307:
954:
240:
20:
143:
310:
Hydrodistillation using the Steam distillation apparatus, Clevenger-type apparatus. (A) Power regulator; (B) Heating mantle with round bottom flask containing water and aromatic leaves; (C) Clevenger-type apparatus that returns the hydrosol to the still and maintains the essential oil phase, but only
201:
even below its boiling point, so in theory it could be distilled at any temperature by collecting and condensing its vapors. However, ordinary distillation below the boiling point is not practical because a layer of vapor-rich air would form over the liquid, and evaporation would stop as soon as the
209:
Simple distillation is generally done by boiling the starting material, because, once its vapor pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure, that still vapor-rich layer of air will be disrupted, and there will be a significant and steady flow of vapor from the boiling flask to the condenser.
315:
On a lab scale, steam distillations are carried out using steam generated outside the system and piped through the mixture to be purified. Steam can also be generated in-situ using a
Clevenger-type apparatus.
306:
213:
In steam distillation, that positive flow is provided by steam from boiling water, rather than by the boiling of the substances of interest. The steam carries with it the vapors of the latter.
438:
Fahlbusch, Karl-Georg; Hammerschmidt, Franz-Josef; Panten, Johannes; Pickenhagen, Wilhelm; Schatkowski, Dietmar; Bauer, Kurt; Garbe, Dorothea; Surburg, Horst (2003). "Flavors and
Fragrances".
80:
or other unwanted reactions. It may also be useful when the amount of the desired substance is small compared to that of the non-volatile residues. It is often used to separate volatile
497:
Manuel G. Cerpa, Rafael B. Mato, María José Cocero, Roberta
Ceriani, Antonio J. A. Meirelle, Juliana M. Prado, Patrícia F. Leal, Thais M. Takeuchi, and M. Angela A. Meireles (2008): "
130:
is forced to flow through the starting material in a separate container. The latter variant allows the steam to be heated above the boiling point of water (thus becoming
803:
776:
W. Klötzer, J. Stadlwieser, J. Raneburger (1986). "Electrophilic N-Amination of Imide Sodium Salts with O-Diphenylphosphinylhydroxylamine (DPH): 7-Aminotheophylline".
231:(at normal atmospheric pressure), but a mixture with water boils at 95 °C. However, the formation of an azeotrope is not necessary for steam distillation to work.
816:
Sadgrove & Jones, A contemporary introduction to essential oils: Chemistry, bioactivity and prospects for
Australian agriculture, Agriculture 5(1), 2015,
216:
The substance of interest does not need to be miscible water or soluble in it. It suffices that it has significant vapor pressure at the steam's temperature.
528:
Science and
Civilisation in China. Volume 5: Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Part IV: Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Apparatus, Theories and Gifts
206:
of the vapor in that layer reached the vapor pressure. The vapor would then flow to the condenser only by diffusion, which is an extremely slow process.
290:
and subsequently to hydrolyze the intermediate benzophenone dichloride into benzophenone, which is in fact not steam distilled. It one preparation of a
563:
Treasure Trove of
Benefits and Variety at the Table: A Fourteenth-Century Egyptian Cookbook. English Translation, with an Introduction and Glossary
885:
282:
where steam distillation is used to first remove the excess benzene and subsequently to purifiy the brominated product. In one preparation of
617:
702:
627:
607:
579:
479:
95:
Steam distillation once was a popular laboratory method for purification of organic compounds, but it has been replaced in many such uses by
76:
of the substance to be extracted is higher than that of water, and the starting material cannot be heated to that temperature because of
953:
54:; both are cooled and return to the liquid or solid state, while the non-volatile residues remain behind in the boiling container.
678:
657:
536:
510:
455:
223:
with the substances of interest, the boiling point of the mixture may be lower than the boiling point of water. For example,
842:
380:
100:
103:. It is however much simpler and economical than those alternatives, and remains important in certain industrial sectors.
943:
267:
are obtained by this method on an industrial scale. Steam distillation is a means of purifying fatty acids, e.g. from
1014:
878:
51:
928:
1070:
1045:
182:
57:
If, as is usually the case, the volatiles are not miscible with water, they will spontaneously form a distinct
1060:
1055:
1035:
973:
345:
340:
325:
1040:
77:
43:
1101:
1065:
871:
797:
255:, for example. In this method, steam is passed through the plant material containing the desired oils.
978:
365:
287:
1080:
275:
162:('Book of the Chemistry of Perfume and Distillations'), attributed to the early Arabic philosopher
96:
968:
355:
330:
35:
118:, the starting material is suspended above the water in the boiling flask, supported by a metal
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443:
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203:
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557:
375:
350:
913:
908:
311:
for essential oils that are less dense than water and therefore float; (D) The condenser.
181:
by adding water to rose petals and distilling the mixture. The process was also used by
643:
522:
256:
198:
178:
58:
239:
1095:
983:
248:
81:
73:
894:
370:
335:
295:
283:
224:
39:
597:
173:–873). Steam distillation was also used by the Persian philosopher and physician
260:
89:
62:
19:
821:
264:
243:
A boiling water distiller. Boiling tank on top and holding tank on the bottom.
186:
142:
114:, the water is mixed with the starting material in the boiling container. In
789:
762:
735:
447:
421:
1004:
486:
220:
571:
549:
Translation of some of the recipes as quoted in the 14th-century cookbook
673:
Martin's
Physical Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical sciences, fifth edition,
503:
Extracting
Bioactive Compounds for Food Products: Theory and Applications
279:
268:
252:
174:
163:
85:
857:
Walton & Brown, Chemicals From Plants, Imperial
College Press, 1999.
543:
p. 128, note h (cf. the reservations on the authenticity of the work in
999:
228:
24:
918:
291:
127:
1019:
566:. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 148. Leiden: Brill.
305:
238:
141:
47:
18:
119:
867:
863:
150:
Steam distillation is used in many of the recipes given in the
50:
from the boiling water carries the vapor of the volatiles to a
616:
Axe, Dr Josh; Rubin, Jordan; Bollinger, Ty (2020-06-01).
247:
Steam distillation is often employed in the isolation of
596:
Shreve, Randolph Norris; Brink, Joseph Andrew (1977).
156:('Book of Gentleness on Perfume'), also known as the
61:
after condensation, allowing them to be separated by
550:
157:
151:
1028:
992:
961:
901:
749:C. S. Marvel, W. M. Sperry (1928). "Benzophenone".
408:H. T. Clarke, Anne W. Davis (1922). "Quinoline".
294:, steam distillation is used to remove volatile
278:. Illustrative is a classic preparation of bromo
499:Steam distillation applied to the food industry
286:, steam is employed to first recover unreacted
440:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
879:
433:
431:
84:from plant material. for example, to extract
8:
802:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
274:Steam distillation is sometimes used in the
694:Chemistry and Technology of Oils & Fats
403:
401:
886:
872:
864:
835:Laboratory Technique in Organic Chemistry
652:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
531:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
16:Method of separation in organic chemistry
72:Steam distillation can be used when the
718:M. Gomberg and W. E. Bachmann (1928). "
544:
472:Food Process Engineering and Technology
397:
795:
23:Steam distillation apparatus, showing
7:
691:M.M. Chakrabarty (9 November 2003).
552:Kanz al-fawāʾid fī tanwīʿ al-mawāʾid
697:. Allied Publishers. pp. 12–.
681:, Lippincott williams & wilkins
159:Kitāb Kīmiyāʾ al-ʿiṭr wa-l-taṣʿīdāt
134:), for more efficient extraction.
46:and non-volatile components. The
14:
952:
649:Islamic Science and Engineering
619:The Chemistry of Essential Oils
381:Supercritical fluid extraction
101:supercritical fluid extraction
1:
167:
622:. Destiny Image Publishers.
153:Kitāb al-Taraffuq fī al-ʿiṭr
146:Steam distillation apparatus
88:(boiling point 176 °C) from
599:Chemical Process Industries
551:
158:
152:
1118:
1015:Spinning band distillation
833:Kenneth B. Wiberg (1960).
822:10.3390/agriculture5010048
474:, 3rd edition. 742 pages.
298:from nonvolatile product.
122:or perforated screen. In
42:water together with other
950:
197:Every substance has some
116:direct steam distillation
944:Vapor–liquid equilibrium
790:10.15227/orgsyn.064.0096
763:10.15227/orgsyn.008.0026
736:10.15227/orgsyn.008.0042
547:, p. 128, note d).
448:10.1002/14356007.a11_141
422:10.15227/orgsyn.002.0079
974:Continuous distillation
487:10.1016/C2016-0-03186-8
346:Fractional distillation
341:Extractive distillation
326:Azeotropic distillation
185:(1256–1327) to produce
312:
244:
219:If the water forms an
177:(980–1037) to produce
147:
124:dry steam distillation
106:In the simplest form,
28:
572:10.1163/9789004349919
309:
242:
145:
22:
979:Fractionating column
962:Industrial processes
929:McCabe–Thiele method
366:Laboratory equipment
288:carbon tetrachloride
276:chemical laboratory
126:, the steam from a
97:vacuum distillation
993:Laboratory methods
969:Batch distillation
470:Zeki Berk (2018):
356:Herbal distillates
331:Batch distillation
313:
245:
189:on a large scale.
148:
108:water distillation
36:separation process
32:Steam distillation
29:
27:steam distillation
1089:
1088:
1010:Rotary evaporator
934:Theoretical plate
778:Organic Syntheses
751:Organic Syntheses
724:Organic Syntheses
722:-Bromobiphenyl".
704:978-81-7764-495-1
629:978-0-7684-5702-5
609:978-0-07-057145-7
581:978-90-04-34729-8
480:978-0-12-812018-7
410:Organic Syntheses
386:Theoretical plate
361:Hydrodistillation
132:superheated steam
112:hydrodistillation
67:separatory funnel
38:that consists of
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956:
939:Partial pressure
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558:Nasrallah, Nawal
554:
542:
519:
513:
501:". Chapter 2 of
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489:
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435:
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204:partial pressure
172:
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948:
924:Fenske equation
897:
892:
862:
861:
856:
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845:
837:. McGraw-Hill.
832:
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644:Hill, Donald R.
642:
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637:
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615:
614:
610:
602:. McGraw-Hill.
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523:Needham, Joseph
521:
520:
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407:
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399:
394:
376:Steam stripping
351:Heteroazeotrope
322:
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635:
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514:
505:, pages 9–75.
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257:Eucalyptus oil
249:essential oils
236:
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199:vapor pressure
194:
191:
179:essential oils
139:
136:
82:essential oils
15:
13:
10:
9:
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2:
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984:Spinning cone
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679:0-7817-6426-2
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659:9781474469135
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538:9780521085731
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511:9781420062397
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78:decomposition
75:
74:boiling point
70:
68:
64:
60:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
26:
21:
1102:Distillation
1081:Vacuum-based
1075:
914:Dalton's law
909:Raoult's law
895:Distillation
853:
834:
828:
812:
798:cite journal
781:
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586:pp. 425–430.
562:
545:Needham 1980
527:
517:
502:
493:
471:
466:
439:
413:
409:
371:Steam engine
336:Distillation
314:
296:benzaldehyde
284:benzophenone
273:
246:
235:Applications
225:bromobenzene
218:
215:
212:
208:
196:
149:
123:
115:
111:
107:
105:
94:
90:orange peels
71:
56:
31:
30:
1076:Steam-based
1071:Salt-effect
1046:Destructive
261:camphor oil
183:al-Dimashqi
63:decantation
1061:Fractional
1056:Extractive
1036:Azeotropic
1029:Techniques
902:Principles
844:0070700958
392:References
265:orange oil
187:rose water
171: 801
65:or with a
40:distilling
1041:Catalytic
1005:Kugelrohr
664:p. 85–87.
302:Equipment
269:tall oils
221:azeotrope
193:Principle
52:condenser
1096:Category
1066:Reactive
646:(1993).
560:(2017).
525:(1980).
320:See also
280:biphenyl
253:perfumes
175:Avicenna
164:al-Kindi
86:limonene
44:volatile
1000:Alembic
138:History
25:aniline
919:Reflux
841:
784:: 96.
757:: 26.
730:: 42.
701:
677:
656:
626:
606:
578:
535:
509:
478:
454:
416:: 79.
292:purine
128:boiler
1020:Still
59:phase
48:steam
34:is a
839:ISBN
804:link
699:ISBN
675:ISBN
654:ISBN
624:ISBN
604:ISBN
576:ISBN
533:ISBN
507:ISBN
476:ISBN
452:ISBN
263:and
120:mesh
99:and
92:.
1051:Dry
818:doi
786:doi
759:doi
732:doi
568:doi
483:doi
444:doi
418:doi
110:or
69:.
1098::
800:}}
796:{{
782:64
780:.
753:.
726:.
574:.
555::
450:.
442:.
430:^
412:.
400:^
271:.
259:,
229:°C
168:c.
887:e
880:t
873:v
847:.
820::
806:)
792:.
788::
765:.
761::
755:8
738:.
734::
728:8
720:p
707:.
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632:.
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584:.
570::
541:.
485::
460:.
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424:.
420::
414:2
166:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
