Stairs - Knowledge (XXG)

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riser or between the largest and smallest tread can not exceed 0.375 inches (9.5 mm). The reason is that on a continuous flight of stairs, people get used to a regular step and may trip if there is a step that is different, especially at night. The general rule is that all steps on the same flight must be identical. Hence, stairs are typically custom made to fit the particular floor to floor height and horizontal space available. Special care must be taken on the first and last risers. Stairs must be supported directly by the subfloor. If thick flooring (e.g. thick hardwood planks) are added on top of the subfloor, it will cover part of the first riser, reducing the effective height of the first step. Likewise at the top step, if the top riser simply reaches the subfloor and thick flooring is added, the last rise at the top may be higher than the last riser. The first and last riser heights of the rough stairs are modified to adjust for the addition of the finished floor.

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landing, or half-pace, is where a 180° change in direction is made, and a quarter landing is where a 90° change in direction is made (on an intermediate landing). As intermediate landings consume floor space, they can be expensive to build. However, changing the direction of the stairs allows stairs to fit where they would not otherwise, or provides privacy to the upper level as visitors downstairs cannot simply look up the stairs to the upper level due to the change in direction. The word 'landing' is also commonly used for a general corridor in any of the floors above the ground floor of a building, even if that corridor is located well away from a staircase.

2216:, Tirumala from Tirupati on foot, and it was until recently the only one in modern times. The temple is the richest Hindu temple in the world in terms of donations received and wealth and is visited by about 50,000 to 100,000 pilgrims per day (30 to 40 million people annually on average), while on special occasions and festivals like the annual Brahmotsavam, the number of pilgrims shoots up to 500,000, making it the most-visited holy place in the world. Srivari Mettu, about 20 km away, is the original one that was renovated and brought back to use in 2008. Alipiri is the longer route with more than 3550 steps, Srivari Mettu is shorter with 2388 steps. 1048: 2543: 1835: 892: 3017: 1171: 1029: 349: 2051: 2559: 1243:

of a center pole, perimeter supports attaching to or beneath the treads, and a helical handrail. In this manner, the treads may be wide enough to accommodate low rises. In self-supporting stairs, the helix needs to be steep to allow the weight to distribute safely down the structure in the most vertical manner possible. Helical steps with center columns or perimeter support do not have this limitation. Building codes may limit the use of helical stairs to small areas or secondary usage, if their treads are not sufficiently wide or have risers taller than 9.5 inches (240 mm).

2779: 1855: 2091: 2939: 2070: 1946: 2799: 2923: 2908: 133: 997: 1357: 1598: 2501: 1461: 1926: 2880: 1419:(however, designs with recessed treads or footholds do not have this feature). The treads are designed such that they alternate between treads for each foot: one step is wide on the left side; the next step is wide on the right side. There is insufficient space on the narrow portion of the step for the other foot to stand, hence the person must always use the correct foot on the correct step. The slope of alternating tread stairs can be as high as 65° as opposed to standard stairs, which are almost always less than 45°. 470: 1341:

religious buildings. Studies of helical stairs in castles have concluded that "the role and position of spirals in castles ... had a much stronger domestic and status role than a military function" and that "there are sufficient examples of anticlockwise stairs in Britain and France in to indicate that the choice must have depended both on physical convenience and architectural practicalities and there was no military ideology that demanded clockwise staircases in the cause of fighting efficiency or advantage".

1875: 3772: 3721: 3685: 1488:" or "scissors stairs" configuration whereby two stairwells occupy the same floor footprint, but are intertwined while being separated by fireproof partitions along their entire run. However, this design deposits anybody descending the stack into alternating locations on each successive floor, and this can be very disorienting. Some building codes recommend using a color-coded stripe and signage to distinguish otherwise identical-looking stairwells from each other, and to make following a quick exit path easier. 2677: 2578: 1807: 2831: 2665: 2896: 2486: 2735: 452: 2524: 2970: 1303: 104: 1160: 1891: 1408: 1381: 1210:, and other locations where floorspace is scarce. However, this compactness can come at the expense of requiring great craftsmanship and care to produce a safe and effective structure. By contrast, grand helical stairs occupying wide sweeps of space can also be built, to showcase luxurious funding and elegant taste. Architects have used the twisting curvilinear shape as an embellishment, either within or outside of their buildings. 1187: 930:

L-shaped stairways have one landing and usually a change in direction by 90°. U-shaped stairs may employ a single wider landing for a change in direction of 180°, or two landings for two changes in direction of 90° each. A Z-shaped staircase incorporates two opposite 90° turns, creating a shape similar to that of the letter "Z" if seen from above. The use of landings and a possible change of direction have the following effects:

2645: 1013: 728: 2858: 664: 2954: 5595: 2633: 1113:, but the vast majority of circular stairs are actually helical. True spiral staircases would be nonfunctional flat structures, although functional hybrid helical spiral staircases can be constructed. This article attempts to preferentially use the terms "helix" and "helical" to describe circular stairways more clearly and precisely, while reserving the term "spiral" for a curve restricted to a flat plane. 2723: 877: 229: 2704: 2615: 47: 1337:. During the Renaissance and Baroque periods, increasingly spectacular helical stairways were devised, first deleting walled enclosures, and then deleting a central post to leave an open well. Modern designs have trended towards minimalism, culminating in helical stairs made largely of transparent glass, or consisting only of stair treads with minimal visible support. 2152: 2600: 2117: 1098:" has a more narrow definition in a mathematical context, as a curve which lies in a single plane and moves towards or away from a central point, with a continuously changing radius. The mathematical term for the 3-dimensional curve traced where the locus progresses at a fixed radius from a fixed line while moving in a circular motion around it is a " 1560: 548:. Treads often require two balusters. The second baluster is closer to the riser and is taller than the first. The extra height in the second baluster is typically in the middle between decorative elements on the baluster. That way the bottom decorative elements are aligned with the tread and the top elements are aligned with the railing angle. 2138: 675:: A flight of stairs is said to be "floating" if there is nothing underneath. The risers are typically missing as well to emphasize the open effect, and create a functional feature suspended in midair. There may be only one stringer or the stringers otherwise minimized. Where building codes allow, there may not even be handrails. 1426:, which requires a backward-facing descent. Alternating tread stairs may not be safe for small children, the elderly, or the physically challenged. Building codes typically classify them as ladders, and will only allow them where ladders are allowed, usually basement or attic utility or storage areas infrequently accessed. 1219:

longer and therefore the rise between each step may be smaller (equal to that of regular steps). Otherwise, the circumference of the circle at the walk line will be so small that it will be impossible to maintain a normal tread depth and a normal rise height without compromising headroom before reaching the upper floor.

2271:, Norway, have 4,444 wooden steps that climb from sea level to 740 metres (2,428 feet). It is a maintenance stairway for the water pipeline to the old Flørli hydro plant. The hydro plant is now closed down, and the stairs are open to the public. The stairway is claimed to be the longest wooden stairway in the world. 851:– for curved stairs, the inner radius of the curve may result in very narrow treads. The "walkline" is the imaginary line some distance away from the inner edge on which people are expected to walk. The building code will specify the distance. Building codes will then specify the minimum tread size at the walkline. 1231:"Open well" helical or circular stairs designed by architects often do not have a central pole, but there usually is a handrail at both sides of the treads. These designs have the advantage of a more uniform tread depth when compared to a narrow helical staircase. Such stairs may also be built around an 1745:

Variance on riser height and tread depth between steps on the same flight should be very low. Building codes require variances no larger than 0.1875 inches (4.76 mm) between depth of adjacent treads or the height of adjacent risers; within a flight, the tolerance between the largest and smallest

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The traditional way to satisfy this requirement was to construct two separate stairwell stacks, each occupying its own footprint within each floorplate. Each stairwell is internally configured into an arrangement often called a "U-return" or "return" design. The two stairwells may be constructed next

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that are made. A "quarter-turn" stair deposits the person facing 90° from the starting orientation. Likewise, there are half-turn, three-quarters-turn and full-turn stairs. A continuous helix may make many turns depending on the height. Very tall multi-turn helical staircases are usually found in old

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The helical stair is also called the spiral stair, winding stair, circular stair, elliptical stair, oval stair, geometric stair, vis, vice, vis de Saint Gilles, St. Gilles screw, belfry stair, turret stair, caracole, turnpike, cochlea, cockle, corkscrew, and ascensorium. Helical is possibly the least

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in Saurashtrian peninsula. At a height of 1100 metres, with five summits, each adorned with several sacred places, it is accessed on foot by soaring close to 10,000 steps along a rugged terrain and deciduous forest that is also the last home for Asiatic lions. It is the longest completely stone-made

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Steps should have level treads, they may have open risers but if so treads should overlap at least 16mm. Domestic private stairs are likely to be used by children under 5 years old so the handrail ballister spacing should be constructed so that a 100mm diameter sphere cannot pass through the opening

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An example of perimeter support is the Vatican stairwell or the Gothic stairwell. The latter stairwell is tight because of its location where the diameter must be small. Many helices, however, have sufficient width for normal-size treads (8 inches (200 mm)) by being supported by any combination

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However, a basic straight flight of stairs is easier to design and construct than one with landings or winders. The rhythm of stepping is not interrupted in a straight run, which may offset an increased fall risk by helping to prevent a misstep in the first place. However, many long straight runs of

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Staircase: This term is often reserved for the stairs themselves: the steps, railings and landings; though often it is used interchangeably with "stairs" and "stairway". In the UK, however, the term "staircase" denotes what in the US is called "stairway", but usually includes the casing – the walls,

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around the circumference of the rounded portion, and the handrail has a flat spiral called a "volute" that connects the tops of the balusters. Besides the cosmetic appeal, starting steps allow the balusters to form a wider, more stable base for the end of the handrail. Handrails that simply end at a

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who saw the plane coming at him), and 4 people from the floors above the impact zone. Numerous 911 operators who received calls from individuals inside the South Tower were not well informed of the situation as it rapidly unfolded in the South Tower. Many operators told callers not to descend the

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Flights and landings must be guarded at the sides where the drop is more than 600mm. As domestic private stairs are likely to be used by children under 5 the guarding must be constructed so that a 100mm diameter sphere cannot pass through any opening or constructed so that children will not be able

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The block model in the image illustrates the space efficiency gained by an alternating tread stair. The alternating stairs (3) requires one unit of space per step: the same as the half-width stairs (2), and half as much as the full-width stairs (1). Thus, the horizontal distance between steps is in

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Helical stairs typically have a handrail along the outer periphery only, and on the inner side may have just a central pole. A "squared helical" stair fills a square stairwell and expands the steps and railing to a square, resulting in unequal steps (wider and longer where they extend into a corner

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Stairs may be in a "straight run", leading from one floor to another without a turn or change in direction. Stairs may change direction, commonly by two straight flights connected at a 90° angle landing. Stairs may also return onto themselves with 180° angle landings at each end of straight flights

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Level, unobstructed landings should be provided at the top and bottom of every flight. The width and length being at least that of the width of the stairs and can include part of the floor. A door may swing across the landing at the bottom of the flight but must leave a clear space of at least 400

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required for a building of a given size, including specifying a minimum number of stairwells. For any building bigger than a private house, modern codes invariably specify at least two sets of stairs, completely isolated from each other so that if one becomes impassable due to smoke or flames, the

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Where there is insufficient space for the full run length of normal stairs, "alternating tread stairs" may be used (other names are "paddle stairs", "zig-zag stairs", or "double-riser stairs"). Alternating tread stairs can be designed to allow for a safe forward-facing descent of very steep stairs

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Banister, railing, or handrail: The angled member for handholding, as distinguished from the vertical balusters which hold it up for stairs that are open on one side. Railings are often present on both sides of stairs, but can sometimes be only on one side or absent altogether. On wide staircases,

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There is a common misconception that helical staircases in castles rose in a clockwise direction, to hinder right-handed attackers. While clockwise helical staircases are more common in castles than anti-clockwise, they were even more common in medieval structures without a military role, such as

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To maintain headroom, some helical stairs with a very short diameter must also have a very high rise for each step. These are typically cases where the stairwell must be a small diameter to fit a narrow space, or must not have any center support by design, or may not have any perimeter support. A

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Straight stairs can have a mid-landing incorporated, but it is probably more common to see stairs that use a landing or winder to produce a bend in the stairs. A straight flight with a mid-landing will require a lot of straight length, and may be more commonly found in large commercial buildings.

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Riser: The near-vertical element in a set of stairs, forming the space between one step and the next. It is sometimes slightly inclined from the vertical so that its top is closer than its base to the person climbing the stairs. If a physical riser is not present, the design is described as "open

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Riser-Tread formula: Sometimes the stair parameters will be something like riser plus tread equals 17–18 inches (432–457 mm); another formula is 2 times riser + tread equals 24.6 inches (625 mm), the length of a stride. Thus a 7 inches (178 mm) rise and a 10.6 inches (269 mm)

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Alternating tread stairs are sometimes referred to as "witches stairs", in the supposed belief that they were created during an earlier era as an attempt to repel witches who were thought to be unable to climb such stairs. Such a fanciful origin of the term has since been disproved, with experts

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Landing, or platform: A landing is the area of a floor near the top or bottom step of a stair. An intermediate landing is a small platform that is built as part of stairs between main floor levels and is typically used to allow the stairs to change directions, or to allow the user a rest. A half

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The wider the helix, the more steps can be accommodated per revolution around the central axis. Therefore, if the helix is large in diameter, due to having a central support column that is strong (and large in diameter) with a special handrail that helps to distribute the load, each step may be

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The simplest form is the straight flight of stairs, with neither winders nor landings. These types of stairs were commonly used in traditional homes, as they are relatively easy to build and only need to be connected at the top and bottom. However, many modern architects may not choose straight

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Nosing: An edge part of the tread that protrudes over the riser beneath. If it is present, this means that, measured horizontally, the total "run" length of the stairs is not simply the sum of the tread lengths, as the treads overlap each other. Many building codes require stair nosings for

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The approved document refers to 16 risers (steps) for utility stairs and 12 for general access. There is no requirement for private stairs. In practice there will be fewer than 16 steps as 16 x 220 gives over 3500 total rise (storey height) which is way above that in a domestic situation.

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Another, more classical, form of handrailing that is still in use is the tangent method. A variant of the cylindric method of layout, it allows for continuous climbing and twisting rails and easings. It was defined from principles set down by architect Peter Nicholson in the 18th century.

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Stringer board, stringer, or sometimes just string: The structural member that supports the treads and risers in standard staircases. There are typically three stringers, one on either side and one in the center, with more added as necessary for wider spans. Side stringers are sometimes

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stairways, though built with landings and straight runs of stairs, are often functionally double helices, with two separate stairs intertwined and occupying the same floor footprint. This is often in compliance with legal safety requirements to have two independent fire escape paths.

1739:. These stairways, called "Easy Risers" consist of five flights wrapped into a multi-turn arrangement with a total width equal to more than four times the individual flight width and a depth roughly equal to one flight's run plus this width. The flights have varying numbers of steps. 1533:

It is estimated that a noticeable misstep occurs once in 7,398 uses and a minor accident on a flight of stairs occurs once in 63,000 uses. Stairs can be a hazardous obstacle for some, so some people choose to live in residences without stairs so that they are protected from injury.

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Developments in manufacturing and design have also led to the introduction of kit form helical stairs. Modular, standardized steps and handrails can be bolted together to form a complete unit. These stairs can be made out of steel, timber, concrete, or a combination of materials.

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to each other, separated by a fireproof partition, or optionally the two stairwells may be located at some distance from each other within the floorplan. These traditional arrangements have the advantage of being easily understood by building occupants and occasional visitors.

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Winders: Winders are steps that are narrower on one side than the other. They are used to change the direction of the stairs without landings. A series of winders form a circular or helical stairway. When three steps are used to turn a 90° corner, the middle step is called a

2409:, is well known for its helix-shaped staircase, which has been nicknamed "Miraculous Stair". It has been the subject of legend and rumor, and the circumstances surrounding its construction and its builder are considered miraculous by the Sisters of Loretto and many visitors. 1545:

is a mechanical device for lifting wheelchairs up and down stairs. For sufficiently wide stairs, a rail is mounted to the treads of the stairs, or attached to the wall. A chair is attached to the rail and the person on the chair is lifted as the chair moves along the rail.

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tread exactly meets this code. If only a 2 inches (51 mm) rise is used then a 20.6 inches (523 mm) tread is required. This is based on the principle that a low rise is more like walking up a gentle incline and so the natural swing of the leg will be longer.

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Another form of a straight staircase is the "space saver staircase", also known as "paddle stairs" or "alternating tread staircases". These designs can be used for a steeper rise, but they can only be used in certain circumstances, and must comply with regulations.

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Turnout: Instead of a complete spiral volute, a turnout deviates from the normal handrail center line away from the flight to give a wider opening as one enters the staircase, The turnout is usually set over a newel post to give added stability to the

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Starting or feature tread: Where stairs are open on one or both sides, the first step above the lower floor or landing may be wider than the other steps and rounded. When the starting step is rounded, the balusters typically are arranged in a true

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Maximum rise 220 and minimum going 220 remembering that the maximum pitch of private stairs is 42°. The normal relationship between dimensions of the rise and going is that twice the rise plus the going (2R + G) should be between 550 and 700

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Large open-well helical stairs have been used as a central feature in public buildings from the Renaissance until modern times. A 21st-century version is the helical glass-enclosed, glass-treaded stairways at the center of several flagship

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of each step is measured from the top of one tread to the next. It is not the physical height of the riser; the latter excludes the thickness of the tread. A person using the stairs would move this distance vertically for each step

2845: 2127:, Denmark. The dark grey, kidney-shaped capstone seen at the bottom of the stairwell contains the three foundation stones of the building and was used as the reference point for height adjustment during the entire building period. 1126:(also called the "central pole"). The presence or absence of a central pole or newel does not affect the overall terminology applied to the design of the structure. In Scottish architecture, helical stairs are commonly known as a 1246:

Double helix staircases are possible, with two independent helical stairs in the same vertical space, allowing one person to ascend and another to descend without ever meeting, if they choose different helices. For examples, the

530:. At the bottom of the stairs, such railings flare to a horizontal railing and this horizontal portion is called a "starting easing". At the top of the stairs, the horizontal portion of the railing is called an "over easing". 186:, and ramps. A stairwell is a vertical shaft or opening that contains a staircase. A flight (of stairs) is an inclined part of a staircase consisting of steps (and their lateral supports if supports are separate from steps). 1222:

A small-diameter helix can still have wider treads near the central axis, by making the treads "dance". The narrow end of each tapering wedge-shaped tread is widened, and installed to overlap the adjacent treads above and

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which enable passage to the other level by stepping from one to another step in turn. Steps are very typically rectangular. Stairs may be straight, round, or may consist of two or more straight pieces connected at angles.

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post at the foot of the stairs can be less sturdy, even with a thick post. A double-ended feature tread can be used when both sides of the stairs are open. There are a number of different styles and uses of feature tread.

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Height of the handrail. This is typically between 34 and 38 inches (864 and 965 mm), measured to the nose of the tread. The minimum height of the handrail for landings may be different and is typically 36 inches

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Stairs may be a required component of egress (exit) paths from structures and buildings. Stairs are also provided for convenience to access floors, roofs, levels, and walking surfaces not accessible by other means.

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this case reduced by a factor of two, reducing the size of each step. The horizontal distance between steps is reduced by a factor less than two if for construction reasons there are narrow "unused" step extensions.

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Apron: This is a wooden fascia board used to cover up trimmers and joists exposed by stairwell openings. The apron may be moulded or plain, and is intended to give the staircase a cleaner look by cloaking the side

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Helical stairs have the disadvantage of being very steep if they are tight (small radius) or are otherwise not supported by a center column. The cylindrical spaces they occupy can have a narrow or wide diameter:

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is the imaginary line along the tip of the nosing of the treads. In the UK, stair pitch is the angle the pitch line makes with the horizontal, measured in degrees. The value of the slope, as a ratio, is then the

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Core rail: Wood handrails often have a metal core to provide extra strength and stiffness, especially when the rail has to curve against the grain of the wood. The archaic term for the metal core is "core

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and constructed 1723–1725, the 135 steps form a wide vista looking down toward the Tiber. The steps are adorned with garden terraces blooming with azaleas and have been widely celebrated in cultural work.

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A "mono string" staircase is a term used for a staircase with treads arranged along a single steel beam. A "double string" staircase has two steel beams, one on either side, and treads spanning between.

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of the stairs is the horizontal distance from the first riser to the last riser. It is often not simply the sum of the individual tread lengths due to the nosing overlapping between treads. If there are

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The American Disabilities Act and other accessibility standards by state, such as Architectural Barriers Texas Accessibility Standards (TAS), do not allow open risers on accessible or egress stairs.

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Curtail step: A decorative step at the bottom of a staircase that usually houses the volute and volute newel turning for a continuous handrail. The curtail tread will follow the flow of the volute.

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there can be one or more railings between the two sides. The term "banister" is sometimes used to mean just the handrail, sometimes the handrail and the balusters, or sometimes just the balusters.

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A fundamental advantage of helical stairs is that they can be very compact, fitting into very narrow spaces and occupying a small footprint. For this reason, they can often be found in ships and

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Other forms include stairs with winders that curve or bend at an acute angle, three flights of stairs that join at a landing to form a T-shape, and stairs with balconies and complex designs.

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upper floor or landing, the upper floor is functionally a balcony. For a straight flight of stairs, the balcony may be long enough to require multiple newels to support the length of railing.

1151:, either right-handed or left-handed helical shapes. Ascending a right-handed helix rises counter-clockwise, while ascending a left-handed helix rises clockwise (both as viewed from above). 766:

of a step is measured from the edge of the nosing to the vertical riser; if the steps have no nosing, it is the same as the going; otherwise it is the going plus the extent of one nosing.

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Minimum tread length, typically 9 inches (229 mm) excluding the nosing for private residences. Some building codes also specify a minimum riser height, often 5 inches (127 mm).

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forming a vertical stairway commonly used in multistory and highrise buildings. Many variations of geometrical stairs may be formed of circular, elliptical and irregular constructions.

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may be used where a railing ends in the wall. Visually, it looks like half the newel is embedded in the wall. For open landings, a newel may extend below the landing for a decorative

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Baserail, or shoerail: For systems where the baluster does not start at the treads, they go to a baserail. This allows for identical balusters, avoiding the second baluster problem.

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is the stairs, landings, hallways, or other portions of the public hall through which it is necessary to pass when going from the entrance floor to the other floors of a building.

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An advantage of alternating tread stairs is that people can descend while facing forward, in the direction of travel. The only other alternative in such short spaces would be a

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tight helical stair with a central pole is very space efficient in the use of floor footprint. However, this type of stairway must be used carefully, to avoid an injurious fall.

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The concept of stairs is believed to be 8000 years old, and are one of the oldest structures in architectural history. The oldest example of spiral stairs dates back to the

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core. Lacking a central pole, an open well staircase is supported at its outer periphery, or in some cases may be a completely self-supporting and free-standing structure.

2552:– trip stairs. The idea was that the unexpected change in the level of the stairs would foil the would-be robbers by causing them to trip in the darkness and wake someone. 112: 4260: 773:

of a step is measured from the edge of the nosing to the edge of nosing in plan view. A person using the stairs would move this distance forward with each step they take.

2523: 2371:. The top of the Monument is reached by a narrow winding staircase of 311 steps. Constructed between 1671 and 1677, it is the tallest isolated stone column in the world. 376:(thickness) as any other flooring. The tread "depth" is measured from the back of one tread to the back of the next. The "width" is measured from one side to the other. 2907: 1708:

to climb the guarding. The height for internal private stairs should be at least 900 mm (35.4 in) and be able to withstand a horizontal force of 0.36|kN/m|.

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Runner: Carpeting that runs down the middle of the stairs. Runners may be directly stapled or nailed to the stairs, or may be secured by a specialized bar, known as a

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buildings feature prominent wide stairs ascending to an elevated platform or plinth where the main entrance is located. In recent years, increasing concerns about

1055: 2938: 2798: 1530:(1675–1683) was the first known person to establish the ergonomic relationship of tread and riser dimensions. He specified that 2 × riser + tread = step length. 1380: 694:: If there is not another flight of stairs immediately underneath, the triangular space underneath the stairs is called a "spandrel". It is frequently used as a 154:

distance between lower and higher levels by dividing it into smaller vertical distances. This is achieved as a diagonal series of horizontal platforms called

568:: A large baluster or post used to anchor the handrail. Since it is a structural element, it extends below the floor and subfloor to the bottom of the floor 2895: 2577: 2439:

was one of the most recognizable features of the British transatlantic ocean liner that sank on her maiden voyage in 1912 after a collision with an iceberg.

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Stairwell: The spatial opening, usually a vertical shaft, containing an indoor stairway; by extension, it is often used to include the stairs it contains.

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is one or more flights of stairs leading from one floor to another, and includes landings, newel posts, handrails, balustrades and additional parts. A

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of the State of California Building Code specifies a rise between 4 and 7.5 inches (100 and 190 mm) and a minimum run of 10 inches (250 mm).

2830: 2186:, Switzerland, with 11,674 steps and a height of 1,669 m (5,476 ft). The stairs are usually employee-only, but there is a public run called 1890: 1368: 709:

term is often reserved for the entire stairwell and staircase in combination; though often it is used interchangeably with "stairs" and "staircase".

2922: 4067: 3813: 2664: 2031:. The image distorts perspective in such a manner that the stairs appear to be never-ending, a physical impossibility. The image was adopted by 2857: 2293:'s staircase reaches the main deck level after 1,776 steps and the Sky Pod above after 2,579 steps; it is the tallest metal staircase on Earth. 4245: 940:

Though the landings consume more total floor space, there is no requirement for a single lengthy run, allowing more flexible floorplan designs

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of the square). A "pure helix" fills a circular stairwell, and has multiple steps and handrail elements which are identical and positioned

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https://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31809&articlexml=273-cr-devotees-visited-Tirumala-last-year-TTD-07012017010041

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Handrail diameter. The size has to be comfortable for grasping and is typically between 1.25 and 2.675 inches (31.8 and 67.9 mm).

1047: 2454:. They were usually adorned with friezes, fantastic animals and decorations. A flight of stairs with decorated stair risers from the 4396: 4097: 3661: 3623: 3572: 3464: 3288: 1968:

Religious shrines and memorial structures are often approached via stairs, sometimes numbering hundreds or thousands of steps. Many

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commercial, industrial, or municipal stairs. They provide additional length to the tread without changing the pitch of the stairs.

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Slope: A value for the rise-to-tread ratio of 17/29 ˜ 0.59 is considered optimal; this corresponds to a pitch angle of about 30°.

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of the stairs is the ratio between the rise and the going (not the tread depth, due to the nosing). It is sometimes called the

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tower on their own, even though it is now believed that Stairwell A was most likely passable at and above the point of impact.

2219:

A flight of 7,200 steps (including inner temple Steps), with 6,293 Official Mountain Walkway Steps, leads up the East Peak of

2008:-like structure rises 16 stories and consists of 154 flights of stairs, 2,500 steps, and 80 landings for visitors to explore. 4581: 2436: 1716:

American building codes, while varying from State to State and County to County, generally specify the following parameters:

250: 520:

Gooseneck: The vertical handrail that joins a sloped handrail to a higher handrail on the balcony or landing is a gooseneck.

348: 4367: 5635: 2914: 2722: 2565: 1035: 962: 943:

For larger stairs, particularly in exterior applications, a landing can provide a place for pedestrians to rest their legs

743:

The dimensions of a stair, in particular the rise height and going of the steps, should remain the same along the stairs.

2761: 5492: 3867:"The Ups and Downs of Understanding High-Rise Stairwells - The Massey System is Referenced in Fire Engineering Magazine" 2683: 2379: 2197:, one of the holiest of sacred places for Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist followers, and also for some Muslims, is located in 457: 3385: 5322: 2324: 2300:

were infamous as a place of execution during the early Roman Empire, especially during the period postdating Tiberius.

934:

The upstairs is not directly visible from the bottom of the stairs, which can provide more privacy for the upper floor

1976:

have encouraged architects to retrofit discreet lower-level public entrances or elevators to ease wheelchair access.

1484:

Some architects save floor footprint space while still meeting the exit requirement, by housing two stairwells in a "

3997: 4488: 3552: 3318: 2886: 2514: 2332: 1952: 1330: 4311: 3364: 239: 132: 5165: 4446: 1969: 1654:

in the risers in order to prevent children from sticking their heads through them and potentially getting stuck.

Openings (if they exist) between the bottom rail and treads are typically no bigger than 6 inches (152 mm).

1597: 739:

A quite unusual "variable rise" stairway, which also distorts visual perspective (at The Duomo in Urbino, Italy)

5645: 5504: 5430: 5302: 4944: 4128: 3974: 2331:, a 9-floor building adjacent to the 110-story towers. Stairwell A was the lone stairway left intact after the 2312: 2170: 2040: 2012: 1997: 1768:

Maximum vertical height between floors or landings. This allows people to rest and limits the height of a fall.

1728: 1460: 1003: 401:

to receive risers and treads for increased support. Stringers on open-sided stairs are called "cut stringers".

1333:, helical stairs were generally restricted to elite luxury structures. They were then adopted into Christian 807:

of the stairs is the height between floors (or landings) that the flight of stairs is spanning. If there are

4888: 4325: 2687: 2492: 2455: 2413: 2308: 1749:

Maximum nosing protrusion, typically 1.25 inches (32 mm) to prevent people from tripping on the nosing.

1727:

Low rise stairs are very expensive in terms of the space consumed. Such low rise stairs were built into the

1485: 1387: 1191: 469: 246: 35: 3771: 3720: 3684: 1696:

There are special rules for stairs with tapered steps as shown in the image Example of Winder Stairs above

1445:

finding no mention in any historical literature of stairs that were believed to prevent access by witches.

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Rosette: Where the handrail ends in the wall and a half-newel is not used, it may be trimmed by a rosette.

31: 3300: 5655: 5445: 5249: 4790: 4684: 2945: 2320: 1248: 1102:". Since the very purpose of a stairway is to change elevation, it is inherently a 3-dimensional path. 718:: A tower attached to, or incorporated into, a building that contains stairs linking the various floors. 5224: 4071: 3971:"Stair Safety: A Review of the Literature and Data Concerning Stair Geometry and Other Characteristics" 2929: 2614: 4172: 4147: 3480: 5514: 5290: 5020: 4873: 4297: 3821: 3342: 3124: 3119: 3088: 3053: 2406: 2387: 2368: 2340: 2275: 2011:

Stairs may also be a fanciful physical construct such as the "stairs that go nowhere" located at the

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Building regulations are required for stairs used where the difference of level is greater than 600

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When considering stairs for private dwellings, all the specified measurements are in millimetres.

407:

Total rise: The distance the flight of stairs raises vertically between two finished floor levels.

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Alternating tread stairs have been in use since at least 1888. Today, the design is used in some

926:

stairs will require landings or winders to comply with safety standards in building regulations.

914:

it is potentially more dangerous in that a fall is not interrupted until the bottom of the stairs

151: 5133: 3398: 1302: 451: 3950: 2599: 2311:. It was originally two outdoor flights of granite-clad stairs and an escalator that connected 5312: 5219: 5025: 4531: 4502: 4392: 4388: 4381: 4093: 4007: 3657: 3619: 3568: 3531: 3460: 3422: 3284: 3248: 3204: 3048: 2348: 2028: 1777:

Not allow doors to swing over steps; the arc of doors must be completely on the landing/floor.

1759:

Maximum space between the balusters of the handrail. This is typically 4 inches (102 mm).

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Comparison of spiral (blue), helix (green), and a conical helix (red) derived from both curves

333: 103: 5565: 5337: 5052: 4805: 4523: 4494: 4278: 3898: 3762: 3675: 3560: 2837: 2745: 2691: 2421: 2383: 2347:

at 9:59 am. 14 people were able to escape the floors located at the impact zone (including

2227: 2124: 1861: 1732: 1501: 1137: 4298:"Alipiri | Reach Tirumala by Walk | Tirumala Foot Steps Timings, Luggage Counter" 4129:"Information and Technical Assistance on the Americans with Disabilities Act 504 Stairways" 2428:

as a popular and challenging skate spot. The first skateboarder to do an ollie down it was

1662:

A headroom of 2000mm is adequate. Special considerations can be made for loft conversions.

1500:

On a rarely used staircase from before 1754, the Crown Princess of Sweden ascends from the

937:

A fall can be halted at the landing point, reducing the total distance and potential injury

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for achievement or loss of a position in the society, or as a metaphor of hierarchy (e.g.

3925: 1306:

Myth that medieval helical staircase turn clockwise to disadvantage right-handed invaders

903:

Stairs can take a large number of forms, combining straight runs, winders, and landings.

586:: A decorative cap to the top of a newel post, particularly at the end of the balustrade. 3892: 1002:

This multi-flight "squared helix" stairway has landings where people can pause to rest (

475:

Staircase with double bullnose and two volutes. An intermediate landing is part of this

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Mandate handrails if there is more than a certain number of steps (typically 2 risers).

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is a compartment extending vertically through a building in which stairs are placed. A

204: 179: 1515:

reasons, stairs must have certain dimensions so that people can comfortably use them.

1464:

Emergency exit stairs are usually sparsely furnished because of fire code restrictions

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Fillet: A decorative filler piece on the floor between balusters on a balcony railing.

5614: 5327: 5244: 5184: 5096: 5067: 4739: 4701: 4655: 4567: 4527: 4498: 3930: 3814:"Fact Check-Alternating tread stairs were not historically built to ward off witches" 3564: 3450: 2805: 2741: 2549: 2467: 2459: 2417: 2375: 2364: 2274:

The longest stone stairs in Japan are the 3,333-step stairs of the Shakain temple in

2024: 1973: 1519:

typically specify certain clearances so that the stairs are not too steep or narrow.

1516: 1469: 1433:

These stairs often (including this example) illustrate the mathematical principle of

706: 431: 373: 1362:

Comparison of shallow stairs (1), steep stairs (2), and alternating-tread stairs (3)

5477: 5347: 5234: 5229: 5199: 5179: 5072: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5011: 4963: 4958: 4853: 4713: 3790:"Here's How "Witches Stairs" Came to Be — And Why You Might Want Some in Your Home" 3103: 2975: 2695: 2510: 2391: 2279: 2032: 1602: 1438: 1148: 656: 540:: A term for the vertical posts that hold up the handrail. Sometimes simply called 365: 27:

Construction designed to bridge a large vertical distance by dividing it into steps

2529:

A side stair riser depicting an Ichthyo-Centaur, also considered as a Buner relief

1128: 917:

a straight flight requires enough straight length for the entire run of the stairs

876: 372:

Tread: The part of the stairway that is stepped on. It is constructed to the same

3998:"Stairs can pose a problem as you get older, so take steps now to ease the climb" 3764:

The spiral stair or vice: its origins, role and meaning in medieval stone castles

3677:

The spiral stair or vice: its origins, role and meaning in medieval stone castles

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are stairs built between walls, usually with no support except the wall strings.

5570: 5555: 5367: 5204: 5120: 5111: 5091: 5062: 4996: 4667: 4660: 4645: 4630: 4625: 4615: 4602: 3083: 3063: 3058: 2960: 2713: 2268: 2057: 1981: 1434: 1175: 865: 612:). For continuous handrails on long balconies, there may be multiple newels and 404:

Tread rise: The distance from the top of one tread to the top of the next tread.

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is an artistic structure and visitor attraction which was built as part of the

1441:

with respect to the vertical center plane corresponds to a shift by one step.

911:

the upstairs is directly visible from the bottom of a straight flight of stairs

5580: 5550: 5482: 5372: 5285: 5254: 5239: 5189: 5158: 4825: 4810: 4640: 4620: 4610: 4559: 2979: 2863: 2620: 2429: 2175: 2143: 2036: 1956: 1881: 1825: 1538: 1508: 1291: 1236: 1179: 495: 461: 17: 4011: 3845:

Moncktons One Plane Method Of Hand Railing and Stair Building, Copyright 1888

5387: 5332: 5270: 5174: 5076: 4986: 4929: 4868: 4841: 4800: 4672: 4551: 4092:

NFPA 101 Life Safety Code Handbook Tenth Edition 2006, Coté and Harrington,

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The Building Regulations 2000: Protection from falling, collision and impact

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in a set of stairs is always the number of risers, not the number of treads.

685: 196: 175: 167: 163: 4110: 2151: 1609:, England. A sitting area is provided on the right of the staircase proper. 1195: 3146:"U.S. Access Board Guide to ADA Standards Chapter 4: Ramps and Curb Ramps" 552: 5545: 5540: 5499: 5462: 5452: 5362: 5169: 5148: 5125: 5101: 5086: 4976: 4832: 4820: 4734: 4689: 4350: 3902: 3023: 2785: 2624: 2507: 2447: 2290: 2253: 2198: 1901: 1736: 691: 537: 499: 476: 329: 208: 171: 4173:"Today in Apple history: Apple's massive glass staircase wows Manhattan" 3939:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 763. 2359:, more commonly known simply as "the Monument". This is a column in the 5401: 5391: 5382: 5377: 5209: 5194: 5153: 5143: 4981: 4939: 4863: 4795: 4764: 4746: 4718: 4650: 3372: 2591: 2587: 2257: 2209: 2202: 1841: 1606: 1232: 1116:

Helical stairs, sometimes referred to in architectural descriptions as

885: 652: 293:

is a term applied to a complete flight of steps between two floors. A

253: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4054: 2851:

Stairs of Death Concentration camp Mauthausen; prisoners in the quarry

681:: Can be used as temporary, safe replacements for many types of stairs 426:

are used to decorate and in some instances support stairway elements.

5524: 5396: 5081: 5057: 5030: 4991: 4883: 4846: 4836: 4759: 4752: 4708: 4635: 4470: 2871: 2327:, the stairs served as an escape route for hundreds of evacuees from 2235: 2194: 2108: 2061: 1641:

Any rise between 150 and 220 used with any going between 220 and 300

1512: 1423: 1319: 1311: 1095: 1019: 800:-1 times the going: the tread of the first step is part of a landing. 731:

A diagram showing the measurements that can be taken from a staircase

695: 583: 510: 389: 211:

architecture saw experimentation with many different shapes, and the

183: 620:. For post-to-post systems, the newels project above the handrails. 3894:

Cours D'Architecture Enseigné Dans L'Academie Royale D'Architecture

2137: 641:

Flight: Any uninterrupted series of steps between floors or levels.

5467: 5435: 5425: 5405: 5280: 5214: 4971: 4898: 4893: 4677: 4594: 3640:"2018 International Residential Code Section R311 Means of Egress" 3038: 2867: 2769: 2655: 2471: 2463: 2451: 2183: 2150: 2136: 1813: 1596: 1495: 1459: 1323: 1301: 1185: 1169: 1164: 1158: 1123: 1099: 1064: 1054: 1046: 896: 890: 875: 859: 845:

is the height above the nosing of a tread to the ceiling above it.

734: 726: 662: 631: 569: 565: 557: 551: 485: 347: 56:

may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s

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ADA.gov United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division

3616:

One good turn: a natural history of the screwdriver and the screw

1699:

Alternate tread stairs can be provide in space saving situations

688:, that holds the carpet in place where the tread meets the riser. 5575: 5560: 5519: 5472: 5440: 5415: 5410: 5357: 4878: 4858: 4590: 4519:

The staircase : studies of hazards, falls, and safer design

4243:

https://ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070026005

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suggests that small decorative stairs were adjoined to Buddhist

2343:. It was believed to have remained intact until the South Tower 2231: 2104: 1785: 1310:

The earliest known helical staircases appear in Temple A in the

1252: 526:

Easings: Wall handrails are mounted directly onto the wall with

434:

are typically placed beneath the nosing to support its overhang.

4563: 502:

and balusters that prevents people from falling over the edge.

1793: 1613:(overview of Approved document K – Stairs, Ladders and Ramps) 1553: 222: 40: 4033:. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. inbalance-energy.co.uk 2491:

A reconstituted flight of stairs with stair risers, from the

1616:

The 2013 edition "approved document K" categorises stairs as

990:

This stair tower displays the classic helical shape (Austria)

63:

Entire article is poorly categorized, does not have contents.

1374:

Diagram of tapered triangle variant alternating tread stairs

3281:

Architectural and Building Trades Dictionary, Third Edition

2901:

Square steel staircase in German look-out tower Klausenturm

1939:, showing the two access points at the bottom of the stairs 4379:

National Commission on Terrorist Attacks (July 22, 2004).

2458:

has been almost fully restored and can now be seen at the

1774:

Minimum width of the stairway, with and without handrails.

4279:

https://hindu.com/2003/09/30/stories/2003093003080300.htm

3530:(New ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts, US: MIT Press. 3418:"Floating staircases make their work look light and easy" 4042: 2307:

is the last visible structure above ground level at the

2252:

which were strung high above the Haʻiku Valley, between

2248:

mile (0.8 km). Originally used to access long wire

974:"Circular staircase" redirects here. For the novel, see 556:

Winder stairs with a simple handrail supported by three

352:

Steps with two anti-slip rubber strips and small nosings

2355:

In London, England, a notable staircase is that to the

1577: 1386:

Alternating tread stair climbing a steep prominence in

967:"Spiral staircase" redirects here. For other uses, see 67: 4387:(first ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. p. 4111:"Architectural Barriers Texas Accessibility Standards" 3737:

Guest Post: Busting Mediaeval Building Myths: Part One

2994:

200-year-old wooden stairs in Tajhat Landlord's Palace

2466:. Archaeological research by the Italian IsMEO at the 1163:

Industrial helical staircase winding around a central

4552:

Stair maps (public stairways mainly in North America)

2513:

of a stair riser with devotees (1st–2nd century CE),

1860:

Upward view of the Tulip Stairs & lantern at the

1277:

Helical stairs can be characterized by the number of

2478:, and that they were decorated with Buddhist scenes. 2442:

Decorated stair risers were used extensively in the

895:

Wooden stairs at the shores of Lake Iso-Melkutin in

702:

banisters and underside of the stairs or roof above.

5533: 5346: 5263: 5110: 4953: 4783: 4727: 4601: 3847:. John Wiley & Sons. p. Plate 2, Figure 4. 2238:, are approximately 4,000 steps which climb nearly 289:, is one step in a flight of stairs. In buildings, 4380: 4226:"Srivari Mettu: Shorter, arduous path to Tirumala" 1255:can ascend and descend without obstruction, while 4447:"El Toro: One of skateboarding's gnarliest spots" 4197:"Science and Technology/Structures/Long Stairway" 4148:"The Apple Store spiral staircases: design icons" 3767:(PhD). University of Liverpool. pp. 293–294. 3319:"Stair Part Terminology 2 - Useful Words To Know" 2056:Overhead view of glass-treaded helical stairs at 1326:. The temple was constructed around 480–470 BCE. 1251:allows one-way traffic so that laden and unladen 3459:(3rd ed.). Blackwell Science. p. 191. 2084:, is composed of multiple stairways and landings 1080:poetic but also the most accurate generic title. 297:is a run of stairs or steps between landings. A 3897:. Vol. 4 & 5. pp. 692 & 693. 2412:The El Toro 20, a twenty-step set of stairs in 1670:No recommendations are given for stair widths. 1077: 4115:Texas Department of Licensing & Regulation 1820:'s helical staircase (the "Miracle stair") in 746:The following stair dimensions are important: 70:to make improvements to the overall structure. 4575: 4351:Misaka Promenade, Japan's Longest Stone Steps 3521: 3519: 3517: 3283:, American Technical Publishers, Inc., 1974, 2638:Modified stairway for the elderly in Thailand 1731:to accommodate the infirmities of the owner, 1413:Minimalist alternating tread stairs (Germany) 8: 3680:(PhD). University of Liverpool. p. 120. 3618:. New York, NY: Scribner. pp. 111–112. 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3388:. Stairplace.co.uk. Retrieved on 2013-11-11. 1190:Gothic helical staircase rises clockwise in 1075:The term "helical stair" has many synonyms: 1034:Hybrid helical spiral staircase in a former 30:"Stair" redirects here. For other uses, see 3703:"The Rise of the Anticlockwise Newel Stair" 2450:, to form the pedestal to small devotional 2147:funicular, in Switzerland, has 11,674 steps 1765:Headroom: At least 83 inches (211 cm). 1235:or oval footprint, or even a triangular or 616:to cover the newels. At corners, there are 150:are a structure designed to bridge a large 4582: 4568: 4560: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 2728:Stairs of rock placed in a natural passage 1063:flattens this upward view of an open-well 572:and is bolted right to the floor joist. A 4490:The staircase : history and theories 4045:. Stairways.org. Retrieved on 2013-11-11. 3642:. International Code Council (ICC). 2018. 3559:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 2212:, India, is one of two ways to reach the 2000:. Built to plans by the British designer 1504:garden with her husband and baby in 2013. 1492:Ergonomics and building code requirements 1105:Loose everyday usage conflates the terms 636:Two flights of stairs joined by a landing 269:Learn how and when to remove this message 86:Learn how and when to remove this message 3756: 3754: 3528:Staircase / Vol. 1, History and theories 2670:Helical stairs with ornamental balusters 1267:ensure separation for social purposes. 884:, a giant stairway made of limestone in 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3820:. Reuters. 9 March 2021. Archived from 3783: 3781: 3137: 2538: 2481: 2432:. The staircase was demolished in 2019. 2046: 1802: 1352: 980: 3696: 3694: 3596: 3586: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3257: 3246: 3213: 3202: 2820:Wooden helical stairs in the tower of 1452:to access bedrooms or storage spaces. 3403:www.wonkeedonkeerichardburbidge.co.uk 3022:Typical medieval spiral staircase in 2141:The world's longest stairway, at the 1919:, Cambridgeshire, England, from below 7: 2357:Monument to the Great Fire of London 2155:A wide shot of the massacre on the " 1780:A stairwell may be designated as an 1637:Steepness of stairs – rise and going 1143:Helical stairs have a handedness or 251:adding citations to reliable sources 4043:Stairway Manufacturers' Association 3164:"History of Stairs, Ancient Stairs" 2959:Long cascade of straight stairs in 2762:Deaf Smith County Historical Museum 2214:Sri Venkateswara Swami Vaari Temple 1401:Steep rise alternating tread stairs 1087:The Staircase: History and Theories 5661:Transport buildings and structures 4473:. Cmf.am. Retrieved on 2013-11-11. 4171:Dormehl, Luke (December 7, 2022). 3951:"Generativeart.com Koutamanis, GA" 3740:, History... the interesting bits! 2282:stone stairs, have 2,446 steps in 2169:The longest stairway is listed by 1994:Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project 1880:Helical stairway seen from below; 1206:, industrial installations, small 1067:stairway into the appearance of a 215:even more so with varied designs. 170:. Some alternatives to stairs are 25: 4146:Pacassoni, Enrico (May 7, 2015). 3865:Wood, Clayton (14 January 2021). 1896:The wooden helical stairs of the 1580:and remove advice or instruction. 969:Spiral staircase (disambiguation) 5594: 5593: 3996:Haggerty, Maryann (2010-08-14). 3770: 3734:Wright, James (9 October 2019), 3719: 3710:The Castle Studies Group Journal 3683: 3416:Hsu, Tiffany (28 October 2016). 3015: 2999: 2987: 2968: 2952: 2937: 2921: 2906: 2894: 2878: 2856: 2844: 2829: 2813: 2797: 2777: 2753: 2733: 2721: 2702: 2675: 2663: 2643: 2631: 2613: 2598: 2576: 2557: 2541: 2522: 2499: 2484: 2201:district in the Indian state of 2173:as the service stairway for the 2116: 2089: 2068: 2049: 1944: 1924: 1908: 1889: 1873: 1853: 1833: 1805: 1558: 1406: 1394: 1379: 1367: 1355: 1027: 1011: 995: 983: 468: 450: 227: 131: 122: 111: 102: 45: 4522:. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 4493:. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 4423:. 28 April 2009. Archived from 4207:from the original on 2005-11-19 3551:Templer, John (27 March 1995). 2836:A stair and a sculpture in the 2378:in Rome are a monument of late 238:needs additional citations for 4528:10.7551/mitpress/6434.001.0001 4499:10.7551/mitpress/6433.001.0001 3788:Zito, Barbara (Oct 29, 2021). 3656:, Affinità Elettive, Messina, 3565:10.7551/mitpress/6433.003.0005 3279:R.E. Putnam and G.E. Carlson, 2437:Grand Staircase of the Titanic 1964:Stairs in art and architecture 1735:, before the invention of the 1: 3235:https://www.stannah.com/en-us 3191:https://www.stannah.com/en-us 2915:Federal Palace of Switzerland 963:List of ancient spiral stairs 869: 811:steps, the total rise equals 490:Handrail and carved balusters 460:stairs with intricate wooden 4068:"Popular Mechanics homepage" 3345:. Merriam Webster dictionary 2804:The 19th century theatre of 2380:Italian Baroque architecture 2260:, they are closed to hikers. 2159:" from the 1925 silent film 1601:Staircase between levels at 1537:Stairs are not suitable for 1472:often dictate the number of 1265:Crédit Lyonnais headquarters 815:times the rise of each step. 796:steps, the total run equals 364:. Some treads may include a 328:"Stairway" is also a common 166:(also called stairways) and 4364:The Lives of Twelve Caesars 3871:Massey Emergency Management 3614:Rybczynski, Witold (2000). 2913:Multiple stairs inside the 2885:Foot-worn staircase of the 2760:Pioneer helical staircase, 2363:, near the northern end of 2335:hit the South Tower of the 2325:September 11, 2001, attacks 1840:A helical staircase inside 1149:handedness of screw threads 1018:Georgian helical stairs in 907:flights of stairs because: 356:Each step is composed of a 5682: 5666:Vertical transport devices 4383:The 9/11 Commission Report 3891:Blondel, François (1698). 3843:James H. Monckton (1891). 3150:United States Access Board 3106:(for use in stair framing) 2887:Plovdiv Roman amphitheatre 2515:Victoria and Albert Museum 1526:in the last volume of his 973: 966: 960: 141:Various examples of stairs 29: 5651:Pedestrian infrastructure 5589: 4516:Templer, John A. (1992). 4487:Templer, John A. (1992). 3652:Ruggeri, Stefania (2006) 3453:; Neufert, Peter (2000). 2367:, which commemorates the 2103:, an endless stairway at 1788:escape route, due to its 1688:across the whole landing 1335:ecclesiastic architecture 1178:helical staircase with a 955:Helical ("spiral") stairs 705:Stairway: This primarily 5303:Multi-family residential 3923:Bartlett, James (1911). 3873:. Massey Enterprises Inc 2944:Helical stairway in the 2889:showing multiple repairs 2784:Emperor's Stairs in the 2740:Outdoor stairway on the 2171:Guinness Book of Records 2099:("Circumscription"), by 2041:Ascending and Descending 2013:Winchester Mystery House 1998:Manhattan, New York City 1729:Winchester Mystery House 1349:Alternating tread stairs 776:To avoid confusion, the 195:This is an excerpt from 162:Types of stairs include 4417:www.cityoflondon.gov.uk 3936:Encyclopædia Britannica 3761:Ryder, Charles (2011). 3701:Guy, Neil (2011–2012), 3674:Ryder, Charles (2011). 3301:"Stair Nosing 1011.5.5" 2493:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa 2456:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa 2416:, was well known among 2414:Lake Forest, California 2309:World Trade Center site 2303:The World Trade Center 1477:other remains usable. 1388:Pinnacles National Park 1322:, to both sides of the 1192:St. Elisabeth Cathedral 61:. The reason given is: 36:Stairs (disambiguation) 5631:Architectural elements 4326:"Welcome to Lysefjord" 4230:The New Indian Express 4201:Guinness World Records 3526:Templer, John (1995). 3488:www.legislation.gov.uk 2206:stairway in the world. 2165: 2148: 2133:Notable sets of stairs 1610: 1541:and other vehicles. A 1505: 1465: 1307: 1199: 1183: 1167: 1092: 1072: 1052: 976:The Circular Staircase 900: 888: 873: 740: 732: 668: 637: 561: 491: 353: 32:Stair (disambiguation) 3375:on December 29, 2019. 2946:Alabama State Capitol 2586:steps (572 steps) in 2321:Austin J. Tobin Plaza 2154: 2140: 1790:fire-resistance rated 1649:Construction of steps 1600: 1499: 1463: 1456:Emergency exit stairs 1305: 1249:Pozzo di San Patrizio 1189: 1173: 1162: 1058: 1050: 894: 879: 863: 738: 730: 666: 655:: For stairs with an 635: 555: 489: 351: 174:(also called lifts), 5636:Building engineering 3977:on 23 September 2006 3903:10.11588/DIGLIT.1567 3399:"Staircase glossary" 3120:Stoop (architecture) 3089:Smokeproof enclosure 3054:Equestrian staircase 2928:Wooden staircase in 2866:stairway in Beida (" 2407:Santa Fe, New Mexico 2396:Francesco De Sanctis 2369:Great Fire of London 2341:September 11 attacks 2329:5 World Trade Center 2305:Survivors' Staircase 2276:Yatsushiro, Kumamoto 1578:rewrite this section 1528:Cours d'architecture 1282:stone towers within 608:(or more accurately 247:improve this article 219:Components and terms 4749: / Guest room 4471:The Cascade Complex 4366:, Life of Tiberius 4152:us.fontanotshop.com 4003:The Washington Post 3553:"The Helical Stair" 3168:www.elevestairs.com 3115:Steps of Pittsburgh 3110:Steps of Cincinnati 2822:Salisbury Cathedral 2474:at the time of the 2390:up the side of the 2278:. The second ones, 2230:, on the island of 2162:Battleship Potemkin 1257:Château de Chambord 1174:Upwards view of an 1147:, analogous to the 1138:screw-symmetrically 839:of the pitch angle. 830:of the stairs. The 679:Mobile safety steps 338:Battleship Potemkin 68:editing the article 5225:Servants' quarters 4353:Misato Town Office 4284:2003-10-03 at the 4266:2019-02-20 at the 4248:2007-09-22 at the 3824:on 5 November 2021 3818:Reuters Fact Check 2476:Indo-Greek Kingdom 2444:Greco-Buddhist art 2337:World Trade Center 2317:World Trade Center 2284:Tsuruoka, Yamagata 2166: 2149: 2082:Thomas Heatherwick 2002:Thomas Heatherwick 1951:Helical stairs at 1933:Bramante Staircase 1898:Tour de Sauvabelin 1611: 1506: 1466: 1331:Roman architecture 1308: 1200: 1184: 1168: 1073: 1071:(Hamburg, Germany) 1053: 1004:Jyväskylä, Finland 901: 889: 882:Cascade of Yerevan 874: 864:Stairs inside the 741: 733: 669: 667:Floating staircase 638: 600:(sometimes called 562: 492: 354: 5608: 5607: 5026:Janitorial closet 4760:Bedsit / Miniflat 4537:978-0-262-20083-7 4508:978-0-262-20082-0 3926:"Staircase" 3794:Apartment Therapy 3537:978-0-262-70055-9 3423:Los Angeles Times 3323:Blueprint Joinery 3305:codes.iccsafe.org 3256:Missing or empty 3212:Missing or empty 3125:Watermen's stairs 3049:Combination stair 3006:Heated stairs in 2566:Queen's Staircase 2548:An early kind of 2388:Trinità dei Monti 2029:impossible object 1915:Tudor staircase, 1792:design and fresh 1674:Length of flights 1605:shopping center, 1595: 1594: 1571:a manual or guide 1069:hyperbolic spiral 618:quarter-turn caps 596:Handrails may be 498:is the system of 279: 278: 271: 96: 95: 88: 58:layout guidelines 16:(Redirected from 5673: 5597: 5596: 5566:Home improvement 5338:Studio apartment 5130:Kitchen-related 4806:Conversation pit 4593:and spaces of a 4584: 4577: 4570: 4561: 4541: 4512: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4458: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4386: 4376: 4370: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4328:. Archived from 4322: 4316: 4315: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4300:. 25 March 2020. 4294: 4288: 4276: 4270: 4258: 4252: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4183: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4158: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4107: 4101: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4074:on 22 April 2009 4070:. Archived from 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4018: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3973:. Archived from 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3957: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3928: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3878: 3862: 3849: 3848: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3800: 3785: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3768: 3758: 3749: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3717: 3707: 3698: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3681: 3671: 3665: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3598: 3594: 3592: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3523: 3492: 3491: 3485: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3456:Architects' Data 3447: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3430: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3371:. Archived from 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3329: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3297: 3291: 3277: 3266: 3265: 3259: 3254: 3252: 3244: 3242: 3241: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3215: 3210: 3208: 3200: 3198: 3197: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3174: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3142: 3019: 3003: 2991: 2972: 2956: 2941: 2925: 2910: 2898: 2882: 2860: 2848: 2838:Fontevraud Abbey 2833: 2817: 2801: 2781: 2757: 2746:Portland, Oregon 2737: 2725: 2706: 2692:Half Tree Hollow 2679: 2667: 2647: 2635: 2617: 2602: 2580: 2561: 2545: 2526: 2503: 2488: 2384:Piazza di Spagna 2247: 2246: 2242: 2125:Aarhus City Hall 2120: 2093: 2072: 2053: 2004:, the elaborate 1948: 1928: 1912: 1893: 1877: 1857: 1837: 1828:, United States. 1809: 1733:Sarah Winchester 1666:Width of flights 1590: 1587: 1581: 1569:is written like 1562: 1561: 1554: 1524:François Blondel 1502:Stockholm Palace 1410: 1398: 1383: 1371: 1359: 1261:Château de Blois 1122:, wind around a 1090: 1036:London City Hall 1031: 1015: 999: 987: 871: 472: 454: 274: 267: 263: 260: 254: 231: 223: 135: 126: 115: 106: 91: 84: 80: 77: 71: 49: 48: 41: 21: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5646:Garden features 5611: 5610: 5609: 5604: 5600:Category: Rooms 5585: 5529: 5350: 5342: 5308:Secondary suite 5259: 5134:butler's pantry 5106: 5049:Mechanical room 5002:Electrical room 4961: 4949: 4779: 4723: 4697:Recreation room 4597: 4588: 4557: 4548: 4538: 4515: 4509: 4486: 4483: 4481:Further reading 4478: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4456: 4454: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4427:on 20 June 2009 4411: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4361: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4335: 4333: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4314:. 6 April 2020. 4310: 4309: 4305: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4286:Wayback Machine 4277: 4273: 4268:Wayback Machine 4259: 4255: 4250:Wayback Machine 4241: 4237: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4210: 4208: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4181: 4179: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4156: 4154: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4091: 4087: 4077: 4075: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4055:Section 3231(c) 4053: 4049: 4041: 4037: 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2926: 2917: 2911: 2902: 2899: 2890: 2883: 2874: 2861: 2852: 2849: 2840: 2834: 2825: 2818: 2809: 2802: 2793: 2790:Munich, Bavaria 2782: 2773: 2772:, United States 2758: 2749: 2748:, United States 2738: 2729: 2726: 2717: 2707: 2698: 2680: 2671: 2668: 2659: 2654:(1834–1841) in 2652:Potemkin Stairs 2648: 2639: 2636: 2627: 2618: 2609: 2603: 2594: 2584:Yerevan Cascade 2581: 2572: 2570:Nassau, Bahamas 2562: 2553: 2546: 2537: 2530: 2527: 2518: 2504: 2495: 2489: 2382:connecting the 2298:Gemonian stairs 2244: 2240: 2239: 2157:Potemkin Stairs 2135: 2128: 2123:A staircase in 2121: 2112: 2101:Olafur Eliasson 2094: 2085: 2073: 2064: 2054: 2027:, are a famous 1966: 1959: 1949: 1940: 1937:Vatican Museums 1929: 1920: 1913: 1904: 1894: 1885: 1878: 1869: 1858: 1849: 1838: 1829: 1810: 1714: 1712:US requirements 1591: 1585: 1582: 1575: 1563: 1559: 1552: 1550:UK requirements 1494: 1474:emergency exits 1458: 1450:loft apartments 1414: 1411: 1402: 1399: 1390: 1384: 1375: 1372: 1363: 1360: 1351: 1300: 1208:loft apartments 1157: 1091: 1084: 1045: 1038: 1032: 1023: 1016: 1007: 1000: 991: 988: 979: 972: 965: 957: 858: 778:number of steps 725: 716:Staircase tower 673:Floating stairs 630: 484: 483: 482: 481: 480: 473: 465: 464: 455: 444: 346: 275: 264: 258: 255: 244: 232: 221: 192: 180:moving walkways 145: 144: 143: 142: 138: 137: 136: 128: 127: 118: 117: 116: 108: 107: 92: 81: 75: 72: 66:Please help by 65: 50: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5679: 5677: 5669: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5613: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5496: 5495: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5399: 5394: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5354: 5352: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5278: 5273: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5220:Servants' hall 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5128: 5123: 5117: 5115: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5046: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5009: 5007:Equipment room 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4968: 4966: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4923: 4921:Secret passage 4918: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4906: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4850: 4849: 4839: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4756: 4755: 4744: 4743: 4742: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4705: 4704: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4670: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4607: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4589: 4587: 4586: 4579: 4572: 4564: 4555: 4554: 4547: 4546:External links 4544: 4543: 4542: 4536: 4513: 4507: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4463: 4438: 4421:City of London 4404: 4397: 4371: 4355: 4343: 4317: 4303: 4289: 4271: 4253: 4235: 4232:. 16 May 2012. 4217: 4188: 4163: 4138: 4120: 4102: 4085: 4059: 4047: 4035: 4023: 3988: 3962: 3942: 3931:Chisholm, Hugh 3915: 3883: 3850: 3835: 3805: 3777: 3750: 3726: 3690: 3666: 3645: 3631: 3624: 3606: 3597:|website= 3573: 3543: 3536: 3493: 3472: 3465: 3451:Neufert, Ernst 3435: 3408: 3390: 3378: 3369:www.lexico.com 3356: 3334: 3310: 3292: 3267: 3223: 3179: 3155: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3101: 3096: 3094:Stair climbing 3091: 3086: 3081: 3079:Penrose stairs 3076: 3071: 3069:Inclined plane 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3044:Cable railings 3041: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3021: 3014: 3012: 3005: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2986: 2984: 2974: 2967: 2965: 2958: 2951: 2949: 2943: 2936: 2934: 2927: 2920: 2918: 2912: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2893: 2891: 2884: 2877: 2875: 2862: 2855: 2853: 2850: 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Designed by 2372: 2361:City of London 2353: 2301: 2294: 2287: 2272: 2261: 2250:radio antennas 2224: 2217: 2207: 2191: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2122: 2115: 2113: 2095: 2088: 2086: 2074: 2067: 2065: 2055: 2048: 2035:in his iconic 2017:Penrose stairs 1965: 1962: 1961: 1960: 1950: 1943: 1941: 1930: 1923: 1921: 1917:Madingley Hall 1914: 1907: 1905: 1895: 1888: 1886: 1879: 1872: 1870: 1859: 1852: 1850: 1839: 1832: 1830: 1818:Loretto Chapel 1811: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1782:area of refuge 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1753:(914 mm). 1750: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1725: 1721: 1713: 1710: 1626:general access 1593: 1592: 1566: 1564: 1557: 1551: 1548: 1517:Building codes 1493: 1490: 1470:building codes 1457: 1454: 1437:symmetry: the 1416: 1415: 1412: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1393: 1391: 1385: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1299: 1296: 1284:fortifications 1271:Emergency exit 1229: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1156: 1153: 1129:turnpike stair 1085:John Templer, 1082: 1061:foreshortening 1044: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1033: 1026: 1024: 1017: 1010: 1008: 1001: 994: 992: 989: 982: 956: 953: 945: 944: 941: 938: 935: 919: 918: 915: 912: 857: 854: 853: 852: 846: 840: 816: 801: 781: 774: 767: 760: 724: 721: 720: 719: 713: 710: 703: 699: 689: 682: 676: 661: 660: 650: 646: 642: 629: 626: 610:newel-to-newel 594: 593: 590: 587: 581: 550: 549: 535: 531: 524: 521: 518: 514: 508: 474: 467: 466: 456: 449: 448: 447: 446: 445: 443: 440: 439: 438: 435: 422:Trim: Various 420: 419:quadrilateral. 408: 405: 402: 394: 385: 381: 377: 374:specifications 345: 342: 334:Jacob's Ladder 277: 276: 235: 233: 226: 220: 217: 191: 188: 140: 139: 130: 129: 121: 120: 119: 110: 109: 101: 100: 99: 98: 97: 94: 93: 53: 51: 44: 26: 24: 18:Step (footing) 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5678: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5601: 5592: 5591: 5588: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5532: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5349: 5348:Architectural 5345: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5328:Semi-detached 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5245:Swimming pool 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5185:Great chamber 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5160: 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4736: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728:Private rooms 4726: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4703: 4702:billiard room 4700: 4699: 4698: 4695: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4683: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4656:dirty kitchen 4654: 4653: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4580: 4578: 4573: 4571: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4545: 4539: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4514: 4510: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4472: 4467: 4464: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4439: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4405: 4400: 4398:0-393-32671-3 4394: 4390: 4385: 4384: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4344: 4332:on 7 May 2007 4331: 4327: 4321: 4318: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4299: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4239: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4218: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4178: 4174: 4167: 4164: 4153: 4149: 4142: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4121: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4098:0-87765-697-5 4095: 4089: 4086: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4024: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3992: 3989: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3952: 3946: 3943: 3938: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3919: 3916: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3895: 3887: 3884: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3839: 3836: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3806: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3766: 3765: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3739: 3738: 3730: 3727: 3722: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3679: 3678: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3662:88-8405-079-0 3659: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3641: 3635: 3632: 3627: 3625:0-684-86729-X 3621: 3617: 3610: 3607: 3602: 3590: 3576: 3574:9780262367813 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3557:The Staircase 3554: 3547: 3544: 3539: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3468: 3466:0-632-05771-8 3462: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3412: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3324: 3320: 3314: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3289:0-8269-0402-5 3286: 3282: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3250: 3236: 3233: 3227: 3224: 3219: 3206: 3192: 3189: 3183: 3180: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3141: 3138: 3131: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3031: 3025: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3002: 2997: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2950: 2947: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2924: 2919: 2916: 2909: 2904: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2881: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2859: 2854: 2847: 2842: 2839: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2742:Alameda Ridge 2736: 2731: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2678: 2673: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2646: 2641: 2634: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2601: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2550:burglar alarm 2544: 2539: 2534: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2509: 2502: 2497: 2494: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2468:Butkara Stupa 2465: 2461: 2460:Guimet Museum 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2418:skateboarders 2415: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2376:Spanish Steps 2373: 2370: 2366: 2365:London Bridge 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2323:. During the 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2228:Haʻiku Stairs 2225: 2222: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2182:railway near 2181: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2146: 2145: 2139: 2132: 2126: 2119: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2078: 2071: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2025:Roger Penrose 2022: 2019:, devised by 2018: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1977: 1975: 1974:accessibility 1971: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1953:Hotel Astoria 1947: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1911: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1876: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1862:Queen's House 1856: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1784:as well as a 1783: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1717: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1692:Tapered steps 1689: 1685: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1589: 1579: 1574: 1572: 1567:This section 1565: 1556: 1555: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1509:Ergonomically 1503: 1498: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1462: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1425: 1420: 1409: 1404: 1397: 1392: 1389: 1382: 1377: 1370: 1365: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1329:When used in 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1304: 1298:Historic uses 1297: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1244: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1166: 1161: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1133: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1088: 1081: 1076: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1049: 1042: 1037: 1030: 1025: 1021: 1014: 1009: 1005: 998: 993: 986: 981: 977: 970: 964: 959: 954: 952: 948: 942: 939: 936: 933: 932: 931: 927: 923: 916: 913: 910: 909: 908: 904: 898: 893: 887: 883: 878: 872:2575–2551 BCE 867: 862: 855: 850: 847: 844: 841: 838: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 814: 810: 806: 802: 799: 795: 790: 786: 782: 779: 775: 772: 768: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 748: 747: 744: 737: 729: 722: 717: 714: 711: 708: 704: 700: 697: 693: 690: 687: 683: 680: 677: 674: 671: 670: 665: 658: 654: 651: 647: 643: 640: 639: 634: 627: 625: 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 602:over-the-post 599: 591: 588: 585: 582: 579: 575: 571: 567: 564: 563: 559: 554: 547: 543: 539: 536: 532: 529: 528:wall brackets 525: 522: 519: 515: 512: 509: 505: 504: 503: 501: 497: 488: 478: 471: 463: 459: 453: 441: 436: 433: 432:quarter-round 429: 425: 421: 418: 414: 409: 406: 403: 400: 395: 391: 386: 382: 378: 375: 371: 370: 369: 367: 363: 359: 350: 343: 341: 339: 335: 331: 326: 322: 318: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 273: 270: 262: 252: 248: 242: 241: 236:This section 234: 230: 225: 224: 218: 216: 214: 210: 206: 201: 200: 198: 189: 187: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 160: 157: 153: 149: 134: 125: 114: 105: 90: 87: 79: 76:November 2022 69: 64: 60: 59: 54:This article 52: 43: 42: 37: 33: 19: 5656:Safety codes 5478:Roof lantern 5230:Smoking room 5200:Long gallery 5180:Drawing room 5166:Conservatory 5073:Storm cellar 5044:Storage room 5040:Utility room 5036:Laundry room 5012:Furnace room 4925: 4603:Shared rooms 4556: 4518: 4489: 4466: 4455:. Retrieved 4453:. 2020-01-28 4450: 4441: 4429:. Retrieved 4425:the original 4416: 4407: 4382: 4374: 4363: 4358: 4346: 4334:. Retrieved 4330:the original 4320: 4306: 4292: 4274: 4256: 4238: 4229: 4220: 4209:. Retrieved 4200: 4191: 4180:. Retrieved 4176: 4166: 4155:. Retrieved 4151: 4141: 4132: 4123: 4114: 4105: 4088: 4076:. Retrieved 4072:the original 4062: 4050: 4038: 4026: 4015:. Retrieved 4001: 3991: 3979:. Retrieved 3975:the original 3965: 3954:. Retrieved 3945: 3934: 3918: 3906:. Retrieved 3893: 3886: 3875:. Retrieved 3870: 3844: 3838: 3826:. Retrieved 3822:the original 3817: 3808: 3797:. Retrieved 3793: 3763: 3742:, retrieved 3736: 3729: 3713: 3709: 3676: 3669: 3664:, p. 77 3653: 3648: 3634: 3615: 3609: 3578:. Retrieved 3556: 3546: 3527: 3487: 3475: 3454: 3427:. Retrieved 3421: 3411: 3402: 3393: 3381: 3373:the original 3368: 3359: 3347:. Retrieved 3337: 3326:. Retrieved 3322: 3313: 3304: 3295: 3280: 3258:|title= 3238:. Retrieved 3231: 3226: 3214:|title= 3194:. Retrieved 3187: 3182: 3171:. Retrieved 3167: 3158: 3149: 3140: 3104:Steel square 2976:Rue Foyatier 2868:Little Petra 2696:Saint Helena 2511:Buner relief 2392:Pincian Hill 2333:second plane 2313:Vesey Street 2304: 2280:Mount Haguro 2190:once a year. 2187: 2174: 2160: 2142: 2097:Umschreibung 2096: 2075: 2039: 2033:M. C. Escher 2010: 1987: 1986: 1982:Apple Stores 1978: 1970:Neoclassical 1967: 1812:There is no 1715: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1603:Cabot Circus 1583: 1576:Please help 1568: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1521: 1507: 1486:double helix 1483: 1479: 1467: 1447: 1443: 1439:mirror image 1432: 1428: 1421: 1417: 1343: 1339: 1328: 1309: 1276: 1269: 1245: 1241: 1230: 1212: 1201: 1142: 1134: 1127: 1117: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1104: 1093: 1086: 1078: 1074: 1059:Perspective 958: 949: 946: 928: 924: 920: 905: 902: 848: 842: 831: 827: 823: 819: 812: 808: 804: 797: 793: 788: 784: 777: 770: 763: 755: 751: 745: 742: 657:open concept 622: 617: 613: 609: 606:post-to-post 605: 601: 597: 595: 577: 573: 545: 541: 527: 493: 412: 355: 327: 323: 319: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 295:stair flight 294: 290: 286: 282: 280: 265: 259:January 2018 256: 245:Please help 240:verification 237: 202: 194: 193: 161: 155: 147: 146: 82: 73: 62: 55: 5571:Home repair 5368:Belt course 5276:Hidden room 5205:Lumber room 5121:Antechamber 5112:Great house 5092:Wine cellar 5063:Root cellar 5016:Boiler room 4997:Crawl space 4668:Living room 4661:kitchenette 4646:Home cinema 4631:Family room 4626:Dining room 4616:Common room 4362:Suetonius, 4177:Cult of Mac 3744:24 February 3386:Terminology 3084:Rocky Steps 3064:Fish ladder 3059:Fire escape 2339:during the 2269:Lysefjorden 2267:stairs, in 2058:Apple Store 1539:wheelchairs 1435:glide plane 1292:lighthouses 1176:Art Nouveau 1043:Terminology 866:Red Pyramid 789:total going 764:tread depth 752:rise height 628:Other terms 614:tandem caps 458:Neo-Baroque 417:kite-shaped 413:kite winder 213:Renaissance 178:, inclined 5615:Categories 5581:Tree house 5551:Front yard 5483:Sill plate 5431:Foundation 5373:Bressummer 5286:house plan 5255:Undercroft 5240:State room 5190:Great hall 5159:still room 4826:dumbwaiter 4811:Cubby-hole 4641:Great room 4611:Bonus room 4457:2022-12-03 4413:"Monument" 4336:2 November 4211:2019-11-19 4182:2023-03-29 4157:2023-03-29 4078:2 November 4017:2018-01-26 3981:2 November 3956:2019-11-22 3877:2023-03-28 3828:5 February 3799:2023-03-29 3716:: 114, 163 3580:2023-03-28 3429:2018-01-26 3349:2 November 3343:"Banister" 3328:2018-11-02 3240:2024-07-16 3196:2024-07-16 3173:2024-07-16 3132:References 2980:Montmartre 2806:Weißenhorn 2686:, between 2621:Angkor Wat 2517:collection 2430:Don Nguyen 2188:Niesenlauf 2176:Niesenbahn 2144:Niesenbahn 2037:lithograph 1957:Copenhagen 1882:Melk Abbey 1826:New Mexico 1263:, and the 1237:pentagonal 1233:elliptical 1204:submarines 1198:, Slovakia 1180:pentagonal 1094:The term " 961:See also: 868:in Egypt, 832:pitch line 805:total rise 723:Dimensions 598:continuous 578:newel drop 574:half-newel 496:balustrade 462:balustrade 315:Box stairs 311:stair hall 176:stairlifts 168:escalators 164:staircases 5626:Stairways 5505:Threshold 5388:Colonnade 5333:Townhouse 5271:Furniture 5175:Courtyard 5077:Safe room 4987:Cloakroom 4955:Technical 4945:Vestibule 4930:Staircase 4869:Inglenook 4842:Fireplace 4801:Breezeway 4673:Gynaeceum 4012:0190-8286 3908:14 August 3599:ignored ( 3589:cite book 3074:Mule ramp 3008:Trondheim 2864:Nabataean 2824:, England 2808:, Germany 2792:, Germany 2688:Jamestown 2658:, Ukraine 2606:Ise Jingu 2564:66 steps 2508:Gandharan 2386:with the 2345:collapsed 2223:in China. 2221:Mount Tai 2180:funicular 2111:, Germany 2006:honeycomb 1884:, Austria 1868:, England 1866:Greenwich 1586:June 2021 1543:stairlift 1316:Selinunte 1290:, and in 1145:chirality 1022:, Ireland 899:, Finland 785:total run 686:stair rod 517:handrail. 442:Handrails 307:stairwell 299:staircase 287:stairstep 197:Staircase 172:elevators 5546:Driveway 5541:Backyard 5500:Skylight 5463:Plumbing 5458:Ornament 5453:Lighting 5363:Baluster 5351:elements 5323:Detached 5318:Terraced 5170:Orangery 5149:scullery 5126:Ballroom 5102:Workshop 5087:Wardrobe 5075: / 5042: / 5038: / 5014: / 4977:Basement 4909:sleeping 4904:screened 4889:Overhang 4833:Entryway 4821:Elevator 4735:Bathroom 4690:man cave 4451:Artefact 4431:28 April 4282:Archived 4264:Archived 4246:Archived 4205:Archived 4100:, pg.167 3654:Selinunt 3365:"flight" 3249:cite web 3205:cite web 3032:See also 3026:, France 3024:Toulouse 3010:, Norway 2932:, France 2930:Molières 2786:Residenz 2766:Hereford 2625:Cambodia 2608:in Japan 2448:Gandhara 2291:CN Tower 2258:Kaneʻohe 2254:Honolulu 2199:Junagadh 1902:Lausanne 1846:Torrazzo 1822:Santa Fe 1737:elevator 1703:Guarding 1683:Landings 1658:Headroom 1522:Nicolas- 1511:and for 1288:churches 1155:Geometry 1083:— 849:Walkline 843:Headroom 707:American 692:Spandrel 546:spindles 538:Baluster 500:railings 477:U-shaped 424:moldings 330:metaphor 303:stairway 209:Medieval 152:vertical 5534:Related 5510:Transom 5402:Cornice 5392:Portico 5383:Chimney 5378:Ceiling 5210:Parlour 5195:Library 5154:spicery 5144:saucery 5139:buttery 4982:Carport 4964:storage 4959:utility 4940:Veranda 4935:Terrace 4864:Hallway 4796:Balcony 4775:Nursery 4770:Cabinet 4765:Boudoir 4747:Bedroom 4719:Sunroom 4651:Kitchen 4135:. 2010. 4117:. 2012. 3933:(ed.). 3490:. 2010. 2982:, Paris 2963:, Japan 2592:Armenia 2588:Yerevan 2535:Gallery 2349:one man 2315:to the 2243:⁄ 2236:Hawaiʻi 2210:Alipiri 2203:Gujarat 1848:, Italy 1842:Cremona 1796:supply. 1622:utility 1618:private 1607:Bristol 1314:colony 1107:helical 1065:helical 886:Armenia 837:tangent 653:Balcony 380:riser". 285:, or a 205:400s BC 190:History 184:ladders 5641:Floors 5621:Stairs 5598: 5556:Garden 5525:Window 5468:Quoins 5446:Portal 5397:Column 5313:Duplex 5291:styles 5250:Turret 5082:Studio 5058:Pantry 5031:Larder 5021:Garage 4992:Closet 4926:Stairs 4884:Loggia 4847:hearth 4837:Genkan 4791:Atrium 4784:Spaces 4753:closet 4740:toilet 4709:Shrine 4685:Andron 4636:Garret 4534: 4505: 4395: 4096: 4010: 3660: 3622: 3571: 3534: 3481:"Info" 3463: 3287: 2872:Jordan 2716:, Iran 2714:Fouman 2472:stupas 2452:stupas 2424:, and 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