72:
536:
original wagon engine, all four valves were mounted at the far end of the cylinder from the crankshaft, requiring long narrow ports to the other end of the cylinder. With the locomotives the easily accessed vertical engine allowed a pair of these valves to be moved to the lower end of the cylinder, allowing for a short, efficient port with less 'dead space'. The crankcase of the engine, together with the crosshead trunk guide, was enclosed and provided with oil splash lubrication. A small plenum was left exposed between the cylinder's piston rod stuffing box and another gland seal into the crankcase. This allowed any steam that did leak past the seals to be vented to the atmosphere, rather than condensing within the crankcase.
19:
836:
42:
America, appear to have been fitted with light reciprocating engines, and either direct or geared drives, or geared-endless chain drives. Most incorporated a passenger carrying coach attached (usually rigidly) to the engine and its boiler. Boiler types varied in these earlier examples, with vertical boilers dominant in the first decade (as a space saver) and then with very small diameter horizontal boilers. Other examples of steam motor cars incorporated an express-baggage or luggage type car body, with coupling apparatus provided to allow the steam motor car to draw a light passenger coach.
63:, and to apply them to light locomotives. Rather than a large conventional locomotive having only two cylinders, moving at the speed of the driving wheels, the steam motor uses several small cylinders geared to run at high speeds. With all other factors remaining the same, doubling the speed of a piston engine doubles its power. The steam motor allowed small, light engines to be used. As many of the engine's performance losses remain constant, or are also related to the engine size, these small engines could also be more efficient overall.
831:
726:
845:
on a trial basis and often not entirely successful due to their uniqueness or relative costs. The rise of electric traction was one cause for the ultimate demise of
American steam motor cars. The development of direct-drive gasoline mechanical railway motor cars circa 1905-15 created new markets, and finally gas-electric and then diesel-hydraulic drive motor cars such as the widely popular Budd RDC of the 1950s closed out the need for self-contained motor trains. The
516:
795:. The railway was already using Sentinel railcars similar to the LNER pattern, but required a larger multiple unit. Two were built as four-unit rakes: a locomotive based on the previous railcar chassis and three trailer coaches. The B-B locomotive used two four wheel bogies, each driven by a six-cylinder motor based on the railcar, for a total of 250 bhp. The boiler was relatively high pressure, although typical for Sentinel, using a
340:
365:
159:. Gear drives required the steam motor to be mounted low-down, alongside the axle. Geared drives appear in some of the earliest steam motor cars used in North America, although more conventional reciprocating drives with either a single power axle or doubled power axles, linked by connecting rods, were quite common. Most of these used conventional Stephenson motion valve gear.
774:
503:
familiar type was the later 'Central Engine' that placed the engine centrally within a large box-shaped cab. These CE engines were later increased in power by slightly enlarging the boiler and raising boiler pressure to 275 psi. This increased their power from the original 80 bhp of the BE locomotives to 100 bhp. All of these locomotives were of
545:
examples, the
Sentinel design of a lightweight water-tube boiler and a smaller geared steam motor was yet lighter. Petrol railcars and railbuses were appearing by this time, although they were limited in power and so weight, size and carrying capacity. Sentinel's main market for their railcars was for export, although the
844:
The steam motor cars of North
America reached their popular apex before the 1880s, with most fabricated to custom designs by small specialty builders before 1875. Nearly all examples were unique and purpose-built to order; a few were experimental cars built and marketed by small firms or individuals
620:
steam motor driving the two driven axles through a driveshaft. This did not follow the usual steam motor practice, in that the entire drive from many cylinders was still united in a single shaft, although it did still use the concept of small cylinders and reduction gearing. The locomotive appears to
274:
Maintenance, when required, involves smaller components. These are easier to work on, requiring less specialised lifting gear. The motor may also easily be removed in one piece for maintenance, either on-shed, or by return to the manufacturer. This also allows a vehicle to be returned to service more
457:
drive. This was the first steam locomotive, and the first example of the steam motor for railway use, to be constructed by
Sentinel. Although Sentinel were to become known for gear-driven locomotives, other examples of this conversion of an older coupling rod locomotive continued to be produced; two
527:
depended on the market and the work expected of the locomotive. They varied between a 6:1 and a 1:1 drive. The original steam wagon, using an engine of the same size, might carry a load of around 15 tons. The railway locomotive might achieve a tractive effort of 123,000 lbf and haul a load for
45:
An early example with the all-in-one (coach, baggage, mail and/or express matter compartments) was photographed working on the
Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railroad during the American Civil War, in Tennessee, circa 1863-64. One American firm, Grice & Long, devised various versions in
535:
By 1925 the vertical arrangement of the engine had been taken advantage of to improve steam porting and access for maintenance. The Super-Sentinel engine used two camshafts: inlet and exhaust, placed near the crankshaft in the crankcase and operating the poppet valves through long pushrods. In the
507:
wheel arrangement, with both axles driven by chains from the same engine. To give greater power, Sentinel patented the concept of using multiple, identical steam motors, each driving one axle. These were the 'Double Engine' locomotives of 200 bhp. The boiler was enlarged again and was fitted
502:
Production
Sentinels achieved a more accessible layout by mounting their engines vertically. The smaller 'Balanced Engine' design had the boiler and engine at opposite ends of the frames, with low bodywork over the water tank, a raised cab and a small cylindrical casing over the engine. The more
58:
All steam motor cars apparently depended on economical motive equipment and steam source. Ease of maintenance was apparently another important consideration, at least as much as initial manufacturing costs. The principle of the latest versions of the steam motor is to use the developments of the
421:
Although the locomotive achieved its goal of avoiding vibration and hammer blow, and its novel boiler and firebrick firebox was also simple and reliable, it was not considered an overall success. The rotary valvegear absorbed more power to drive it than a conventional design and suffered from
351:
of
Budapest and de Dion-Bouton of Paris collaborated to build a number of railcars for the Hungarian State Railways together with units with de Dion-Bouton boilers, Ganz steam motors and equipments, and Raba carriages built by the Raba Hungarian Wagon and Machine Factory in Győr. In 1908, the
41:
used for light locomotives and light self-propelled motor cars used on railways. The origins of steam motor cars for railways go back to at least the 1850s, if not earlier, as experimental economizations for railways or railroads with marginal budgets. These first examples, at least in North
544:
Following closely on their locomotive developments, Sentinel also produced steam railcars. These were convenient for lightly constructed railways as they were much lighter than conventional locomotive-hauled trains. Even compared to earlier steam railmotors, such as the GWR vertical-boilered
356:(today's Ukraine), purchased five railcars from Ganz and four railcars from the Hungarian Royal State Railway Machine Factory with de Dion-Bouton boilers. The Ganz company started to export steam motor railcars to the United Kingdom, Italy, Canada, Japan, Russia and Bulgaria.
257:
The use of oil-bath lubrication reduces the rate of wear, thus reducing the need for periodic maintenance. This is mostly due to the exclusion of dirt, as well as the generous and reliable lubrication. Although other oil-bath systems on steam locomotives, such as the
167:
Fuel and water consumption savings was one more important consideration in most steam motor cars used around the world. The less overall cost in operation was of great importance to buyers. Fuel could be coal, and in some fewer cases, oil of various types.
417:
A significant difference between the Paget and a steam motor locomotive is that the Paget valvegear was driven centrally, every cylinder's valve being driven by geared shafts from a single jackshaft that was in-turn driven by the coupling rods.
200:
In a conventional steam locomotive, the 'gear ratio' is set by the size of the driving wheels. In steam motors using a geared drive, the wheel size can be reduced. This makes for a lighter and more compact chassis, particularly by reducing the
401:
that represented the peak of steam engine design at this time. In fact, the rotary valves used for the locomotive were entirely different from the
Willans' characteristic central valve spindle, even though they did both use single-acting
813:
These locomotives have been described as the most sophisticated steam locomotives ever constructed, certainly the most advanced that
Sentinel produced. They used a high-pressure Woolnough boiler at 550 psi. The chassis layout was a
119:
that contained an oil sump. This provided a generous supply of lubrication and also excluded dirt. Much earlier examples, e.g. mid-19th century, employed all manner of mechanisms with manual lubrication through small drip cups.
287:
Components are manufactured in greater volume, as many designs of locomotive may be built around standardised motor designs. The machinery required to manufacture steam motors is also smaller, thus less specialised and cheaper.
1203:
1168:
810:. At least one of the Colombian locomotives was tested in Belgium, where most surviving photographs of it were taken. Some reports state that the Belgian locomotive was also later shipped to Colombia.
262:, gained a poor reputation for reliability, this was mostly due to the difficulty of sealing such a large container. With the steam motor, only the motor's relatively small crankcase was a sealed box.
410:. The central axle was a complicated forging as a four-throw internal crank axle, although following traditional Stephenson practice. To provide additional space for the cylinders, the locomotive was
46:
the mid-1860s for use on suburban and city street railways, using their proprietary mechanical patents. In the 1930s, some highly evolved steam motors represented one of the final developments of the
326:
As the driving wheels were small and articulated, there was no need for separate carrying axles. All wheels could be powered, so that the locomotive's entire weight could be used for adhesion.
621:
have been unsatisfactory, possibly because the weight of the motor was now over the leading carrying wheels, reducing adhesive weight over the drivers to only half of the locomotive's total.
50:. The concurrent development of internal combustion-powered or electric-motored railway motor cars proved most popular circa 1900-1950s and those obviating the need for steam-powered cars.
1605:
1255:
422:
problems with thermal expansion. After a mechanical failure of the valvegear seizing and blocked a main line for several hours, the locomotive was withdrawn and later scrapped.
750:
710:
802:
One of the best-known
Sentinel locomotives was the 'Colombian', based on the designs of Abner Doble. These were built as a batch of four, the first of which was sold to
406:. Eight cylinders were used, two driving the front axle of the three driving axles, four the middle axle and two the rear axle. All three axles were coupled by external
803:
91:
Late model motors were of a standard size, according to the manufacturer's product line. Where greater power was required, multiple motors were used, one per axle or
71:
849:
considered (but never built) a fleet of powerful 5,000 hp 4-2-2-2-2-4 express locomotives in the late 1930s, powered by four V4 motors, one per axle.
465:
Sentinel's first new-construction locomotive, Nº 5156, was built in July 1923. Like the railmotor design, this used the newly developed engine of the
818:, with each axle independently driven by a two-cylinder compound Doble steam motor. This motor was also used in other Sentinel railcar designs for the
1598:
495:
by simply changing the axles and bearings under a standard chassis. The boiler used was also the new Super-Sentinel pattern at 230 psi, with the
75:
Sentinel steam waggon engine of 1905. This early Sentinel engine shows the same main principles that the engines would use over the next half-century
2480:
434:. In 1922 two separate Sentinel-based steam motor projects were put forward. The first, in May 1922, was Sentinel's own concept for a light steam
229:
This is mostly owing to the high speed of the latter-day modern engines and the reduction gearing, but also their other advanced design features.
2555:
822:. An unusual feature for reliability was that if any motor failed, it could rapidly be disconnected and the locomotive continued on its way.
442:
boiler and engine. No railmotors were built to this pattern, although a pair of similar 'rail lorries' were later built for export to India.
18:
1591:
1375:
2055:
738:
This was an outside-framed 2-4-2, with two Sentinel steam motors, each of 200 bhp. Unusually for Sentinel, it used a conventional
2565:
2050:
1083:
546:
2514:
2426:
386:
376:
369:
303:
The smoother drive of the geared motor, and its multiple cylinders, reduced the dynamic effect of individual cylinder strokes.
259:
686:
2570:
2485:
2320:
2129:
1497:
758:
657:
636:
835:
2575:
1773:
2159:
2149:
792:
778:
459:
2353:
2217:
2198:
2189:
2073:
1685:
1628:
1111:
846:
1967:
807:
746:
466:
453:, could be rebuilt with the boiler and engine of a Sentinel steam wagon in the locomotive's frames, connected by a
2519:
2508:
2065:
830:
2293:
2225:
725:
205:
of large wheels. Small wheels also allow the motor to be mounted on a bogie within a passenger coach to form a
188:. In the steam motors built by Sentinel, the motor was derived from their already advanced steam wagon design.
689:
ordered railcars from Henschel according to the designs of Abner Doble. Similar railcars were also built for
2529:
2524:
2445:
2169:
2114:
1836:
1792:
664:. This used a three-cylinder motor to drive the wheels through a 1:2.5 reduction gearbox, then conventional
133:
60:
2560:
2534:
2432:
2273:
2154:
1805:
1743:
1405:
1071:
397:. The locomotive has been variously described as either inspired by, or actually using, the design of the
394:
2490:
2399:
2124:
2045:
2018:
1748:
1733:
1643:
1373:
Comyns-Carr, C.A. (1998). "Application of the Doble Steam Power Concept to Coal-fuelled Rail Traction".
1010:
1006:
819:
587:
431:
381:
The first multiple-cylinder locomotive to demonstrate some of the principles of the steam motor was the
2459:
944:
878:
2144:
2083:
1944:
1810:
1758:
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1648:
1250:
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669:
640:
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slow shunting work of 650 tons. Typical shunting loads were around 350 tons at 5 mph in a level
1548:
1523:
2453:
1987:
1861:
1778:
1768:
874:
690:
446:
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of 1907. This was one of many attempts to build a balanced locomotive, so avoiding the problems of
353:
1427:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2366:
2361:
1949:
242:
1449:
1198:
1163:
962:
2250:
2098:
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2037:
1992:
1972:
1959:
1939:
1921:
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1820:
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1471:
1339:
1079:
1031:
899:
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A particularly large locomotive may have three or four cylinders, but any more is exceptional.
815:
739:
515:
141:
1567:
2326:
2314:
2287:
2013:
1931:
1901:
1753:
1383:
1110:
Letter K Willans to H Hilton, 18 September 1949, in possession of the Crofton Branch of the
796:
529:
316:
47:
1076:'The Sentinel': A History of Alley & MacLellan and the Sentinel Waggon Works: 1875-1930
693:. In 1936–1937 these were followed by a 2-6-4T locomotive using three V-twin steam motors.
2499:
2232:
2174:
2093:
1982:
1977:
1891:
1846:
702:
562:
496:
382:
202:
137:
27:
491:) gauge, establishing a precedent for Sentinel of building locomotives across a range of
753:
with Sentinel power bogies. These were ten three-carriage rakes articulated across four
339:
2418:
2267:
2239:
1916:
1815:
1738:
1728:
1638:
882:
398:
2549:
2206:
2179:
2078:
1997:
1833:
411:
1311:
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1911:
1896:
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152:
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23:
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1215:
1213:
1078:. Vol. 1: 1875–1930. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. pp. 244–246.
979:
Grice & Long trade advertisement; The Scientific American, 26 October 1861.
364:
2338:
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1906:
1841:
1825:
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1351:
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132:
This allows a high crankshaft speed, encouraging efficiency. Although not all
112:
108:
393:. It also followed contemporary advanced stationary engine practice in using
2134:
2119:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1017:: Factory and Industrial Management - Volume 33 - Page 1003 (printed in 1907
757:. One is preserved in England today, by the Quainton Railway Society at the
639:. Each of the three driven axles had a pair of three-cylinder double-acting
572:
509:
435:
156:
116:
430:
The first locomotives designed around the full steam motor concept were by
1232:
449:
suggested that a worn-out conventional locomotive, a Manning-Wardle named
319:
to carry all of the driven wheels. This was an attractive feature for the
2023:
1489:
1387:
576:
185:
762:
580:
206:
2139:
1876:
714:
613:
609:
504:
144:, it was an essential part of the most modern steam motor concept.
1658:
834:
829:
772:
724:
706:
514:
363:
338:
323:, where a powerful locomotive was provided on a flexible chassis.
92:
70:
17:
910:
Owing to its shape, this is commonly misidentified as the boiler.
1583:
567:
The steam motor principle owes much to the work and advocacy of
241:
The use of oil-bath lubrication reduces the time spent in daily
1587:
590:, particularly for the development of advanced boiler designs.
209:, rather than the large wheels being the size of a locomotive.
352:
Borzsavölgyi Gazdasági Vasút (BGV), a narrow-gauge railway in
155:. Later designs, particularly those by Abner Doble, preferred
997:
Modern Machinery - Volumes 19-20 - Page 206 (Printed in 1906)
26:
just visible. The boiler in front is a partially dismantled
749:
bought some of the last Sentinel steam railcars, built by
635:
A 4-6-4 streamlined express passenger locomotive, using a
315:
With multiple motors, there is no need for a single large
136:
made use of this, particularly the US designs such as the
1298:
1286:
1271:
1219:
1181:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1098:
988:
Railroad Gazette - Volume 37 - Page 296 (printed in 1904)
343:
The first steam railcar built by Ganz and de Dion-Bouton
180:
Late-manufacture steam motors were usually fitted with
22:
Sentinel two-cylinder vertical steam motor, with chain
788:
locomotives for Argentina, Colombia and also Belgium.
583:
and even locomotives using his steam motor principle.
469:, placed horizontally between the frames. This was of
1166: & L.E. Slade, published 11 July 1923
1355:
701:
The German streamlined express passenger locomotive
79:
All steam motors had the following characteristics:
2473:
2444:
2417:
2398:
2352:
2305:
2258:
2249:
2216:
2197:
2188:
2107:
2064:
2036:
2006:
1958:
1930:
1884:
1875:
1791:
1719:
1666:
1657:
1621:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
1539:
1537:
1368:
1366:
1364:
963:"Bridge Over Running Water Creek, c.1861-1865"
808:Société National des Chemins de Fer en Colombe
1599:
1472:"The Egyptian Steam-Motor Locomotive of 1938"
107:In the most modern form of steam motors, the
8:
1450:"The Lübeck-Büchener Steam Motor Locomotive"
643:steam motors, giving 18 cylinders in total.
458:examples survive, although derelict, at the
151:of early Sentinel-patent locomotives was by
2255:
2194:
1881:
1663:
1606:
1592:
1584:
571:, who was inspired by his earlier work on
1524:"The Argentinian Steam-Motor Locomotives"
1490:"Sentinel-Cammell Steam Railcar No. 5208"
791:The first of these were in 1931, for the
729:Egyptian Sentinel-Cammell railcar of 1951
508:unusually with two chimneys, one for the
320:
1233:"The Y1 and Y3 0-4-0T Sentinel Shunters"
2481:Glossary of steam locomotive components
921:
858:
532:, the weight of a typical goods train.
1549:"The Colombian Steam Motor Locomotive"
7:
1054:The British Steam Railway Locomotive
777:Argentinian steam motor set for the
579:of Germany who built trucks, buses,
519:Sentinel chain-drive shunter of 1957
1566:Alden P. Armagnac (December 1937).
806:in 1934, followed by three for the
668:. This motor had poppet valves and
2333:National Museum of Scotland engine
1494:(from Quainton Virtual Stock Book)
14:
275:quickly by swapping motor units.
2515:List of steam technology patents
1428:"Swiss High Pressure Locomotive"
717:steam motors, one on each axle.
549:also operated a number of them.
377:Midland Railway Paget locomotive
217:These features give advantages:
260:Bulleid chain-driven valve gear
101:Enclosed crankshaft lubrication
2500:Murdoch's model steam carriage
2486:History of steam road vehicles
1498:Buckinghamshire Railway Centre
759:Buckinghamshire Railway Centre
734:Steam motor locomotive of 1938
1:
2556:Steam locomotive technologies
2427:Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine
1568:"Steam Still Rules The Rails"
1312:"The Sentinel Steam Railcars"
1299:Hughes & Thomas, Sentinel
1287:Hughes & Thomas, Sentinel
1272:Hughes & Thomas, Sentinel
1253:, published December 1924
1220:Hughes & Thomas, Sentinel
1182:Hughes & Thomas, Sentinel
1147:Hughes & Thomas, Sentinel
1135:Hughes & Thomas, Sentinel
1123:Hughes & Thomas, Sentinel
1099:Hughes & Thomas, Sentinel
2150:Return connecting rod engine
1201:, published 18 June 1924
1074:; Thomas, Joseph L. (1973).
793:Buenos Aires Midland Railway
779:Buenos Aires Midland Railway
460:Coalbrookdale Museum of Iron
2074:Condensing steam locomotive
1112:Kennet and Avon Canal Trust
797:Woolnough water-tube boiler
784:Sentinel built a number of
2592:
2381:"Coalbrookdale Locomotive"
747:Egyptian National Railways
628:
556:
374:
2387:"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive
2056:Single- and double-acting
945:"Steam Motor Locomotives"
687:Lübeck-Büchener Eisenbahn
681:Lübeck-Büchener Eisenbahn
608:Rebuilt from a 230 class
2566:Geared steam locomotives
2226:Newcomen Memorial Engine
1356:Walton, Doble Steam Cars
1056:. Vol. I, to 1925.
885:, was also the uncle of
705:of the late 1930s. This
658:high-pressure locomotive
652:High Pressure Locomotive
586:Doble also designed for
134:geared steam locomotives
115:, was enclosed within a
2530:Timeline of steam power
2525:Stationary steam engine
2408:Woolf's compound engine
2315:Soho Manufactory engine
2170:Steeple compound engine
1837:straight line mechanism
395:single-acting cylinders
347:Between 1901 and 1908,
61:high-speed steam engine
2535:Water-returning engine
2509:Lean's Engine Reporter
2282:Chacewater Mine engine
2155:Six-column beam engine
1032:"The Paget Locomotive"
967:US Library of Congress
841:
839:
781:
730:
713:) locomotive had four
616:, with a longitudinal
575:. He later worked for
523:The gear ratio of the
520:
372:
344:
281:Low manufacturing cost
76:
30:
2571:Sentinel Waggon Works
2375:London Steam Carriage
1334:Walton, J.N. (1975).
1011:Arthur Van Vlissingen
1007:John Robertson Dunlap
838:
833:
776:
728:
660:of 1927, designed by
629:Further information:
612:tank locomotive as a
518:
375:Further information:
367:
342:
321:Colombian locomotives
74:
21:
2576:Sentinel locomotives
2321:Bradley Works engine
2145:Reciprocating engine
1968:Babcock & Wilcox
1811:Centrifugal governor
1522:(23 February 2006).
1426:(12 December 2005).
1388:10.1179/tns.1997.009
1289:, pp. 228, 235.
1251:GB patent 248835
1195:GB patent 239932
1160:GB patent 222955
1015:John Michael Carmody
943:(26 November 2003).
751:Metropolitan-Cammell
637:high-pressure boiler
467:Super-Sentinel wagon
194:Small driving wheels
1862:Sun and planet gear
1547:(5 February 2006).
1470:(15 January 2006).
1448:(23 January 2006).
1274:, pp. 223–225.
1222:, pp. 218–220.
1125:, pp. 215–216.
1060:. pp. 343–345.
1030:(8 February 2004).
691:Deutsche Reichsbahn
354:Carpathian Ruthenia
335:Ganz Works, Hungary
268:Simpler maintenance
251:Reduced maintenance
174:Advanced valve gear
163:Additional features
2362:Richard Trevithick
1960:Water-tube boilers
1774:Gresley conjugated
1404:(3 January 2006).
1342:. pp. 99–111.
1301:, pp. 225–227
847:Baltimore and Ohio
842:
840:
782:
731:
521:
445:In the same year,
373:
345:
77:
67:Essential features
31:
2543:
2542:
2469:
2468:
2348:
2347:
2032:
2031:
1932:Fire-tube boilers
1787:
1786:
1576:: 32–33, 131–132.
1573:Popular Mechanics
1553:Loco Loco gallery
1528:Loco Loco gallery
1476:Loco Loco gallery
1454:Loco Loco gallery
1432:Loco Loco gallery
1410:Loco Loco gallery
1340:Light Steam Power
1316:LNER Encyclopedia
1237:LNER Encyclopedia
1036:Loco Loco gallery
949:Loco Loco gallery
900:LMS Sentinel 7164
799:of 300 psi.
740:locomotive boiler
670:uniflow admission
235:Reduced servicing
223:Higher efficiency
2583:
2493:fardier à vapeur
2327:Whitbread Engine
2288:Smethwick Engine
2256:
2195:
2014:Feedwater heater
1882:
1664:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1585:
1578:
1577:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1376:T. Newcomen Soc.
1370:
1359:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1338:(3rd ed.).
1336:Doble Steam Cars
1331:
1320:
1319:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1275:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1024:
1018:
1004:
998:
995:
989:
986:
980:
977:
971:
970:
959:
953:
952:
937:
911:
908:
902:
896:
890:
881:inventor of the
879:Peter W. Willans
872:
866:
863:
820:Southern Railway
530:marshalling yard
512:of each engine.
497:'spiral' firebox
490:
488:
487:
483:
480:
472:
387:Paget locomotive
370:Paget locomotive
360:Paget locomotive
48:steam locomotive
2591:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2465:
2440:
2413:
2394:
2344:
2301:
2245:
2233:Fairbottom Bobs
2218:Newcomen engine
2212:
2184:
2130:Expansion valve
2103:
2089:Watt's separate
2060:
2028:
2002:
1954:
1926:
1871:
1847:Parallel motion
1783:
1734:Stephenson link
1715:
1653:
1622:Operating cycle
1617:
1612:
1582:
1581:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1500:. 11 April 2008
1488:
1487:
1483:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1372:
1371:
1362:
1354:
1347:
1333:
1332:
1323:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1278:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1005:
1001:
996:
992:
987:
983:
978:
974:
961:
960:
956:
939:
938:
923:
917:
915:
914:
909:
905:
897:
893:
873:
869:
864:
860:
855:
828:
771:
723:
678:
649:
633:
601:
596:
565:
563:Doble steam car
557:Main articles:
555:
542:
485:
481:
478:
476:
475:2 ft
474:
470:
438:based on their
428:
383:Midland Railway
379:
362:
337:
332:
215:
203:unsprung weight
165:
69:
56:
12:
11:
5:
2589:
2587:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2548:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2457:
2450:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2430:
2423:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2404:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2358:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2311:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2271:
2268:Kinneil Engine
2264:
2262:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2240:Elsecar Engine
2237:
2229:
2222:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2203:
2201:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2160:Steeple engine
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2019:Feedwater pump
2016:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1885:Simple boilers
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1867:Watt's linkage
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1816:Connecting rod
1813:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1670:
1668:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1558:
1533:
1511:
1481:
1459:
1437:
1415:
1393:
1382:(2): 177–203.
1360:
1345:
1321:
1303:
1291:
1276:
1261:
1242:
1224:
1209:
1186:
1184:, p. 217.
1174:
1151:
1149:, p. 216.
1139:
1137:, p. 238.
1127:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1084:
1063:
1041:
1019:
999:
990:
981:
972:
954:
920:
919:
913:
912:
903:
891:
883:Willans engine
867:
857:
856:
854:
851:
827:
824:
770:
767:
736:
735:
722:
719:
699:
698:
683:
682:
677:
674:
654:
653:
648:
645:
627:
626:
606:
605:
600:
597:
595:
594:Other examples
592:
554:
551:
541:
538:
427:
424:
412:outside framed
399:Willans engine
361:
358:
336:
333:
331:
328:
313:
312:
311:
310:
301:
300:
299:
298:
285:
284:
283:
282:
272:
271:
270:
269:
255:
254:
253:
252:
239:
238:
237:
236:
227:
226:
225:
224:
214:
211:
198:
197:
196:
195:
178:
177:
176:
175:
164:
161:
130:
129:
128:
127:
111:and often the
105:
104:
103:
102:
89:
88:
87:
86:
68:
65:
55:
52:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2588:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2561:Steam engines
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2368:Puffing Devil
2365:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2354:High-pressure
2351:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2307:Rotative beam
2304:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2207:Savery Engine
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2180:Working fluid
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1857:Rotative beam
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:hypocycloidal
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1615:Steam engines
1609:
1604:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1358:, p. 123
1357:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1101:, p. 246
1100:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1085:0-7153-5924-X
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:Hughes, W. J.
1067:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1000:
994:
991:
985:
982:
976:
973:
968:
964:
958:
955:
950:
946:
942:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
922:
918:
907:
904:
901:
895:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
875:Kyrle Willans
871:
868:
862:
859:
852:
850:
848:
837:
832:
826:North America
825:
823:
821:
817:
811:
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
789:
787:
780:
775:
769:South America
768:
766:
764:
760:
756:
755:Jakobs bogies
752:
748:
743:
741:
733:
732:
727:
720:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
696:
695:
694:
692:
688:
680:
679:
675:
673:
671:
667:
666:coupling rods
663:
659:
651:
650:
646:
644:
642:
638:
632:
624:
623:
622:
619:
615:
611:
603:
602:
598:
593:
591:
589:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
564:
560:
552:
550:
548:
539:
537:
533:
531:
526:
517:
513:
511:
506:
500:
498:
494:
468:
463:
461:
456:
452:
448:
447:Kyrle Willans
443:
441:
437:
433:
425:
423:
419:
415:
413:
409:
408:coupling rods
405:
404:trunk pistons
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
378:
371:
366:
359:
357:
355:
350:
341:
334:
329:
327:
324:
322:
318:
308:
307:
306:
305:
304:
297:
293:
292:
291:
290:
289:
280:
279:
278:
277:
276:
267:
266:
265:
264:
263:
261:
250:
249:
248:
247:
246:
244:
234:
233:
232:
231:
230:
222:
221:
220:
219:
218:
212:
210:
208:
204:
193:
192:
191:
190:
189:
187:
183:
182:poppet valves
173:
172:
171:
170:
169:
162:
160:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
125:
124:
123:
122:
121:
118:
114:
110:
100:
99:
98:
97:
96:
94:
84:
83:
82:
81:
80:
73:
66:
64:
62:
53:
51:
49:
43:
40:
37:is a form of
36:
29:
25:
20:
16:
2520:Modern steam
2507:
2492:
2454:Porter-Allen
2433:
2367:
2294:
2274:
2231:
2165:Safety valve
2094:"Pickle-pot"
1988:Thimble tube
1571:
1561:
1552:
1545:Douglas Self
1527:
1520:Douglas Self
1514:
1502:. Retrieved
1493:
1484:
1475:
1468:Douglas Self
1462:
1453:
1446:Douglas Self
1440:
1431:
1424:Douglas Self
1418:
1409:
1402:Douglas Self
1396:
1379:
1374:
1335:
1315:
1306:
1294:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1189:
1177:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1118:
1106:
1094:
1075:
1066:
1053:
1050:Ahrons, E.L.
1044:
1035:
1028:Douglas Self
1022:
1002:
993:
984:
975:
966:
957:
948:
941:Douglas Self
916:
906:
894:
870:
861:
843:
812:
801:
790:
783:
744:
737:
700:
684:
655:
634:
631:SNCF 232.P.1
607:
585:
566:
543:
534:
522:
501:
464:
455:roller chain
450:
444:
429:
420:
416:
380:
346:
325:
314:
309:Articulation
302:
286:
273:
256:
240:
228:
216:
199:
179:
166:
146:
131:
126:Geared drive
106:
90:
78:
57:
44:
39:steam engine
34:
32:
15:
2251:Watt engine
2051:Oscillating
2007:Boiler feed
1852:Plate chain
1831:Tusi couple
1744:Walschaerts
1629:Atmospheric
887:L.T.C. Rolt
786:metre gauge
709:or 1'Do1' (
647:Switzerland
569:Abner Doble
559:Abner Doble
525:final drive
471:750 mm
440:steam wagon
391:hammer blow
330:Development
296:hammer blow
149:final drive
35:steam motor
24:final drive
2550:Categories
2460:Ljungström
2446:High-speed
2339:Lap Engine
2295:Resolution
2199:Precursors
2084:Kirchweger
2046:Locomotive
1993:Three-drum
1973:Field-tube
1940:Locomotive
1922:Lancashire
1842:Link chain
1826:Crankshaft
1793:Mechanisms
1721:Valve gear
1199:S.E. Alley
1164:S.E. Alley
853:References
573:steam cars
349:Ganz Works
213:Advantages
184:driven by
157:spur gears
113:valve gear
109:crankshaft
85:Small size
54:Principles
2491:Cugnot's
2434:Salamanca
2135:Hydrolock
2120:Crosshead
2066:Condenser
1902:Egg-ended
1504:14 August
1406:"232.P.1"
1058:Ian Allan
877:, son of
510:blastpipe
436:railmotor
186:camshafts
117:crankcase
2474:See also
2400:Compound
2275:Old Bess
2115:Blowback
2038:Cylinder
2024:Injector
1983:Stirling
1978:Sentinel
1892:Haystack
1806:Cataract
1779:Southern
1769:Caprotti
1644:Compound
1052:(1966).
745:In 1951
703:V19.1001
697:V19.1001
656:A 2-6-2
588:Sentinel
581:railcars
577:Henschel
540:Railcars
489: in
432:Sentinel
426:Sentinel
294:Reduced
140:and the
28:Sentinel
2190:History
2099:Surface
1917:Cornish
1877:Boilers
1759:Corliss
1696:Corliss
1679:D slide
1649:Uniflow
1639:Cornish
804:Belgium
763:England
676:Germany
641:uniflow
625:232.P.1
484:⁄
451:Ancoats
207:railcar
2502:(1784)
2496:(1769)
2462:(1908)
2456:(1862)
2437:(1812)
2429:(1805)
2419:Murray
2410:(1803)
2389:(1804)
2383:(1803)
2377:(1803)
2371:(1801)
2341:(1788)
2335:(1786)
2329:(1785)
2323:(1783)
2317:(1782)
2298:(1781)
2290:(1779)
2284:(1778)
2278:(1777)
2270:(1768)
2242:(1795)
2236:(1760)
2228:(1725)
2209:(1698)
2175:Stroke
2140:Piston
2125:Cutoff
1998:Yarrow
1950:Launch
1945:Scotch
1706:Sleeve
1701:Poppet
1686:Piston
1667:Valves
1659:Valves
1257:
1205:
1197:,
1170:
1162:,
1082:
715:V-twin
662:Buchli
614:4-4-2T
610:4-6-0T
599:France
505:0-4-0T
493:gauges
243:oiling
142:Climax
2108:Other
1912:Flued
1897:Wagon
1821:Crank
1764:Lentz
1754:Baker
1749:Allan
1674:Slide
816:Co-Co
721:Egypt
707:2-8-2
604:221TQ
553:Doble
317:frame
153:chain
93:bogie
2260:Beam
1801:Beam
1711:Bash
1691:Drop
1634:Watt
1506:2009
1080:ISBN
898:See
685:The
561:and
547:LNER
368:The
147:The
138:Shay
2079:Jet
1907:Box
1739:Joy
1729:Gab
1384:doi
711:UIC
618:V12
385:'s
2552::
1570:.
1551:.
1536:^
1526:.
1496:.
1492:.
1474:.
1452:.
1430:.
1408:.
1380:69
1363:^
1348:^
1324:^
1314:.
1279:^
1264:^
1235:.
1212:^
1034:.
1013:,
1009:,
965:.
947:.
924:^
765:.
761:,
742:.
672:.
499:.
462:.
414:.
245:.
95:.
33:A
1607:e
1600:t
1593:v
1555:.
1530:.
1508:.
1478:.
1456:.
1434:.
1412:.
1390:.
1386::
1318:.
1239:.
1088:.
1038:.
969:.
951:.
889:.
486:2
482:1
479:+
477:5
473:(
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