731:. In time, license fees to ECD began to grow, especially when amorphous silicon was used to make solar cells "by the mile," with an approach that originated from Ovshinsky's non-silver photographic film work. It led to the bold approach of using the first continuous web photovoltaic machine, designed and built under Stan's direction by Herb Ovshinsky and a small group in the machine division. Generations of machines later resulted in sufficient money to reach Ovshinsky's objective of building a 30 megawatt machine, rather than a 5 megawatt machine. Despite considerable skepticism toward the machine, it is now being cloned very successfully by ECD in new plants. ECD also saw profits from the nickel metal hydride batteries, which were important for a time in laptop computers and continue to be important in
632:. Continuing to work on his atomically designed chalcogenide materials, which Ovshinsky realized offer unique electronic physical mechanisms, he utilized chain structures, cross links, polymeric concepts, and divalent structural bonding with a huge number of unbonded lone pairs to achieve what is now referred to as the Ovshinsky Effect – "an effect that turns special types of glassy, thin films into semiconductors upon application of low voltage." Applying this effect, he built new types of electronic and optical switches, including his
744:
science, in strong relationships with colleagues and with industrial partners (for example, Ovonyx, which is developing phase-change semiconductor memory). Ovshinsky
Innovation is currently focusing on a new kind of photovoltaic plant based on a new concept promising to lower the cost of photovoltaic energy sources below that of coal. This latter innovation would help realize his long-term goal over the last half-century to make fossil fuels obsolete while, at the same time, providing countless jobs in new industries.
675:
friendships and awakens deep respect and devotion. Meeting him leaves each person with a deep impression of his superior intellect, his self confidence, his compassion to improve society combined with his certainty that his vision can be realized. His enthusiasm is contagious. In his presence, you feel how exciting it would be to join him in his endeavors." Among the many famous scientists who came regularly to ECL as friends or collaborators over the next years, were
42:
719:. Some joined as consultants or as members of the Board of Directors. Meanwhile, the ECL community developed a uniquely productive, non-hierarchical, multicultural, international environment, reflecting Stan and Iris' social values. In 1964, Stan and Iris changed the laboratory's name to Energy Conversion Devices and moved the company to larger quarters in
781:
376:. His lifelong concern to better the lives of workers and minorities, as well as to advance culture and the interests of industry, derive largely from his father, who was a generous, liberal, and highly cultured activist. With his horse and wagon, and later his truck, Ben Ovshinsky made his living collecting
636:
and his
Threshold Switch. The former would become the basis of his subsequent inventions of rewritable CDs and DVDs and other new computer technologies including his cognitive computer. The latter is used in phase change memory that is entering the consumer market in 2017. While others working in the
743:
On August 16, 2006, Iris
Ovshinsky, Stan's wife and partner of almost fifty years, died suddenly while swimming. A year later, Ovshinsky retired from ECD and launched a new company with Rosa Young, whom he later married. At Ovshinsky Innovation LLC, he continued his work on information and energy
339:
Roughly a year after Iris
Ovshinsky's death in August 2006, Ovshinsky left ECD and established a new company, Ovshinsky Innovation LLC, devoted to developing the scientific basis for new energy and information technologies. In October 2007 he married Rosa Young, a physicist who had worked at ECD on
841:
BEV. Sales of GM-Ovonics batteries were later taken over by GM manager and critic of CARB John
Williams, leading Ovshinsky to wonder whether his decision to sell to GM had been naive. The EV1 program was shut down by GM before the new NiMH battery could be commercialized, despite field tests that
607:
On
January 1, 1960, Ovshinsky and Iris Miroy Dibner, whom he married soon after his divorce from Norma Rifkin, founded Energy Conversion Laboratory to develop his inventions in the interest of solving societal problems, especially those they identified in the areas of information and energy (e.g.
674:
physicist. Fritzsche became very positive in his support of
Ovshinsky's work and helped attract other scientists to the Ovshinsky laboratory. As Fritzsche and Brian Schwartz later wrote, "There is a mysterious quality in Ovshinsky's persona that attracts people into his sphere, builds life long
449:
shortly before the end of the war, Ovshinsky eventually established his own machine company, Stanford
Roberts, initially in a barn. There he developed and patented his first invention, the Benjamin Center Drive, named after his father. This unique automatic high-speed center drive
506:, established a small company called General Automation in a Detroit storefront. There, Stan continued his study of intelligent machines and embarked on early research and development of various energy and information technologies. At the same time, he began studying
726:
The company continued to develop electronic memory, batteries, and solar cells, reinvesting almost every penny of profit into the scientific study of a wide variety of problems, much of which later became the basis of lucrative industries, e.g., flat screen
649:
By the spring of 1963, the
Ovshinskys had exhausted the savings with which they had initially funded ECL. Before seeking public funding, Stan wanted validation of the importance of his work from a well-recognized scientist. He telephoned
1550:
665:
of superconductivity. Bardeen immediately recognized the importance of
Ovshinsky's work but his schedule did not permit him to visit ECL for five months. Stan replied, "We'll be broke by then." In his place, Bardeen sent
822:, a start-up electric vehicle maker that was not part of the USABC. Critics argue that the Big Three were more interested in convincing CARB members that electric vehicles were not technologically and commercially viable.
798:
created the US Auto Battery Consortium (USABC) to stifle the development of electric vehicle technology by preventing the dissemination of knowledge about Ovshinsky's battery-related patents to the public through the
747:
ECD has been recognized as the company that "developed solar roofing shingles in the 1990s," and making "the best available flexible thin film in the world," in addition to being one of the first companies to work on
320:, dedicating the laboratory to the solution of important societal problems using science and technology. Focusing on the critical areas of energy and information, their new company, reconstituted in 1964 as
982:
Diesel Gold Medal presented by the German Inventors Association (Deutscher Erfinderverband), in recognition of his discovery of the semiconductor switching effect in disordered and amorphous materials (1968)
960:
for his development of NiMH batteries. The award was launched in 2006 as the first European prize to distinguish inventors who have made "an outstanding contribution to innovation, economy and society."
784:
The Ovonics technology was acquired by General Motors for use in its EV1 electric car, but production was ended shortly after the NiMH batteries began to replace the lead-acid batteries of earlier models
1097:
makes "Hydrogen Hopes" available for viewing at no charge, as well as the text of an interview with Stan and Iris Ovshinsky. Ovshinsky was profiled as "Japan's American Genius" in the PBS series
1904:
1554:
641:
and nanostructures. Recognizing the significance of his results, Ovshinsky applied for a patent on June 21, 1961 and, in 1962, made his first licensing pact on phase-change memory.
1122:
1326:
Interview with Stanford and Iris Ovshinsky by Lillian Hoddeson, January 4–5, 2006, July 19–20, 2006, and August 16, 2006, available in Hoddeson's private collection, Urbana, IL.
886:
946:
IEEE Vehicular Technology Society Presidential Citation in recognition of a long and outstanding record of pioneering accomplishments and service to the profession (2009)
1909:
1763:
309:, without formal college or graduate training. Throughout his life, his love for science and his social convictions were the primary engines for his inventive work.
806:
According to Ovshinsky, the auto industry falsely suggested that NiMH technology was not yet ready for widespread use in road cars. Members of the USABC, including
772:. In the area of alternatives to fossil fuel, his pioneering work has caused many writers to refer to him as "the modern world's most important energy visionary."
1576:
818:, threatened to take legal action against Ovshinsky if he continued to promote NiMH's potential for use in BEVs, and if he continued to lend test batteries to
566:
of the cell's membrane, he drew on his knowledge of surfaces and materials to fashion very thin layers of amorphous material, thus pioneering the use of
498:. Continuing his work on intelligent machines, he invented electric power steering, but Hupp's president was opposed to completing the arrangements with
1521:
1379:
1839:
1884:
1879:
1834:
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324:(ECD), went on to become a forefront invention and development laboratory whose products have built new industries, many of them aimed at making
466:. Meanwhile, Ovshinsky continued to develop his growing interest in human and machine intelligence, avidly studying the research literature on
768:, battery technology, optical media, and solid hydrogen storage, and his hundreds of basic scientific patents, he has often been compared with
235:, mostly in the areas of energy and information. Many of his inventions have had wide-ranging applications. Among the most prominent are: the
708:
1914:
1889:
1779:
1698:"Stanford Ovshinsky: Pursuing solar electricity at a cost equal to or lower than that of coal electricity", May 2011 vol. 67 no. 3 1-7
1504:
1607:"Kettering University and University of Michigan-Flint to hold commencement ceremonies; Energy icon Stanford Ovshinsky to be honored"
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128:
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crystalline field were building devices based on bulk materials, Ovshinsky's work in the 1960s and later continued to be based on
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1631:
1051:
1025:
438:
1811:
1593:... died on Wednesday at his home in Bloomfield Hills, Mich. He was 89. The cause was prostate cancer, his son Harvey said. ...
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892:
800:
1079:
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1429:
Jeremy W. Peters, "Iris M. Ovshinsky, 79, Partner in Cleaner Auto Technology, is Dead," New York Times, September 5, 2006.
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918:
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88:
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1098:
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By the late 1950s, working at General Automation, Ovshinsky brought together these disparate studies in an
1014:
1003:
957:
898:
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562:. In an attempt to model the learning ability of nerve cells, which Stan recognized as deriving from the
671:
333:
1740:
1455:
Harley Shaiken, "The Einstein of alternative energy?" and Harley Shaiken, "Jumpstarting the Americas,"
1690:
Sigma Xi 125th Anniversary Interview. "Stanford R. Ovshinsky (1990)," interviewed by Greg P. Smestad.
1864:
1859:
992:
502:
to utilize the product. Not long after that, Stan and his younger brother Herb Ovshinsky, a talented
1844:
340:
numerous energy technologies including a hydrogen-powered hybrid car and on Ovshinsky's vision of a
305:
have become the basis of many technologies and industries. Ovshinsky is also distinguished in being
1007:
850:
His last public appearance was at Louis Riel School in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Ovshinsky died of
633:
535:
503:
491:
389:
280:
131:
1117:
1036:
988:
943:
Environmental Hall of Fame 2008 Award, Solar Thin Film Category, Father of Thin-Film Solar Energy
811:
613:
454:
had many important uses. After Ovshinsky sold his company to the New Britain Machine Company in
276:
1496:
1490:
833:'s battery development and manufacture, including patents controlling the manufacture of large
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1500:
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1018:
970:
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756:) Because of his independent and radical contributions to science, he has been compared with
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571:
313:
299:
228:
171:
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712:
688:
459:
442:
430:
373:
341:
1783:
Kho, Jennifer. "Energy Conversion Devices' Turnaround: Is BIPV Finally Ready to Take Off?"
1438:
Jennifer Kho, "Energy Conversion Devices' turnaround: Is BIPV finally ready to take off?"
1112:
1058:
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757:
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563:
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OnInnovation, Stan Ovshinsky Visionary of Solar-Hydrogen-Based Economy, The Henry Ford.
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732:
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567:
511:
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1645:
594:. He would continue to work with chalcogenides in his inventions for decades to come.
356:, then at the center of the American rubber industry. The elder son of working-class
328:
obsolete. ECD continues (through joint ventures and license partners) to be a leading
1853:
1687:"Quest for 'holy grail' of solar drives Ovshinsky" January 2–8, 2012, vol. 28, no. 1.
912:
795:
769:
704:
696:
684:
579:
559:
260:
1442:, January 16, 2009 and Dominique Browning, "Extreme Makeover: White House Edition,"
837:. The original intent of the equity alliance was to develop NiMH batteries for GM's
1380:"How 3D XPoint Phase-Change Memory Works | Selectors, Scaleability, and Conclusion"
949:
2009 Thomas Midgley Award from the Detroit Section of the American Chemical Society
765:
654:
625:
401:
397:
252:
1744:
Fialka, John. "Power Surge: After Decades, A Solar Pioneer Sees Spark in Sales."
1040:
17:
897:
Member of the Director's Council at the Michigan Center for Theoretical Physics,
870:, Ovshinsky has won many prizes for his contributions to science and innovation.
518:
in June 1955 to participate in pioneering experimental research on the mammalian
1241:
John Fialka, "Power Surge: After Decades, A Solar Pioneer Sees Spark in Sales"
547:
471:
455:
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Before graduating from high school in June 1941, Ovshinsky worked as a teacher,
377:
353:
329:
325:
306:
295:
69:
985:
Honorary Calgarian award at Louis Riel School in Calgary, Canada (May 24, 2012)
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and disordered materials in the course of his research in the 1940s and 50s in
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638:
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256:
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100:
1678:
The Man Who Saw Tomorrow: The Life and Inventions of Stanford R. Ovshinsky.
1492:
The Car That Could: The Inside Story of GM's Revolutionary Electric Vehicle
842:
indicated the Ovonics battery extended the EV1's range to over 150 miles.
550:, Stan invented, and Herb Ovshinsky helped build, a mechanical model of a
294:, neural disease, the nature of intelligence in mammals and machines, and
41:
1577:"Stanford R. Ovshinsky Dies at 89, a Self-Taught Maverick in Electronics"
931:
815:
587:
555:
539:
396:, Stan Ovshinsky developed a deep commitment to social values, including
372:—Ovshinsky became active in social activities at an early age during the
220:
118:
110:
1840:
Stanford R. Ovshinsky Alternative Energy and the Americas, April 8, 2008
1758:
Hornblower, Margot. "Listen, Detroit: You'll Get a Charge Out of This."
1753:
Stanford R. Ovshinsky: The Science and Technology of an American Genius.
388:. Based on his father's example, and on teachings offered by the Akron
1357:
Stanford R. Ovshinsky: The Science and Technology of an American Genius
1293:
Margot Hornblower, "Listen, Detroit: You'll Get a Charge Out of This,"
1230:
Stanford R. Ovshinsky: The Science and Technology of an American Genius
1180:
Stanford R. Ovshinsky: The Science and Technology of an American Genius
1044:
830:
617:
609:
583:
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in various local shops affiliated with the rubber industry. During the
369:
317:
232:
570:. He created these layers by combining elements, especially from the
927:
International Association for Hydrogen Energy Sir William Grove Award
575:
510:
and neurological diseases. On the basis of his early writings about
554: – an amorphous thin-film switch they called the Ovitron. Stan
779:
451:
446:
1769:
Stan Ovshinsky and the Hydrogen Economy:…Creating a Better World.
1083:, as well as in parts 1 and 3 of the episode "Hydrogen Hopes" of
1405:
Stan Ovshinsky and the Hydrogen Economy:…Creating a Better World
1308:
Stan Ovshinsky and the Hydrogen Economy:…Creating a Better World
1282:
Stan Ovshinsky and the Hydrogen Economy:…Creating a Better World
1269:
Stan Ovshinsky and the Hydrogen Economy:…Creating a Better World
1256:
Stan Ovshinsky and the Hydrogen Economy:…Creating a Better World
965:
940:
Engineering Society of Detroit Lifetime Achievement Award (2008)
780:
753:
1551:"Welcome to nginx eaa1a9e1db47ffcca16305566a6efba4!185.15.56.1"
1655:
838:
392:, an organization mainly of Jewish immigrants who believed in
272:
1632:"NYIT Announces 2008 Speakers and Honorary Degree Recipients"
558:
the device and the brothers disclosed it publicly in 1959 in
219:(November 24, 1922 – October 17, 2012) was an American
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
268:
458:, it was used to help solve the national crisis of making
437:, where Ovshinsky worked for a time in the tool room of a
316:, founded Energy Conversion Laboratory in a storefront in
352:
Ovshinsky was born and grew up in the industrial town of
231:
who over a span of fifty years was granted well over 400
1703:
Fisher, Lawrence M. "Stan Ovshinsky's Solar Revolution"
910:
2005 Innovation Award for Energy and the Environment by
1792:
Shaiken, Harley. "The Einstein of Alternative Energy?"
1774:
Kridel, Tim. "Meet Stan Ovshinsky, the Energy Genius."
1416:
Harley Shaiken, "The Einstein of alternative energy?"
1368:
v 1.1 of the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2006.
1258:(Notre Dame: Academic Publications, 2006), pp. 13, 15.
1174:
1172:
930:
2007 Walston Chubb Award for Innovation, presented by
1407:(Notre Dame: Academic Publications, 2006), pp. 68–69.
1158:
1156:
1154:
1123:
Patent encumbrance of large automotive NiMH batteries
462:
in large enough volume for wartime needs during the
1723:
Zoom: The Global Race to Fuel the Car of the Future
1470:
Zoom: The Global Race to Fuel the Car of the Future
887:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
312:In 1960, Ovshinsky and his soon-to-be second wife,
137:
124:
106:
96:
77:
51:
32:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1232:(Singapore: World Scientific, 2008), pp. 3, 5, 51.
514:and the nature of intelligence, he was invited by
1755:Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co., 2008.
1646:"Stanford R. Ovshinsky, on season 15 , episode 6"
1310:(Notre Dame: Academic Publications, 2006), p. 50.
1271:(Notre Dame: Academic Publications, 2006), p. 14.
776:General Motors and the US Auto Battery Consortium
417:Work as a machinist and the Benjamin Center Drive
1905:Deaths from prostate cancer in the United States
1297:Heroes for the Planet, February 22, 1999, p. 80.
1284:(Notre Dame: AcademicPublications, 2006), p. 23.
794:, Ovshinsky stated that in the early 1990s, the
486:In 1951, Ovshinsky accepted an offer to move to
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1245:November 27, 2006; >"The Edison of our Age?"
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
608:pollution and wars over oil). Iris had a BA in
1830:The City Club of Cleveland, September 23, 2011
1799:Shaiken, Harley. "Jumpstarting the Americas."
1728:Cohn, Avery. "A Revolution Fueled by the Sun"
1144:Avery Cohn, "A Revolution Fueled by the Sun,"
937:Frederick Douglass/Eugene V. Debs Award (2006)
8:
1845:The greatest scientist you've never heard of
1815:Carlisle, Norman. "The Ovshinsky Invention"
952:Nominated as a finalist for the prestigious
1762:, February 22, 1999, Heroes for the Planet.
1359:(Singapore: World Scientific, 2008), p. 17.
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
433:, he and his bride, Norma Rifkin, moved to
1182:(Singapore: World Scientific, 2008), p. 1.
1002:Honorary Doctorate of Science degree from
40:
29:
1801:Berkeley Review of Latin American Studies
1794:Berkeley Review of Latin American Studies
1730:Berkeley Review of Latin American Studies
1654:. Chedd-Angier Production Company. 2005.
1457:Berkeley Review of Latin American Studies
1418:Berkeley Review of Latin American Studies
1146:Berkeley Review of Latin American Studies
1140:
1138:
1064:In 2015, Ovshinsky was inducted into the
979:Inducted into the 2005 Solar Hall of Fame
286:Ovshinsky opened the scientific field of
27:American engineer, scientist and inventor
1910:Fellows of the American Physical Society
1771:Notre Dame: Academic Publications, 2006.
1751:Fritzsche, Hellmut, and Brian Schwartz.
1468:Iain Carson and Vijay V. Vaitheeswaran,
1054:, Old Westbury, New York (May 18, 2008).
924:Karl W. Böer Solar Energy Medal of Merit
788:In an interview in the 2006 documentary
1134:
1024:Honorary Doctorate of Engineering from
866:With more than 300 publications on his
542:traditionally hold separate, including
186: 1960; died 2006)
1721:Carson, Iain and Vijay Vaitheeswaran.
1676:Hoddeson, Lillian, and Peter Garrett.
1355:Hellmut Fritzsche and Brian Schwartz,
1228:Hellmut Fritzsche and Brian Schwartz,
1178:Hellmut Fritzsche and Brian Schwartz,
1077:Ovshinsky appeared in the documentary
1575:Barnaby J. Feder (October 18, 2012).
969:magazine (1999), with Iris Ovshinsky
760:. Because of his many inventions in
7:
1778:(October/ November 2006), Issue 218.
364:around 1905—Benjamin Ovshinsky from
1725:. Hachette, New York: Twelve, 2007.
1605:Beata Mostafavi (9 December 2010).
1472:(Hachette, NY: Twelve, 2007), p. 5.
1057:Honorary Doctorate of Science from
1050:Honorary Doctorate of Science from
1013:Honorary Doctorate in Science from
829:acquired a controlling interest in
494:as the director of research at the
368:and Bertha Munitz from what is now
1810:, April 20, 2008, The Green Issue.
1806:Vaitheeswaran, Vijay V. "Invent."
1696:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.
1489:Shnayerson, Michael (1996-08-27).
1342:Vijay V. Vaitheeswaran, "Invent,"
441:plant in Litchfield, not far from
46:Stanford R. Ovshinsky, August 2005
25:
1522:"Dude, Wheres My Electric Car!?!"
1061:, Union, New Jersey (May 8, 2007)
750:building-integrated photovoltaics
261:solar energy laminates and panels
1662:from the original on 2006-01-01.
1378:Allyn Malventano (2 June 2017).
1346:April 20, 2008, The green issue.
1052:New York Institute of Technology
1026:Illinois Institute of Technology
854:on October 17, 2012, aged 89 in
239:, which has been widely used in
160:
1885:21st-century American inventors
1880:20th-century American inventors
1066:National Inventors Hall of Fame
963:Named "Hero for the Planet" by
733:hybrid gas-electric automobiles
679:, Bardeen, Arthur Bienenstock,
201:
183:
156:
1900:Deaths from cancer in Michigan
1712:Herbert, Bob. "Signs of Hope"
1166:, December 2, 2006, pp. 33–34.
893:Engineering Society of Detroit
801:California Air Resources Board
1:
1651:Scientific American Frontiers
1095:Scientific American Frontiers
1090:Scientific American Frontiers
919:American Solar Energy Society
474:, corresponding briefly with
1344:The New York Times Magazine,
1080:Who Killed the Electric Car?
791:Who Killed the Electric Car?
603:Energy Conversion Laboratory
470:, neurological disease, and
237:nickel-metal hydride battery
129:Nickel–metal hydride battery
1808:The New York Times Magazine
1714:The New York Times Magazine
1680:Cambridge: MIT Press, 2018.
991:of Engineering degree from
874:Memberships and fellowships
360:immigrant parents who left
1931:
1915:21st-century American Jews
1890:20th-century American Jews
856:Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
634:Ovonic Phase Change Memory
89:Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
1735:"The Edison of our Age?"
1685:Crain's Detroit Business,
1495:. Random House. pp.
1420:(Spring 2008): pp. 28–29.
1202:"The Edison of our Age?"
1162:"The Edison of our Age?"
975:American Chemical Society
881:American Physical Society
661:and co-discoverer of the
645:Energy Conversion Devices
322:Energy Conversion Devices
217:Stanford Robert Ovshinsky
56:Stanford Robert Ovshinsky
39:
34:Stanford Robert Ovshinsky
1817:Science & Mechanics,
1520:Coker, M. (2003-05-15).
1035:Honorary Doctorate from
921:Hoyt Clarke Hottel Award
739:Ovshinsky Innovation LLC
1870:People from Akron, Ohio
1819:(February 1970): 38–40.
1446:, January 16, 2009, W1.
1444:The Wall Street Journal
954:European Inventor Award
729:liquid crystal displays
657:, a co-inventor of the
265:liquid crystal displays
1785:Renewable Energy World
1707:, Spring 2011: 62–71.
1440:Renewable Energy World
1015:Wayne State University
1004:University of Michigan
958:European Patent Office
934:, the Research Society
899:University of Michigan
785:
622:University of Michigan
536:scientific disciplines
412:Work through the 1950s
342:hydrogen-based economy
1796:(Spring 2008): 28–31.
1732:(Spring 2008): 22–24.
1716:, November 24, 2009.
1459:(Fall 2008): pp. 2-7.
1148:(Spring 2008): p. 22.
1087:'s television series
783:
672:University of Chicago
259:; flexible thin-film
1746:Wall Street Journal,
1526:Orange County Weekly
1243:Wall Street Journal,
993:Kettering University
516:Wayne Medical School
482:Intelligent machines
159: 1943;
1875:Engineers from Ohio
1787:, January 16, 2009.
1008:Ann Arbor, Michigan
999:(December 11, 2010)
504:mechanical engineer
492:automotive industry
281:phase-change memory
277:hydrogen fuel cells
132:Phase-change memory
1767:Howard, George S.
1748:November 27, 2006.
1403:George S. Howard,
1306:George S. Howard,
1280:George S. Howard,
1267:George S. Howard,
1254:George S. Howard,
1206:, December 2, 2006
1118:General Motors EV1
1073:In popular culture
1037:Ovidius University
989:Honorary Doctorate
786:
614:Swarthmore College
496:Hupp Motor Company
279:; and nonvolatile
18:Stanford Ovshinsky
1895:Battery inventors
1803:(Fall 2008): 2–7.
1776:Mother Earth News
1739:December 2, 2006.
1705:strategy+business
1611:The Flint Journal
1093:. The website of
1030:Chicago, Illinois
1019:Detroit, Michigan
971:Hero of Chemistry
862:Honors and awards
668:Hellmut Fritzsche
630:Boston University
572:Group 16 elements
358:Lithuanian Jewish
336:production firm.
300:Amorphous silicon
214:
213:
172:Iris M. Ovshinsky
66:November 24, 1922
16:(Redirected from
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83:(2012-10-17)
1865:2012 deaths
1860:1922 births
1634:. May 2008.
1616:27 December
677:David Adler
616:, an MS in
578:, known as
548:cybernetics
534:. Crossing
526:The Ovitron
472:cybernetics
456:Connecticut
378:scrap metal
354:Akron, Ohio
326:fossil fuel
314:Iris Dibner
307:self-taught
296:cybernetics
257:hybrid cars
249:cell phones
97:Nationality
70:Akron, Ohio
1854:Categories
1588:2012-10-19
1561:2012-10-28
1536:2009-10-08
1389:4 November
1129:References
663:BCS theory
659:transistor
639:thin films
564:plasticity
552:nerve cell
520:cerebellum
464:Korean War
423:tool maker
348:Early life
194:Rosa Young
62:1922-11-24
1085:Alan Alda
1041:ConstanĹŁa
825:In 1994,
820:Solectria
620:from the
592:tellurium
540:academics
532:invention
427:machinist
386:foundries
382:factories
366:Lithuania
288:amorphous
225:scientist
115:scientist
1660:Archived
1107:See also
932:Sigma Xi
816:Chrysler
803:(CARB).
588:selenium
556:patented
439:Goodyear
253:electric
229:inventor
221:engineer
119:Inventor
111:engineer
101:American
1497:194–207
1045:Romania
831:Ovonics
618:biology
610:zoology
584:sulphur
488:Detroit
443:Phoenix
435:Arizona
370:Belarus
334:battery
318:Detroit
275:discs;
233:patents
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574:under
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251:, and
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72:, U.S.
1295:Time,
846:Death
628:from
612:from
538:that
452:lathe
447:Akron
380:from
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1760:TIME
1618:2010
1501:ISBN
1391:2017
1100:NOVA
966:TIME
812:Ford
754:BIPV
670:, a
546:and
425:and
384:and
332:and
271:and
255:and
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117:and
78:Died
52:Born
1656:PBS
839:EV1
273:DVD
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