564:, Patricia Papernow (1993) suggests that each stepfamily goes through seven distinct stages of development, which can be divided into the early, middle, and late stages. The early stages consist of the fantasy, immersion, and awareness stages. In the fantasy stage, both children and parents are typically "stuck" in their fantasies or wishes for what their family could be like. The developmental task for this stage is for each member to articulate their wants and needs. In the Immersion stage, the family is typically struggling to live out the fantasy of a "perfect" blended family. In this stage, it is critical for the "insider spouse" (i.e. the biological parent who typically forms the emotional hub of the family) to understand that the feelings of the "outsider spouse" and children are real. The task of this stage is to persist in the struggle to become aware of the various experiences. This stage is followed by the awareness stage, in which the family gathers information about what the new family looks like (e.g., roles, traditions, "family culture") and how each member feels about it. The tasks of this stage are twofold: individual and joint. The individual task is for each member to begin to put words to the feelings they are experiencing, and to voice their needs to other family members. The joint task is for family members to begin to transcend the "experiential gaps" and to try to form an understanding of other members' roles and experiences.
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families do not. For example, role ambiguity, dealing with stepchildren, and ex-spouses are only a few of the issues which are unique to these families. In response to these families' desire for assistance, stepfamily education has become an increasingly common topic among scholars and educators. Although still a relatively new facet within the marriage education realm, stepfamily education provides important information which may not be addressed in traditional marriage or relationship education curriculum. As discussed by Adler-Baeder and
Higginbotham (2004) a number of curricula are currently available to stepfamilies and family life educators; however, further research is needed in order to determine best practices for the field. One way in which this gap is being filled is through the current implementation of Healthy Marriage Demonstration Grants in the U.S. As part of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005, grants for healthy marriage and responsible fatherhood, which include at-risk and diverse populations such as stepfamilies, are providing important information on the evaluation of stepfamily programs and their effectiveness in servicing stepfamilies.
512:, which shows mother-in-law as cruel. She mistreats her non-biological child by locking them away, or trying to kill them in some cases, and treats her own children, if any, very well. In popular culture, phrases like "I'll beat you like a red-headed stepchild" are uttered as a common threat that show just how aware people are about the assumed nature of stepfamily abuse. The thought is that the nonbiological child is more likely to be beaten because of the lack of kinship ties. The research on this topic shows that this issue is not so clearly defined. The image of the wicked stepmother is well known but much of the research available shows more of the abuse coming from stepfathers. However, in children's stories, it is rare to find a bad father-in-law – yet there are several, such as Charles Francis Mistrane, a bad father-in-law, violent and hateful in the
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results which found that many fewer children responded as being abused by a stepparent. Economic factors could also play a role in the abuse of stepchildren. In places with higher levels of social strain, abuse may be more prevalent or more violent. Other studies of census data and child neglect and abuse records have found that stepparents may be over-represented in abuse figures. They have found that when the data is balanced, biological parents have a much higher rate of abuse than stepparents do.
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stepparent's role, and in continuing the process of awareness. Finally, in the resolution stage, the stepfamily's identity has become secure. The family accepts itself for who it is, there is a strong sense of the stepfamily's middle ground, and children feel secure in both households. The task for this stage is to nourish the depth and maturity gained through this process, and to rework any issues that might arise at family "nodal events" (e.g., weddings, funerals, graduations, etc.).
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influence one another before shaming or blaming begins to take action to reorganize the family structure. The goal here is to make joint decisions about new stepfamily rituals, rules, and roles. The focus in this stage is on the stepfamily's unique "middle ground" (i.e. the "areas of shared experience, shared values, and easy cooperative functioning created over time,"), and on balancing this new middle ground with honoring of past and other relationships.
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47:. Either parent, or both, may have children from previous relationships or marriages. Two known classifications for stepfamilies include "simple" stepfamilies, where only one member of the family's couple has a prior child or children and the couple does not have any children together, and "complex" or "blended" families, where both members of the couple have at least one child from another relationship.
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relationship. Even when all parties describe the relationship using the terms applied to biological and adoptive families, however, at least some of the emotional and psychological issues common to stepfamilies may or may not persist. Thus, one possibility is that a stepfamily can be reconfigured, and thanks to the biological and adoptive links could leave the condition of a stepfamily.
472:, one needs to put into writing what the child's circumstances are for being adopted. Some circumstances may include: the child's mental, physical, and emotional welfare, their background, religion, having a positive relationship, etc. If the child is an indigenous person, then the family must specify their plan to keep the child involved in their culture.
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by stepparents in general. In 2004 a U.S. study by Weekes and Weekes-Shackelford found that while biological fathers fatally abuse children five and under at a rate of 5.6 per million per year, stepfathers were found to have a rate of 55.9 per million per year. A U.K. study done in 2000 had different
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A step-uncle is the spouse of someone's parent's sister (aunt) or brother (uncle) and is not the father of someone's cousin, except when the sibling marries another and never has children (no cousins). The sister's niece/nephew should refer to a new spouse as uncle, not step-uncle. A step-aunt is the
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Additional challenges that a step- or blended family face are those regarding the inherent bond that biological parents have with their children and vice versa. Stepparents often face significant difficulties when interacting with the biological parent of their gender. Often, biological parents feel
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According to James Bray, three of the challenges facing a stepfamily are financial and living arrangements, resolving feelings about the previous marriage, and anticipating parenting changes. Research has shown that parents who are constantly fighting with their ex-spouse tend to make their children
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Other types of stepfamilies include neotraditional, where both parents share the responsibility of their children, a matriarchal stepfamily, where an independent woman is in charge of the family with the stepfather becoming a mentor, and a romantic stepfamily, where both parents expect the combining
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Alternatively, in
Australia Under the Family Law Act 1975 (Cth), a "stepparent" in relation to a child is interpreted as a person who is not a parent of the child and is, or has been, married to or a de facto partner of a parent of the child, and treats, or at any time while married to or a de facto
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is the offspring of a stepparent to whom one is not biologically or adoptive related, stepbrother being the male one and stepsister the female one. A stepgrandson is the grandson of someone's spouse who one is not biologically related to. A step-granddaughter is the granddaughter of someone's spouse
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The stepparent is a "legal stranger" in most of the U.S. and has no legal right to the minor child no matter how involved in the child's life they are. The biological parents (and, where applicable, adoptive parents) hold that privilege and responsibility. If the biological parent does not give up
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The prevalence of stepfamilies has increased over the past century with the increase of divorce and remarriage. According to the Step Family
Foundation, "over 50% of US families are remarried or recoupled." These families are unique in their experiences facing many challenges which first-married
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willingly gives up their parental rights to the child, the court terminates those rights, or the other biological parent is deceased. Reasons a court may terminate the non-custodial parent's rights include evidence of abuse or neglect, legal abandonment, or any other indications that a continued
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and instead refer to the child simply as their son or daughter; depending on the child's degree of affinity for the adoptive parent and/or approval of the legal proceedings culminating in the child's adoption, the child may likewise drop the "step-" designation from his or her description of the
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Stepparents generally do not have the authority to give legal consent to medical treatment for a stepchild, unless the stepparent has legally adopted the child or been designated a legal guardian. A child's parents or legal guardians may sign a statement authorizing a third party to consent to
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of marriage and are legally recognized, it is currently unclear if a stepfamily can be both established and recognized by less-formal arrangements, such as when a man or woman with children cohabits with another man or woman outside of marriage. This relationship is becoming more common in all
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The middle stages consist of the mobilization and action stages. In the mobilization stage, the stepparent can begin to step forward to address the family's process and structure. The tasks of this stage are to confront differences in each member's perception of the new family, as well as to
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The later stages consist of the contact and resolution stages. In the contact stage, the couple is working well together, the boundaries between households are clear, and stepparents have definite roles with stepchildren as "intimate outsiders." The task for this stage is in solidifying the
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spouse of someone's parent's brother (uncle) or sister (aunt) and is not the mother of someone's cousin, except when the sibling marries another and never had children (no cousins). The sister's niece or nephew should refer to the newest spouse as aunt, not step-aunt. Similarly, a
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their parental rights and custody of the child, the other parent's subsequent marriage cannot create a parental relationship without the biological parent's written consent before a "child" reaches adulthood. In most cases, the stepparent can not be ordered to pay child support.
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Stepfathers have been shown to abuse female stepchildren more than males. They are also shown to be more abusive towards female children than biological families, but less abusive than adoptive fathers. The abuse studied with men in mind tends to focus on
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relationship between the child and that parent would be detrimental to the child. Grounds for legal child abandonment in most states is no contact between the parent and child for at least one year.
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as though the stepfather or stepmother will ultimately replace them in the mind(s) of the child(ren). This is a common feeling for a parent when faced with the new circumstance of blended families.
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A child is referred to as the stepdaughter or stepson of their biological or adoptive parent's new spouse, and the spouse is referred to as the stepparent (father or mother) of the child.
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partner of the parent treated, the child as a member of the family formed with the parent. If one member of the couple has prior children but the couple have another child together, the
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A step-grandparent is the step-parent of someone's parent, and not someone's biological grandparent, stepgrandfather being the male one, and stepgrandmother the female one.
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D’Alessio, Stewart J.; Stolzenberg, Lisa (2012). "Stepchildren, Community
Disadvantage, and Physical Injury in a Child Abuse Incident: A Preliminary Investigation".
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If a stepparent legally adopts the partner's child or children, he or she becomes the child's legal parent. In such cases, the parents may stop using the terms
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suffer mentally and emotionally. However, parents who are close with their ex-spouse tend to make their new spouse insecure and anxious.
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is adopting a stepchild. By adopting a stepchild, the stepparent is agreeing to be fully responsible for their spouse's child. The
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designation replaces the "simple" designation upon the birth of the new child. Any subsequent child born to the couple is a
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Adler-Baeder,F. & Higginbotham, B. (2004). Implications of remarriage and stepfamily formation for marriage education.
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Tartakovsky, M. (2011). Surviving and
Thriving As a Stepfamily. Psych Central. Retrieved on 19 July 2013, from
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appeared much later and have no particular connotation of bereavement. Corresponding words in other
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is a family where at least one parent has children who are not biologically related to their
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1027:"Child Maltreatment in the United Kingdom: a Study of the Prevalence of Abuse and Neglect"
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Family where one parent has children that are not genetically related to the other parent
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no longer has any rights or responsibilities for the child, including child support.
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families. However, in modern
Western culture it is often unclear as to what, if any,
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Family
Dynamics After Separation: A Life Course Perspective on Post-Divorce Families
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Stepmonster: A New Look at Why Real
Stepmothers Think, Feel, and Act the Way We Do
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Stepmonster: A New Look at Why Real
Stepmothers Think, Feel, and Act the Way We Do
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of their separate families to run smoothly without realizing any possible issues.
1087:"CHILDMYTHS: Who's Abusive? Comparing Step-Parents, Adoptive Parents, and Others"
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A stepparent is the spouse of someone's parent, and not their biological parent,
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134:. The words are used to denote a connection resulting from the remarriage of a
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842:"New blends - the legal definition of step-parenting - Family Law Partners"
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Ulrike
Zartler, Valerie Heinz-Martin, Oliver Arránz Becker (Eds.) (2015).
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http://psychcentral.com/lib/surviving-and-thriving-as-a-stepfamily/0005770
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933:"For Adopting Parents: Before the Case - Reasons to End Parental Rights"
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1003:"Methods of filicide: Stepparents and genetic parents kill differently"
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Becoming a Stepfamily: Patterns of Development in Remarried Families
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takes an anthropological approach to examining stepfamily dynamics.
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of classic fairy tales is the abusive stepmother, like the queen in
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977:"Male Perpetrators of Child Maltreatment: Findings from NCANDS"
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in concern with stepchildren abusing stepparents. The abuse of
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From the Beast to the Blonde: On Fairy Tales and Their Tellers
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893:"National Stepfamily Resource Center | Law & Policy FAQ"
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Although historically stepfamilies are built through the
1174:"ACF Healthy Marriage Initiative: Funding Opportunities"
1111:
1109:
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939:. Superior Court of California, County of Contra Costa.
704:"Stepparents' Rights and Responsibilities in Australia"
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When a stepparent adopts a stepchild, either the other
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640:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 4 April 2000
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tale, by R.J.P Toreille, published in France in 2018.
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to whom one is not biologically or adoptive related.
116:. Similar words recorded later in Old English include
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2923:Adoption, fostering, orphan care and displacement
1292:. Special Issue ZfF, Volume 10, Barbara Budrich,
757:"Is Your Stepfamily One of These 3 Common Types"
1257:. New York London: W. W. Norton & Company.
193:
917:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
444:In the United States, the most common form of
2085:
1335:
1238:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
393:The examples and perspective in this section
8:
536:is also discussed as a qualifying method of
241:of the respective members' prior children.
957:. Queen's Printer for Ontario. 24 July 2014
805:"Stepfamily success depends on ingredients"
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99:
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411:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
1236:The Hard facts of the Grimm's fairy tales
544:There is little research in the field of
427:Learn how and when to remove this message
312:Learn how and when to remove this message
1127:
1115:
709:. Stepfamilies Australia. Archived from
55:The earliest recorded use of the prefix
1219:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
623:
336:in which these families are recognized
30:For the Swedish television series, see
1285:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
937:California Online Self-Help Law Center
552:is also a topic with little research.
7:
294:adding citations to reliable sources
138:parent and are related to the word
2892:Parents Against Child Exploitation
809:American Psychological Association
25:
2862:Mothers Apart from Their Children
1255:The annotated classic fairy tales
1085:Mercer, Jean (29 February 2012).
384:
270:
2720:Management of domestic violence
2566:Corporal punishment in the home
951:"Child and Family Services Act"
681:The Free Dictionary By Farlex.
659:The Free Dictionary By Farlex.
493:Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
281:needs additional citations for
2877:National Fatherhood Initiative
1847:Genealogical numbering systems
1203:Papernow, Patricia L. (1993).
550:stepchildren by their siblings
1:
2882:National Parents Organization
2607:Adverse childhood experiences
1986:International Day of Families
1646:Australian Aboriginal kinship
1207:. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
1176:. Acf.hhs.gov. Archived from
638:The Oxford English Dictionary
348:and protection they enjoy in
2647:Effects of domestic violence
2289:Social emotional development
156:occasionally used simply as
98:is given for the Latin word
2463:Identification (psychology)
407:, discuss the issue on the
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2887:Parent–teacher association
2662:Parental abuse by children
2543:Positive Parenting Program
2493:Parent management training
2488:Normative social influence
1145:The Step Family Foundation
1064:10.1891/0886-6708.27.6.860
783:"Making stepfamilies work"
546:parental abuse by children
479:
213:being the male spouse and
29:
2872:National Childbirth Trust
2667:Stress in early childhood
2387:Taking children seriously
2219:Applied behavior analysis
1947:National Grandparents Day
1357:
740:B.C. Council for Families
144:meaning 'bereaved', with
2528:The talk (sex education)
2239:Developmental psychology
526:sexual abuse of children
332:There appear to be many
2735:Parental responsibility
2695:Cost of raising a child
2039:Sociology of the family
1889:Philia (brotherly love)
1465:Second-degree relatives
1141:"Stepfamily Statistics"
648:– via OED Online.
509:The Trouble with Sophie
506:, or Madame Fichini in
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106:
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1894:Storge (familial love)
1500:Third-degree relatives
1402:First-degree relatives
112:
100:
2857:Families Need Fathers
2418:After-school activity
2342:Concerted cultivation
2337:Buddha-like parenting
2269:Nature versus nurture
2234:Cognitive development
2003:National Adoption Day
1879:Agape (parental love)
1253:Tatar, Maria (2002).
1234:Tatar, Maria (1987).
919:"Stepparent Adoption"
897:www.stepfamilies.info
562:Becoming a Stepfamily
2715:Right to family life
2642:Dysfunctional family
2352:Free-range parenting
2327:Attachment parenting
2317:Achievement ideology
2059:Dysfunctional family
2044:Museum of Motherhood
1991:National Family Week
1857:Quarters of nobility
1052:Violence and Victims
579:, social researcher
450:non-custodial parent
405:improve this section
395:may not represent a
290:improve this article
217:the female spouse.
2730:Parental alienation
2657:Narcissistic parent
2581:Positive discipline
2402:Work at home parent
2382:Strict father model
2367:Nurturant parenting
2274:Parental investment
2109:Kinship terminology
2029:Wedding anniversary
1981:American Family Day
1937:Father–Daughter Day
1884:Eros (marital love)
1633:Kinship terminology
846:Family Law Partners
376:Stepparent adoption
329:Western countries.
2776:T. Berry Brazelton
2513:Social integration
2249:Identity formation
1789:collateral descent
983:. 23 November 2015
868:"All Our Families"
716:on 4 February 2014
178:Germanic languages
2900:
2899:
2710:Family disruption
2632:Cinderella effect
2612:Child abandonment
2586:Tactical ignoring
2483:Moral development
2362:Helicopter parent
2357:Gatekeeper parent
2322:Atlas personality
2299:Social psychology
2244:Human development
2229:Child development
2214:Attachment theory
2067:
2066:
1867:
1866:
1784:Lineal descendant
1754:Bilateral descent
1507:Great-grandparent
1392:Matrifocal family
1298:978-3-8474-0686-0
1279:Martin, Wednesday
1264:978-0-393-05163-6
1245:978-0-691-06722-3
1226:978-0-374-15901-6
1163:, 53(5), 448–458.
803:DeAngelis, Tori.
761:UF/IFAS Extension
607:Cinderella effect
482:Cinderella effect
457:biological parent
437:
436:
429:
322:
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16:(Redirected from
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2750:Shared parenting
2561:Blanket training
2553:Child discipline
2193:In loco parentis
2172:Shared parenting
2094:
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2049:Astronaut family
1820:
1721:Iroquois kinship
1711:Sudanese kinship
1706:Hawaiian kinship
1681:Family of choice
1512:Great-grandchild
1387:Immediate family
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1160:Family Relations
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778:
772:
771:
769:
767:
753:
747:
744:Canadian English
732:
726:
725:
723:
721:
715:
708:
700:
694:
693:
691:
689:
678:
672:
671:
669:
667:
656:
650:
649:
647:
645:
635:
628:
581:Wednesday Martin
432:
425:
421:
418:
412:
388:
387:
380:
317:
310:
306:
303:
297:
274:
266:
197:
188:
164:. Words such as
155:
149:
143:
133:
127:
121:
115:
109:
103:
97:
91:
88:
83:
64:
21:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2845:
2826:Matthew Sanders
2781:Rudolf Dreikurs
2754:
2740:Parents' rights
2700:Deadbeat parent
2677:
2671:
2595:
2547:
2523:The talk (race)
2406:
2397:Tiger parenting
2303:
2198:
2147:Extended family
2103:
2098:
2068:
2063:
2007:
1908:
1863:
1852:Seize quartiers
1818:
1759:Common ancestor
1743:
1735:
1701:Chinese kinship
1696:Nurture kinship
1686:Fictive kinship
1627:
1587:
1576:daughter-in-law
1530:
1495:
1460:
1396:
1382:Conjugal family
1377:Extended family
1353:
1348:
1307:
1275:
1273:Further reading
1265:
1252:
1246:
1233:
1227:
1211:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1180:on 27 July 2010
1172:
1171:
1167:
1156:
1152:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1001:
1000:
996:
986:
984:
975:
974:
970:
960:
958:
949:
948:
944:
931:
930:
926:
916:
915:
911:
901:
899:
891:
890:
886:
876:
874:
866:
865:
861:
851:
849:
848:. 11 April 2014
840:
839:
835:
827:
823:
813:
811:
802:
801:
797:
787:
785:
780:
779:
775:
765:
763:
755:
754:
750:
733:
729:
719:
717:
713:
706:
702:
701:
697:
687:
685:
680:
679:
675:
665:
663:
658:
657:
653:
643:
641:
630:
629:
625:
620:
612:Phaedra complex
598:
589:
558:
530:emotional abuse
484:
478:
466:
442:
433:
422:
416:
413:
402:
389:
385:
378:
318:
307:
301:
298:
287:
275:
264:
251:
235:complex/blended
204:
182:Old High German
89:
84:
81:
53:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2936:
2934:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2905:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2867:Mothers' Union
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2841:Benjamin Spock
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2821:Penelope Leach
2818:
2816:Annette Lareau
2813:
2808:
2806:Alan E. Kazdin
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2766:Mary Ainsworth
2762:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2678:social aspects
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2443:Dishabituation
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2372:Slow parenting
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2203:Theories
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2184:
2182:Blended family
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2162:Nuclear family
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1957:Children's Day
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1839:
1834:
1832:Pedigree chart
1828:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1799:Patrilineality
1796:
1794:Matrilineality
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1716:Eskimo kinship
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1597:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1568:
1566:Sibling-in-law
1563:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1540:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1514:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1456:
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1441:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1406:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1372:Nuclear family
1369:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1306:
1305:External links
1303:
1302:
1301:
1286:
1281:, PhD (2009).
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1263:
1250:
1244:
1231:
1225:
1213:Warner, Marina
1209:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1165:
1150:
1132:
1120:
1103:
1077:
1058:(6): 860–870.
1042:
1018:
994:
968:
942:
924:
909:
884:
859:
833:
821:
795:
773:
748:
742:; source uses
727:
695:
673:
651:
622:
621:
619:
616:
615:
614:
609:
604:
597:
594:
588:
585:
557:
554:
480:Main article:
477:
474:
465:
462:
441:
438:
435:
434:
399:of the subject
397:worldwide view
392:
390:
383:
377:
374:
360:medical care.
320:
319:
278:
276:
269:
263:
260:
250:
247:
203:
200:
80:words meaning
59:, in the form
52:
49:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2935:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
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2911:
2910:
2908:
2893:
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2888:
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2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:Organizations
2848:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2836:B. F. Skinner
2834:
2832:
2831:William Sears
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:Thomas Gordon
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2751:
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2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2690:Child support
2688:
2686:
2685:Child custody
2683:
2682:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2627:Child neglect
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
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2559:
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2556:
2554:
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2541:
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2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
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2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2458:Homeschooling
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2294:Socialization
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:Paternal bond
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2264:Maternal bond
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2177:Single parent
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:Alloparenting
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2019:Single parent
2017:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:Relationships
1870:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1814:Royal descent
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1731:Omaha kinship
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1661:Consanguinity
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1561:Parent-in-law
1559:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1536:Family-in-law
1533:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1130:, p. 39.
1129:
1128:Papernow 1993
1124:
1121:
1117:
1116:Papernow 1993
1112:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1043:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1004:
998:
995:
982:
978:
972:
969:
956:
952:
946:
943:
938:
934:
928:
925:
920:
913:
910:
898:
894:
888:
885:
873:
869:
863:
860:
847:
843:
837:
834:
831:
825:
822:
810:
806:
799:
796:
784:
781:Bray, James.
777:
774:
762:
758:
752:
749:
745:
741:
737:
731:
728:
712:
705:
699:
696:
684:
677:
674:
662:
655:
652:
639:
634:
627:
624:
617:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
599:
595:
593:
586:
584:
582:
578:
575:In her book,
573:
569:
565:
563:
560:In her book,
555:
553:
551:
547:
542:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
517:
515:
511:
510:
505:
504:
499:
498:Lady Tremaine
495:
494:
489:
483:
475:
473:
471:
463:
461:
458:
453:
451:
447:
440:United States
439:
431:
428:
420:
417:December 2017
410:
406:
400:
398:
391:
382:
381:
375:
373:
370:
366:
361:
357:
353:
351:
347:
346:social status
343:
339:
335:
330:
327:
316:
313:
305:
295:
291:
285:
284:
279:This section
277:
273:
268:
267:
261:
259:
255:
248:
246:
242:
240:
236:
230:
227:
221:
218:
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207:
201:
199:
196:
192:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
154:
148:
142:
137:
132:
126:
120:
114:
108:
102:
96:
87:
79:
75:
71:
68:
65:, is from an
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2786:David Elkind
2637:Codependency
2622:Child labour
2478:Latchkey kid
2468:Introjection
2254:Introjection
2204:
2191:
2181:
2157:Noncustodial
1952:Parents' Day
1942:Siblings Day
1932:Father's Day
1920:Mother's Day
1904:Polyfidelity
1899:Filial piety
1824:Family trees
1726:Crow kinship
1676:Estrangement
1592:
1571:Child-in-law
1491:Niece/Nephew
1311:Step Parents
1289:
1282:
1254:
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1178:the original
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872:Berkeley Law
871:
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764:. Retrieved
760:
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711:the original
698:
686:. Retrieved
683:"Stepmother"
676:
664:. Retrieved
661:"stepfather"
654:
642:. Retrieved
637:
626:
602:Half-sibling
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528:rather than
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288:Please help
283:verification
280:
262:Legal status
256:
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239:half-sibling
234:
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56:
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32:Bonus Family
2796:Haim Ginott
2771:John Bowlby
2617:Child abuse
2537:educational
2453:Habituation
2438:Co-sleeping
2224:Behaviorism
2152:Foster care
2142:Coparenting
1779:Inheritance
1764:Family name
1623:Stepsibling
1517:Great-uncle
1472:Grandparent
734:See, e.g.,
644:15 December
556:In research
538:child abuse
326:institution
302:August 2012
226:stepsibling
202:Terminology
166:stepbrother
78:Old English
67:8th-century
2913:Stepfamily
2907:Categories
2811:Truby King
2705:Disownment
2518:Television
2508:Role model
2433:Child care
2411:Techniques
2377:Soccer mom
2347:Enmeshment
2284:Pediatrics
2024:Only child
1969:Family Day
1842:Ahnentafel
1804:Progenitor
1666:Disownment
1611:stepmother
1606:stepfather
1601:Stepparent
1593:Stepfamily
1581:son-in-law
1521:Great-aunt
1477:Grandchild
1197:References
1091:CHILDMYTHS
1072:1243100842
955:Ontario.ca
503:Cinderella
365:stepparent
249:Challenges
215:stepmother
211:stepfather
174:stepparent
131:stepfather
107:steopmoder
41:stepfamily
18:Stepparent
2745:Paternity
2676:Legal and
2576:Grounding
2473:Kommune 1
2448:Education
2423:Allowance
2332:Baby talk
2187:Surrogacy
2101:Parenting
2034:Godparent
1741:Genealogy
1618:Stepchild
1367:Household
1184:11 August
587:Education
486:A common
409:talk page
369:stepchild
191:Old Norse
170:stepniece
153:stepchild
147:stepbairn
125:stepchild
119:stepbairn
101:filiaster
95:Steopsunu
51:Etymology
2791:Jo Frost
2725:Marriage
2591:Time-out
2167:Orphaned
2132:Adoptive
1913:Holidays
1837:Genogram
1774:Heredity
1769:Heirloom
1691:Marriage
1656:Affinity
1651:Adoption
1437:daughter
1215:(1995).
1096:25 April
1068:ProQuest
1035:25 April
1011:25 April
987:25 April
961:26 April
902:25 April
877:25 April
852:25 April
814:26 April
766:26 April
596:See also
522:physical
514:Eleonore
446:adoption
403:You may
342:de facto
338:socially
334:cultures
180:include
158:synonyms
141:ástĂeped
70:glossary
2759:Experts
2535: (
2500: (
2428:Bedtime
2392:Theybie
2012:Related
1746:lineage
1671:Divorce
1641:Kinship
1554:husband
1449:brother
1444:Sibling
1362:History
720:6 April
633:"step-"
534:Neglect
488:villain
136:widowed
113:nouerca
2918:Family
2652:Incest
2571:Curfew
2309:Styles
2127:Father
2122:Mother
2117:Parent
2054:Incest
1974:Canada
1544:Spouse
1526:Cousin
1454:sister
1420:father
1415:mother
1410:Parent
1351:Family
1315:Curlie
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1261:
1242:
1223:
1070:
470:Canada
464:Canada
195:stjĂşp-
186:stiuf-
162:orphan
128:, and
86:orphan
62:steop-
45:spouse
2600:Abuse
2207:Areas
1962:Japan
1482:Uncle
1427:Child
1030:(PDF)
1006:(PDF)
788:6 May
714:(PDF)
707:(PDF)
688:6 May
666:6 May
618:Notes
476:Abuse
74:Latin
57:step-
2502:date
2498:Play
2259:Love
1925:U.S.
1809:Clan
1744:and
1549:wife
1486:Aunt
1294:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1240:ISBN
1221:ISBN
1186:2010
1098:2018
1037:2018
1013:2018
989:2018
981:ASPE
963:2018
904:2018
879:2018
854:2018
816:2018
790:2012
768:2018
722:2014
690:2012
668:2012
646:2006
367:and
189:and
172:and
160:for
150:and
110:for
104:and
2533:Toy
1432:son
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524:or
500:in
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350:law
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292:by
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