805:
It would centralize the power with the prime minister and sideline the cabinet and parliament. A cabinet secretariat was created in the Office of the Prime
Minister, with the reduction of Vorster's twenty cabinet advisory committees to four under PW Botha as decision making bodies not advisory, not accountable to the cabinet. These would be the committees of National Security, Constitutional, Economic and Social Affairs, each under a minister appointed by the Prime Minister. The National Security committee would manage the SSC and the National Security Management System, with its decisions not having to be ratified by the Cabinet and only informed of them if required by the Prime Minister. The SSC's strategy was managed by thirteen to fifteen Interdepartmental Committees and implemented through fifteen internal and external Joint Management Centre's. On 16 August 1979, the National Security Management System (NSMS) was established which would integrate the efforts of the entire government and its assets towards protecting the state with the SADF, Police and Intelligence services as the core of the system and managed by the Security Council.
1193:(TEC) was formed by an act of parliament in September 1993 and was made up of members of the political parties who had negotiated the transition to free and fair elections that would take place in April 1994. The TEC would essentially run the country until the election and was made up of seven sub-committees, composed of members of the negotiating political parties, with one of those committees responsible for intelligence. This committee was called the Sub-Council on Intelligence and was established in November 1993. The committees role was to find a solution to the structure of South Africa's future intelligence service which would be acceptable to all six intelligence services of the various political parties in country. These six intelligence organisations consisted of the NIS,
1002:
anti-apartheid organisations, neutralise anti-apartheid propaganda against the South
African government and promote a positive image of the anti-communist organisations operating in Southern Africa. This was done by way of two means, one using the Bureau of Information to overtly sell the message of the South African government departments and secondly, covertly sell the South African governments message to the country or world through organisations not officially aligned to it. A second aim would be to develop strategies such as assassination, attacks, economic sabotage, character assassination and front companies against anti-apartheid organisations. By 1984, it was said that this branch consisted of around 2650 people of which 1930 were members of the SADF.
1079:(UDF) but essentially any organisation the SSC thought acted against the interests of the state. Its secondary role, that was neglected due to the overriding interests of the security and intelligence brief, was the implementation of the executive strategy and policy to improve the socio-economic and political affairs in the regions controlled by the JMC which were the three of the four pillars of the governments Total Strategy. These roles could be defined as through military control, bring stability to the townships, restoring the role of the state in those communities which would legitimise the states role and finally in the long term anticipating and controlling future resistance through the implementation of political, social and economic reform.
1099:), Northern Command (Frontline States) and Angola. The internal JMC'c were broken down into further three levels. There were sixty Sub-JMC's under the control of a SAP district commander and roughly covered the country's police districts. Mini-JMC's with 450 in total which covered the South African magisterial districts and represented by a local SAP commander. Last level of control of South African society was through Local Management Centres (LMC) which would be based in city and towns. Information would move back and forth from the lowest levels to the JMC, then SSC, its working committee and finally the cabinets and prime minister or state president.
745:
direction of security policy for the country. In 1977, a
Defence White Paper was published and outlined the Total Strategy Plan that would later be implemented and dominate the PW Botha years. This plan envisioned the mobilization of South Africa's military, economic, political and social resources so as to defend and advance the country's interests at home and abroad and also called for an increase in the military budget so as to balance the playing fields relative to the southern African states.
4121:
619:
1154:
and investigations begun into the SAP and DMI as well as the use of third forces and death squads which resulted in the suspension of the CCB in
February 1990 and its dismantling in July of the same year. The military and police intelligence services were reduced to purely internal matters while the power of the NIS rose becoming responsible for external intelligence and as an advisor to the State President.
1150:
government's civilian decision making processes. With the SSC reduced to an advisory body, the JMC's were reduced to civilian run regional and co-ordinating centres no longer under SAP and DMI control. De Klerk formed a
Cabinet Committee for Security, with the State President and his ministers as members with decision making and co-ordination for national security now under civilian control.
674:. During those years he would implement a Total National Strategy, Total Counter-revolutionary Strategy and finally in the mid-eighties, established the National Security Management System (NSMS). After FW de Klerk's rise to the role of State President, the Cabinet would eventually regain control of the management of the country. After the 1994 elections a committee called
37:
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called
National Security managed by Prime Minister who also held the Minister of Defence portfolio. With the rise of PW Botha to prime minister, so the SADF's power increase in cabinet and with that the Directorate Military Intelligence (DMI), who would strive to dominate security issues in the new government and decide its policy and implementation.
1064:
decisions on security action to be taken. Such action included assassination of people opposed to the apartheid government's policies, and the widespread use of abduction, arson, sabotage and torture. The SSC put pressure on the security forces to "engage robustly" against persons and organisations opposed to the government.
1041:, its role was to co-ordinate activities and intelligence between all intelligence agencies and the non-security agencies. It had a number of sub-committees: Covert Collection (later called TREWITS), Open Information Gathering, Technical, Evaluation (later became NIIB), Counter Espionage and Security Intelligence.
1224:
The second role of the Sub-Council on
Intelligence of the TEC, was the daily operation of the country's intelligence and security services. This would be done by means of a Joint Coordinating Intelligence Committee (JCIC) but as the NIS opposed ANC control over the services, the JCIC role changed to
1165:
Personally, my relationship with P.W. Botha was often strained. I did not like his overbearing leadership style and was opposed to the intrusion of the State
Security Council system into virtually every facet of government. After I became leader of the National Party in February 1989 I did my best to
1117:
Joint
Intelligence Committee (JICOM/GIKOM) – main aim was to provide daily intelligence to the other committees. The operational role was under the command of an Army Intelligence commander through a Joint Intelligence Centre. Members of this committee included the Directorate Military Intelligence
804:
as not appropriate for the country and that in order to implement the Total
Strategy, it was necessary to integrate the states resources and overhaul the states political and administrative structures. This rationalization process begun in March 1979 to restructure the states decision making process.
776:
Vorster was appointed as State President on 10 October but would resign in May 1979 when the results of the Erasmus Commission of Inquiry into the Information Scandal were released in that year. On 20 November 1978, the Bureau of State Security was brought under tighter control as a cabinet portfolio
744:
The years between 1974 and 1978 were dominated by infighting as various areas of the government for control of the countries foreign and security policy. Foreign Affairs and the Department of Information argued over foreign policy in South Africa and abroad while BOSS and the military argued over the
1153:
The dismantling of military and security power continued under de Klerk with the permission for marches and rallies, the reduction of national military service to one year and the return of foreign diplomacy as opposed to regional destabilisation in southern Africa. Judicial commissions of inquiries
669:
in 1972 to advise the government on the country's national policy and strategy concerning security, its implementation and determining security priorities. Its role changed through the prime ministerships of John Vorster and PW Botha (later State President), being little used during the former's and
813:
to finalise the functions of each department. This resulted in the Simonstown Accords with the NIS responsible for political and economic intelligence, counter-intelligence and evaluation. DMI would be responsible for military intelligence and contra-mobilisation within South Africa and externally.
1063:
The core of the implementation of the NSMS was the Joint Management Centre. This was a network of regional, district and local committees or Joint Management Centres (JMCs) which reported on the activities and location of political activists so as to form an overall security profile, thus enabling
1054:
Formed during 1985, its role was to identify targets for action and or elimination as well as gather intelligence for such operations, with the specific aim of improving the co-ordination of the various security forces. It was under the command of the Security Branch and a sub-committee of KIK; it
821:
and its new constitution was a failure as it left out black representation and was responsible for the loss of control of the large townships in the Vaal Triangle and the Eastern Cape to the ANC and its revolutionary struggle. On 21 July 1985, PW Bothas declared a State of Emergency to counter the
711:
on 24 May 1972. Part of this act established the formation of the State Security Council under the control of the cabinet and established it as the government's national centre for operational security. Due to the domination of BOSS, the State Security Council under Vorster would meet infrequently
1001:
The Strategic Communication branch developed strategies and policies for combating the “Total Onslaught” by organisations opposed to South African government and were developed in conjunction with the Strategy and the National Intelligence Interpretation Branches. One of its aims was to discredit
1010:
The purpose of this branch was to coordinate the gathering of intelligence by the different South African intelligence and security organisations such as National Intelligence Service (NIS), Directorate Military Intelligence (DMI), Security Branch and Foreign Affairs intelligence committee. Its
1113:
Security Committee (SECCOM/VEIKOM) – main aim was to plan, monitor and co-ordinate the security forces. The operational role was under the command of a SAP commander through a Joint Operations Centre. Members of this committee included the SAP, SADF, NIS, Security Police, Railway Police, Civil
841:
In April 1986, the SSC developed guidelines to adopt a counter-revolutionary war by using anti-revolutionary groups within South Africa to counter the arming of black communities by ANC by arming and training anti-ANC groups. On 9 May 1986, the SSC received a document concerning a new force to
784:
was appointed by Prime Minister PW Botha to lead a commission of inquiry into intelligence gathering in South Africa and in particular who would be the lead agency. It was believed that it was predetermined that the DMI would be the lead intelligence agency. PW Botha had decided to split the
1149:
was first appointed to the role of acting South African President and then on 20 September as State President. During November 1989, de Klerk began to abolish the National Security Management System which would begin to reign in the power the military and security establishment had over the
1011:
second purpose was to interpret all national security and intelligence gathered by the above bodies and provide a national intelligence brief to the South African government. The NIIB would come into existence on 1 January 1982 and the NIS would provide most of the analysts for this branch.
992:
The Strategy Planning Branch developed the national government's strategy. This was undertaken through a Total Planning Cell made up of thirteen interdepartmental committees that developed Total Strategies; security, economic, social and constitutional to counter the Total Onslaught.
865:. On 12 June 1986, the governments State of Emergency, cancelled on 7 March 1986, was re-extended to the whole country. Its purpose was to restore law and order, normalise life in the townships so as to create a circumstance for constitutional, economic and social development.
1181:' basis". The same newspaper report alleged that, in his last months as president in 1994, de Klerk ordered the wholesale shredding and incineration of tons of documents, microfilm and computer tapes that dealt with matters such as the chain of command in covert operations.
720:
In October 1974, Vorster initiated a foreign policy of "DĂ©tente" seeking support for a constellation of Southern African states who would be a united front against a common enemy, communism. The use of white buffers states began to fail in 1974 with a coup in
936:. Its function was to advise the government on formulating and executing national security policy. Botha himself chaired the SSC, which was served by a secretariat of 100 full-time staff seconded from other government departments. The SSC had four divisions:
4204:
808:
In November 1980, PW Botha ordered a Rationalisation Committee be formed to rationalise the intelligence services so as to improve the co-ordination of intelligence in the State Security Council. This committee met between 14 and 19 January 1981 in
706:
was a close ally of the Prime Minister, it was seen by Military Intelligence as a foregone conclusion that BOSS would achieve favour. The Potgieter Commission reported back on 2 February 1972 and the results were subsequently used to enact the
1225:
one of coordination and investigation of the intelligence services as well as the supply of intelligence to the TEC and the other sub-councils. The JCIC would eventually evolve into the Heads of Combined Services (HOCS) and in 1995 become the
788:
On 12 February 1979, the State Security Council issued guidelines for who could authorize five types of external operations by South African forces. A regional strategy for destabilization was also established to prevent the establishment of
1245:
By virtue of his position as head of state and chairperson of the State Security Council (SSC), Botha contributed to and facilitated a climate in which ... gross violations of human rights did occur, and as such is accountable for such
4157:
1250:
The TRC also found that the SSC had contributed to the prevailing culture of impunity by failing to recommend that action be taken against those members of the security forces who were involved in gross human rights violations.
1176:
quoted de Klerk as replying that although he was a member of the cabinet it was not briefed "on clandestine operations involving murders, assassinations or the like – all of which were evidently carried out strictly on a
1055:
had members from the NIS, Security Branch, DMI and Special Forces. TREWITS would interact with the Joint Management Centres through the VEIKOM committees. This committee closed in early 1992 and its documents were destroyed.
785:
intelligence gathering ability of South Africa amongst four agencies, the DMI, BOSS/DONS, Security Branch and Foreign Affairs, hoping to reduce the political dominance by one over the others, but the rivalry would continue.
737:. BOSS was instrumental in organizing the search for influential allies in the region and arranging the meetings. This policy was soon destroyed by the South African invasion of Angola in 1975 and in June 1976 with the
1241:(TRC) castigated South Africa's last hard-line apartheid president P.W. Botha and held him responsible for gross human rights violations, including all violence sanctioned by the State Security Council. The report said:
1102:
The following seven components made up each Joint Management Centres and were replicated to a large extent in the lower levels of the Sub and Mini JMC's and was itself similar to the State Security Council's structure:
1132:
Constitutional, Economic and Welfare Committee – main aim was to implement the National Welfare Management strategy of the government. Members included civil servants from housing, finance, constitutional affairs and
797:(SADF) and DMI. In Mozambique, it meant the building up RENAMO, created by the Rhodesians in opposition to the Mozambican government, and under SADF control by 1980, managed by the DMI's Directorate of Special Tasks.
4150:
3930:
4143:
2094:
2724:
1194:
3497:
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and the reduction of international loans, caused the SSC to realize that the Total Onslaught was not just by communist forces but also had a component of Western hostility.
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2675:
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formed a commission led by Justice H.J. Potgieter to establish the guidelines and mission for intelligence gathering by the Military Intelligence (later DMI) and the
147:
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114:
3434:
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929:
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would investigate the clashes between the two organisations over who had primary responsibility for intelligence gathering in South Africa. As the BOSS head
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bases in those countries. In Angola, the South African strategy was to divide the country, supporting secession in the south of the country, managed by the
3888:
2731:
2923:
4125:
3567:
2080:
2560:
1067:
The Joint Management Centres had two main roles. One, to obtain intelligence in the areas of the country they operated especially the activities of the
3951:
3812:
3735:
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49:
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204:
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3427:
3308:
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757:
703:
589:
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239:
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2015:
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1436:
1503:
Davies, Robert; O'Meara, Daniel (April 1985). "Total Strategy in Southern Africa: An Analysis of South African Regional Policy Since 1978".
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There were twelve JMC's based in each province and capital city which replicated the SADF command regions and under the command of a
4344:
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3609:
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3088:
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ensure that P.W. Botha would be able to end his term as president with full dignity and decorum. Unfortunately, this was not to be.
3672:
3511:
2696:
2610:
2553:
1309:"Prime Minister John Vorster appoints a Commission of Inquiry under Justice H.J. Potgieter, of The Appellate Division of the Sup"
842:
counter revolutionary forces and consensus was reached in the council to create the force. This resulted in the formation of the
579:
209:
1453:"An abridged version of the security report by Justice H.J. Potgieter's Commission of Inquiry on State Security is submitted to"
3902:
3665:
3581:
3462:
3448:
3420:
2703:
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1960:
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834:, rather continuing the current policy. The negative speech had serious financial implications with a drop in the value of the
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In August 2007, de Klerk was challenged to say what he knew about the atrocities carried out at the behest of the SSC.
4329:
4006:
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1095:(SAP) Divisional Commander. There were also five external JMC's, Walvis Bay, Namibia Command, Southern Command (five
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1641:
Isaacs, Henry E. (1990). "The Dynamics of Conflict in South Africa: Routes to Peace". In Glickman, Harvey (ed.).
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1068:
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564:
184:
2403:
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Executive Committee – this was made up by the head of the individual JMC and the committee heads listed below
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was formed to advise the South African president on security and intelligence as well as its implementation.
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109:
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As its name implies, this branch supplied the administrative staff required to assist the secretariat.
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paramilitary forces to counter ANC forces in the townships and this strategy would be attempted in the
846:(CCB) with the front company was launched by the South African Special Forces that May. In June 1986,
4450:
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3208:
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2417:
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1883:
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327:
284:
134:
74:
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PW Botha suffered a stroke in January 1989 and by 14 August 1989 he had resigned due to ill health.
1129:
in their area of JMC. Members of this committee consisted of the SAP, SADF and Bureau of Information
814:
The Security Branch would be responsible for counter-subversion within South Africa and externally.
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4284:
3777:
3749:
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3141:
3134:
3067:
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South Africa's State Security Council (SSC) minutes from January 1984 indicate that the Mozambican
604:
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1933:"The National Intelligence Service and the transition to the post-1994 intelligence dispensation"
1850:
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1520:
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was killed. The investigation was unable to prove an allegation that South Africa was behind the
963:
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801:
634:
69:
20:
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violence in magisterial districts representing one-third of the country. PW Botha delivered his
312:
1984:
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4041:
3378:
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2214:
2144:
2030:
2011:
1697:
1648:
1621:
1543:
1432:
515:
229:
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In 1996, the TRC conducted a special investigation into the 1986 aircrash in which president
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during the latter's, controlling all aspects of South African public's lives by becoming the
4460:
4409:
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3053:
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2539:
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1932:
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84:
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Brigadier, except the Western Cape and Witwatersrand, which were under the command of a
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The Act called for the following persons to be members of the State Security Council:
4493:
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1237:
In a 1998 report on the former South African government and its security forces, the
781:
599:
472:
422:
94:
79:
2072:
1967:
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Established in 1979, these are the three secretaries of the State Security Council:
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3011:
2190:
2104:
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In a statement on the death of former president P.W. Botha in 2006, his successor,
1038:
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761:
749:
687:
666:
500:
462:
452:
442:
342:
1825:
Baynham, Simon (September 1990). "Security Strategies for a Future South Africa".
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Communication Committee (COMCOM/KOMKOM) – main aim was to compile and disseminate
2002:
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1642:
4324:
3223:
2182:
1146:
925:
924:(SSC) presided over the National Security Management System (NSMS) of President
851:
402:
397:
382:
317:
2004:
The South African Intelligence Services: From Apartheid to Democracy, 1948-2005
1429:
The South African Intelligence Services: From Apartheid to Democracy, 1948-2005
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1838:
1516:
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510:
477:
352:
337:
322:
179:
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Reform and Counter-Revolution: South African State Strategy during the 1980's
4256:
3257:
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3179:
2601:
2578:
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1096:
831:
729:, and by 1975 African nationalist groups were in control of its colonies of
531:
495:
432:
36:
28:
1961:"TRC report on the former South African government and its security forces"
984:
Deputy secretary for most of the 1980s was Major-General J.F van Rensburg.
1750:
Paper presented at the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation
1037:
Formed on 30 January 1981, also known as the “K” Committee and chaired by
4027:
3525:
3170:
2310:
2167:
1693:
State Security in South Africa: Civil-military Relations Under P.W. Botha
1214:
862:
765:
722:
696:
Commission to Inquire into Certain Intelligence Aspects of State Security
2027:
Apartheid's Friends. The Rise and Fall of South Africa's Secret Services
1869:"Statement by F.W. de Klerk on the death of former president P.W. Botha"
1540:
Apartheid's Friends. The Rise and Fall of South Africa's Secret Services
2451:
1524:
1288:
1884:"Apartheid-era murder of sleeping teenagers returns to haunt De Klerk"
1868:
1846:
826:
to the world on 15 August 1985 that failed to announce the release of
3162:
2334:
2113:
1985:"Special TRC investigation into the death of President Samora Machel"
1871:. Cape Town: Issued by the F.W. de Klerk Foundation. 1 November 2006.
1284:
858:
730:
521:
1740:, South Africa: Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation
1122:, private security firms and provincial, regional and local affairs
2326:
1210:
1088:
4139:
2076:
709:
Security Intelligence and State Security Council Act 64 of 1972
850:
was approved by the SSC with the DMI responsible for training
790:
817:
By 1985, the South African government realized that its 1983
898:
Director-General of Bureau for State Security (BOSS) (later
760:, resigned in June 1978. By 2 October 1978, Prime Minister
780:
In October 1978, Deputy Defence and Intelligence Minister
768:
was appointed as the new Prime Minister of South Africa.
1647:. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers. pp. 33–52.
1136:
Liaison Committee – communication with the public sector
946:
National Intelligence Interpretation Branch, (NIIB) and
1114:
defence, Commandos and state and provincial officials
912:
and anyone one else required to aid the discussions.
764:
had resigned and on 9 October, the Defence Minister
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3822:
3277:
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2577:
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2352:
2345:
2111:
1185:
New security structure and post 1994 investigations
1006:National Intelligence Interpretation Branch (NIIB)
2876:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
1769:. British Broadcasting Company. 29 October 1998
1679:. Washington, DC: Defense Intelligence College.
1618:External Mission. The ANC in Exile. 1960 - 1990
1163:
1051:– Counter-revolutionary Intelligence Task Team
756:(BOSS) had become mired, the head of the BOSS,
1786:
1784:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1118:(DMI), NIS, Security Police, Prisons Service,
4151:
2088:
2010:. Studies in Intelligence Series. Routledge.
1644:Towards Peace and Security in Southern Africa
1431:. Studies in Intelligence Series. Routledge.
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1227:National Intelligence Co-ordinating Committee
676:National Intelligence Co-ordinating Committee
642:
8:
2057:National Intelligence Service (South Africa)
1793:"Transition to Democracy Timeline 1984-1994"
4520:Defunct South African intelligence agencies
4515:Defunct organisations based in South Africa
4367:
4158:
4144:
4136:
3274:
2349:
2095:
2081:
2073:
2029:. Great Britain: John Murray(Publishers).
1927:
1925:
1899:
1897:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1542:. Great Britain: John Murray(Publishers).
1279:, including General Jac Buchner and Major
1209:), and the three intelligence services of
940:Strategy Planning Branch (Strategy Branch)
649:
635:
15:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1075:(PAC) and later in the mid-eighties, the
4226:Institute for Justice and Reconciliation
2949:Reconstruction and Development Programme
1611:
1609:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
4510:Organisations associated with apartheid
2561:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
1726:"State violence: a study in repression"
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1300:
1195:Department of Intelligence and Security
1110:Secretariat – administration of the JMC
1034:– Co-ordinating Intelligence Committee
590:Music in the movement against apartheid
27:
3026:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
2051:South African Bureau of State Security
1905:"Transitional Executive Council (TEC)"
1763:"TRC findings: P.W. Botha and the SSC"
1269:Mozambican Tupolev Tu-134 air disaster
1827:The Journal of Modern African Studies
1795:. South African History Online (SAHO)
1455:. South African History Online (SAHO)
1311:. South African History Online (SAHO)
1049:Teen Rewolusionere Inligting Taakspan
7:
1271:, but the TRC stated in its report:
686:On 5 September 1969, Prime Minister
4167:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
2956:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
2618:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
1505:Journal of Southern African Studies
1239:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
943:Strategic Communications (Stratkom)
65:Coloured vote constitutional crisis
1675:Frankel, Phillip (February 1988).
14:
4108:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
3743:South African Party (Cape Colony)
895:Chief of the South African Police
4242:Azanian People's Liberation Army
4120:
4119:
1882:McGreal, Chris (6 August 2007).
618:
617:
580:Internal resistance to apartheid
35:
3757:South African Party (1977–1980)
3750:South African Party (1911–1934)
3666:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
3463:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
1734:University of the Witwatersrand
1724:Coleman, Max (26 August 1990).
1690:Roherty, James Michael (1992).
1620:. London: Hurst & Company.
90:Church Street, Pretoria bombing
4505:Anti-communism in South Africa
3075:2019 service delivery protests
3061:#FeesMustFall student protests
2806:1983 constitutional referendum
1696:. New York: M.E. Sharpe, Inc.
1233:TRC Investigation into the SSC
1191:Transitional Executive Council
712:and would be purely advisory.
1:
4389:A Human Being Died That Night
3533:Johannesburg Reform Committee
2171:
2156:
2133:
2126:
1141:FW De Klerk years and the SSC
900:National Intelligence Service
716:B.J Vorster years and the SSC
3188:Black Consciousness Movement
2942:Government of National Unity
1203:Pan African Security Service
1032:Koordineer Inligting Komitee
980:(1988 – 1990)
973:(1985 – 1988)
966:(1979 – 1985)
905:Secretary of Foreign Affairs
555:Apartheid in popular culture
4330:Saint James Church massacre
4197:National Research Director:
2899:Saint James Church massacre
2785:Weapons of mass destruction
883:Minister of Foreign Affairs
795:South African Defence Force
125:Saint James Church massacre
120:Assassination of Chris Hani
4536:
4310:Heidelberg Tavern massacre
4305:Durban beach-front bombing
4221:Amy Biehl Foundation Trust
2655:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
2533:South West Africa campaign
2432:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
2397:French Huguenot settlement
2001:O'Brien, Kevin A. (2011).
1427:O'Brien, Kevin A. (2011).
892:Chief of the Defence Force
772:PW Botha years and the SSC
130:1994 Bophuthatswana crisis
4117:
4094:African National Congress
3554:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
2892:1992 apartheid referendum
2068:State-sponsored terrorism
1839:10.1017/s0022278x00054628
1517:10.1080/03057078508708096
1291:government of Mozambique.
1069:African National Congress
971:Pieter van der Westhuizen
930:National Party Government
692:Bureau for State Security
378:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
4247:Civil Cooperation Bureau
3547:Labour Party (1969–1994)
3540:Labour Party (1910–1958)
3096:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
3054:#RhodesMustFall protests
2669:1960 republic referendum
2063:Civil Cooperation Bureau
1283:, discussed how to help
1059:Joint Management Centres
916:Organisational structure
844:Civil Cooperation Bureau
754:Bureau of State Security
565:Cape Qualified Franchise
4345:Bombing of Khotso House
3992:terrorist organisations
3082:2019 Johannesburg riots
2711:Constructive engagement
2676:International isolation
2494:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
2025:Sanders, James (2006).
1616:Ellis, Stephen (2012).
1538:Sanders, James (2006).
1077:United Democratic Front
800:PW Botha described the
595:Nostalgia for apartheid
4252:State Security Council
4200:Charles Villa-Vicencio
3005:Attack on Kennedy Road
2632:Congress of the People
2223:South African Republic
1909:O'Malley Heart of Hope
1293:
1248:
1168:
922:State Security Council
698:, known better as the
663:State Security Council
570:Disinvestment campaign
295:State Security Council
4350:Trojan Horse Incident
4295:Church Street bombing
4290:Battle of Ventersdorp
3575:Natal Indian Congress
3295:Afrikaner Broederbond
3149:Afrikaner nationalism
2935:1994 general election
2906:Bophuthatswana crisis
2799:Church Street bombing
2595:Apartheid legislation
2588:1948 general election
2508:South Africa Act 1909
2303:Union of South Africa
2123:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
2103:Political history of
1573:The O'Malley Archives
1273:
1255:SSC and Samora Machel
1243:
1015:Administration Branch
949:Administration Branch
819:Tricameral Parliament
704:Hendrik van den Bergh
560:Apartheid legislation
550:Afrikaner nationalism
110:Cape Town peace march
100:Trojan Horse Incident
60:1948 general election
4500:Apartheid government
4340:Shell House massacre
4335:Sharpeville massacre
3209:Greater South Africa
3047:2014 platinum strike
2913:Shell House massacre
2841:Transkei coup d'Ă©tat
2662:Sharpeville massacre
2425:Battle of Blaauwberg
2418:Battle of Muizenberg
2370:Battle of Salt River
2153:Mthethwa Paramountcy
1093:South African Police
1073:Pan-African Congress
1023:Other SSC committees
908:Secretary of Justice
758:Hendrik van den Berg
727:Carnation Revolution
700:Potgieter Commission
665:(SSC) was formed in
458:Eugène Terre'Blanche
328:Mangosuthu Buthelezi
135:Shell House massacre
105:Khotso House bombing
75:Sharpeville massacre
4379:Country of My Skull
4355:Queenstown Massacre
4315:The Gugulethu Seven
4285:Amanzimtoti bombing
4101:Democratic Alliance
3278:Civic and political
3142:Afrikaner Calvinism
3135:African nationalism
2984:African Renaissance
2690:UNSC Resolution 591
2611:Internal resistance
2512:National Convention
2480:Transvaal Civil War
2404:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
2287:Orange River Colony
886:Minister of Justice
880:Minister of Defence
748:In the wake of the
605:Sullivan Principles
2848:Ciskei coup d'Ă©tat
2683:UN Resolution 1761
2648:Women's March 1956
2501:South African Wars
2487:Mineral Revolution
1940:Scientia Militaria
889:Minister of Police
869:Council membership
802:Westminster system
190:Conservative Party
70:1956 Treason Trial
4487:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4476:
4466:
4456:
4446:
4436:
4415:
4394:
4384:
4371:Non-fiction books
4264:Umkhonto we Sizwe
4133:
4132:
4086:political parties
4079:
4078:
4056:Orde van die Dood
3673:Progressive Party
3379:Congress Alliance
3195:Cape Independence
3127:Political culture
3122:
3121:
3089:COVID-19 pandemic
3019:Marikana massacre
2855:Venda coup d'Ă©tat
2625:Defiance Campaign
2215:Orange Free State
2145:Dutch Cape Colony
2017:978-0-203-84061-0
1791:Savage, Michael.
1627:978-1-84904-262-8
1438:978-0-203-84061-0
964:A.J. van Deventer
659:
658:
516:South-West Africa
4527:
4474:
4464:
4461:Zulu Love Letter
4454:
4444:
4434:
4413:
4392:
4382:
4368:
4300:The Cradock Four
4189:Deputy chairman:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4137:
4123:
4122:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3990:Paramilitary and
3982:
3980:Umkosi Wezintaba
3975:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3825:social movements
3823:Trade unions and
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3344:Boerestaat Party
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3275:
3261:
3252:
3243:
3234:
3227:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3174:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3115:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2834:Dakar Conference
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2725:Sporting boycott
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2697:Academic boycott
2692:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2554:Great Depression
2549:
2542:
2540:Maritz rebellion
2535:
2515:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2390:Dutch settlement
2372:
2365:
2363:Bantu migrations
2350:
2338:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2295:Transvaal Colony
2290:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2263:Nieuwe Republiek
2258:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2199:Natalia Republic
2194:
2186:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2168:Ndwandwe Kingdom
2163:
2161:
2158:
2148:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2074:
2040:
2021:
2009:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1966:. Archived from
1965:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1822:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1613:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1565:
1554:
1553:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1500:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1424:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1305:
1281:Craig Williamson
848:Operation Marion
651:
644:
637:
621:
620:
418:Albertina Sisulu
413:Benjamin Moloise
348:Arthur Goldreich
39:
16:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4479:
4418:
4397:
4359:
4273:
4230:
4209:
4169:
4164:
4134:
4129:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3491:HNP (Herstigte)
3489:
3484:HNP (Herenigde)
3482:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3302:Afrikaner Party
3300:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3270:
3264:
3255:
3246:
3237:
3230:
3221:
3216:Honorary whites
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3177:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3118:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2977:Soweto bombings
2975:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2778:Soweto Uprising
2776:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2718:Tar Baby Option
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:Freedom Charter
2637:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2518:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2239:Griqualand West
2237:
2231:Griqualand East
2229:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2174:
2166:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2107:
2101:
2047:
2037:
2024:
2018:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1995:Further reading
1992:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1824:
1823:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1743:
1741:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1615:
1614:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1567:
1566:
1557:
1550:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1502:
1501:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1426:
1425:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1257:
1235:
1187:
1143:
1097:Black Homelands
1085:
1061:
1025:
1017:
1008:
999:
990:
988:Strategy Branch
956:
918:
871:
830:and the end of
774:
725:, known as the
718:
684:
655:
610:
609:
585:Kairos Document
575:Freedom Charter
545:
537:
536:
520:
491:
483:
482:
313:Vernon Berrangé
308:
300:
299:
260:Security Branch
150:
140:
139:
85:Soweto uprising
55:
54:
12:
11:
5:
4533:
4531:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4492:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4467:
4457:
4447:
4437:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4385:
4374:
4372:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4249:
4244:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4194:
4186:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4140:
4131:
4130:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4089:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4049:Ossewabrandwag
4045:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3995:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3828:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3792:Unionist Party
3788:
3781:
3774:
3771:Torch Commando
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3645:Orde Boerevolk
3641:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3421:DP (1989–2000)
3417:
3414:DP (1973–1977)
3410:
3407:Dominion Party
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3288:Afrikaner Bond
3283:
3281:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3253:
3244:
3235:
3228:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3202:Day of the Vow
3198:
3191:
3184:
3175:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2970:Floor crossing
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2930:
2928:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2885:Bisho massacre
2881:
2880:
2879:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2827:Operation Vula
2823:
2820:Rubicon speech
2816:
2813:Langa massacre
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2735:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2591:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2547:Rand Rebellion
2543:
2536:
2528:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2473:Boer Republics
2469:
2462:
2455:
2447:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2385:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2358:
2356:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2319:Bophuthatswana
2315:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2283:
2279:Klein Vrystaat
2275:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2187:
2179:
2164:
2149:
2141:
2118:
2116:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2059:(1980 to 1994)
2054:
2053:(1969 to 1980)
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2036:978-0719566752
2035:
2022:
2016:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1976:
1973:on 2012-05-13.
1952:
1921:
1893:
1874:
1860:
1833:(3): 401–430.
1806:
1780:
1754:
1716:
1702:
1682:
1667:
1653:
1633:
1626:
1585:
1555:
1549:978-0719566752
1548:
1530:
1511:(2): 183–211.
1466:
1444:
1437:
1322:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1287:overthrow the
1256:
1253:
1234:
1231:
1219:Bophuthatswana
1186:
1183:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1120:Kitskonstabels
1115:
1111:
1108:
1084:
1081:
1060:
1057:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1004:
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989:
986:
982:
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947:
944:
941:
917:
914:
910:
909:
906:
903:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
877:Prime Minister
870:
867:
828:Nelson Mandela
824:Rubicon speech
773:
770:
717:
714:
683:
680:
657:
656:
654:
653:
646:
639:
631:
628:
627:
626:
625:
612:
611:
608:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
546:
544:Related topics
543:
542:
539:
538:
535:
534:
529:
524:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
481:
480:
475:
470:
468:H. F. Verwoerd
465:
460:
455:
450:
448:Adelaide Tambo
445:
440:
438:Robert Sobukwe
435:
430:
428:J. G. Strijdom
425:
420:
415:
410:
408:Raymond Mhlaba
405:
400:
395:
393:Nelson Mandela
390:
385:
380:
375:
373:Albert Luthuli
370:
368:Ahmed Kathrada
365:
360:
358:Bantu Holomisa
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
333:F. W. de Klerk
330:
325:
320:
315:
309:
306:
305:
302:
301:
298:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
250:National Party
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
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162:
157:
151:
146:
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138:
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132:
127:
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117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
56:
53:
52:
46:
45:
44:
41:
40:
32:
31:
25:
24:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4532:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4442:
4441:In My Country
4438:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
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4336:
4333:
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4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4214:Organisations
4212:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4161:
4156:
4154:
4149:
4147:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4128:
4127:
4116:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4082:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3988:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3966:Die Spoorbund
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3821:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3806:Workers Party
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3687:Radio Freedom
3684:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3638:Oranjewerkers
3635:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:organisations
3276:
3273:
3271:organisations
3267:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3114:
3112:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3068:Tshwane riots
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2960:
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2939:
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2927:
2921:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2792:Project Coast
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2771:Mafeje affair
2768:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2757:Durban Moment
2754:
2751:
2750:Rivonia Trial
2747:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2704:Disinvestment
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2459:1820 Settlers
2456:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2169:
2165:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2006:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1969:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1941:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
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1875:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1856:
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1848:
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1836:
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1828:
1821:
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1807:
1794:
1787:
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1781:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1705:
1703:0-87332-877-9
1699:
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1671:
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1656:
1654:2-88124-381-9
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1471:
1467:
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1369:
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1329:
1327:
1323:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1277:working group
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1261:Samora Machel
1254:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1159:F.W. de Klerk
1155:
1151:
1148:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1106:
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1104:
1100:
1098:
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1090:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1005:
1003:
996:
994:
987:
985:
979:
978:Charles Lloyd
975:
972:
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782:Kobie Coetsee
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752:in which the
751:
746:
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736:
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728:
724:
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682:Early origins
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473:B. J. Vorster
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148:Organisations
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4471:The Forgiven
4469:
4459:
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4439:
4429:
4408:
4387:
4377:
4320:Mthatha Raid
4251:
4196:
4192:Alex Boraine
4188:
4184:Desmond Tutu
4180:
4124:
4084:Histories of
3785:United Party
3694:Reform Party
3631:Orangia Unie
3256:
3247:
3240:Swart gevaar
3238:
3222:
3178:
3169:
3110:
3012:Blikkiesdorp
2354:Pre-colonial
2207:Natal Colony
2191:Zulu Kingdom
2105:South Africa
2026:
2003:
1979:
1968:the original
1955:
1943:. Retrieved
1939:
1912:. Retrieved
1908:
1888:The Guardian
1887:
1877:
1863:
1830:
1826:
1797:. Retrieved
1771:. Retrieved
1766:
1757:
1749:
1742:. Retrieved
1738:Johannesburg
1729:
1719:
1707:. Retrieved
1692:
1685:
1676:
1670:
1658:. Retrieved
1643:
1636:
1617:
1576:. Retrieved
1572:
1539:
1533:
1508:
1504:
1457:. Retrieved
1447:
1428:
1313:. Retrieved
1303:
1274:
1258:
1249:
1244:
1236:
1223:
1188:
1179:need to know
1173:The Guardian
1171:
1169:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1119:
1101:
1086:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1039:Neil Barnard
1036:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1009:
1000:
991:
983:
957:
934:South Africa
921:
919:
911:
872:
840:
816:
807:
799:
787:
779:
775:
762:B.J. Vorster
750:Info scandal
747:
743:
739:Soweto riots
719:
708:
699:
695:
694:(BOSS). The
688:John Vorster
685:
667:South Africa
662:
660:
501:District Six
463:Desmond Tutu
453:Oliver Tambo
443:Helen Suzman
343:Bram Fischer
294:
4431:Forgiveness
4325:Pebco Three
4269:Third Force
3224:Rooi gevaar
3103:2021 unrest
3033:Nkandlagate
2862:Third Force
2739:Rugby union
2337:(1981–1994)
2329:(1979–1994)
2321:(1977–1994)
2313:(1976–1994)
2305:(1910–1961)
2297:(1902–1910)
2289:(1902–1910)
2281:(1886–1891)
2273:(1885–1887)
2265:(1884–1888)
2257:(1882–1885)
2249:(1882–1883)
2241:(1870–1873)
2233:(1861–1879)
2225:(1856–1902)
2217:(1854–1902)
2209:(1843–1910)
2201:(1839–1843)
2193:(1816–1897)
2185:(1795–1910)
2183:Cape Colony
2175: 1780
2160: 1780
2147:(1652–1806)
2137: 1220
2130: 1075
1914:21 November
1799:27 November
1773:29 December
1744:29 December
1709:23 December
1660:23 December
1578:21 November
1459:29 December
1315:29 December
1246:violations.
1147:FW de Klerk
954:Secretariat
403:Thabo Mbeki
398:Govan Mbeki
388:D. F. Malan
383:Mac Maharaj
318:P. W. Botha
245:Broederbond
4494:Categories
4035:Greyshirts
3799:Volksparty
3337:Black Sash
2998:Xenophobia
2991:Travelgate
2764:Border War
2568:Bantustans
2466:Great Trek
2411:Xhosa Wars
2271:Upingtonia
2255:Stellaland
1945:14 January
1296:References
1265:Mozambique
1127:propaganda
926:P.W. Botha
811:Simonstown
735:Mozambique
511:Sophiatown
478:Jacob Zuma
363:Joel Joffe
353:Chris Hani
338:Ruth First
323:Steve Biko
180:Black Sash
4257:Vlakplaas
4205:testimony
4181:Chairman:
3258:Volkstaat
3249:Uitlander
3180:Boerehaat
3156:Anarchism
2963:Arms Deal
2926:apartheid
2602:Pass laws
2579:Apartheid
2524:1910–1948
2443:1815–1910
2381:1652–1815
1855:154621222
1767:bbc.co.uk
1229:(NICOC).
1083:Structure
832:Apartheid
532:Vlakplaas
496:Bantustan
433:Joe Slovo
29:Apartheid
4451:Red Dust
4410:Red Dust
4278:Massacre
4126:Category
4028:Boeremag
3526:Jeugkrag
3477:Het Volk
3171:Baasskap
3113:incident
2732:Olympics
2311:Transkei
2114:polities
2112:Defunct
2045:See also
1215:Transkei
1161:, said:
1133:pensions
997:Stratkom
863:Transkei
861:and the
766:PW Botha
723:Portugal
623:Category
527:Sun City
21:a series
19:Part of
3931:SAAPAWU
3269:Defunct
3232:Slavery
2452:Mfecane
2008:(eBook)
1525:2636524
1289:FRELIMO
1071:(ANC),
1045:TREWITS
976:Lt Gen
969:Lt Gen
962:Lt Gen
855:Inkatha
672:Cabinet
4475:(2017)
4465:(2004)
4455:(2004)
4445:(2004)
4435:(2004)
4414:(2000)
4402:Novels
4393:(2003)
4383:(1998)
4174:People
3882:FOSATU
3736:SAYRCO
3708:SADECO
3624:Occupy
3163:Azania
3111:Lady R
3040:Racism
2869:CODESA
2346:Events
2335:Ciskei
2247:Goshen
2177:–1819)
2162:–1817)
2033:
2014:
1853:
1847:161227
1845:
1700:
1651:
1624:
1569:"1978"
1546:
1523:
1435:
1285:RENAMO
902:(NIS))
859:Ciskei
731:Angola
522:Soweto
490:Places
307:People
255:COSATU
205:FOSATU
115:CODESA
50:Events
4423:Films
4364:Media
4063:PAGAD
3959:SATUC
3952:SARHU
3938:SACTU
3917:NURHS
3875:FNETU
3861:CTSWU
3854:CNETU
3847:BLATU
3729:SAYCO
3617:NUSAS
3498:IDASA
3309:AITUP
2924:Post-
2327:Venda
1971:(PDF)
1964:(PDF)
1936:(PDF)
1851:S2CID
1843:JSTOR
1521:JSTOR
1211:Venda
4235:Army
4070:SANF
4000:APLA
3945:SAIF
3924:PAWE
3910:NEUM
3903:MUSA
3868:FCWU
3813:WOSA
3764:TNIP
3722:SASO
3715:SAIC
3701:SABP
3652:PAVN
3386:COSG
3365:CTEG
3358:CNIP
2031:ISBN
2012:ISBN
1947:2014
1916:2014
1801:2014
1775:2014
1746:2014
1730:CSVR
1711:2014
1698:ISBN
1662:2014
1649:ISBN
1622:ISBN
1580:2014
1544:ISBN
1461:2014
1433:ISBN
1317:2014
1217:and
1089:SADF
920:The
852:Zulu
836:Rand
733:and
661:The
290:SACP
280:SAMA
275:SAIC
270:SADF
265:SACC
160:APLA
4021:BBB
4014:AWB
4007:ARM
3973:UDF
3896:IWW
3889:ICU
3840:BCM
3833:APF
3778:UFP
3680:PRP
3659:PFP
3610:NRP
3603:NPP
3589:NNP
3582:NLP
3568:NCP
3519:ISL
3470:GNP
3442:ECC
3435:DSM
3428:DPP
3400:DLF
3372:COD
3351:CDA
3330:BPC
3323:AVF
3316:APO
1835:doi
1513:doi
1263:of
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1201:),
1199:ANC
1028:KIK
932:in
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285:SAP
240:UDF
235:PAC
225:HNP
220:PFP
200:ECC
185:CCB
175:BBB
170:AWB
165:IFP
155:ANC
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4042:MK
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