continued to be a dominant treatment for stuttering until the eighteenth century. Partly due to a perceived lack of intelligence because of his stutter, the man who became the
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At a national level, stuttering charities or groups host conferences. Conferences can vary in their focus and scope, some focus on the latest research developments, some on stuttering and the arts and others still look to provide a space for stutterers simply to come together.
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Because of the unusual-sounding speech that is produced and the behaviors and attitudes that accompany a stutter, it has long been a subject of scientific interest and speculation as well as discrimination and ridicule. People who stutter can be traced back centuries to
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There is evidence that stuttering is more common in children who also have concurrent speech, language, learning or motor difficulties. For some people who stutter, congenital factors may play a role. In others, there could be added impact due to stressful situations.
976:, both caused in large measure by a defect in his palate, Churchill was at first seriously hampered in his public speaking. It is characteristic of the man's perseverance that, despite his staggering handicap, he made himself one of the greatest orators of our time."
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Healey, E. C., Reid, R., & Donaher, J. (2005). Treatment of the child who stutters with co-existing learning, behavioral, and cognitive challenges. In R. Lees & C. Stark (Eds.), The treatment of stuttering in the young school-aged child (pp. 178–196). Whurr
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Whilst
Kingsley himself did not appear to recommend self-help or advocacy groups for people who stammer, the Kingsley Club promoted a positive mental attitude to support its members in becoming confident speakers, in a similar way discussed by Charles Kingsley in
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Stuttering may present differently depending on the languages the individual uses. For example, morphological and other linguistic differences between languages may make presentation of disfluency appear to be more or less depending on the individual case.
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Auditory processing deficits have also been proposed as a cause of stuttering. Stuttering is possibly less prevalent in deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals, and stuttering is occasionally reduced when auditory feedback is altered, such as by
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Neurogenic stuttering (stuttering that occurs secondary to brain damage, such as after a stroke) and psychogenic stuttering (stuttering related to a psychological condition) are less common and classified separately from developmental.
928:– 912), called Balbulus ("The Stutterer") and described by his biographer as being "delicate of body but not of mind, stuttering of tongue but not of intellect, pushing boldly forward in things Divine," was invoked against stammering.
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Developmental stuttering is stuttering that originates when a child is learning to speak and may persist as the child matures into adulthood. Stuttering that persists after the age of seven is classified as persistent stuttering.
212:, which means that in certain situations, such as talking on the telephone or in a large group, the stuttering might be more or less noticeable. People who stutter often find that their stuttering fluctuates, sometimes at random.
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the highest stuttering prevalence in the world—reaching in some populations 5%, 6% and even over 9%. Many regions of the world are not researched sufficiently, and for some major regions there are no prevalence studies at all.
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Other much less common causes of stuttering include neurogenic stuttering (stuttering that occurs secondary to brain damage, such as after a stroke) and psychogenic stuttering (stuttering related to a psychological condition).
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Stuttering usually begins in early childhood. The mean onset of stuttering is 30 months. With young stutterers, disfluency may be episodic, and periods of stuttering are followed by periods of relatively decreased disfluency.
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characterized externally by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words, or phrases as well as involuntary silent pauses or blocks in which the person who stutters is unable to produce sounds.
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For centuries "cures" such as consistently drinking water from a snail shell for the rest of one's life, "hitting a stutterer in the face when the weather is cloudy", strengthening the tongue as a muscle, and various
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There is evidence for structural and functional differences in the brains of stutterers. Research is complicated by the possibility that such differences could be the consequences of stuttering rather than a cause.
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for spontaneously recovery is about 65% to 87.5%. By 7 years of age or within the first two years of stuttering, and about 74% recover by their early teens. In particular, girls are shown to recover more often.
968:. She related one example, "'It's s-s-simply s-s-splendid,' he stuttered—as he always did when excited." Louis J. Alber, who helped to arrange a lecture tour of the United States, wrote in Volume 55 of
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as defined by listeners is most commonly associated with involuntary sound repetition, but it also encompasses the abnormal hesitation or pausing before speech, referred to by people who stutter as
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Syllable repetition—a single syllable word is repeated (for example: "on-on-on a chair") or a part of a word which is still a full syllable such as "un-un-under the ..." and "o-o-open".
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The goal of stuttering modification therapy is not to eliminate stuttering but to modify it so that stuttering is easier and less effortful. The most widely known approach was published by
790:) from both languages in one sentence. This is a normal process that helps the child increase their skills in the weaker language, but may trigger a temporary increase in disfluency.
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Common stuttering behaviors are observable signs of speech disfluencies, for example: repeating sounds, syllables, words or phrases, silent blocks and prolongation of sounds.
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Fluency shaping therapy trains people who stutter to speak less disfluently by controlling their breathing, phonation, and articulation (lips, jaw, and tongue). It is based on
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in 1973 and is also known as block modification therapy. Stuttering modification therapy should not be used to promote fluent speech or presented as a cure for stuttering.
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A variety of hypotheses and theories suggest multiple factors contributing to stuttering. There is strong evidence that stuttering has a genetic basis. Children who have
992:, allowing an infant to look in the mirror, cutting a child's hair before the child spoke his or her first words, having too small a tongue, or the "work of the devil".
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Self-help groups provide people who stutter a shared forum within which they can access resources and support from others facing the same challenges of stuttering.
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techniques. This type of therapy is not considered best practice in the field of speech and language pathology and is potentially harmful and traumatic for clients.
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972:(1942) that "Churchill struggled to express his feelings but his stutter caught him in the throat and his face turned purple" and that "born with a stutter and a
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achievable and realistic goals that target communication confidence, autonomy, managing emotions and stress related to their stutter, and working on disclosure.
360:; the prevalence rate of childhood stuttering in dyslexia is around 30–40%, while in adults the prevalence of dyslexia in adults who stutter is around 30–50%.
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Multi-syllable repetition—more than one syllable such as a whole word, or more than one word is repeated, such as "I know-I know-I know a lot of information."
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853:'s humoral theories were influential in Europe in the Middle Ages for centuries afterward. In this theory, stuttering was attributed to an imbalance of the
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with a relative lack of anxiety and secondary stuttering behaviors. Techniques such as altered auditory feedback are not effective with the acquired type.
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Andrews, G., Craig, A., Feyer, A. M., Hoddinott, S., Howie, P., Neilson, M. (1983). "Stuttering: a review of research findings and theories circa 1982".
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Some characteristics of stuttered speech are not as easy for listeners to detect. As a result, diagnosing stuttering requires the skills of a licensed
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Craig, A., Tran, Y. (2005). "The epidemiology of stuttering: The need for reliable estimates of prevalence and anxiety levels over the lifespan".
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Cross-cultural studies of stuttering prevalence were very active in early and mid-20th century, particularly under the influence of the works of
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Craig, A., Hancock, K., Tran, Y.; Craig, M., Peters, K. (2002). "Epidemiology of stuttering in the community across the entire life span".
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Kloth, S, Janssen, P, Kraaimaat, F, Brutten, G (1995). "Speech-motor and linguistic skills of young people who stutter prior to onset".
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model has been proposed to account for the heterogeneity of the disorder. In this approach, speech performance varies depending on the
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American
Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Author.
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Yairi, E. (1993). "Epidemiologic and other considerations in treatment efficacy research with preschool-age children who stutter".
420:. Researchers estimated that alterations in these three genes were present in 9% of those who have a family history of stuttering.
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also stuttered, and that placing a burning coal in his mouth had caused him to be "slow and hesitant of speech" (Exodus 4, v.10).
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Incomplete syllable repetition—an incomplete syllable is repeated, such as a consonant without a vowel, for example, "c-c-c-cold".
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persists after the age of seven is classified as persistent stuttering, and is associated with a much lower chance of recovery.
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3592:"Stuttering in the Chinese population in some Southeast Asian countries: A preliminary investigation on attitude and incidence"
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The child is having difficulty finding the correct word to express ideas resulting in an increase in normal speech disfluency.
205:(chronic nervousness and stress). Neither acute nor chronic stress, however, itself creates any predisposition to stuttering.
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It was once believed that being bilingual would 'confuse' a child and cause stuttering, but research has debunked this myth.
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speech fluency. There are several ways during which stuttering may be noticed in bilingual children including the following.
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861:, writing in the sixteenth century, proposed to redress the imbalance by changes in diet, reduced libido (in men only), and
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suddenly with frequent word and phrase repetition, and does not include the development of secondary stuttering behaviours.
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1299:"Dysphemia and Dysphonia: Cardinal Features of Three Types of Functional Syndrome: Stuttering, Aphonia and Falsetto (Male)"
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constant and uninfluenced by different speaking situations, and there is little awareness or concern shown by the speaker.
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Johnson, W., L. Duke (1935). "Changes in handedness associated with onset or disappearance of stuttering; sixteen cases".
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capacity to deal with these pressures. However, the precise nature of the capacity or incapacity has not been delineated.
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1999:"The Coexistence of Disabling Conditions in Children Who Stutter: Evidence From the National Health Interview Survey"
884:. All were abandoned due to the danger of bleeding to death and their failure to stop stuttering. Less drastically,
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media, stuttering is sometimes seen as a symptom of anxiety, but there is no direct correlation in that direction.
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Without audible airflow—such as a block of speech or a tense pause where no airflow occurs and no phonation occurs.
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Proctor, A., Duff, M., Yairi, E. (2002). "Early childhood stuttering: African Americans and European Americans".
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It was once thought that forcing a left-handed student to write with their right-hand caused stuttering due to
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and encourage other stutterers to take pride in their stutter and to find how it has been beneficial for them.
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were tried. Similarly, in the past people subscribed to odd theories about the causes of stuttering, such as
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Fibiger S. 2009. Stuttering. In: JH Stone, M Blouin, editors. International Encyclopedia of Rehabilitation.
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effect can be both excitatory or inhibitory depending upon which dopamine receptors have been stimulated.
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who stutter are three times as likely to develop a stutter. In a 2010 article, three genes were found by
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Ambrose, Nicoline Grinager, and Ehud Yairi. "Normative Disfluency Data for Early Childhood Stuttering."
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Stuttering could have a significant negative cognitive and affective impact on the person who stutters.
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Sander RW, Osborne CA (1 November 2019). "Stuttering: Understanding and Treating a Common Disability".
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The cause of developmental stuttering is complex and thought to be neurological with a genetic factor.
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Yairi, E., Ambrose, N. G. (1999). "Early childhood stuttering I: persistency and recovery rates".
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The Stuttering Pride flag symbolises the waves of stuttering pride rippling through the community.
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Rieber, RW, Wollock, J (1977). "The historical roots of the theory and therapy of stuttering".
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Kang C, Riazuddin S, Mundorff J, Krasnewich D, Friedman P, Mullikin JC, Drayna D (2010-02-25).
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These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 16 January 2006
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Yairi, E., Ambrose, N. (1992). "Onset of stuttering in preschool children: selected factors".
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No medication is FDA-approved for stuttering. Some research suggests dopamine antagonists
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feedback (frequency altered feedback). Studies of these techniques have had mixed results.
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commented that "Winston Churchill was born and grew up with a stutter" in her 1941 book
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placed a small forked golden plate under the tongue in order to support "weak" muscles.
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Stuttering can co-occur with other disabilities. These associated disabilities include:
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3072:
3039:
2984:
2605:
2588:
2553:
2419:
2394:
2314:
2281:
2096:
2063:
1828:
1795:
1679:"Traits of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in school-age children who stutter"
1599:
1566:
1375:
678:
joyful communication, essentially, minimizing quality-of-life impact due to stuttering.
472:
Another theory is that adults who stutter have elevated levels of the neurotransmitter
198:
135:
4435:
3741:
3591:
3489:
3325:
1907:
1868:
1811:
1741:
1092:
813:
4760:
4702:
4648:
4536:
4357:
3779:
3680:
3572:
3408:
3390:
3215:
3024:
2177:
1978:
1551:
1415:
1228:
989:
950:
866:
817:
606:
Other disorders with symptoms resembling stuttering, or associated disorders include
405:
323:
negative feelings and attitudes may need to be a major focus of a treatment program.
299:
3859:
2824:
2038:
1663:
1624:"Elevated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children who stutter"
148:
75-80% developmental resolves by late childhood; 15-20% of cases last into adulthood
2957:
2675:
1764:
936:
778:
3994:
3664:
3339:
Yairi, E, Ambrose, N, Cox, N (1996). "Genetics of stuttering: a critical review".
2137:
2120:
1954:
1694:
1639:
1527:
4460:
4272:
4262:
4252:
4010:
2014:
949:
plays George VI, tells his story. The film is based on an original screenplay by
835:, who tried to control his disfluency by speaking with pebbles in his mouth. The
4479:
3816:
3559:
Nwokah, E (1988). "The imbalance of stuttering behavior in bilingual speakers".
3120:"Graphique 1.3 Avantages sanitaires de la lutte contre le changement climatique"
3055:
3000:
1391:
946:
903:
891:
832:
787:
307:
2282:"Mutations in the Lysosomal Enzyme–Targeting Pathway and Persistent Stuttering"
69:
Stammering, alalia syllabaris, alalia literalis, anarthria literalis, dysphemia
4688:
4420:
4199:
2816:
2697:
2376:
2121:"Social anxiety disorder and stuttering: Current status and future directions"
1582:
1193:
910:
746:
611:
4064:
4039:
3974:
3169:
3063:
3008:
2305:
2087:
2022:
1962:
1915:
1819:
1702:
1647:
1590:
1535:
1399:
1322:
4708:
3648:
3454:
3153:"The Pharmacologic Treatment of Stuttering and Its Neuropharmacologic Basis"
2925:
2442:
Soo-Eun, Chang (2007). "Brain anatomy differences in childhood stuttering".
1765:"A Revised Component Model for diagnosing and Treating Children Who Stutter"
1203:
1046:. Kingsley, a nineteenth-century English social reformer and author of
981:
932:
729:
623:
453:
addition, reduced activation in the left auditory cortex has been observed.
291:
290:, with the immediately visible and audible symptoms of stuttering above the
190:
143:
125:
4179:
3749:
3672:
3497:
3462:
3188:
3081:
3016:
2949:
2614:
2561:
2485:
2428:
2410:
2323:
2146:
2105:
2030:
1970:
1923:
1876:
1837:
1780:
1749:
1710:
1655:
1608:
1543:
1407:
872:
was initially shunned from the public eye and excluded from public office.
3913:
3360:
3352:
3298:
3290:
3119:
2862:
2854:
2297:
546:
temporarily present in preschool-aged children who are learning to speak.
246:
With audible airflow—prolongation of a sound occurs such as "mmmmmmmmmom".
17:
3787:
3623:
Stuttering Foundation: A Nonprofit Organization Helping Those Who Stutter
3131:
2941:
2785:
985:
869:
862:
704:
473:
357:
4496:
4314:
Speech Disorder in Nineteenth Century Britain: The History of Stuttering
2220:"NIH study in mice identifies type of brain cell involved in stuttering"
4327:
Goldmark, Daniel. "Stuttering in American Popular Song, 1890–1930." In
3312:
Mansson, H. (2000). "Childhood stuttering: Incidence and development".
1208:
914:
295:
287:
283:
4384:
3399:
2721:
http://cirrie.buffalo.edu/encyclopedia/en/article/158/#s4International
2064:"Language Abilities of Children Who Stutter: A Meta-Analytical Review"
350:(ADHD); the prevalence of ADHD in school-aged children who stutter is
4415:
4396:
3613:
3611:
3609:
881:
836:
607:
409:
363:
3728:
Brosch, S, Pirsig, W. (2001). "Stuttering in history and culture".
4184:. Patrick Campbell, Christopher Constantino, Sam Simpson. . 2019.
4122:
4003:
Perceptions of the Press in Nineteenth-Century British Periodicals
3937:
1440:"Information for Families: Stuttering- What can be done about it?"
1028:
There are two different international meetings of stutterers. The
890:
877:
850:
844:
840:
812:
525:
417:
413:
315:
303:
186:
4350:
Stuttering and Cluttering: Frameworks for understanding treatment
2926:"One size does not fit all: special topics in stuttering therapy"
91:
Involuntary sound repetition and disruption or blocking of speech
4449:
4446:
4353:
2363:
West R, Nelson S, Berry M (1939). "The heredity of stuttering".
973:
311:
4500:
3596:"Stuttering Awareness Day"; Minnesota State University, Mankato
1622:
Druker K, Hennessey N, Mazzucchelli T, Beilby J (2019-03-01).
1427:
1425:
1021:
in the local area to meet, discuss and learn from each other.
3262:
Yairi, E., Ambrose, N. (2005). "Early childhood stuttering".
1851:
Blood GW, Ridenour VJ, Qualls CD, Hammer CS (November 2003).
1567:"Inattentiveness in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder"
1473:
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKalinowskiSaltuklaroglu2006 (
524:
with adequate expertise can also diagnose stuttering per the
512:
Riley's Stuttering Severity Instrument Fourth Edition (SSI-4)
464:
that the individual has for producing fluent speech, and the
3244:
Yairi, E (Fall 2005). "On the Gender Factor in Stuttering".
4181:
Stammering pride and prejudice : difference not defect
4093:
2759:"Trobe University School of Human Communication Disorders"
1892:"Concomitant Disorders in School-Age Children Who Stutter"
1769:
Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders
1726:"Concomitant Disorders in School-Age Children Who Stutter"
1510:
Constantino CD, Campbell P, Simpson S (March–April 2022).
2393:
Watkins KE, Smith SM, Davis S, Howell P (January 2008).
1939:"Do dyslexia and stuttering share a processing deficit?"
2589:"The psychological approach to the preschool stutterer"
2540:
Gordon, N. (2002). "Stuttering: incidence and causes".
1468:
2716:
2714:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
4374:
3151:
Maguire GA, Nguyen DL, Simonson KC, Kurz TL (2020).
3038:
Tichenor SE, Constantino C, Yaruss JS (2022-02-09).
4657:
4626:
4598:
4535:
4470:
4378:
1685:. Special Issue: 9th Oxford Dysfluency Conference.
1336:
World Health Organization ICD-10 F95.8 – Stuttering
152:
142:
131:
119:
111:
103:
95:
85:
73:
65:
60:
1937:Elsherif MM, Wheeldon LR, Frisson S (2021-03-01).
1303:Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery
1292:
1290:
939:, for his stammer. The Academy Award-winning film
185:, and the prolongation of certain sounds, usually
31:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
3649:"Bilinguals who stutter: A cognitive perspective"
3478:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
3443:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
3341:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
3044:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
2989:Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools
2782:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
2003:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
1896:Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools
1730:Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools
1380:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
4333:. New York, London: Routledge. pp. 91–105.
3938:"Local NSA Chapters | Stuttering Support Groups"
2062:Ntourou K, Conture EG, Lipsey MW (August 2011).
1853:"Co-occurring disorders in children who stutter"
1724:Arndt Jennifer, Healey E. Charles (2001-04-01).
1309:(1). American Medical Association (AMA): 74–82.
956:Another British case was that of Prime Minister
4174:
4172:
294:and a broader set of symptoms such as negative
4283:
4005:, Anthem Press, pp. 261–299, 2012-02-01,
1763:Riley Jeanna, Riley Johnetta G. (2000-10-01).
4512:
2068:American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology
1376:"Stuttering as Defined by Adults Who Stutter"
1074:Some people who stutter, and are part of the
988:an infant too much, eating improperly during
857:—yellow bile, blood, black bile, and phlegm.
8:
4331:Sounding Off: Theorizing Disability in Music
3510:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3426:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGuitar2005 (
3257:
3255:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2542:Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology
2253:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGuitar2005 (
2244:
2242:
2240:
1495:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGuitar2005 (
1486:
1484:
1189:American Speech–Language–Hearing Association
1153:Michael Palin Centre for Stammering Children
3279:The Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders
3246:Stuttering Foundation of America Newsletter
966:I was Winston Churchill's Private Secretary
909:attributed stuttering to deviations in the
529:confusion between the very different terms
330:Alternatively, there are those who embrace
4555:European League of Stuttering Associations
4519:
4505:
4497:
4375:
4212:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2388:
2386:
1138:European League of Stuttering Associations
57:
3995:"Fraser's Magazine for Town and Country,
3761:
3759:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3697:Multilingual Aspects of Fluency Disorders
3398:
3227:
3225:
3178:
3168:
3071:
2604:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2418:
2340:. Children.webmd.com. February 10, 2010.
2313:
2136:
2095:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1827:
1598:
1123:All India Institute of Speech and Hearing
3372:
3370:
2836:
2834:
2338:"Genetic Mutations Linked to Stuttering"
2160:St Louis KO, Hinzman AR (October 1988).
1091:
348:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
3878:
3876:
3815:(4). Washington, D.C.: 281 – via
1794:Peterson RL, Pennington BF (May 2012).
1565:Sroubek A, Kelly M, Li X (2013-02-01).
1286:
711:have the potential to treat stuttering.
408:and team to correlate with stuttering:
4639:International Stuttering Awareness Day
4545:American Institute for Stuttering (US)
4297:, and do not reflect subsequent edits.
4205:
3883:Kuster, Judith Maginnis (2005-04-01).
3833:. The Churchill Centre. Archived from
3503:
3421:
2843:Journal of Speech and Hearing Research
2786:https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4204.895
2344:from the original on November 12, 2012
2248:
1490:
1214:International Stuttering Awareness Day
931:A royal Briton who stammered was King
449:(DAF), or frequency altered feedback.
298:hidden below the surface. Feelings of
4152:"Defence Stammering Network launched"
2805:Advances in Speech Language Pathology
2189:
2187:
1374:Tichenor SE, Yaruss JS (2019-12-18).
1054:, had a stammer himself.
826:, had a stammer, as did his siblings.
7:
4585:National Stuttering Association (US)
4570:International Stuttering Association
4065:"THE STAMMERERS' CLUB OF QUEENSLAND"
3619:"Stuttering and the Bilingual Child"
3231:
3106:
3094:
2970:
2911:
2899:
2887:
2875:
2574:
2522:
2510:
2498:
2267:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1315:10.1001/archotol.1937.00650020080011
1143:International Stuttering Association
1030:International Stuttering Association
1677:Donaher J, Richels C (2012-12-01).
1469:Kalinowski & Saltuklaroglu 2006
1042:took inspiration for its name from
953:, who also stuttered until age 16.
4644:National Stuttering Awareness Week
3768:Journal of Communication Disorders
2554:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00806.x
1857:Journal of Communication Disorders
1516:Journal of Communication Disorders
1450:from the original on April 2, 2015
1234:National Stuttering Awareness Week
25:
4682:The Case of the Stuttering Bishop
3730:Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol
3548:. San Diego: Singular Pub. Group.
2664:Journal of Experimental Education
2198:. Cengage Learning. p. 142.
2119:Iverach L, Rapee RM (June 2014).
1997:Briley PM, Ellis C (2018-12-10).
1890:Arndt J, Healey EC (April 2001).
1512:"Stuttering and the social model"
1175:The Indian Stammering Association
1163:Philippine Stuttering Association
1128:American Institute for Stuttering
486:Dopamine hypothesis of stuttering
4282:
4270:
4260:
4250:
3602:from the original on 2011-06-06.
2630:"LEFT-HANDEDNESS AND STUTTERING"
2194:Bloodstein O, Ratner NB (2007).
1170:Stuttering Foundation of America
823:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
786:The child is mixing vocabulary (
4715:Scatman (Ski-Ba-Bop-Ba-Dop-Bop)
4158:from the original on 2015-08-25
4133:from the original on 2015-10-29
4104:from the original on 2015-10-06
3942:National Stuttering Association
3895:from the original on 2005-04-19
3831:"Churchill: A Study in Oratory"
3629:from the original on 2017-09-26
3040:"A Point of View About Fluency"
2628:Bryngelson B, Clark TB (1933).
2286:New England Journal of Medicine
2080:10.1044/1058-0360(2011/09-0102)
1444:speech-language-therapy dot com
1158:National Stuttering Association
1037:Historic advocacy and self-help
996:Society, culture, and community
665:Stuttering modification therapy
492:bias against left-handed people
371:language or learning disability
282:described this in terms of the
4316:, Croom Helm, (London), 1980.
2740:Encyclopedia of Rehabilitation
2676:10.1080/00220973.1935.11010003
1244:Speech and language impairment
1133:British Stammering Association
1103:(or stuttering advocacy) is a
913:, a conclusion he came to via
1:
4575:Israel Stuttering Association
4565:Indian Stammering Association
3885:"Folk Myths About Stuttering"
3742:10.1016/S0165-5876(01)00474-8
3665:10.1016/j.jfludis.2020.105819
3326:10.1016/S0094-730X(99)00023-6
2138:10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.08.003
1955:10.1016/j.jfludis.2020.105827
1869:10.1016/S0021-9924(03)00023-6
1812:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60198-6
1695:10.1016/j.jfludis.2012.08.002
1640:10.1016/j.jfludis.2018.11.002
1528:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2022.106200
1269:Stuttering in popular culture
1166:Taiwan Stuttering Association
1148:Israel Stuttering Association
1007:Stuttering in popular culture
922:
387:other developmental disorders
4011:10.7135/upo9781843317562.019
3914:"Stammering Groups | STAMMA"
3801:Townsend A (December 1928).
3780:10.1016/0021-9924(77)90009-0
3694:Howell P, Borsel JV (2011).
3653:Journal of Fluency Disorders
3573:10.1016/0094-730X(88)90004-6
3561:Journal of Fluency Disorders
3391:10.1016/0094-730X(94)00022-L
3379:Journal of Fluency Disorders
3314:Journal of Fluency Disorders
3216:10.1016/0094-730X(93)90007-Q
3204:Journal of Fluency Disorders
2696:. 2015-08-18. Archived from
2178:10.1016/0094-730X(88)90003-4
2166:Journal of Fluency Disorders
2125:Journal of Fluency Disorders
2015:10.1044/2018_JSLHR-S-17-0378
1943:Journal of Fluency Disorders
1683:Journal of Fluency Disorders
1628:Journal of Fluency Disorders
898:, from a medieval manuscript
4736:Su.. Su... Sudhi Vathmeekam
3490:10.1044/1092-4388(2002/088)
3056:10.1044/2021_JSLHR-21-00342
3001:10.1044/2022_LSHSS-22-00015
2784:42, no. 4 (1999): 895–909.
2365:Quarterly Journal of Speech
1908:10.1044/0161-1461(2001/006)
1742:10.1044/0161-1461(2001/006)
1392:10.1044/2019_JSLHR-19-00137
1239:Neurodevelopmental disorder
1219:Lists of language disorders
504:speech–language pathologist
4788:
4590:Stuttering Foundation (US)
3889:Minnesota State University
2914:, pp. 4, 332, 335–337
1085:
1076:disability rights movement
1070:Disability rights movement
1004:
843:passages to indicate that
820:, the well-known author of
686:
641:
494:, but this myth died out.
483:
256:Outward physical behaviors
29:
4745:
4618:Electronic fluency device
4613:Delayed Auditory Feedback
4580:Michael Palin Centre (UK)
3647:Kornisch M (2020-12-03).
2817:10.1080/14417040500055060
2474:American Family Physician
2377:10.1080/00335633909380434
1583:10.1007/s12264-012-1295-6
1259:Speech–language pathology
689:Electronic fluency device
683:Electronic fluency device
447:delayed auditory feedback
115:Neurological and genetics
80:Speech–language pathology
3961:Thurber J (1930-04-25).
3803:"The Christmas Sequence"
3700:. Multilingual Matters.
3546:A Handbook on Stuttering
3170:10.3389/fnins.2020.00158
2983:Sisskin V (2023-01-17).
2196:A handbook on stuttering
1796:"Developmental dyslexia"
1297:GREENE JS (1937-07-01).
1199:Developmental dysfluency
37:Stammer (disambiguation)
33:Stutter (disambiguation)
3455:10.1044/jslhr.4205.1097
2637:The Journal of Heredity
886:Jean Marc Gaspard Itard
653:Fluency shaping therapy
378:social anxiety disorder
368:intellectual disability
270:to hide their stutter.
4235:Listen to this article
4127:stuttermore.tumblr.com
2924:Yaruss JS (Feb 2003).
1781:10.1044/cicsd_27_F_188
1097:
899:
859:Hieronymus Mercurialis
827:
602:Differential diagnosis
522:Clinical psychologists
476:, and have thus found
458:capacities and demands
402:first-degree relatives
383:speech sound disorders
274:Feelings and attitudes
203:allostatic stress load
121:Differential diagnosis
4216:) CS1 maint: others (
4123:"How To Stutter More"
4044:Sydney Morning Herald
3544:Bloodstein O (1995).
3353:10.1044/jshr.3904.771
3291:10.1044/jshd.4803.226
2902:, pp. 4, 332–335
2855:10.1044/jshr.3504.782
2298:10.1056/nejmoa0902630
1571:Neuroscience Bulletin
1095:
1060:Irrationale of Speech
894:
816:
580:Neurogenic stuttering
338:Associated conditions
4360:: Psychology Press.
4306:More spoken articles
3132:10.1787/888932428576
2942:10.1055/s-2003-37381
2587:Lewis R (May 1949).
2411:10.1093/brain/awm241
1016:Stuttering community
970:The American Mercury
769:Bilingual stuttering
728:Among ages 3–5, the
658:operant conditioning
478:dopamine antagonists
265:Behavioral reactions
221:Audible disfluencies
4668:A Fish Called Wanda
3856:"Churchill Stutter"
1806:(9830): 1997–2007.
628:spasmodic dysphonia
616:Parkinson's disease
589:Acquired stuttering
229:Repeated movements
4748:List of stutterers
4675:Attention bandits!
4471:External resources
4040:"STAMMERERS' CLUB"
3963:"Stammerers' Club"
2890:, pp. 115–116
2745:2013-11-10 at the
2726:2013-11-10 at the
1341:2014-11-02 at the
1274:Stuttering therapy
1224:List of stutterers
1110:stuttering therapy
1098:
1011:List of stutterers
1001:In popular culture
919:Notker of St. Gall
900:
855:four bodily humors
828:
644:Stuttering therapy
42:For the film, see
4754:
4753:
4696:The King's Speech
4649:The Monster Study
4494:
4493:
4367:978-1-84169-334-7
4340:978-0-415-97906-1
4329:Lerner N (2006).
4275:
4265:
4255:
4191:978-1-907826-36-8
4020:978-1-84331-756-2
3707:978-1-84769-358-7
2930:Semin Speech Lang
2205:978-1-4180-4203-5
2009:(12): 2895–2905.
1775:(Fall): 188–199.
1386:(12): 4356–4369.
1264:Speech processing
1254:Speech disfluency
958:Winston Churchill
942:The King's Speech
907:Giovanni Morgagni
670:Charles Van Riper
541:Normal disfluency
436:History of causes
374:seizure disorders
160:
159:
55:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4779:
4772:Speech disorders
4634:Stuttering pride
4521:
4514:
4507:
4498:
4376:
4371:
4344:
4296:
4294:
4286:
4285:
4277:
4276:
4267:
4266:
4257:
4256:
4244:
4242:
4236:
4222:
4221:
4211:
4203:
4176:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4094:"Did I Stutter?"
4090:
4084:
4082:Bermuda Reporter
4079:
4073:
4072:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4027:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3858:. Archived from
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3725:
3712:
3711:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3615:
3604:
3603:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3509:
3501:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3402:
3374:
3365:
3364:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3220:
3219:
3210:(2–3): 197–220.
3199:
3193:
3192:
3182:
3172:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3075:
3035:
3029:
3028:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2878:, pp. 114–5
2873:
2867:
2866:
2838:
2829:
2828:
2800:
2789:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2755:
2749:
2737:
2731:
2718:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2634:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2608:
2584:
2578:
2577:, pp. 16–21
2572:
2566:
2565:
2537:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2469:
2450:
2449:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2422:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2317:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2246:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2140:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2042:
1994:
1983:
1982:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1831:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1435:
1429:
1420:
1419:
1371:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1346:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1294:
1101:Stuttering pride
1088:Stuttering pride
1082:Stuttering pride
1052:The Water Babies
1044:Charles Kingsley
945:(2010) in which
927:
924:
880:or removing the
709:deutetrabenazine
632:selective mutism
620:essential tremor
353:
332:stuttering pride
208:The disorder is
165:, also known as
58:
50:
40:
21:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4741:
4659:Popular culture
4653:
4622:
4594:
4531:
4525:
4495:
4490:
4489:
4466:
4465:
4387:
4368:
4348:Ward D (2006).
4347:
4341:
4328:
4310:
4309:
4298:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4280:
4271:
4261:
4251:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4238:(3 parts,
4237:
4234:
4231:
4229:Further reading
4226:
4225:
4204:
4192:
4178:
4177:
4170:
4161:
4159:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4136:
4134:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4107:
4105:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4076:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4049:
4047:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4025:
4023:
4021:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3979:
3977:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3946:
3944:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3922:
3920:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3898:
3896:
3882:
3881:
3874:
3865:
3863:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3840:
3838:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3765:
3764:
3757:
3727:
3726:
3715:
3708:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3632:
3630:
3617:
3616:
3607:
3588:Joseph Jordania
3585:
3584:
3580:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3502:
3484:(6): 1097–105.
3475:
3474:
3470:
3449:(5): 1097–112.
3440:
3439:
3435:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3376:
3375:
3368:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3260:
3253:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3230:
3223:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3136:
3134:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3093:
3089:
3037:
3036:
3032:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2840:
2839:
2832:
2802:
2801:
2792:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2747:Wayback Machine
2738:
2734:
2728:Wayback Machine
2719:
2712:
2703:
2701:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2644:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2593:Can Med Assoc J
2586:
2585:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2539:
2538:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2501:, pp. 46–7
2497:
2493:
2471:
2470:
2453:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2046:
1996:
1995:
1986:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1493:, pp. 16–7
1489:
1482:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1423:
1373:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1343:Wayback Machine
1334:
1330:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1249:Speech disorder
1184:
1179:
1160:, United States
1118:
1105:social movement
1090:
1084:
1072:
1039:
1018:
1013:
1003:
998:
982:herbal remedies
925:
896:Notker Balbulus
811:
776:
771:
759:Wendell Johnson
755:
743:
726:
718:
691:
646:
640:
604:
591:
582:
565:
552:
543:
500:
488:
438:
395:
390:
351:
340:
276:
267:
258:
223:
218:
216:Characteristics
171:speech disorder
56:
51:
41:
30:
28:
27:Speech disorder
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4785:
4783:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4759:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4722:Rocket Science
4718:
4711:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4663:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4541:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4501:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4452:
4438:
4423:
4408:
4388:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:Classification
4373:
4372:
4366:
4345:
4339:
4312:* Rockey, D.,
4299:
4288:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4268:
4258:
4247:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4190:
4168:
4143:
4114:
4098:Did I Stutter?
4085:
4074:
4056:
4031:
4019:
3986:
3967:The New Yorker
3953:
3929:
3905:
3872:
3847:
3822:
3793:
3755:
3713:
3706:
3686:
3639:
3625:. 6 May 2011.
3605:
3586:Sheree Reese,
3578:
3567:(5): 357–373.
3551:
3536:
3517:
3468:
3433:
3414:
3366:
3347:(4): 771–784.
3331:
3304:
3269:
3251:
3236:
3221:
3194:
3157:Front Neurosci
3143:
3111:
3099:
3087:
3050:(2): 645–652.
3030:
2995:(1): 114–119.
2975:
2963:
2916:
2904:
2892:
2880:
2868:
2830:
2790:
2773:
2764:
2750:
2732:
2710:
2681:
2654:
2620:
2599:(5): 497–500.
2579:
2567:
2527:
2515:
2503:
2491:
2480:(9): 556–560.
2451:
2434:
2405:(Pt 1): 50–9.
2382:
2355:
2329:
2292:(8): 677–685.
2272:
2260:
2251:, pp. 5–6
2236:
2211:
2204:
2183:
2172:(5): 331–355.
2152:
2111:
2074:(3): 163–179.
2054:
2044:
1984:
1929:
1882:
1863:(6): 427–448.
1843:
1786:
1755:
1716:
1689:(4): 242–252.
1669:
1614:
1577:(1): 103–110.
1557:
1502:
1480:
1461:
1430:
1421:
1361:
1347:
1328:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1086:Main article:
1083:
1080:
1071:
1068:
1038:
1035:
1017:
1014:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
810:
807:
799:
798:
794:
791:
775:
774:Identification
772:
770:
767:
754:
753:Cross cultural
751:
742:
739:
725:
722:
717:
714:
713:
712:
701:
697:
696:
687:Main article:
685:
684:
680:
679:
675:
673:
666:
662:
661:
654:
642:Main article:
639:
636:
603:
600:
590:
587:
581:
578:
564:
561:
551:
550:Classification
548:
542:
539:
499:
496:
484:Main article:
437:
434:
394:
391:
389:
388:
385:
380:
375:
372:
369:
366:
361:
355:
344:
339:
336:
280:Joseph Sheehan
275:
272:
266:
263:
257:
254:
253:
252:
251:
250:
247:
243:Prolongations
241:
240:
239:
236:
233:
222:
219:
217:
214:
158:
157:
154:
150:
149:
146:
140:
139:
136:Speech therapy
133:
129:
128:
123:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
89:
83:
82:
77:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
54:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4784:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4749:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4703:My Generation
4700:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4537:Organizations
4534:
4529:
4522:
4517:
4515:
4510:
4508:
4503:
4502:
4499:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4469:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4381:
4377:
4369:
4363:
4359:
4358:New York City
4355:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4322:0-85664-809-4
4319:
4315:
4307:
4303:
4269:
4259:
4249:
4248:
4228:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4144:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4078:
4075:
4071:. 1936-10-10.
4070:
4066:
4060:
4057:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4032:
4022:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3998:
3990:
3987:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3954:
3943:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3862:on 2012-01-13
3861:
3857:
3851:
3848:
3837:on 2005-04-19
3836:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3797:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3774:(1–2): 3–24.
3773:
3769:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3690:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3643:
3640:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3582:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3552:
3547:
3540:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3385:(2): 157–70.
3384:
3380:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3285:(3): 226–46.
3284:
3280:
3273:
3270:
3265:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3144:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3109:, p. 245
3108:
3103:
3100:
3097:, p. 253
3096:
3091:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2976:
2973:, p. 257
2972:
2967:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2700:on 2018-05-20
2699:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2655:
2643:(10): 387–390
2642:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2548:(4): 278–81.
2547:
2543:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2507:
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2055:
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2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1921:
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1229:Monster Study
1227:
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990:breastfeeding
987:
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951:David Seidler
948:
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745:The lifetime
740:
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563:Developmental
562:
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411:
407:
406:Dennis Drayna
403:
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313:
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301:
300:embarrassment
297:
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273:
271:
264:
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4560:FRIENDS (US)
4527:
4478:
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4440:
4425:
4410:
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4349:
4330:
4313:
4311:
4180:
4160:. Retrieved
4146:
4135:. Retrieved
4126:
4117:
4106:. Retrieved
4097:
4088:
4081:
4077:
4068:
4059:
4048:. Retrieved
4046:. 1935-05-23
4043:
4034:
4024:, retrieved
4002:
3996:
3989:
3978:. Retrieved
3966:
3956:
3945:. Retrieved
3941:
3932:
3921:. Retrieved
3917:
3908:
3897:. Retrieved
3864:. Retrieved
3860:the original
3850:
3839:. Retrieved
3835:the original
3825:
3812:
3806:
3796:
3771:
3767:
3733:
3729:
3696:
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3656:
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3642:
3631:. Retrieved
3622:
3595:
3581:
3564:
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3539:
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3506:cite journal
3481:
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3471:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3424:, p. 22
3417:
3382:
3378:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3320:(1): 47–57.
3317:
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3282:
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3272:
3263:
3245:
3239:
3234:, p. 16
3207:
3203:
3197:
3160:
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3146:
3135:. Retrieved
3123:
3114:
3102:
3090:
3047:
3043:
3033:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2966:
2933:
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2849:(4): 782–8.
2846:
2842:
2811:(1): 41–46.
2808:
2804:
2781:
2776:
2767:
2753:
2735:
2702:. Retrieved
2698:the original
2693:
2690:"Stuttering"
2684:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2645:. Retrieved
2640:
2636:
2623:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2570:
2545:
2541:
2525:, p. 43
2518:
2513:, p. 58
2506:
2494:
2477:
2473:
2443:
2437:
2402:
2398:
2371:(1): 23–30.
2368:
2364:
2358:
2346:. Retrieved
2332:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2270:, p. 11
2263:
2228:. Retrieved
2226:. 2019-08-16
2223:
2214:
2195:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2047:
2006:
2002:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1902:(2): 68–78.
1899:
1895:
1885:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1736:(2): 68–78.
1733:
1729:
1719:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1631:
1627:
1617:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1471:, p. 17
1464:
1452:. Retrieved
1443:
1433:
1383:
1379:
1356:"Stuttering"
1350:
1331:
1306:
1302:
1116:Associations
1099:
1073:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1048:Westward Ho!
1047:
1040:
1033:stuttering.
1027:
1023:
1019:
978:
969:
965:
962:Phyllis Moir
955:
940:
937:Lionel Logue
930:
901:
874:
849:
829:
821:
803:
800:
779:Bilingualism
777:
763:
756:
744:
741:Epidemiology
735:
727:
719:
647:
605:
596:
592:
583:
574:
570:
566:
557:
553:
544:
534:
530:
520:
516:
511:
508:
501:
489:
471:
465:
461:
457:
455:
451:
439:
430:
426:
422:
399:
396:
352:around 4–50%
341:
329:
325:
277:
268:
259:
224:
209:
207:
195:
182:
178:
176:
166:
162:
161:
52:
44:
4550:Stamma (UK)
4530:/stammering
4480:MedlinePlus
4069:Cairns Post
3817:Archive.org
3736:(2): 81–7.
3527:ASHA Leader
3422:Guitar 2005
2936:(24): 3–6.
2670:: 112–132.
2249:Guitar 2005
2052:Publishers.
1491:Guitar 2005
947:Colin Firth
904:pathologist
839:interprets
833:Demosthenes
788:code-mixing
700:Medications
308:frustration
96:Usual onset
66:Other names
4767:Stuttering
4761:Categories
4689:K-K-K-Katy
4600:Management
4528:Stuttering
4302:Audio help
4293:2006-01-16
4200:1121135480
4162:2015-07-25
4137:2015-10-05
4108:2015-10-05
4050:2023-08-01
4026:2023-08-01
3980:2023-08-01
3947:2023-07-23
3923:2023-07-23
3918:stamma.org
3899:2005-04-03
3866:2012-01-28
3841:2005-04-05
3808:Dominicana
3633:2017-12-18
3533:(15): 102.
3400:2066/21168
3137:2024-02-07
3124:dx.doi.org
2704:2020-01-29
2647:January 3,
2445:NeuroImage
2348:August 13,
2230:2021-05-16
1949:: 105827.
1800:The Lancet
1522:: 106200.
1194:Cluttering
1005:See also:
926: 840
917:. Blessed
911:hyoid bone
797:languages.
747:prevalence
612:cluttering
535:disfluency
191:semivowels
179:stuttering
167:stammering
163:Stuttering
61:Stuttering
18:Stammering
4729:Stutterer
4709:Porky Pig
4208:cite book
3997:1830–1882
3975:0028-792X
3681:228089017
3409:146130424
3232:Ward 2006
3107:Ward 2006
3095:Ward 2006
3064:1092-4388
3025:253096977
3009:0161-1461
2971:Ward 2006
2912:Ward 2006
2900:Ward 2006
2888:Ward 2006
2876:Ward 2006
2575:Ward 2006
2523:Ward 2006
2511:Ward 2006
2499:Ward 2006
2306:0028-4793
2268:Ward 2006
2131:: 69–82.
2088:1058-0360
2023:1092-4388
1979:231611179
1963:0094-730X
1916:0161-1461
1820:0140-6736
1703:0094-730X
1648:0094-730X
1634:: 80–90.
1591:1995-8218
1552:247096437
1536:0021-9924
1438:Bowen C.
1416:209340288
1400:1092-4388
1323:0886-4470
1204:Dyscravia
933:George VI
730:prognosis
724:Prognosis
638:Treatment
624:palilalia
498:Diagnosis
292:waterline
201:and high
177:The term
153:Frequency
144:Prognosis
138:, support
132:Treatment
126:Dysphonia
107:Long term
99:2–5 years
75:Specialty
45:Stutterer
4608:Overview
4304: ·
4156:Archived
4131:Archived
4102:Archived
3893:Archived
3750:11378182
3673:33296800
3627:Archived
3600:Archived
3590:(2001).
3498:12546480
3463:10515508
3189:32292321
3126:(XLSX).
3082:34982943
3017:36279203
2950:12601580
2825:71565512
2743:Archived
2724:Archived
2615:18125462
2562:11995897
2486:31674746
2429:17928317
2342:Archived
2324:20147709
2147:24929468
2106:21478281
2039:53946065
2031:30458520
1971:33444937
1924:27764357
1877:12967738
1838:22513218
1750:27764357
1711:23218208
1664:53733731
1656:30477807
1609:23299717
1544:35248920
1454:June 19,
1448:Archived
1408:31830837
1339:Archived
1182:See also
986:tickling
902:Italian
870:Claudius
705:ecopipam
474:dopamine
462:capacity
358:dyslexia
296:emotions
210:variable
156:About 1%
104:Duration
87:Symptoms
4461:D013342
4291: (
4243:minutes
3361:8844557
3299:6353066
3180:7118465
3163:: 158.
3073:9135003
2958:8582797
2863:1405533
2606:1591462
2420:2492392
2315:2936507
2097:3738062
1829:3465717
1600:4440572
1209:Fluency
915:autopsy
882:tonsils
863:purging
809:History
716:Support
531:fluency
466:demands
443:masking
288:iceberg
284:analogy
199:anxiety
169:, is a
4485:001427
4450:609261
4447:184450
4402:6A01.1
4364:
4337:
4320:
4198:
4188:
4017:
3973:
3788:325028
3786:
3748:
3704:
3679:
3671:
3496:
3461:
3407:
3359:
3297:
3264:Pro-Ed
3187:
3177:
3080:
3070:
3062:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2956:
2948:
2861:
2823:
2613:
2603:
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2417:
2322:
2312:
2304:
2202:
2145:
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2086:
2037:
2029:
2021:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1922:
1914:
1875:
1836:
1826:
1818:
1748:
1709:
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1597:
1589:
1550:
1542:
1534:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1321:
837:Talmud
630:, and
608:autism
416:, and
410:GNPTAB
393:Causes
364:autism
318:, and
286:to an
187:vowels
183:blocks
112:Causes
47:(film)
4627:Other
4436:307.0
4421:F98.5
3677:S2CID
3405:S2CID
3021:S2CID
2954:S2CID
2821:S2CID
2694:NIDCD
2633:(PDF)
2399:Brain
2224:NIDCD
2035:S2CID
1975:S2CID
1660:S2CID
1548:S2CID
1412:S2CID
1281:Notes
878:uvula
851:Galen
845:Moses
841:Bible
526:DSM-5
418:NAGPA
414:GNPTG
320:guilt
316:anger
304:shame
4456:MeSH
4442:OMIM
4431:9-CM
4406:MA81
4362:ISBN
4356:and
4354:Hove
4335:ISBN
4318:ISBN
4218:link
4214:link
4196:OCLC
4186:ISBN
4015:ISBN
3971:ISSN
3784:PMID
3746:PMID
3702:ISBN
3669:PMID
3512:link
3494:PMID
3459:PMID
3428:help
3357:PMID
3295:PMID
3248:: 5.
3185:PMID
3078:PMID
3060:ISSN
3013:PMID
3005:ISSN
2946:PMID
2859:PMID
2649:2011
2611:PMID
2558:PMID
2482:PMID
2425:PMID
2350:2012
2320:PMID
2302:ISSN
2255:help
2200:ISBN
2143:PMID
2102:PMID
2084:ISSN
2027:PMID
2019:ISSN
1967:PMID
1959:ISSN
1920:PMID
1912:ISSN
1873:PMID
1834:PMID
1816:ISSN
1746:PMID
1707:PMID
1699:ISSN
1652:PMID
1644:ISSN
1605:PMID
1587:ISSN
1540:PMID
1532:ISSN
1497:help
1475:help
1456:2013
1404:PMID
1396:ISSN
1319:ISSN
1050:and
1009:and
974:lisp
707:and
533:and
456:The
312:fear
4427:ICD
4412:ICD
4393:ICD
4007:doi
3776:doi
3738:doi
3661:doi
3569:doi
3486:doi
3451:doi
3395:hdl
3387:doi
3349:doi
3322:doi
3287:doi
3212:doi
3175:PMC
3165:doi
3128:doi
3068:PMC
3052:doi
2997:doi
2938:doi
2851:doi
2813:doi
2672:doi
2601:PMC
2550:doi
2478:100
2415:PMC
2407:doi
2403:131
2373:doi
2310:PMC
2294:doi
2290:362
2174:doi
2133:doi
2092:PMC
2076:doi
2011:doi
1951:doi
1904:doi
1865:doi
1824:PMC
1808:doi
1804:379
1777:doi
1738:doi
1691:doi
1636:doi
1595:PMC
1579:doi
1524:doi
1388:doi
1311:doi
189:or
4763::
4483::
4459::
4445::
4434::
4419::
4416:10
4404:,
4400::
4397:11
4352:.
4241:52
4210:}}
4206:{{
4194:.
4171:^
4154:.
4129:.
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4100:.
4096:.
4067:.
4042:.
4013:,
4001:,
3969:.
3965:.
3940:.
3916:.
3891:.
3887:.
3875:^
3813:13
3811:.
3805:.
3782:.
3772:10
3770:.
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