31:
329:). He was also able to gain approval from the state legislature to transfer the State Laboratory of Natural History and its staff, library, and research collections to Urbana. In 1917, the State Laboratory of Natural History and the Office of the State Entomologist were combined by the General Assembly, as the
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staged throughout
Illinois for a seat in the U.S. Senate. Forbes, apparently emboldened by the contentious atmosphere of the occasion, embarrassed his family and fellow citizens by publicly scolding Douglas from the audience for what he perceived as a Douglas insult to Lincoln. At the age of 17 (in
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To Forbes the word "survey" meant more than a censusing of organisms or publishing lists showing their distribution. He felt that any study should define the relationships between living organisms and their environment—an ecological survey. This theory prevailed in his work and underlined the early
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with his brother and served with distinction until the end of hostilities in 1865. At the age of 18, he was captured by
Confederate forces and was held in a prison camp for four months. After his release he was hospitalized for three months while recovering from scurvy and malaria. He then rejoined
179:. His publications are striking for their merger of extensive field observations with conceptual insights. Forbes believed that ecological knowledge was fundamental for human well being. Forbes was important to the development of ecological theory. He was acknowledged by the
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dynamics. On top of this, Forbes introduced the concept of a "community of interest" that emphasized two major points: "the first that of a general community of interests among all the classes of organic beings here assembled, and the second that of the beneficent power of
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The first indispensable requisite is a thorough knowledge of the natural order—an intelligently conducted natural history survey. Without the general knowledge which such a survey would give us, all our measures must be empirical, temporary, uncertain, and often
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Forbes's studies of bird predation and the use of fungus to control the chinch bug were pioneering efforts in the study and application of insect diseases for the biological control of insect pests. They were important contributions to the establishment of
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in 1921, he championed the practical uses of basic ecological science for the betterment of humankind. Forbes's extensive knowledge was not limited to entomology, but throughout his life he also studied and achieved distinction in
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Following his year of medical school at Rush
College, Forbes farmed and taught school in southern Illinois. During this time he began his first studies in natural science in his leisure hours. His first published works appeared in
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in Normal. After Powell's departure from the state to pursue studies in the
American West, the Illinois Natural History Society was disbanded and metamorphosed into the state-supported State Laboratory of Natural History.
257:, in Stephenson County. Beyond his common school education up to age 14, Forbes's only formal studies at the secondary level were three months during the winter term of 1859–1860 at Beloit Academy in Wisconsin, a year at
320:
Forbes was named director of the new State
Laboratory of Natural History in 1877, and in 1882 he became both the director of the State Laboratory of Natural History and the state entomologist. Forbes moved from Normal to
656:
868:
853:
893:
560:
Schneider, Daniel W (2000). "Local
Knowledge, Environmental Politics, and the Founding of Ecology in the United States: Stephen Forbes and "The Lake as a Microcosm" (1887)".
51:
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which compels such adjustments of the rated of destruction and of multiplication of the various species as shall best promote this common interest."
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398:
797:
765:
730:
465:
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610:
Ernest
Browning Forbes (1930) "Stephen Alfred Forbes, His Ancestry, Education and Character", Pamphlets on Biography, Kofoid Collection
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883:
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Today, the
Illinois Natural History Survey is still housed on the campus of the University of Illinois, and is a division of the
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Notable for both conceptual creativity and the use of innovative quantitative methods, his work foreshadowed the
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214:. Many of his insights about lake ecology were collected in an influential paper, "The Lake as a Microcosm".
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Forbes showed the importance of local knowledge in the early history of ecology in the United States.
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Shortly after his fourteenth birthday in 1858, young
Stephen witnessed one of the eight famous
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in 1870, and a new plant species, which he was the first researcher to describe, was named
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Local
Knowledge, Environmental Politics, and the Founding of Ecology in the United States
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333:. Forbes became director (chief) and held this position until his death in 1930.
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in 1885 to accept a position with the Illinois Industrial University (soon to be
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Born into a pioneer family, of Scots and Dutch ancestry, he spent his youth near
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From 1884 to 1886, while a student at the University of Illinois, entomologist
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research done at the Illinois Natural History Survey. In 1880 Forbes stated:
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460:. Vol. 5. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 69–71.
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as "the founder of the science of ecology in the United States".
784:. 63.2 (n.d.): 208-15. Oxford Journals. Web. 17 February 2014.
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167:(May 29, 1844 – March 13, 1930) was the first chief of the
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Bulletin of the Scientific Association of Peoria, Illinois
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Bulletin of the Scientific Association of Peoria, Illinois
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Forbes's work in natural history came to the attention of
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Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
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Winsor, Mary P. (1970–1980). "Forbes, Stephen Alfred".
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science and a dominant figure in the rise of American
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his regiment and was promoted to captain at age 20.
206:, and embarked on a remarkable research program into
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Brethren of the Net: American Entomology, 1840-1880
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357:, river and stream biology and pollution, and the
725:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
289:In 1867, Forbes invested in a strawberry farm in
814:National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
854:University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
722:Stephen Forbes and the Rise of American Ecology
739:Forbes, S.A. 1887. "The Lake as a Microcosm".
518:Forbes, S.A. 1887. "The Lake as a Microcosm".
430:"Biographical Memoir of Stephen Alfred Forbes"
894:Members of the American Philosophical Society
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760:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 55–60.
792:. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama press.
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745:Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin
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524:Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin
344:the following year. As president of the
312:, then the curator of the museum of the
879:People from Stephenson County, Illinois
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399:Stephen A. Forbes State Recreation Area
692:"About the Prairie Research Institute"
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190:, Forbes undertook studies of massive
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186:While already famous as an economic
221:concept as well as modern ideas of
457:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
299:American Entomologist and Botanist
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265:, and the spring term of 1871 at
844:Illinois State University alumni
788:Sorensen, Willis Conner (1995).
680:University of Illinois at Urbana
314:Illinois Natural History Society
267:Illinois State Normal University
90:Illinois State Normal University
481:Illinois Natural History Survey
340:in 1918. He was elected to the
331:Illinois Natural History Survey
169:Illinois Natural History Survey
153:Illinois Natural History Survey
874:People from Freeport, Illinois
435:. National Academy of Sciences
342:American Philosophical Society
198:. He showed the connection of
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346:Ecological Society of America
389:was an assistant to Forbes.
338:National Academy of Sciences
181:National Academy of Sciences
849:Rush Medical College alumni
242:in the twentieth century.
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719:Croker, Robert A. (2001).
380:Prairie Research Institute
240:integrated pest management
743:, pp 77–87. Reprinted in
522:, pp 77–87. Reprinted in
281:1861) Forbes entered the
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123:
28:
884:Scientists from Illinois
696:www.prairie.illinois.edu
776:"Stephen Alfred Forbes"
754:Mallis, Arnold (1971).
278:Lincoln–Douglas debates
196:Lake Mendota, Wisconsin
859:American entomologists
757:American Entomologists
428:Howard, L. O. (1931).
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336:He was elected to the
327:University of Illinois
149:University of Illinois
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261:in Chicago after the
165:Stephen Alfred Forbes
23:Stephen Alfred Forbes
889:American naturalists
661:search.amphilsoc.org
657:"APS Member History"
387:Charles W. Woodworth
291:Carbondale, Illinois
259:Rush Medical College
202:and lake physics to
94:Rush Medical College
864:Union Army soldiers
839:American ecologists
633:"Stephen A. Forbes"
496:. pp. 682–689.
492:Schneider, Daniel.
16:American naturalist
781:Systematic Zoology
538:, p. 102-103.
405:Etheostoma forbesi
310:John Wesley Powell
303:Saxifraga forbesii
255:Freeport, Illinois
223:behavioral ecology
799:978-0-8173-0755-4
774:Mills, Harlow B.
767:978-0-8135-0686-9
732:978-1-56098-972-1
637:www.nasonline.org
622:, pp. 56–57.
467:978-0-684-10114-9
232:natural selection
173:aquatic ecosystem
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125:Scientific career
111:Bertha Van Hoesen
103:Clara Shaw Gaston
56:Stephenson County
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200:algae blooms
188:entomologist
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145:Institutions
124:
73:(1930-03-13)
52:Silver Creek
48:May 29, 1844
834:1930 deaths
829:1844 births
620:Mallis 1971
548:Croker 2001
506:Forbes 1887
355:ornithology
351:ichthyology
823:Categories
713:References
701:2017-04-11
666:2023-09-26
642:2023-09-26
374:dangerous.
283:Union Army
204:fish kills
135:Entomology
44:1844-05-29
363:Crustacea
263:Civil War
249:Biography
219:ecosystem
590:11284229
439:June 11,
393:See also
359:taxonomy
227:food web
115:Winifred
108:Children
60:Illinois
598:9759255
177:ecology
139:Ecology
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582:236820
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323:Urbana
131:Fields
100:Spouse
594:S2CID
578:JSTOR
433:(PDF)
412:Notes
117:Ethel
794:ISBN
762:ISBN
727:ISBN
586:PMID
562:Isis
462:ISBN
441:2015
225:and
210:and
68:Died
38:Born
570:doi
361:of
269:in
194:in
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778:.
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