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lubricant. Natural fibers can absorb up to 15% of their weight in lubricant and so protect the inner wires much better from corrosion than synthetic fibers do. Fiber cores are the most flexible and elastic, but have the downside of getting crushed easily. The second type, wire strand core, is made up of one additional strand of wire, and is typically used for suspension. The third type is independent wire rope core (IWRC), which is the most durable in all types of environments. Most types of stranded ropes only have one strand layer over the core (fibre core or steel core). The lay direction of the strands in the rope can be right (symbol Z) or left (symbol S) and the lay direction of the wires can be right (symbol z) or left (symbol s). This kind of rope is called
332:
that under tension the rope torque is nearly zero. The open spiral rope consists only of round wires. The half-locked coil rope and the full-locked coil rope always have a centre made of round wires. The locked coil ropes have one or more outer layers of profile wires. They have the advantage that their construction prevents the penetration of dirt and water to a greater extent and it also protects them from loss of lubricant. In addition, they have one further very important advantage as the ends of a broken outer wire cannot leave the rope if it has the proper dimensions.
561:
277:. With important patents, and dozens of working systems in Europe, Bleichert dominated the global industry, later licensing its designs and manufacturing techniques to Trenton Iron Works, New Jersey, USA which built systems across America. Adolf Bleichert & Co. went on to build hundreds of aerial tramways around the world: from Alaska to Argentina, Australia and Spitsbergen. The Bleichert company also built hundreds of aerial tramways for both the Imperial German Army and the Wehrmacht.
614:"never saddle a dead horse" means that when installing clips, the saddle portion of the assembly is placed on the load-bearing or "live" side, not on the non-load-bearing or "dead" side of the cable. This is to protect the live or stress-bearing end of the rope against crushing and abuse. The flat bearing seat and extended prongs of the body are designed to protect the rope and are always placed against the live end.
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supported by two wires of the inner layer. These wires are neighbors along the whole length of the strand. Parallel lay strands are made in one operation. The endurance of wire ropes with this kind of strand is always much greater than of those (seldom used) with cross lay strands. Parallel lay strands with two wire layers have the construction Filler, Seale or
Warrington.
646:
The strands kept to one side are now re-wrapped by wrapping from the end of the wire back to the "V" of the eye. These strands are effectively rewrapped along the wire in the opposite direction to their original lay. When this type of rope splice is used specifically on wire rope, it is called a "Molly Hogan", and, by some, a "Dutch" eye instead of a "Flemish" eye.
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683:
Poured sockets are used to make a high strength, permanent termination; they are created by inserting the wire rope into the narrow end of a conical cavity which is oriented in-line with the intended direction of strain. The individual wires are splayed out inside the cone or 'capel', and the cone is
606:
saddle, and two nuts. The two layers of wire rope are placed in the U-bolt. The saddle is then fitted to the bolt over the ropes (the saddle includes two holes to fit to the U-bolt). The nuts secure the arrangement in place. Two or more clips are usually used to terminate a wire rope depending on the
551:
require that a combination of several methods should be used to prevent a car from plunging downwards. Elevators must have redundant bearing ropes and a safety gear. Ropeways and mine hoistings must be permanently supervised by a responsible manager and the rope must be inspected by a magnetic method
241:
as surface mineral deposits were exhausted and miners had to chase layers along inclined layers. The era was early in railroad development and steam engines lacked sufficient tractive effort to climb steep slopes, so inclined plane railways were common. This pushed development of cable hoists rapidly
568:
The end of a wire rope tends to fray readily, and cannot be easily connected to plant and equipment. There are different ways of securing the ends of wire ropes to prevent fraying. The common and useful type of end fitting for a wire rope is to turn the end back to form a loop. The loose end is then
331:
In principle, spiral ropes are round strands as they have an assembly of layers of wires laid helically over a centre with at least one layer of wires being laid in the opposite direction to that of the outer layer. Spiral ropes can be dimensioned in such a way that they are non-rotating which means
675:. The end loop of the wire rope enters a tapered opening in the socket, wrapped around a separate component called the wedge. The arrangement is knocked in place, and load gradually eased onto the rope. As the load increases on the wire rope, the wedge become more secure, gripping the rope tighter.
670:
A wedge socket termination is useful when the fitting needs to be replaced frequently. For example, if the end of a wire rope is in a high-wear region, the rope may be periodically trimmed, requiring the termination hardware to be removed and reapplied. An example of this is on the ends of the drag
577:
When the wire rope is terminated with a loop, there is a risk that it will bend too tightly, especially when the loop is connected to a device that concentrates the load on a relatively small area. A thimble can be installed inside the loop to preserve the natural shape of the loop, and protect the
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is a method of wire rope termination that refers to the installation technique. The purpose of swaging wire rope fittings is to connect two wire rope ends together, or to otherwise terminate one end of wire rope to something else. A mechanical or hydraulic swager is used to compress and deform the
645:
A Flemish eye, or Dutch Splice, involves unwrapping three strands (the strands need to be next to each other, not alternates) of the wire and keeping them off to one side. The remaining strands are bent around, until the end of the wire meets the "V" where the unwrapping finished, to form the eye.
544:
The wire ropes are stressed by fluctuating forces, by wear, by corrosion and in seldom cases by extreme forces. The rope life is finite and the safety is only ensured by inspection for the detection of wire breaks on a reference rope length, of cross-section loss, as well as other failures so that
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Track ropes (full locked ropes) have to act as rails for the rollers of cabins or other loads in aerial ropeways and cable cranes. In contrast to running ropes, track ropes do not take on the curvature of the rollers. Under the roller force, a so-called free bending radius of the rope occurs. This
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Multi-strand ropes are all more or less resistant to rotation and have at least two layers of strands laid helically around a centre. The direction of the outer strands is opposite to that of the underlying strand layers. Ropes with three strand layers can be nearly non-rotating. Ropes with two
356:
Stranded ropes are an assembly of several strands laid helically in one or more layers around a core. This core can be one of three types. The first is a fiber core, made up of synthetic material or natural fibers like sisal. Synthetic fibers are stronger and more uniform but cannot absorb much
322:
In the so-called cross lay strands, the wires of the different layers cross each other. In the mostly used parallel lay strands, the lay length of all the wire layers is equal and the wires of any two superimposed layers are parallel, resulting in linear contact. The wire of the outer layer is
95:, flaws in the wires making up a steel cable are less critical as the other wires easily take up the load. While friction between the individual wires and strands causes wear over the life of the rope, it also helps to compensate for minor failures in the short run.
313:
Steel wires for wire ropes are normally made of non-alloy carbon steel with a carbon content of 0.4 to 0.95%. The very high strength of the rope wires enables wire ropes to support large tensile forces and to run over sheaves with relatively small diameters.
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if the lay direction of the wires in the outer strands is in the opposite direction to the lay of the outer strands themselves. If both the wires in the outer strands and the outer strands themselves have the same lay direction, the rope is called a
637:
may be used to terminate the loose end of a wire rope when forming a loop. The strands of the end of a wire rope are unwound a certain distance, then bent around so that the end of the unwrapped length forms an eye. The unwrapped strands are then
122:
of an airplane connected to levers and pedals in the cockpit. Only aircraft cables have WSC (wire strand core). Also, aircraft cables are available in smaller diameters than wire rope. For example, aircraft cables are available in 1.2 mm
412:
Wire rope slings (stranded ropes) are used to harness various kinds of goods. These slings are stressed by the tensile forces but first of all by bending stresses when bent over the more or less sharp edges of the
401:
Stationary ropes, stay ropes (spiral ropes, mostly full-locked) have to carry tensile forces and are therefore mainly loaded by static and fluctuating tensile stresses. Ropes used for suspension are often called
230:, improving its attractiveness as a premier tourism destination, and vastly improving the throughput of the coal capacity since return of cars dropped from nearly four hours to less than 20 minutes.
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fixed back on the wire rope. Termination efficiencies vary from about 70% for a
Flemish eye alone; to nearly 90% for a Flemish eye and splice; to 100% for potted ends and swagings.
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building. Roebling introduced a number of innovations in the design, materials and manufacture of wire rope. Ever with an ear to technology developments in mining and railroading,
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The ends of individual strands of this eye splice used aboard a cargo ship are served with natural fiber cord after splicing to help protect seamens' hands when handling.
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Technical regulations apply to the design of rope drives for cranes, elevators, rope ways and mining installations. Factors that are considered in design include:
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Historically, wire rope evolved from wrought iron chains, which had a record of mechanical failure. While flaws in chain links or solid steel bars can lead to
63:. Manufactured using an industrial machine known as a strander, the wires are fed through a series of barrels and spun into their final composite orientation.
951:
History of Carbon County
Pennsylvania: Also Containing a Separate Account of the Several Boroughs and Townships in the County with Biographical Sketches
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The US Navy and most regulatory bodies do not recommend the use of such clips as permanent terminations unless periodically checked and re-tightened.
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the wire rope can be replaced before a dangerous situation occurs. Installations should be designed to facilitate the inspection of the wire ropes.
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means the individual wires were wrapped around the centers in one direction and the strands were wrapped around the core in the opposite direction.
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Wire ropes were developed starting with mining hoist applications in the 1830s. Wire ropes are used dynamically for lifting and hoisting in
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Running ropes (stranded ropes) are bent over sheaves and drums. They are therefore stressed mainly by bending and secondly by tension.
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In the latter part of the 19th century, wire rope systems were used as a means of transmitting mechanical power including for the new
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A wire rope clip, sometimes called a clamp, is used to fix the loose end of the loop back to the wire rope. It usually consists of a
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218:(LC&N Co.) — as they had with the first blast furnaces in the Lehigh Valley — built a Wire Rope factory in
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288:. Because of these advantages, wire rope systems were used to transmit power for a distance of a few miles or kilometers.
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radius increases (and the bending stresses decrease) with the tensile force and decreases with the roller force.
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Left-hand ordinary lay (LHOL) wire rope (close-up). Right-hand lay strands are laid into a left-hand lay rope.
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Right-hand lang lay (RHLL) wire rope (close-up). Right-hand lay strands are laid into a right-hand lay rope.
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Wilhelm Albert's first ropes consisted of three strands consisting of four wires each. In 1840, Scotsman
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Depending on where they are used, wire ropes have to fulfill different requirements. The main uses are:
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1168:"S9086-UU-STM-010/CH-613R3 NAVAL SHIPS' TECHNICAL MANUAL, CHAPTER 613, WIRE AND FIBER ROPE AND RIGGING"
1121:"S9086-UU-STM-010/CH-613R3 NAVAL SHIPS' TECHNICAL MANUAL, CHAPTER 613, WIRE AND FIBER ROPE AND RIGGING"
929:
893:
560:
1103:
Feyrer, K.: Wire Ropes, Tension, Endurance, Reliability. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 2007.
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cable from pinching and abrading on the inside of the loop. The use of thimbles in loops is industry
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954:(2nd ed.). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: James J. Nungesser. p. 627 – via archive.org.
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are examples of different swaged terminations. Swaging ropes with fibre cores is not recommended.
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Rope safety factor, ratio between the rope's breaking strength and the maximum load to be expected
187:. It was quickly accepted because it proved superior strength from ropes made of hemp or of metal
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59:. Larger diameter wire rope consists of multiple strands of such laid rope in a pattern known as
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A History of
Industrial Power in the United States, 1730-1930, Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power
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The
Mechanical Transmission of Power: Endless Rope Drives by Kris De Decker, March 27, 2013
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Primer of Towing / George H. Reid - 3rd ed. Fig. 3-5 p30 - Cornell
Maritime Press, 2004.
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Right-hand ordinary lay (RHOL) wire rope terminated in a loop with a thimble and ferrule
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diameter. As many as eight may be needed for a 2 in (50.8 mm) diameter rope.
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Optimal rope diameter for a given sheave diameter, so as to obtain best working life
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The following decades featured a burgeoning increase in deep shaft mining in both
871:. History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy (atlantic-cable.com).
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fitting, creating a permanent connection. Threaded studs, ferrules, sockets, and
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was founded in 1874 and began to build bicable aerial tramways for mining in the
582:. The thimble prevents the load from coming into direct contact with the wires.
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284:. Wire rope systems cost one-tenth as much and had lower friction losses than
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required LC&N Co. to drive their first shafts into lower slopes beginning
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143: in) diameter. Static wire ropes are used to support structures such as
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back into the wire rope, forming the loop, or an eye, called an eye splice.
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Number of working cycles allowed before replacement or breakage of the rope
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north and south dove deeper every year, and even the rich deposits in the
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improved the process further. In
America wire rope was manufactured by
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1225:. Coal Mining Series (2nd ed.). London: Virtue. pp. 374–375.
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1069:|title=Steel Wire Ropes - Vocabulary, designation, and classification
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80: in), with smaller gauges designated cable or cords. Initially
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133: in) diameter while most wire ropes begin at a 6.4 mm (
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202:, starting in 1841 and forming the basis for his success in
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in the years between 1831 and 1834 for use in mining in the
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Combined fluctuating tension and bending per working cycle
432:(yielding tensile force for a given bending diameter ratio
242:
in the United States as surface deposits in the
Anthracite
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155:
relies on wire rope to support and move cargo overhead.
912:
Iron: An illustrated weekly journal for iron and steel
827:
Explorations in the History of Machines and Mechanisms
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T R Barnard (1959). "Winding Ropes and Guide Ropes".
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The calculation of the rope drive limits depends on:
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Allowable number of broken strands before replacement
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Types and construction of wire rope strand and cable
1079:Avallone, Eugene; Baumesiter III, Theodore (1978).
1284:U.S. Navy Technical Manual for Wire and Fiber Rope
996:
549:Lifting installations for passenger transportation
1081:Marks' Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers
440:) - strict limit. The nominal rope tensile force
925:
923:
1003:. Cambridge, Massachusetts, London: MIT Press.
594:Clamps securing wire rope on logging equipment
222:, in 1848, which provided lift cables for the
70:refers to a diameter larger than 9.5 mm (
684:then filled with molten lead–antimony–tin (Pb
304:tower, showing the wire ropes used as tendons
8:
930:Modern History of Wire Rope - Donald Sayenga
894:Modern History of Wire Rope - Donald Sayenga
386:strand layers are mostly only low-rotating.
163:Modern wire rope was invented by the German
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373:
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226:project, then the back track planes of the
995:Hunter, Louis C.; Bryant, Lynwood (1991).
88:is the main material used for wire ropes.
41:is composed of as few as two solid, metal
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824:Koetsier,Teun; Ceccarelli, Marc (2012).
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552:capable of detecting inner wire breaks.
347:
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700:, or now more commonly, an unsaturated
444:must be smaller than the Donandt force
378:, formerly Albert's lay or langs lay).
228:Summit Hill & Mauch Chunk Railroad
110:. Wire rope is also used to transmit
34:Steel wire rope (right hand lang lay)
7:
1031:from the original on 19 January 2015
875:from the original on 3 February 2014
758:
756:
742:Bergen Cable Technology -- Cable 101
216:Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company
696:) solder or 'white metal capping',
519:Relative fluctuating tensile force
497:Reverse bendings per working cycle
1083:(Ninth ed.). pp. 10–34.
848:from the original on 31 March 2017
486:Simple bendings per working cycle
25:
805:from the original on 9 April 2014
390:Classification according to usage
1265:from the original on 2016-04-16.
1247:from the original on 2016-04-21.
191:, such as had been used before.
108:transmission of mechanical power
1180:from the original on 2015-03-05
1133:from the original on 2015-03-05
774:from the original on 2017-01-04
1:
1326:Mechanical power transmission
869:"Modern History of Wire Rope"
724:Wire rope spooling technology
679:Potted ends or poured sockets
66:In stricter senses, the term
1237:"Socketfast® Resin Compound"
1289:Modern history of wire rope
1199:"Sleeve, Swaging-Wire Rope"
1025:"Wire Rope Safety Training"
84:wires were used, but today
1357:
1050:nl:Staalkabel#Slagrichting
470:Data of the used wire rope
214:, principal owners of the
948:Brenckman, Fred (1918) .
621:Eye splice or Flemish eye
271:Adolf Bleichert & Co.
114:in mechanisms, such as a
220:Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania
55:, in a pattern known as
798:Encyclopædia Britannica
49:that forms a composite
1223:Mechanical Engineering
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151:to support towers. An
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1027:. Falck Productions.
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532:Rope bending length
269:engineering firm of
248:Panther Creek Valley
93:catastrophic failure
832:Springer Publishing
764:"FAQ | Lexco Cable"
650:Swaged terminations
473:Rope tensile force
1299:2013-10-23 at the
935:2010-10-27 at the
899:2010-10-27 at the
768:www.lexcocable.com
747:2014-05-06 at the
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300:Inside view of a
256:Schuylkill County
204:suspension bridge
16:(Redirected from
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302:wind turbine
292:Construction
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208:Josiah White
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181:Lower Saxony
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116:Bowden cable
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82:wrought iron
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671:ropes on a
380:Regular lay
286:line shafts
275:Ruhr Valley
244:Coal Region
1315:Categories
1207:2021-06-23
1184:2021-06-23
1137:2021-06-23
1055:Staalkabel
778:2017-01-04
730:References
714:Fiber rope
704:compound.
635:eye splice
418:Rope drive
282:cable cars
258:twin-town
106:, and for
61:cable laid
27:Metal rope
18:Stay cable
1067:bzwxw.com
479:Diameter
375:kruisslag
177:Clausthal
167:engineer
149:guy wires
104:elevators
68:wire rope
57:laid rope
39:Wire rope
1297:Archived
1263:Archived
1261:. 2011.
1245:Archived
1243:. 2015.
1175:Archived
1128:Archived
1029:Archived
980:Archived
933:Archived
897:Archived
873:Archived
846:Archived
803:Archived
772:Archived
745:Archived
708:See also
673:dragline
612:mnemonic
573:Thimbles
369:langslag
260:Coaldale
254:and its
252:Lansford
1035:27 June
879:9 April
852:9 April
809:9 April
660:sleeves
655:Swaging
640:plaited
404:cables.
318:Strands
185:Germany
159:History
138:⁄
128:⁄
118:or the
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1321:Cables
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604:forged
600:U-bolt
540:Safety
413:goods.
267:German
235:Europe
189:chains
165:mining
147:or as
100:cranes
1331:Ropes
1202:(PDF)
1178:(PDF)
1171:(PDF)
1131:(PDF)
1124:(PDF)
309:Wires
112:force
86:steel
47:helix
43:wires
1336:Wire
1152:ISBN
1105:ISBN
1085:ISBN
1037:2012
1005:ISBN
881:2014
854:2014
836:ISBN
811:2014
698:zinc
610:The
602:, a
265:The
237:and
210:and
173:Harz
102:and
52:rope
1052:nl:
633:An
514:com
503:rev
492:sim
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