1906:, and older speakers and official usage in military and government contexts typically still follow the older practice, but most younger speakers and many middle-aged speakers have shifted to the American pronunciation. Some middle-aged speakers cannot even remember the existence of the older pronunciation, even when they are specifically asked whether they can think of another pronunciation. Only 14-19% of 14-year-olds used the traditional pronunciation in a survey in 1972, and in early 2017, they were at least 57 years old.
176:
122:
363:
37:
1816:
1613:. In Ontario, it tends to have a mid-central or even mid-front articulation sometimes approaching , but in the West and the Maritimes, a more retracted sound is heard, which is closer to . For some speakers in the Prairies and in Nova Scotia, the retraction is strong enough to cause some tokens of raised
1042:
remains a low-front vowel in most environments in
Canadian English. Raising along the front periphery of the vowel space is restricted to two environments, before nasal and voiced velar consonants, and even then varies regionally. Ontario and Maritime Canadian English often show some raising before
196:
139:
1720:
Especially in parts of the
Atlantic Provinces, some Canadians do not have Canadian raising. On the other hand, certain non-Canadian accents use Canadian raising. In the United States, it can be found in areas near the border in dialects in the
140:
305:
1792:
131:
1096:
193:
3352:
956:
may be lowered (in the direction of and ) and/or retracted, but studies actually disagree on the trajectory of the shift. For example, Labov and others (2006) noted a backward and downward movement of
2436:
738:) is , as in GenAm, or perhaps somewhat fronted as . As with Canadian raising, the advancement of the raised nucleus can be a regional indicator. A striking feature of Atlantic Canadian speech (in the
2265:
sound is preserved in any environment and not "dropped" after vowels, as commonly done by, for example, speakers in central and southern
England where it is only pronounced when preceding a vowel.
1679:
1665:
716:(more common in the Maritimes and eastern mainland Canada in which it can even be fronted). Speakers with the merger often fail to hear the difference when speakers without the merger, such as
2797:
Boberg, Charles (2011) "Reshaping the Vowel System: An Index of
Phonetic Innovation in Canadian English," University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics: Vol. 17: Iss. 2, Article 4.
1876:
states, "What perhaps most characterizes
Canadian speakers, however, is their use of several possible variant pronunciations for the same word, sometimes even in the same sentence."
1089:
194:
1872:
and so is therefore similar to
American English phonology, the pronunciation of particular words may have British influence, and other pronunciations are uniquely Canadian. The
4737:
2473:
2357:
2241:
1082:
3515:
Regional
Accents ... A distinguishing characteristic of the Upper Midwestern accent is the tendency to turn the 'ing' sound into 'een,' with a cheerful 'Good morneen!'
2325:
4945:
692:, which also occurs primarily in the Western United States but also often elsewhere in the country, especially recently. Few Canadians distinguish the vowels in
4832:
3805:
2361:
1833:
185:
141:
5611:
5212:
2383:
5217:
5180:
4882:
4667:
3774:
3615:
453:
3427:, Excerpts from J.K. Chambers, "Social embedding of changes in progress." Journal of English Linguistics 26 (1998), accessed March 30, 2010.
4902:
3975:
3860:
5750:
4383:
3765:
2272:, Canadian English possesses a wide range of phonological mergers, many of which are not found in other major varieties of English: the
4938:
4488:
1609:
becomes . One of the few phonetic variables that divides
Canadians regionally is the articulation of the raised allophone of that and
1043:
nasals, but it is less extreme than in many
American varieties. Much less raising is heard on the Prairies, and some ethnic groups in
476:
3686:
2668:
The pronunciation with the stress on the second syllable is the most common pronunciation but is considered incorrect by some people.
2627:. This pronunciation is otherwise perceived as incorrect and has been described as a "corruption of the language" by some listeners.
3508:
2875:
1855:
3438:
2273:
5047:
4287:
1190:
1001:
721:
5448:
5435:
4974:
4535:
4331:
3344:
3291:
1374:
1315:
1293:
1284:
1239:
746:) is a nucleus that approaches the front region of the vowel space; it is accompanied by a strong rhoticity ranging from to .
499:
253:
235:
195:
3479:
Another pronunciation even more widely heard among older teens and adults in
California and throughout the West is 'een' for -
5646:
4999:
4852:
4292:
3798:
3472:
2612:
2377:
1837:
1722:
1183:
492:
765:. The latter set of words often distinguishes Canadian from American pronunciation. In Standard Canadian English, there is
5606:
5571:
5202:
4989:
4931:
4892:
4585:
4547:
2258:
591:
Vowel length is a secondary phonemic feature of tense vowels in Canadian English, with the lowered variant of /ɛ/ and the
516:
82:
5192:
5145:
4984:
4887:
4540:
4360:
4177:
3998:
1460:
1158:
1047:
show no pre-nasal raising at all. On the other hand, some speakers in the Prairies and British Columbia have raising of
727:
Some speakers may not exhibit the merger, especially older speakers and those living in rural areas or in the Prairies.
542:
524:
61:
4263:
4253:
3851:
3818:
3814:
2590:
997:
469:
460:
5584:
5120:
5070:
5004:
4979:
4847:
4562:
4420:
3831:
2557:
666:, /u/ is generally fronted in Canadian English. In Victoria, where the historical distinction between post-coronal
2441:
or . For some speakers, the merger is incomplete and 't' before a reduced vowel is sometimes not tapped following
5745:
5293:
5080:
5060:
4827:
4353:
4311:
4282:
4182:
3791:
3581:
Trudgill, Peter; Hannah, Jean (2013). "The pronunciation of Canadian English: General Canadian".
2450:
1726:
1168:
711:
663:
640:
285:
89:
52:
2313:
1756:, which can otherwise be pronounced the same in North American dialects, which typically turn both intervocalic
5616:
5298:
5232:
5197:
4552:
4506:
4405:
4378:
4343:
4238:
4109:
3527:
2608:
1646:
1163:
1148:
962:
644:
5460:
5343:
5313:
5278:
5065:
5009:
4994:
4764:
4597:
4415:
4390:
1826:
703:
553:
5714:
5501:
5308:
5207:
4679:
4657:
4461:
4158:
4127:
4005:
3725:
3393:
3389:
3385:
2971:
2648:
2616:
2596:
2584:
2580:
2565:
2561:
2553:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2477:
2446:
2442:
2418:
2398:
2394:
2378:
2353:
2349:
2254:
2227:
2223:
2212:
2204:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2174:
2158:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2055:
2051:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2015:
2011:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1975:
1964:
1960:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1903:
1899:
1776:
are distinguished solely by their vowel characteristics as determined by Canadian raising, which causes a
1761:
1757:
1742:
1738:
1634:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1559:
1547:
1509:
1505:
1487:
1483:
1454:
1346:
1326:
1303:
1270:
1248:
1225:
1201:
1111:
1105:
1072:
1068:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1039:
966:
958:
953:
949:
930:
926:
918:
914:
909:
The cot-caught merger creates a gap in the short vowel subsystem and triggers a sound change known as the
892:
888:
872:
868:
864:
856:
852:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
731:
671:
667:
656:
652:
636:
632:
607:
599:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
383:
379:
375:
371:
347:
339:
335:
249:
245:
231:
689:
293:
5325:
5318:
5227:
5140:
5135:
4877:
4797:
4662:
4557:
4270:
4204:
3958:
3948:
3943:
2923:
2771:
1466:
75:
4870:
3783:
925:
is lowered and retracted in the direction of except in some environments, as is noted below. Indeed,
288:. Canadian English has a mostly uniform phonology and much less dialectal diversity than neighbouring
5704:
5566:
5476:
5455:
5365:
5092:
4299:
4192:
4132:
4010:
3983:
3900:
2588:
1575:
1458:
1372:
1313:
1291:
1282:
1237:
1143:
709:
701:
107:
3730:
362:
5694:
5601:
5579:
5536:
5521:
5486:
5430:
5375:
5370:
5239:
5125:
5102:
5042:
4897:
4727:
4719:
4617:
4580:
4466:
4451:
4326:
4316:
4243:
4082:
3692:. In Hansson, Gunnar Ólafur; Farris-Trimble, Ashley; McMullin, Kevin; Pulleyblank, Douglas (eds.).
1892:
is less common in Canada and often stigmatized but remains common, especially for younger speakers.
1730:
1571:
1153:
1133:
766:
1538:," which is found most prominently throughout central and west-central Canada and in parts of the
5591:
5400:
5335:
5330:
5285:
5244:
5032:
4958:
4787:
4754:
4689:
4672:
4527:
4348:
3895:
3885:
3751:
3743:
3646:
2604:
2481:
1539:
739:
648:
5491:
4923:
2688:
Dollinger, Stefan (2012). "Varieties of English: Canadian English in real-time perspective." In
875:
more than they did before, though there's still quite a bit of variation. Some words, including
2564:
to such a degree after coronals that some words can take a -like onglide. Canadians do include
1684:, and with the strong Canadian raising of the Prairies and Nova Scotia, it may sound more like
5719:
5684:
5669:
5653:
5641:
5626:
5596:
5556:
5526:
5506:
5496:
5440:
5420:
5410:
5395:
5380:
5265:
5260:
5187:
5157:
5152:
5130:
5112:
5107:
5097:
5087:
4792:
4777:
4749:
4709:
4501:
4483:
4438:
4187:
3963:
3927:
3770:
3611:
3504:
3468:
3460:
3446:
Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Melbourne, Australia 2019
2983:
Charles Boberg, "Sounding Canadian from Coast to Coast: Regional accents in Canadian English."
2871:
2831:
938:
683:
619:
506:
351:
100:
3496:
3277:
5699:
5631:
5621:
5561:
5551:
5546:
5531:
5516:
5511:
5425:
5415:
5358:
5273:
5167:
5055:
5037:
5027:
4912:
4865:
4817:
4744:
4652:
4642:
4637:
4627:
4473:
4446:
4304:
4224:
4169:
4067:
4049:
4036:
3873:
3868:
3735:
3697:
3671:
3638:
2823:
2541:
2269:
1869:
1535:
1529:
1175:
1138:
839:
because of the father–bother and cot–caught mergers). That also applies to older loans like
717:
331:
319:
289:
281:
265:
148:
2916:"Boberg (2009) LVC paper on foreign (a) and emergence of a new phoneme in Canadian English"
2811:
5709:
5689:
5674:
5636:
5541:
5481:
5405:
5390:
5385:
5353:
5348:
5175:
5162:
5075:
4782:
4684:
4622:
4592:
4575:
4400:
4275:
4096:
4072:
4044:
4015:
3988:
3953:
3840:
2936:
2784:
1128:
942:
152:
2544:
area of Southern Ontario in 1994, over 80% of respondents under the age of 40 pronounced
1645:, which is often inaccurately represented as sounding like "a boot" for comic effect in
929:
is farther back than in almost all other North American dialects, and the retraction of
655:
may exist for some younger speakers. In addition, some younger speakers front and lower
17:
5724:
5679:
4857:
4772:
4732:
4632:
4456:
4209:
4114:
4104:
4020:
3822:
3448:. Canberra: Australasian Speech Science and Technology Association Inc. pp. 34–37.
2656:
910:
904:
315:
273:
68:
3424:
2659:, and others, though monophthongal phonetic variants are also common in actual speech.
2536:. Traditionally, glide retention in these contexts has occasionally been held to be a
5739:
4907:
4822:
4478:
4395:
4336:
4248:
4199:
4077:
4059:
3650:
3439:"Sociophonetics at the intersection of variable processes: Variable in English (ING)"
2652:
1765:
1741:
alone is actually increasing throughout the United States and, unlike the raising of
1734:
403:
3600:
3295:
2764:"Boberg (2008) JENGL paper on Regional Phonetic Differentiation in Canadian English"
1737:) dialects, but Canadian raising is much less common than in Canada. The raising of
871:
in 1956, 47% in 1999, and 10% in 2012. More generally, younger speakers tend to use
4410:
4258:
4137:
3755:
3710:
2402:
1777:
743:
36:
3317:
1745:, is generally not perceived as unusual by people who do not exhibit the raising.
724:, pronounce the vowels. The merger has existed in Canada for several generations.
3408:
2865:
1748:
Because of Canadian raising, many speakers can distinguish between words such as
1574:" than in other varieties of English in the mouth when the diphthongs are before
192:
138:
2599:
is applied even after the "g" is dropped, leading to a variant pronunciation of
2414:
1815:
615:
447:
398:
311:
207:
3660:"Foreign (a) in North American English: Variation and Change in Loan Phonology"
2579:
Especially in Vancouver and Toronto, an increasing number of Canadians realize
2540:
distinguishing Canadians from Americans. However, in a survey conducted in the
2184:, the leader of a provincial or territorial government, is commonly pronounced
4321:
3601:"More velar than /g/: Consonant Coarticulation as a Cause of Diphthongization"
3228:
3226:
2693:
2537:
2301:
1543:
532:
408:
343:
219:
164:
3676:
3659:
3642:
3610:. Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 60–68.
2835:
2827:
779:
Loanwords that have a low central vowel in their language of origin, such as
4954:
3878:
2864:
Kretzchmar, William A. (2004), Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.),
2692:(HSK 34.2), Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton (ed.), 1858-1880. Berlin:
2345:
1630:
934:
674:
is often maintained, the latter may be so front as to gain a -like onglide.
561:
486:
2949:
Martinet, Andre 1955. Economie des changements phonetiques. Berne: Francke.
3739:
3701:
2233:
Many anglophone Montrealers pronounced French names with a Quebec accent:
937:
and is more advanced for Ontarians and for women than for people from the
3905:
3501:
The Articulate Advocate: New Techniques of Persuasion for Trial Attorneys
2429:
2423:
2390:
1689:
1672:
1658:
1044:
350:
with a front starting point and very little glide that is almost in the
334:(which is found also in British Columbia and Ontario): the production of
323:
298:
241:
3747:
3319:
Sociolinguistic Theory: Linguistic Variation and Its Social Significance
318:. A subset of the dialect geographically at its central core, excluding
4842:
4837:
4647:
3993:
3920:
3915:
3444:. In Sasha Calhoun; Paola Escudero; Marija Tabain; Paul Warren (eds.).
1840: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1004:, and is causing both dialects to diverge. In fact, the Canadian short-
367:
269:
203:
3910:
3890:
3134:
3132:
3022:
Rebecca V. Roeder and Lidia Jarmasz. "The Canadian Shift in Toronto."
277:
3570:
Qui parle canadien? diversité, identités et politiques linguistiques
618:
phonologically, and are often pronounced as such, especially in the
3626:
3608:
Proceedings of the 26th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics
3583:
International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English
2915:
2763:
2651:, in accordance with leading phonologists on Canadian English like
965:
in all of Canada except the Atlantic Provinces, but no movement of
330:. It is further defined by both of the phenomena that are known as
361:
635:
is usually low central , though it may be fronted before nasals.
3696:. Vol. 3. Washington, D.C.: Linguistic Society of America.
3694:
Supplemental Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Meeting on Phonology
3627:"Regional phonetic differentiation in Standard Canadian English"
3107:
3105:
2847:
2845:
639:
usually remains backed , unlike the fronted values found in the
4927:
3787:
2970:
Esling, John H. and Henry J. Warkentyne (1993). "Retracting of
2706:
2704:
2702:
2615:. Speakers who use the variant use it only for the underlying
2603:, . Otherwise it primarily is found in speakers from not just
1932:
Canadians often side with the British on the pronunciation of
1809:
1534:
Perhaps the most recognizable feature of Canadian English is "
2812:"Joining the Western Region: Sociophonetic Shift in Victoria"
292:. In particular, Standard Canadian English is defined by the
887:
will take a low central phone , possibly distinct from both
867:
is in decline, and studies found that 83% of Canadians used
174:
120:
1670:, but with slight Canadian raising, it may sound more like
2257:
dialects, Canadian English is almost always spoken with a
2810:
Roeder, Rebecca; Onosson, Sky; D’Arcy, Alexandra (2018).
2690:
English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook
1881:
1478:
In New York City, certain lexical exceptions exist (like
1104:
1033:
595:
being distinguished entirely by length for some speakers
3585:. United Kingdom, Taylor & Francis, p. 53.
3149:
3147:
3092:
3090:
3088:
2348:(as in California English, the vowel is phonemicized as
1399:
In New York City and Philadelphia, most function words (
370:
for speakers from Western and Central Canada. Note that
1701:
have two different vowel qualities. Also, for example,
2108:, are pronounced with a high vowel as in French, with
1717:) can then have two different vowel qualities: and .
1059:, with an up-glide rather than an in-glide, such that
1016:. For example, the production would be recognized as
3763:
Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006).
3599:
Baker, Adam; Mielke, Jeff; Archangeli, Diana (2008).
3425:
Changes in Progress in Canadian English: Yod-dropping
3193:
2417:. Therefore, the pronunciation of the word "British"
1469:, mainly predominant in Canada and the American West.
1970:
Furthermore, in accordance with British traditions,
240:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
5662:
5469:
5253:
5020:
4810:
4763:
4718:
4698:
4610:
4526:
4519:
4437:
4369:
4223:
4168:
4157:
4150:
4095:
4058:
4035:
3974:
3936:
3859:
3850:
3839:
3830:
2870:, Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 359,
1868:Although Canadian English phonology is part of the
3606:. In Chang, Charles B.; Haynie, Hannah J. (eds.).
3528:"NOT EVEN NETWORK STARS PRONOUNCE WORDS CORRECTLY"
2405:before reduced vowels is ubiquitous, so the words
3004:Charles Boberg, "The Canadian Shift in Montreal".
2472:Many Canadian speakers have the typical American
3687:"'Tense' /æ/ is still lax: A phonotactics study"
3013:Robert Hagiwara. "Vowel production in Winnipeg".
254:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
1917:, the stress is usually on the first syllable (
1403:, etc.) and some learned or less common words (
708:(more common in Western and central Canada) or
3544:
3232:
3205:
3181:
3169:
3138:
3123:
3111:
3079:
3067:
3055:
3043:
3031:
2992:
2958:
2851:
2734:
2710:
2623:with a dropped "g" no longer homophonous with
1542:. For the beginning points of the diphthongs (
1482:being tense) and variability is common before
1008:is very similar in quality to Inland Northern
4939:
3799:
3338:
3336:
3278:The Cambridge History of the English Language
1090:
284:families, excluding the regional dialects of
8:
3465:How We Talk: American Regional English Today
3322:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers
1884:is normally the Anglo-European (and French)
1504:In New Orleans, additionally occurs before
3572:. Germany, Brockmeyer, pp. 10-11.
3483:, as in 'I'm think-een of go-een camp-een.'
3345:"How do you pronounce Lieutenant Governor?"
2647:phoneme is here transcribed as a diphthong
1898:was historically pronounced as the British
4946:
4932:
4924:
4833:Comparison of American and British English
4702:
4523:
4231:
4165:
4154:
3856:
3847:
3836:
3806:
3792:
3784:
3495:Hunter, Marsha; Johnson, Brian K. (2009).
3467:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 143.
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1097:
1083:
1077:
972:Therefore, in Canadian English, the short
751:origin, Florida, horrible, quarrel, warren
3729:
3675:
2150:, which more common in the United States.
2132:) have a French-influenced pronunciation.
1874:Cambridge History of the English Language
1856:Learn how and when to remove this message
996:are shifted oppositely from those of the
3280:, edited by John Algeo, Volume 6, p. 431
2556:. This glide-deletion is less common in
2324:, etc. sound identical; the very common
1457:may be lowered and retracted as much as
389:
3568:Bories-Sawala, Helga (2012).
2681:
2636:
1449:
1447:
1385:
1038:Unlike many American English dialects,
651:. That said, fronted pronunciations of
280:among urban middle-class speakers from
3556:
3217:
3165:
3153:
3096:
2932:
2921:
2901:
2889:
2780:
2769:
2746:
2722:
2428:
2422:
2413:, for example, are mostly or entirely
1688:
1671:
1657:
1000:, which is found across the border in
913:, which involves the front lax vowels
757:, generally use the sound sequence of
297:
264:is the largely homogeneous variety of
217:
162:
3355:from the original on 11 December 2023
3256:
3244:
3194:Baker, Mielke & Archangeli (2008)
2421:in Canada and the U.S. is most often
2249:Features shared with General American
1416:In Philadelphia, the irregular verbs
1236:
1216:
314:of vowel sounds, which is called the
7:
4903:Non-native pronunciations of English
2805:
2803:
2757:
2755:
2376:etc. by, in most cases, eliminating
2364:which produces homophone pairs like
2304:(however, a distinction between the
1838:adding citations to reliable sources
1693:. Canadian raising makes words like
244:. For the distinction between ,
147:An example of a female speaker from
3766:The Atlas of North American English
2611:and Midwestern areas including the
1870:greater North American sound system
1071:is also realized higher as before
322:to the west and everything east of
268:that is spoken particularly across
2867:A Handbook of Varieties of English
2427:, while in England it is commonly
2386:), except in some older speakers.
1943:is pronounced by many speakers as
1715:Where will you house them tonight?
1024:in Inland Northern United States.
202:An example of a male speaker from
25:
3413:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
2153:The most common pronunciation of
552:
541:
523:
515:
505:
498:
491:
475:
468:
459:
452:
344:back starting points in the mouth
3503:. Crown King Books. p. 92.
3343:Ballingall, Alex (6 July 2014).
2560:, though younger speakers front
2100:Words of French origin, such as
1814:
1002:Inland Northern American English
722:Inland Northern American English
592:
218:Problems playing this file? See
190:
163:Problems playing this file? See
136:
35:
3497:"Articulators and Articulation"
2508:, for instance, are pronounced
2312:sets remains in Montreal); the
1825:needs additional citations for
827:(which includes the historical
378:are indistinguishable and that
236:International Phonetic Alphabet
4853:English-based creole languages
3664:Journal of English Linguistics
3631:Journal of English Linguistics
3545:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3233:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3206:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3182:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3170:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3139:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3124:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3112:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3080:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3068:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3056:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3044:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3032:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
2993:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
2959:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
2852:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
2816:Journal of English Linguistics
2735:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
2711:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
2352:due to the cot–caught merger:
1067:. For most Canadian speakers,
933:was independently observed in
803:, as well as place names like
730:The standard pronunciation of
688:Almost all Canadians have the
1:
4893:List of English-based pidgins
3769:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
3235:, pp. 82, 123, 177, 179.
2292:, etc. as well as trios like
2244:is less common than in GenAm.
1605:Before voiceless consonants,
1570:), the tongue is often more "
1465:in varieties affected by the
4888:Linguistic purism in English
3711:"Transmission and Diffusion"
3082:, pp. 173–174, 238–239.
3070:, pp. 173–174, 260–261.
2276:which makes word pairs like
1990:are occasionally pronounced
1441:alone in this context have .
5181:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect
3989:London & Thames Estuary
1939:, and several other words;
1902:, rather than the American
27:Variety of Canadian English
5767:
5751:English language in Canada
4848:English as a lingua franca
3398:Canadian Oxford Dictionary
3374:Canadian Oxford Dictionary
1527:
1382:
1031:
902:
681:
4965:
4828:Broad and general accents
4738:regional and occupational
4705:
4571:
4497:
4234:
4123:
3461:"The Far West and beyond"
3437:Walker, James A. (2019).
2199:Some Canadians pronounce
2010:are sometimes pronounced
1371:
1357:
1339:
1337:
1290:
1281:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1210:
664:Northern American English
565:
407:
402:
397:
395:
391:Standard Canadian vowels
286:Atlantic Canadian English
262:Standard Canadian English
34:
3677:10.1177/0075424219896397
3658:Boberg, Charles (2020).
3643:10.1177/0075424208316648
3625:Boberg, Charles (2008).
3220:, pp. 130, 136–137.
2828:10.1177/0075424217753987
2583:as when the raising of
2552:, for instance, without
2302:identical pronunciations
1731:Northeastern New England
1647:American popular culture
859:). The pronunciation of
851:is sometimes pronounced
276:, as well as throughout
18:Standard Canadian accent
5213:Regional North American
3709:Labov, William (2007).
3685:Duncan, Daniel (2016).
3459:Metcalf, Allan (2000).
3415:. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
3292:"Zed and zee in Canada"
2274:Mary–marry–merry merger
1880:The name of the letter
767:no distinction between
755:tomorrow, sorry, sorrow
366:Based on Labov et al.;
358:Phonetics and phonology
328:Inland Canadian English
232:phonetic transcriptions
5647:Dialects and varieties
5208:Received Pronunciation
5048:American Sign Language
4006:Received Pronunciation
3316:J.K. Chambers (2002).
2974:in Vancouver English."
2931:Cite journal requires
2779:Cite journal requires
2595:before the underlying
2294:airable/errable/arable
2255:North American English
2124:. Other words such as
2073:tend to be pronounced
1112:North American English
1063:may almost rhyme with
1051:before voiced velars (
631:The onset of unraised
387:
346:and the production of
229:This article contains
179:
125:
4200:Multicultural Toronto
3740:10.1353/lan.2007.0082
3702:10.3765/amp.v3i0.3653
2389:In addition to that,
2050:are often pronounced
1467:Low Back Merger Shift
998:Northern Cities shift
365:
178:
124:
4361:Western Pennsylvania
3141:, pp. 178, 180.
2607:but also from other
2360:; and the prevalent
2314:father–bother merger
1834:improve this article
1576:voiceless consonants
593:tense variant of /æ/
368:averaged F1/F2 means
310:and an accompanying
5572:Proto-Indo-European
5218:White South African
4898:Mid-Atlantic accent
4489:Trinidad and Tobago
3534:. November 7, 1990.
3208:, pp. 181–182.
3172:, pp. 175–177.
3058:, pp. 173–174.
2737:, pp. 223–224.
2482:alveolar consonants
2469:are distinguished.
2449:when it represents
2415:pronounced the same
2326:horse–hoarse merger
2261:, meaning that the
1888:, and the American
1114:
627:Back vowel fronting
392:
63:Aboriginal Canadian
4421:Pennsylvania Dutch
2358:hurry-furry merger
2328:making pairs like
2196:are rare variants.
2018:respectively, and
1959:are more commonly
1806:Phonemic incidence
1540:Atlantic Provinces
1078:
740:Maritime Provinces
390:
388:
326:, has been called
180:
126:
5733:
5732:
5223:Standard Canadian
4959:world's languages
4921:
4920:
4806:
4805:
4606:
4605:
4515:
4514:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4354:Pacific Northwest
4215:Standard Canadian
4146:
4145:
4091:
4090:
4031:
4030:
3776:978-3-11-016746-7
3617:978-1-57473-423-2
2914:Boberg, Charles.
2762:Boberg, Charles.
2430:[ˈbɹɪtɪʃ]
2424:[ˈbɹɪɾɪʃ]
2362:wine–whine merger
2052:/əˈɡeɪn,əˈɡeɪnst/
1929:), as in Britain.
1866:
1865:
1858:
1796:
1727:Pacific Northwest
1641:then sounds like
1629:, and both words
1625:then merges with
1550:(as in the words
1521:
1520:
1433:In Philadelphia,
1405:alas, carafe, lad
1366:as, back, happy,
1352:ask, bath, half,
700:, which merge as
690:cot–caught merger
684:Cot-caught merger
620:Prairie Provinces
588:
587:
352:Canadian Prairies
294:cot–caught merger
197:
142:
93:ATLANTIC CANADIAN
45:STANDARD CANADIAN
16:(Redirected from
5758:
5746:Canadian English
5585:Kerkrade dialect
5198:General American
4948:
4941:
4934:
4925:
4818:English language
4703:
4524:
4507:Falkland Islands
4406:General American
4379:African-American
4232:
4166:
4155:
3857:
3848:
3837:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3785:
3780:
3759:
3733:
3715:
3705:
3691:
3681:
3679:
3654:
3621:
3605:
3586:
3579:
3573:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3532:Orlando Sentinel
3524:
3518:
3517:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3443:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3406:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3351:. Toronto Star.
3340:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3294:. Archived from
3290:Bill Casselman.
3287:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3168:, pp. 1–2;
3163:
3157:
3151:
3142:
3136:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3100:
3094:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3005:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2807:
2798:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2782:
2777:
2775:
2767:
2759:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2697:
2696:. pp. 1859-1860.
2686:
2669:
2666:
2660:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2618:
2598:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2542:Golden Horseshoe
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2479:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2400:
2396:
2393:of intervocalic
2380:
2355:
2351:
2338:morning/mourning
2298:Mary/merry/marry
2253:Like most other
2242:pour-poor merger
2229:
2225:
2214:
2206:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2176:
2160:
2149:
2146:, as opposed to
2145:
2141:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2057:
2053:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2002:, respectively;
2001:
1997:
1993:
1977:
1966:
1962:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1905:
1901:
1861:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1841:
1818:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1763:
1759:
1744:
1740:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1636:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1561:
1549:
1536:Canadian raising
1530:Canadian raising
1524:Canadian raising
1513:
1511:
1507:
1489:
1485:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1456:
1451:
1442:
1431:
1425:
1414:
1408:
1397:
1378:
1348:
1332:grab, flash, sad
1328:
1319:
1309:dragon, magazine
1305:
1297:
1288:
1272:
1250:
1243:
1231:animal, planet,
1227:
1207:fan, lamb, stand
1203:
1115:
1107:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1074:
1070:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1041:
968:
960:
955:
951:
932:
928:
920:
916:
894:
890:
874:
870:
866:
858:
854:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
764:
760:
733:
718:General American
715:
707:
673:
669:
658:
654:
638:
634:
609:
601:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
556:
545:
527:
519:
509:
502:
495:
479:
472:
463:
456:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
393:
385:
381:
377:
373:
349:
341:
337:
332:Canadian raising
320:British Columbia
309:
308:
307:
301:
290:American English
282:English-speaking
266:Canadian English
251:
247:
199:
198:
177:
149:Southern Ontario
144:
143:
123:
110:
103:
96:
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
57:
48:
47:
39:
21:
5766:
5765:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5658:
5612:Scottish Gaelic
5465:
5309:Standard Modern
5249:
5056:Modern Standard
5016:
4961:
4952:
4922:
4917:
4802:
4759:
4714:
4694:
4602:
4598:Solomon Islands
4567:
4511:
4493:
4425:
4416:New York Latino
4391:American Indian
4371:
4365:
4226:
4219:
4160:
4142:
4128:Channel Islands
4119:
4087:
4054:
4027:
3970:
3932:
3842:
3826:
3812:
3777:
3762:
3731:10.1.1.705.7860
3713:
3708:
3689:
3684:
3657:
3624:
3618:
3603:
3598:
3595:
3590:
3589:
3580:
3576:
3567:
3563:
3555:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3511:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3475:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3423:
3419:
3407:
3403:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3368:
3358:
3356:
3349:www.thestar.com
3342:
3341:
3334:
3325:
3323:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3301:
3299:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3243:
3239:
3231:
3224:
3216:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3192:
3188:
3180:
3176:
3164:
3160:
3152:
3145:
3137:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3110:
3103:
3099:, pp. 1–2.
3095:
3086:
3078:
3074:
3066:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3042:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2969:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2930:
2920:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2843:
2809:
2808:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2778:
2768:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2709:
2700:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2251:
2056:/əˈɡɛn,əˈɡɛnst/
1967:, respectively.
1862:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1831:
1819:
1808:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1685:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1532:
1526:
1517:
1516:
1503:
1477:
1473:
1452:
1445:
1432:
1428:
1415:
1411:
1398:
1387:
1367:
1353:
1345:
1344:Non-prevocalic
1325:
1324:Non-prevocalic
1269:
1268:Non-prevocalic
1254:frank, language
1232:
1224:
1200:
1199:Non-prevocalic
1192:
1185:
1179:
1170:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1142:
1132:
1124:
1119:
1103:
1036:
1030:
943:Atlantic Canada
907:
901:
819:, tend to have
762:
758:
686:
680:
678:Low-back merger
629:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
360:
304:
303:
302:
259:
258:
257:
225:
224:
216:
214:
213:
212:
211:
200:
191:
188:
181:
175:
170:
169:
161:
159:
158:
157:
156:
153:Margaret Atwood
145:
137:
134:
127:
121:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98:
91:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59:
55:
53:
50:
43:
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5764:
5762:
5754:
5753:
5748:
5738:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5666:
5664:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5617:Serbo-Croatian
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5473:
5471:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5288:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5268:
5263:
5257:
5255:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4977:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4928:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4860:
4858:Englishisation
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4769:
4767:
4765:Southeast Asia
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4706:
4700:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4680:South Atlantic
4677:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4578:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4532:
4530:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4462:Cayman Islands
4459:
4454:
4449:
4443:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4375:
4373:
4372:ethno-cultural
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4241:
4235:
4229:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4180:
4174:
4172:
4163:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4064:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4041:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4008:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3986:
3980:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3964:Stoke-on-Trent
3961:
3956:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3871:
3865:
3863:
3854:
3845:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3823:Modern English
3813:
3811:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3775:
3760:
3724:(2): 344–387.
3706:
3682:
3655:
3637:(2): 129–154.
3622:
3616:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3574:
3561:
3559:, p. 130.
3549:
3537:
3519:
3509:
3487:
3473:
3451:
3429:
3417:
3401:
3377:
3366:
3332:
3308:
3282:
3270:
3261:
3259:, p. 373.
3249:
3247:, p. 359.
3237:
3222:
3210:
3198:
3186:
3184:, p. 183.
3174:
3158:
3156:, p. 145.
3143:
3128:
3126:, p. 238.
3116:
3114:, p. 173.
3101:
3084:
3072:
3060:
3048:
3046:, p. 182.
3036:
3034:, p. 221.
3024:
3015:
3006:
2997:
2985:
2976:
2963:
2961:, p. 219.
2951:
2942:
2933:|journal=
2906:
2894:
2882:
2876:
2856:
2854:, p. 218.
2841:
2799:
2790:
2781:|journal=
2751:
2749:, p. 150.
2739:
2727:
2715:
2713:, p. 222.
2698:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2661:
2657:Charles Boberg
2635:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2619:, which makes
2609:Western states
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2235:Trois-Rivières
2231:
2222:is pronounced
2216:
2197:
2178:
2151:
2133:
2098:
2085:, rather than
2059:
2054:, rather than
2041:
2036:, rather than
2032:is pronounced
2027:
1968:
1947:, rather than
1930:
1907:
1893:
1864:
1863:
1822:
1820:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1631:sound the same
1617:to merge with
1544:gliding vowels
1528:Main article:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1471:
1443:
1426:
1409:
1407:, etc.) have .
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1370:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1349:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1329:
1321:
1320:
1311:
1306:
1299:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1173:
1166:
1146:
1136:
1126:
1121:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1079:
1029:
1026:
1020:in Canada but
984:and the broad
969:was detected.
911:Canadian Shift
905:Canadian Shift
903:Main article:
900:
899:Canadian Shift
897:
823:, rather than
761:, rather than
749:Words such as
682:Main article:
679:
676:
628:
625:
624:
623:
596:
586:
585:
564:
558:
557:
550:
548:
546:
539:
537:
535:
529:
528:
521:
512:
510:
503:
496:
489:
483:
482:
480:
473:
466:
464:
457:
450:
444:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
412:
411:
406:
401:
396:
386:are very open.
359:
356:
316:Canadian Shift
274:Western Canada
252:⟩, see
228:
227:
226:
215:
201:
189:
186:Speech example
184:
183:
182:
173:
172:
171:
160:
146:
135:
132:Speech example
130:
129:
128:
119:
118:
117:
106:
99:
88:
81:
74:
67:
60:
51:
40:
33:
32:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5763:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5655:
5652:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5462:
5461:Luxembourgish
5459:
5457:
5454:
5450:
5449:Maastrichtian
5447:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5019:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4975:Orthographies
4973:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4949:
4944:
4942:
4937:
4935:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4878:International
4876:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4558:Torres Strait
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4518:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4293:North-Central
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4271:New York City
4269:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4222:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4205:Ottawa Valley
4203:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3999:Multicultural
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3959:Black Country
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3949:West Midlands
3947:
3945:
3944:East Midlands
3942:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3809:
3804:
3802:
3797:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3778:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3557:Boberg (2008)
3553:
3550:
3546:
3541:
3538:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3510:9780979689505
3506:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3452:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3409:Vase. (2009).
3405:
3402:
3399:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3370:
3367:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3321:
3320:
3312:
3309:
3298:on 2012-06-26
3297:
3293:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3218:Boberg (2008)
3214:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3166:Duncan (2016)
3162:
3159:
3155:
3154:Boberg (2008)
3150:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3097:Duncan (2016)
3093:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2938:
2925:
2917:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2902:Boberg (2020)
2898:
2895:
2892:, p. 62.
2891:
2890:Boberg (2020)
2886:
2883:
2879:
2877:9783110175325
2873:
2869:
2868:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2822:(2): 87–112.
2821:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2773:
2765:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2747:Boberg (2008)
2743:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2723:Boberg (2008)
2719:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2675:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2653:William Labov
2640:
2637:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2614:
2613:Upper Midwest
2610:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2512:(rather than
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2347:
2344:etc. perfect
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2290:perish/parish
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2259:rhotic accent
2256:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2205:/ˈpridəsɛsər/
2202:
2198:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2137:
2134:
2127:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2031:
2028:
2021:
2009:
2005:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:is sometimes
1973:
1969:
1958:
1954:
1942:
1935:
1931:
1916:
1912:
1909:In the words
1908:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1860:
1857:
1849:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1823:This section
1821:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1798:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1766:alveolar flap
1755:
1751:
1746:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1723:Upper Midwest
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1707:I saw a house
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1690:[ʌʊt]
1680:
1674:
1673:[ɐʊt]
1666:
1660:
1659:[äʊt]
1656:is typically
1655:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1603:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1523:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1453:The untensed
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1267:
1266:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1234:
1229:
1222:
1221:
1208:
1205:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1129:New York City
1127:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1062:
1046:
1035:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
970:
964:
963:apparent time
946:
944:
940:
936:
924:
912:
906:
898:
896:
886:
882:
878:
862:
850:
846:
842:
818:
816:
810:
808:
802:
800:
794:
792:
786:
784:
777:
775:
774:
770:
756:
753:, as well as
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
728:
725:
723:
719:
713:
705:
699:
695:
691:
685:
677:
675:
665:
660:
650:
646:
642:
626:
621:
617:
613:
605:
598:The phonemes
597:
594:
590:
589:
563:
560:
559:
555:
551:
549:
547:
544:
540:
538:
536:
534:
531:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
508:
504:
501:
497:
494:
490:
488:
485:
484:
481:
478:
474:
471:
467:
465:
462:
458:
455:
451:
449:
446:
445:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
413:
410:
405:
400:
394:
369:
364:
357:
355:
353:
345:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
306:
300:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
255:
243:
239:
237:
233:
223:
221:
209:
205:
187:
168:
166:
154:
150:
133:
111:
104:
97:
94:
86:
79:
72:
65:
58:
49:
46:
38:
30:
19:
5715:West Frisian
5502:Massachusett
5222:
5000:Prepositions
4969:
4663:South Africa
4658:Sierra Leone
4411:Miami Latino
4300:Philadelphia
4288:Inland North
4214:
4193:Newfoundland
4011:West Country
3825:by continent
3764:
3721:
3717:
3693:
3670:(1): 31–71.
3667:
3663:
3634:
3630:
3607:
3593:Bibliography
3582:
3577:
3569:
3564:
3552:
3540:
3531:
3522:
3514:
3500:
3490:
3480:
3478:
3464:
3454:
3445:
3432:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3397:
3380:
3373:
3369:
3357:. Retrieved
3348:
3324:. Retrieved
3318:
3311:
3300:. Retrieved
3296:the original
3285:
3273:
3264:
3257:Labov (2007)
3252:
3245:Labov (2007)
3240:
3213:
3201:
3189:
3177:
3161:
3119:
3075:
3063:
3051:
3039:
3027:
3018:
3009:
3000:
2988:
2979:
2966:
2954:
2945:
2924:cite journal
2909:
2897:
2885:
2866:
2859:
2819:
2815:
2793:
2772:cite journal
2742:
2730:
2718:
2689:
2684:
2664:
2639:
2624:
2620:
2600:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2549:
2545:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2410:
2406:
2403:alveolar tap
2388:
2373:
2369:
2366:Wales/whales
2365:
2341:
2337:
2334:horse/hoarse
2333:
2329:
2321:
2318:lager/logger
2317:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2282:Carrie/Kerry
2281:
2277:
2267:
2262:
2252:
2234:
2219:
2208:
2200:
2181:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2135:
2125:
2120:rather than
2112:rather than
2105:
2101:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2047:
2043:
2029:
2019:
2016:/ˈhærəsmənt/
2007:
2003:
2000:/ˈproʊdʒɛkt/
1987:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1956:
1952:
1940:
1933:
1914:
1910:
1900:/lɛfˈtɛnənt/
1895:
1889:
1885:
1873:
1867:
1852:
1846:October 2022
1843:
1832:Please help
1827:verification
1824:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1653:
1651:
1642:
1638:
1626:
1622:
1604:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1533:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1479:
1474:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1404:
1401:am, can, had
1400:
1365:
1351:
1331:
1308:
1275:
1253:
1230:
1206:
1191:Great Lakes
1180:Mountain US
1144:Philadelphia
1064:
1060:
1037:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
971:
947:
922:
908:
884:
880:
876:
860:
848:
844:
840:
814:
812:
806:
804:
798:
796:
790:
788:
782:
780:
778:
772:
768:
754:
750:
748:
744:Newfoundland
735:
729:
726:
720:(GenAm) and
697:
693:
687:
662:Unlike most
661:
630:
616:monophthongs
614:) behave as
611:
603:
327:
261:
260:
248:and ⟨
230:
109:Newfoundland
92:
44:
41:
29:
5445:Limburgish
5326:Greenlandic
5203:New Zealand
5136:Northern Wu
4990:Determiners
4970:Phonologies
4955:Phonologies
4788:Philippines
4581:New Zealand
4467:Bay Islands
4447:The Bahamas
4370:Social and
4327:New Orleans
4244:New England
4138:Isle of Man
4083:Port Talbot
3984:East Anglia
3901:Northumbria
3547:, p. .
2356:etc.); the
2316:that makes
2286:hairy/Harry
2278:Barry/berry
2201:predecessor
2138:is usually
2061:Words like
1996:/ˈproʊɡrɛs/
1927:/ˈkɒmpəzət/
1904:/luˈtɛnənt/
1713:as a verb (
1705:as a noun (
1418:began, ran,
1302:Prevocalic
1223:Prevocalic
1184:Minnesota,
1178:, Northern
1154:New England
1134:New Orleans
1034:/æ/ raising
1028:/æ/-raising
988:quality of
847:. The word
312:chain shift
299:[ɒ]
208:Mark Carney
5740:Categories
5705:Vietnamese
5576:Ripuarian
5567:Portuguese
5477:Macedonian
5456:Lithuanian
5366:Hindustani
5193:Australian
5146:Historical
5093:Belarusian
4985:Adjectives
4728:Bangladesh
4720:South Asia
4673:Cape Flats
4623:The Gambia
4548:Aboriginal
4384:vernacular
4349:California
4322:High Tider
4317:Appalachia
4178:Aboriginal
4110:South-West
3954:Birmingham
3911:Sunderland
3896:Manchester
3886:Lancashire
3474:0618043624
3326:2012-10-13
3302:2012-10-13
2694:De Gruyter
2676:References
2605:California
2538:shibboleth
2484:, so that
2453:'t'; thus
2451:underlying
2374:wine/whine
2370:wear/where
2346:homophones
2194:/ˈprimjɛr/
2190:/ˈprɛmjɛr/
2186:/ˈprimjər/
2173:also have
2022:is rarely
2008:harassment
1992:/ˈproʊsɛs/
1896:Lieutenant
1652:In GenAm,
1362:Otherwise
1164:Western US
1159:Pittsburgh
1149:Midland US
1120:consonant
1118:Following
1032:See also:
649:California
562:Diphthongs
220:media help
165:media help
5695:Ukrainian
5602:Sardinian
5580:Colognian
5537:Old Saxon
5522:Norwegian
5487:Maldivian
5431:Latgalian
5376:Icelandic
5371:Hungarian
5359:Samaritan
5240:Esperanto
5126:Cantonese
5103:Bulgarian
5071:Levantine
5043:Afrikaans
4793:Singapore
4755:Sri Lanka
4710:Hong Kong
4536:variation
4528:Australia
4439:Caribbean
4305:Baltimore
4188:Lunenburg
4133:Gibraltar
4050:Highlands
3928:Yorkshire
3891:Liverpool
3726:CiteSeerX
3651:146478485
2836:0075-4242
2522:/ˈtuzdeɪ/
2419:/ˈbrɪtəʃ/
2218:The word
2213:/ˈæʃfɒlt/
2180:The word
2130:/ˈfɔɪ.eɪ/
2095:/ˈmʌltaɪ/
1976:/ˈʃɛdʒul/
1965:/ˈnaɪðər/
1915:composite
1637:). Also,
1276:bag, drag
1186:Wisconsin
1169:Southern
1139:Baltimore
945:and men.
935:Vancouver
855:(or even
102:Lunenburg
56:Northwest
5592:Romanian
5401:Japanese
5354:Tiberian
5349:Biblical
5336:Hawaiian
5331:Gujarati
5294:Standard
5286:Galician
5274:Parisian
5245:Estonian
5176:Standard
5121:Mandarin
5117:Chinese
5081:Tunisian
5076:Moroccan
5061:Egyptian
5033:Acehnese
5005:Pronouns
4980:Grammars
4913:Standard
4883:Learning
4871:Nerrière
4862:Globish
4778:Malaysia
4750:Pakistan
4690:Zimbabwe
4618:Cameroon
4452:Barbados
4183:Atlantic
4151:Americas
4068:Abercraf
4037:Scotland
4016:Cornwall
3937:Midlands
3921:Teesside
3916:Tyneside
3906:Pitmatic
3869:Cheshire
3815:Dialects
3748:40070845
3718:Language
3394:/pəˈkɒn/
3390:/piˈkæn/
3353:Archived
2558:Victoria
2530:/rəˈzum/
2474:dropping
2467:unbidden
2463:unbitten
2391:flapping
2342:war/wore
2330:for/four
2322:con/Kahn
2167:diagnose
2163:Resource
2148:/pəˈkɒn/
2144:/piˈkæn/
2140:/ˈpikæn/
2091:/ˈæntaɪ/
2087:/ˈsɛmaɪ/
2083:/ˈmʌlti/
2024:/ˈlɛʒər/
2012:/ˈhærəs/
1984:progress
1972:schedule
1961:/ˈaɪðər/
1937:/ˈlivər/
1923:/ˈædəlt/
1919:/ˈædʌlt/
1784:as and
1780:between
1768:. Thus,
1764:into an
1435:bad, mad
1368:locality
1123:Example
1045:Montreal
939:Prairies
857:/ˈkɒrki/
324:Montreal
246:/ /
242:Help:IPA
54:Pacific
5720:Yiddish
5685:Turkish
5670:Tagalog
5654:Swedish
5642:Spanish
5627:Slovene
5597:Russian
5557:Persian
5527:Occitan
5507:Medumba
5497:Marathi
5441:Latvian
5421:Kurdish
5411:Konkani
5396:Italian
5381:Ingrian
5340:Hebrew
5314:Ancient
5299:Bernese
5290:German
5270:French
5266:Finnish
5261:Faroese
5188:English
5158:Cornish
5153:Chukchi
5131:Hokkien
5113:Catalan
5108:Burmese
5098:Bengali
5088:Avestan
5052:Arabic
4957:of the
4843:Engrish
4838:E-Prime
4811:Related
4798:Vietnam
4783:Myanmar
4653:Nigeria
4648:Namibia
4638:Liberia
4520:Oceania
4502:Bermuda
4474:Jamaica
4401:Chicano
4239:Midland
4225:United
4161:America
4097:Ireland
4073:Cardiff
4045:Glasgow
3994:Cockney
3874:Cumbria
3852:England
3843:Britain
3819:accents
3756:6255506
3386:/ˈpikæn
3384:"pecan
3268:Boberg.
2570:revenue
2546:student
2494:Tuesday
2455:greater
2209:asphalt
2182:premier
2079:/ˈænti/
2075:/ˈsɛmi/
2048:against
2020:leisure
1988:project
1980:process
1957:neither
1635:/koʊtʃ/
1562:(as in
1492:imagine
1347:/f,θ,s/
1327:/b,d,ʃ/
1233:Spanish
1108:raising
915:/æ,ɛ,ɪ/
853:/ˈkɒki/
734:(as in
645:Midland
610:(as in
602:(as in
581:
577:
573:
569:
404:Central
270:Ontario
234:in the
204:Alberta
5700:Uyghur
5632:Somali
5622:Slovak
5562:Polish
5552:Pashto
5547:Ottawa
5532:Ojibwe
5517:Nepali
5512:Navajo
5426:Kyrgyz
5416:Korean
5344:Modern
5305:Greek
5279:Quebec
5233:Middle
5172:Dutch
5168:Danish
5066:Hejazi
5038:Adyghe
5028:Abkhaz
4866:Gogate
4773:Brunei
4685:Uganda
4668:accent
4643:Malawi
4611:Africa
4586:accent
4541:accent
4484:Samaná
4457:Bequia
4276:accent
4249:Boston
4227:States
4210:Quebec
4170:Canada
4159:North
4115:Ulster
4105:Dublin
4021:Dorset
3879:Barrow
3841:Great
3832:Europe
3773:
3754:
3746:
3728:
3649:
3614:
3507:
3471:
3359:4 June
2874:
2834:
2621:taking
2601:taking
2574:avenue
2502:resume
2480:after
2461:, and
2459:grader
2411:latter
2407:ladder
2354:/foʊr/
2188:, but
2169:, and
2159:/veɪz/
2122:/nɪtʃ/
2114:/klɪk/
2110:/klik/
2102:clique
2093:, and
2081:, and
2069:, and
2038:/ʃoʊn/
2004:harass
1998:, and
1986:, and
1953:either
1951:; and
1795:listen
1786:writer
1770:writer
1750:writer
1735:Boston
1733:(like
1729:, and
1709:) and
1695:height
1643:a boat
1598:, and
1572:raised
1558:) and
1552:height
1498:, and
1490:as in
1480:avenue
1437:, and
1424:have .
1176:Canada
1125:words
948:Then,
917:. The
883:, and
881:façade
845:Apache
795:, and
773:hoarse
698:caught
643:, the
606:) and
278:Canada
250:
77:Ottawa
70:Quebec
5710:Welsh
5690:Ubykh
5675:Tamil
5637:Sotho
5607:Scots
5542:Oromo
5492:Māori
5482:Malay
5436:Latin
5406:Kiowa
5391:Irish
5386:Inuit
5319:Koine
5163:Czech
5010:Verbs
4995:Nouns
4908:Plain
4823:Basic
4745:Nepal
4733:India
4633:Kenya
4628:Ghana
4593:Palau
4553:South
4396:Cajun
4337:Texas
4332:Older
4312:South
4283:North
4259:Maine
4078:Gower
4060:Wales
3976:South
3861:North
3752:S2CID
3744:JSTOR
3714:(PDF)
3690:(PDF)
3647:S2CID
3604:(PDF)
3442:(PDF)
2631:Notes
2625:taken
2593:]
2589:[
2534:/lut/
2526:/sut/
2518:/duk/
2514:/nju/
2310:merry
2306:marry
2300:have
2270:GenAm
2268:Like
2228:/rʊm/
2224:/rum/
2136:Pecan
2126:foyer
2118:/niʃ/
2106:niche
2071:multi
2044:Again
2034:/ʃɒn/
2030:Shone
1949:/bɪn/
1945:/bin/
1934:lever
1911:adult
1788:as (
1782:rider
1778:split
1774:rider
1754:rider
1711:house
1703:house
1639:about
1627:coach
1623:couch
1568:house
1564:shout
1496:magic
1463:]
1459:[
1377:]
1373:[
1354:glass
1318:]
1314:[
1296:]
1292:[
1287:]
1283:[
1242:]
1238:[
1226:/m,n/
1202:/m,n/
1065:vague
877:plaza
863:with
861:drama
849:khaki
841:drama
813:Vietn
769:horse
763:START
759:FORCE
736:start
714:]
710:[
706:]
702:[
641:South
448:Close
441:tense
431:tense
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