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learning who they are and what they want their role to be in society, but they also must fight against the stereotypes that have been imposed upon them by culture. Positive identity formation for young
Latinas may be more difficult to achieve than it is for young Anglo girls. Some have postulated that providing young Latinas with the concepts of feminism may enhance their abilities to believe in themselves and improve their chances of realizing that they have the abilities to be successful because of who they are, not because of who they married. However, a recent study published in the Journal of Adolescent Research found that young Latinas may have a "different perspective" on feminism than their Anglo counterparts. The study found that Latinas experienced feminism differently because of cultural values; young Latinas "face an intricate balance between future family and career goals in their identity development." Some Latinas interviewed in the study expressed concern that if they told a young man that they were feminists, "they might assume that the girls didn't like men" and a large number also opposed the ideas of feminism and equality because of traditional values. The study ultimately determined that the majority of the young Latinas interviewed considered themselves to be feminists but a relatively large minority of the young women rejected the idea of feminism and equality because they were fearful of possible female superiority and endorsed traditional family values and female occupations.
466:, a 2010 paper by Teresa Correa, Latinas have been historically depicted as possessing one of two completely-contrasting identities. They have been depicted as either "virginal", "passive" and "dependent on men" or as "hot-tempered", "tempestuous", "promiscuous" and "sexy". A 2005 study conducted by Dana Mastro and Elizabeth Behm-Morawitz, professors of communication studies at the University of Arizona, found depictions of Latina Americans on primetime television are both limited and biased. The study analyzed the frequency and the quality of the depictions of Hispanic individuals on primetime television in 2002. The study found that "Latinas were the laziest characters in primetime... they were the least intelligent, most verbally aggressive, embodied the lowest work ethic, and (alongside whites) were the most ridiculed." According to the same studies, the marketing industry has also played a role in stereotyping females with Hispanic origin by using the stereotypical identities to sell product. Specifically, the bodies of Latina women have been used and sexualized to sell product targeted to men. According to Mary Gilly, a professor of business at the University of California Irvine, Latina women, in particular, are eroticized in the marketing industry because of their frequent portrayal as "tempestuous", "promiscuous" or "sexy".
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drug-related stories than in accomplishments. The stereotypes can also differ between men and women. Hispanic and Latino men are more likely to be stereotyped as unintelligent, comedic, aggressive, sexual, and unprofessional, earning them titles as "Latin lovers", buffoons or criminals. That often results in the individuals being characterized as working less-respectable careers, being involved in crimes (often drug-related), or being uneducated immigrants. Hispanic characters are more likely than non-Hispanic white characters to possess lower-status occupations, such as domestic workers, or be involved in drug-related crimes. Hispanic and Latina women, similarly, are typically portrayed as lazy, verbally aggressive, and lacking work ethic. Latinas in modern movies follow old stereotypes. Latinas are still deemed as "less than", objectified and known for being to be alluring to others. Because of this, many
Hispanics are treated terribly and seen as invaders to Americans.
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approximately 18% of the U.S. population but only 0.6 to 6.5% of all primetime program characters, 1% of television families, and fewer than 4.5% of commercial actors. That poses the issue that
Hispanic and Latino characters are not rarely seen, but even when they are, they are more than likely to be stereotyped. In the unlikely case that they are depicted, they are more likely to be limited to stereotypic characters, usually negatively. In September 2021, Bryan Dimas, co-founder of Latinx in Animation, mentioned an animated series with about 52 episodes which never "had a person of color that was a writer...other than one of the executive producers and some of the production crew," but said that shows are moving away from "having white writers writing for Black characters or Asian characters or Latino characters," and said that he believed there was a wave of more diverse representation in the future.
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forced to rely heavily on television and film, their only source of exposure to the ethnic group, as the foundation of perceiving
Hispanic and Latino individuals. If nearly all of the few representations of the individuals are negatively stereotyped, non-Hispanic and Latino white individuals are likely to carry the perception into real life, embedding that stereotypical image of Hispanic and Latino individuals into their consciousness. Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory gives insight into how the stereotypical character representations are carried into the real world and points to the way in which individuals' perceptions are limited to what they have experienced. Those who lack real-life contact with the stereotyped individuals are unable to counter the television portrayals of this ethnic group with a more realistic and less negative image.
275:, often exhibited in negative caricatures or terms. Latin America comprises all the countries in the Americas that were originally colonized by the Spaniards, French, or Portuguese. "Latino" is the umbrella term for people of Latin American descent that in recent years has supplanted the more imprecise and bureaucratic designation "Hispanic." Part of the mystery and the difficulty of comprehension lie in the fact that the territory called Latin America is not homogeneous in nature or culture. Latin American stereotypes have the greatest impact on public perceptions, and Latin Americans were the most negatively rated on several characteristics. Americans' perceptions of the characteristics of Latin American immigrants are often linked to their beliefs about the impact of immigration on unemployment, schools and crime.
406:"immigrant" has positive connotations in relation to the development and operation of democracy and US history, but "illegal aliens" are vilified. The term "illegal alien" is defined as "a foreign person who is living in a country without having official permission to live there." Although many Latino/Hispanic Americans were born in the United States or have legal status, they can be dismissed as immigrants or foreigners who live without proper documentation taking opportunities and resources from real Americans. Immigrants have been represented as depriving citizens of jobs, as welfare-seekers, or as criminals. Especially with the recent political/social movement in the United States for stricter immigration law, Americans are blaming Hispanics for "stealing jobs" and negatively impacting the economy.
435:, which is already coded as violent, criminal, and dangerous (Collins 1991; Ferguson 2000; Vasquez 2010), makes the racial project of controlling images systematically restrict Latinos' lives. Machismo is depicted as the cult of male strength, which implies being fearless, self-confident, capable of making decisions, and able to support one's family. It also emphasized an acceptance of male dominance over women, including the valorization of Don Juanism, and, in its extreme form, a defense of the traditional division of labor (women in the kitchen and taking care of the children and men as providers). Hollywood movies, along with some American scholars and other people in the country, tend to regard machismo as unique to Latin America.
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could lead to limitations in the options available for furthering education. Another experimental study of Latino undergraduate students found that Latino students in the stereotype threat condition performed worse on an exam than all other students with which they were compared (Latino students in non-stereotype threat condition and white students in both stereotype threat and non-stereotype threat conditions). A study by
Fischer (2009) found that Hispanic college students who internalize negative stereotypes about themselves tend to spend fewer hours studying, which further decreases their academic performance.
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farmhands, gardeners and cleaners. This stereotype goes along with that of the immigrant in believing all
Hispanics/Latinos work in hard labor fields and manual labor only because they arrive in the country illegally, which is false. Latin Americans are also often pictured as not strongly inclined to work hard, despite the conflicting stereotype of working manual labor jobs. Today, negative stereotypes against certain ethnic groups about low cognitive abilities exist in many world regions, including stereotypes about people with a Latino background in the United States.
533:, where there is a high population of Mexican American families. Non-Hispanic white women began sexual relations about a year younger than all of the Latinas in the survey reported. The non-Hispanic white women were more likely to report having had five or more sexual partners, but Latinas were more likely to report no more than two. Both non-Hispanic white women and Latinas showed a trend towards fewer children per household. In fact, second-generation Latinas were shown to have fewer children than non-Hispanic white women.
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that they know. For instance, in the
Midwest and the Southwest, Latin Americans are largely perceived as Mexicans, but in the East, particularly in the New York and Boston areas, people consider Latin Americans through their limited interactions with Dominicans and Puerto Ricans. In Miami, Cubans and Central Americans are the reference group for interpreting Latin America. The idea of homogeneity is so extensive in U.S. society that even important politicians tend to treat Latin America as a culturally-unified region.
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denote members of the
Chicano gang subculture. The individuals are characterized by a defiant street attitude, a distinctive dress style, and the use of caló, slang, speech. In the United States, the term "cholo" often has a negative connotation and so tends to be imposed upon a group of people, rather than being used as a means of self-identification. That leads to considerable ambiguity in the particulars of its definition. In its most basic usage, it always refers to a degree of indigeneity.
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images and claims associated with
Hispanics and Latinos in the United States, and affected the Hispanic community greatly by limiting employment opportunities, increasing maltreatment in the criminal justice system, and perpetuating victimization through violent hate crimes against Latinos. Studies show that from 2003 to 2007, violent hate crimes against Latinos rose by 40%.
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the press produces representations that are based on "reality". A 1994 study by Macrea et al., found stereotypes are generalizations that our culture has defined for us, and that using stereotypes is "more efficient". Thus, according to Macrea et al., journalists, because of time and space constraints, may be more likely to rely on stereotypic portrayals.
350:"The findings suggested fear of crime forms part of a new 'modern racism'; that is, that local television news may contribute to the social construction of threat in relation to both minorities; television over-represents African Americans and Hispanics in crime news in relation to their share of the general population."
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Another study conducted by
Waldman and colleagues analyzed three cable commentators: Lou Dobbs, Bill O'Reilly, and Glenn Beck and their discussion of illegal immigration. These results concluded that 70% of the Lou Dobbs Tonight episodes in 2007 contained discussion of illegal immigration, 56% of the
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performed worse on a standardized test than Hispanic students who did not internalize those same stereotypes. The negative impact of racial stereotypes on student performance has implications for the overall educational journey of Hispanic and Latino students. Performing poorly on standardized tests
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The "job-stealing Hispanic" stereotype is also false. According to Pastora San Juan Cafferty and William C. McCready, "a preliminary study of labor market competition among the black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white population (Borjas, 1983) found no evidence that Hispanics had a negative impact on
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Hispanic/Latinos are frequently seen as the "others" in the United States despite their large percentage of the population. The otherness becomes a lens in which to view them as foreign or not being American. That mentality creates the stereotype and the concept of job stealing. Generally, the term
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A very common stereotype of Hispanic/Latino males is that of the criminal, gang member or "cholo". It is connected to the idea of Hispanic/Latinos being lower class and living in dangerous neighborhoods that breed the attitude of "cholo". Cholo and chola are terms often used in the United States to
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According to Qingwen, "the impact of television portrayals of minorities is significant because of the ability of television images to activate racial stereotypes and the power exerted by visual images." Non-Hispanic white Americans who lack real-life contact with Hispanic or Latino individuals are
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When discussing how Hispanic and Latino individuals are represented in television and film media, it is also important to acknowledge their vast underrepresentation in popular programming. The individuals are often stereotyped on television, but they are rarely even seen. Latino Americans represent
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Research shows that many Latinos in the United States do not identify as "American" but instead with their or their parents' or grandparents' country of origin. One of the reasons is the misbelief that to be an American, one needs to be white. Latinos who have experienced racial discrimination are
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The aggressive "Hispanic gang member/criminal" stereotype, which is often see in movies and on television, is inaccurate. Gang-suppression approaches of numerous police departments have become "over-inclusive and embedded with practices that create opportunities for abuse of authority." This means
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According to several sources, the entertainment industry can be credited with the creation and frequent reinforcement of the stereotypes, but the news is particularly important in the maintenance of these stereotypes. Unlike the entertainment and marketing industries, according to several studies,
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Stereotypical identities that have spurred from the idea that Hispanic and Latina women are "hot-tempered", "tempestuous", "promiscuous" and "sexy" include the "fiery Latina" and the "hot señorita". Both stem from the fact that Hispanic and Latina women are continually sexualized and eroticized in
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Proposition 187 was a 1994 ballot initiative to establish a California-run citizenship screening system and prohibit illegal aliens from using non-emergency health care, public education, and other services in the state. Arias and Hellmueller stated that the proposition spurred a slate of negative
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A common misconception about Latinos and language learning is that not being able to speak English is a sign of unwillingness to learn. Some immigrants, from Mexico and other Latin countries, live in the United States for decades without acquiring a basic command of English. The primary reason is
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One reason for Latinas being stereotyped as hyper-sexualization is the idealistic picture of large Latino families with multiple children because of Latinas wrongly thought of as being highly sexual in nature. That has created the political and social threat of Latina's "hyper-fertility" in which
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A very common stereotype, as well as mentality, is that all Hispanic/Latino individuals have the same ethnic background, race and culture, when in reality there are numerous subgroups with unique identities. Americans tend to explain all of Latin America in terms of the nationalities or countries
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Contrary to the belief that Hispanics are "lazy", a study by Andrew J. Fuligni has shown that "students from ethnic minority backgrounds often have higher levels of motivation than their equally achieving peers from "pan-white" backgrounds.... Latin American and Asian families have significantly
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episodes in 2007 discussed illegal immigration and Glenn Beck discussed illegal immigration in 28% of his year 2007 programs. As a result of popular shows labeling Hispanics as "illegal immigrants" and often portraying Hispanics in a negative light, the programs gave anti-immigration activists a
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According to Arias and Hellmueller, the news media portrayed Hispanics as the enemy, consistently labeling them as illegal immigrants and violent criminals without statistics or facts to support their claims. A 2002 study conducted by Chiricos and Escholz examined race and news media content and
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Adolescence makes teenagers come face to face with deeply-rooted social issues, and the challenges they face can be daunting. For young Latinas in particular, the societal and emotional issues that they must come to terms with can be complicated. These issues can be complicated because they are
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There are two conflicting common stereotypes in accordance with employment that male Hispanic/Latinos tend to fall into a manual labor worker or an unemployed/lazy citizen. Many Hispanic/Latino Americans have equally as much education and skill level but are seen as "hard labor workers" such as
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Hispanic youth have a more difficult time establishing a positive school identity because of the negative academic stereotypes regarding their racial-ethnic group. The academic stereotypes, which negatively affect the academic performance of Latinos, focus on inability, laziness, and a lack of
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Ethnic-minority students, who are in the lower-income bracket, are more likely to attend schools that are overcrowded, dangerous and limited in the opportunities offered for advanced coursework with experienced teachers. Because of the inequalities in education, the graduation rate for Latino
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In attempt to verify the accuracy of stereotypes held against Latinos, studies conducted at Harvard and Michigan showed that undocumented and foreign-born immigrants were far less likely to commit acts of deviance, crime, drunk driving, or any kind of action that may jeopardize US citizens'
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Stereotypical representation of Hispanic and Latino characters are typically negatively presented and attack the entire ethnic group's morality, work ethic, intelligence or dignity. Even in non-fiction media, such as news outlets, Hispanics are usually reported on in crime, immigration, or
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495:, Vergara portrays Gloria Delgado-Pritchett, a "trophy wife" often seen in provocative clothing and high heeled shoes. She often has trouble pronouncing English words and speaks with a heavy accent. Among the contemporary depictions accused of promoting the "Latina bombshell" include
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Instead of focusing on positive attributes related to Hispanics and Latinos, Arias and Hellmueller wrote that news media content focused mainly on stereotypes and misjudgments when they addressed the population. As a result, news media programs helped build a "semantic meaning of the
380:, drug users, dangerous and violent, Hispanics are subjected to much stereotyping in the United States in relation to crime, especially by their white counterparts. However, contrary to popular belief, Hispanic immigrants commit crime at lower rates than the general population.
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the earnings of the other two groups." Hispanics are not "taking away" jobs that non-Hispanic groups want. The blue-collar jobs Hispanics obtain are low paying and have few fringe benefits, leading to little or no health insurance coverage.
341:"This discourse consists of promoting the idea that crime and undocumented immigrants, and the costs of illegal immigration in social services and taxes directly result from the increase of Hispanics-and-Latinos in the United States."
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there is a concern that the hypothetical fertility and birthing rates of Latinas is much more than that of non-Hispanic white women, adding to the threat of the Latino presence in the United States (Gutiérrez 2008; Chavez 2004).
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higher values of academic success and a stronger belief in the utility of education." The high level of motivation comes from Hispanics having a greater sense of obligation to support, assist, and respect the family.
328:"Research shows that on English-language news media networks, during the 1990s, negative attitudes started to arise against Hispanics-and-Latinos. This began after voters approved California Proposition 187 in 1994."
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Between 2001 and 2010, the Hispanic population increased significantly in the United States, marking Hispanics as the largest minority in California. The news media began negatively framing Hispanics as criminals,
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Correa found that both Hispanic Americans have been underrepresented in news media and that their limited portrayal have been depicted as a burden on contemporary American society. The 2016 election of President
491:, but examples date back to the 1920s and 1930s with "Dolores del Río playing the exotic and passionate lover of the 1920s, and Carmen Miranda playing sexy and bombshell characters in the 1930s and 1940s." In
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A study by Suárez-Orozco and Suárez-Orozco (2001) has shown that the internalization of perceived stigmatized identity of Hispanics can lead to resigned helplessness, self-defeating behavior, and depression.
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that it is difficult to learn a second language as an adult. Another reason is that finding time to learn a new language while struggling to financially support and spend time with family may be impossible.
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Warner, Judith Ann (Winter 2005–2006). "The Social Construction of the Criminal Alien in Immigration Law, Enforcement Practice and Statistical Enumeration: Consequences for Immigrant Stereotyping".
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most of the gang enforcement police stops are based on racial profiling. These stops involve no reasonable suspicion of criminal activity and oftentimes include non-gang members.
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brought the issue to the forefront of American news, and issues relating specifically to immigration perpetuated stereotypes of Hispanic and Latino Americans as criminals.
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Wang, Yu; Li, Yuncheng; Luo, Jiebo (2016-03-09). "Deciphering the 2016 U.S. Presidential Campaign in the Twitter Sphere: A Comparison of the Trumpists and Clintonists".
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I. Vasquez-Tokos II. Norton-Smith, I. Jessica II. Kathryn (June 2016). "Talking back to controlling images: Latinos' changing responses to racism over the life course".
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Gonzales, Patricia M.; Blanton, Hart; Williams, Kevin J. (2002). "The Effects of Stereotype Threat and Double-Minority Status on the Test Performance of Latino Women".
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Fischer, Mary J. (2010). "A longitudinal examination of the role of stereotype threat and racial climate on college outcomes for minorities at elite institutions".
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Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance.
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Rivadeneyra, Rocío; Ward, L. Monique; Gordon, Maya (April 2007). "Distorted Reflections: Media Exposure and Latino Adolescents' Conceptions of Self".
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Rivadeneyra, Rocío; Ward, L. Monique; Gordon, Maya (April 2007). "Distorted Reflections: Media Exposure and Latino Adolescents' Conceptions of Self".
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Rivadeneyra, Rocío; Ward, L. Monique; Gordon, Maya (April 2007). "Distorted Reflections: Media Exposure and Latino Adolescents' Conceptions of Self".
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Latino male stereotypes are drug dealer, Latin lover, greaser and bandito. Latinos males are also stereotyped as hypersexual, aggressive and "macho".
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Mastro, Dana; Behm-Morawitz, Elizabeth; Otriz, Michelle (April 2007). "The Cultivation of Social Perceptions of Latinos: A Mental Models Approach".
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well-being. In addition, the study found that the incarceration rate of foreign-born citizens is five times less the rate of native-born citizens.
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Macrae, C. Neil; Milne, Alan B.; Bodenhausen, Galen V. (1994-01-01). "Stereotypes as energy-saving devices: A peek inside the cognitive toolbox".
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Qingwen, Dong; Murillo, Arthur Phillip (Spring 2007). "The Impact of Television Viewing on Young Adults' Stereotypes Towards Hispanic Americans".
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Qingwen, Dong; Murillo, Arthur Phillip (Spring 2007). "The Impact of Television Viewing on Young Adults' Stereotypes Towards Hispanic Americans".
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Gilly, Mary C. (1988-01-01). "Sex Roles in Advertising: A Comparison of Television Advertisements in Australia, Mexico, and the United States".
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Weber, Silvana (July 2015). "Stereotype threat and the cognitive performance of adolescent immigrants: The role of cultural identity strength".
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more likely to identify as Latino or Latino American than simply American because they feel they are not treated as "real" Americans.
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Correa, Teresa (2010). "Framing Latinas: Hispanic women through the lenses of Spanish-language and English-language news media".
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Abraham, Linus; Appiah, Osei (2006-09-01). "Framing News Stories: The Role of Visual Imagery in Priming Racial Stereotypes".
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Findings from an experimental study of college-bound Hispanic students showed that when Hispanic students were faced with
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The "latin lover" stereotype is a Hispanic male who is seen as sexually sophisticated and is a threat to white women.
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Chaves, Leo. 'The Latino Threat: Constructing Immigrants, Citizens, and the Nation. 2013, Stanford University Press.
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Contesting Stereotypes and Creating Identities: Social Categories, Social Identities, and Educational Participation
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Mastro, Dana E.; Behm-Morawitz, Elizabeth (March 2005). "Latino Representation on Primetime Television".
799:"Who "They" Are Matters: Researchers Assess Immigrant Stereotypes and Views on The Impact of Immigration"
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Framing Latinas: Hispanic women through the lenses of Spanish-language and English-language news media
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According to several scholars, the stereotypes of Hispanics are similar to the ones associated with
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Mastro, Dana E.; Behm-Morawitz, Elizabeth (2005). "Latino Representation on Primetime Television".
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The U.S. Census Bureau excludes Brazilian Americans from the "Hispanic or Latino" category.
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popular programming and in the entertainment industry as a whole. Recent examples include
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Adriana M. Manago, Christia Spears Brown, and Campbell Leaper (Nov. 2009).
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by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the
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Hispanic-and-Latino identity as a metonym for illegal immigration."
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Stereotypes of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States
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students is substantially below the rate for white students.
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from 1961 depicting stereotypical negative caricatures of
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1898:. This blog serves as a constantly updated resource for
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892:White, Abbey; Chik, Kalai (August 31, 2021).
859:Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly
8:
1594:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1155:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
745:. Peabodt Museum Archives. pp. 156–211.
1767:Feminist Identity Among Latina Adolescents.
1262:Journal of Social and Ecological Boundaries
75:promotes the subject in a subjective manner
52:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2232:
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1969:
1955:
1947:
1824:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
1632:
765:Studies in Latin American Popular Culture
758:
756:
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225:Learn how and when to remove this message
207:Learn how and when to remove this message
97:Learn how and when to remove this message
453:Stereotypes of Hispanic and Latina women
236:
2609:
1942:American Archive of Public Broadcasting
1933:American Archive of Public Broadcasting
1276:"Definition of ILLEGAL ALIEN/IMMIGRANT"
718:
1148:
458:Entertainment and marketing industries
384:Stereotypes of Hispanic and Latino men
1998:Asian and Pacific Islander Americans
1736:
1734:
1732:
1706:
1704:
1255:
1253:
906:from the original on August 31, 2021.
7:
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2029:Native Americans and Alaskan Natives
1913:: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria" by
1789:Journal of Hispanic Higher Education
1181:from the original on January 4, 2022
656:Hispanic and Latino Americans portal
419:Hard-labor worker or uneducated/lazy
1896:GalleryBlog on Latina/o Stereotypes
1711:Cafferty, Pastora San Juan (1985).
1301:Contemporary Educational Psychology
1125:Santiago, Arias; Hellmueller, Lea.
72:This section contains wording that
77:without imparting real information
14:
1521:Reichard, Raquel (June 2, 2014).
470:Fiery Latina and the hot señorita
279:Portrayal in films and television
33:This article has multiple issues.
2634:
2625:
2624:
2582:Stereotypes in the United States
1978:Stereotypes in the United States
1551:Howard Journal of Communications
648:
161:
113:
63:
22:
599:Trouble establishing identities
376:. Often characterized as being
41:or discuss these issues on the
2019:Hispanics and Latino Americans
1859:Social Psychology of Education
1770:Journal of Adolescent Research
1313:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2015.05.001
726:Ramirez Berg, Charles (2002).
401:"Illegal alien"/ "job stealer"
1:
2592:In the United States Congress
2144:Hispanic and Latino Americans
1340:10.1080/01419870.2016.1201583
360:platform for discrimination.
1242:Morales, Eric Cesar (2014).
730:. University of Texas Press.
293:Stereotypical representation
269:Hispanic and Latino ancestry
1994:African and Black Americans
1911:The Myth of the Latin Woman
1743:Racial and Ethnic Relations
1685:Spanish Speakers in the USA
1655:Fuligni, Andrew J. (2007).
1131:Loyola Marymount University
684:Colombia in popular culture
322:Loyola Marymount University
187:the claims made and adding
2687:
1429:10.1177/107769900508200108
871:10.1177/107769900508200108
473:
442:
2605:
2150:
1904:University of Texas Press
1871:10.1007/s11218-009-9105-3
1683:Fuller, Janet M. (2013).
1606:10.1037/0022-3514.66.1.37
1563:10.1080/10646170600829584
1486:"Latino USA: Stereotyped"
1328:Ethnic and Racial Studies
1089:10.1080/15213260701285926
1027:10.1007/s11199-016-0692-0
988:10.1080/15213260701285926
950:10.1080/15213260701286106
836:10.1080/15213260701285926
531:Orange County, California
311:Stereotypes in news media
128:toward certain viewpoints
1836:10.1177/0146167202288010
1801:10.1177/1538192714531292
1394:10.1177/1464884910367597
604:interest and curiosity.
1741:Feagin, Joe R. (2012).
1280:www.merriam-webster.com
576:Job-stealing stereotype
352:
343:
330:
302:Resulting perspectives
284:Lack of representation
261:
2043:Regional & social
1986:Ethnic & national
474:Further information:
348:
339:
326:
240:
2193:Creoles of Louisiana
1452:Journal of Marketing
625:Academic performance
2597:Women in journalism
2160:Hispanic and Latino
1504:"Latina bombshells"
1175:Library of Congress
1058:Human Communication
919:Human Communication
585:Criminal stereotype
368:Hispanics and crime
134:improve the article
2014:European Americans
1915:Judith Ortiz Cofer
1137:on August 11, 2018
616:Mental instability
433:Latino masculinity
410:Homogeneous origin
318:illegal immigrants
262:
172:possibly contains
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2097:White Southerners
2034:Arabs and Muslims
1510:. March 23, 2016.
1508:Houston Chronicle
1492:. March 18, 2016.
777:10.7560/SLAPC3205
679:Stereotype threat
631:stereotype threat
517:'s music videos.
374:African-Americans
247:Edmund S. Valtman
243:political cartoon
235:
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174:original research
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2566:Washington, D.C.
2444:Religious groups
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1077:Media Psychology
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521:Fertility threat
485:'s character on
378:drug traffickers
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2587:In politics
2276:Costa Rican
2102:White Trash
2060:Poor Whites
2002:East Asians
635:stereotypes
501:Naya Rivera
445:Latin lover
197:August 2017
146:August 2017
87:August 2017
2655:Categories
2529:New Mexico
2524:New Jersey
2482:California
2451:Christians
2366:Venezuelan
2351:Paraguayan
2346:Ecuadorian
2301:Salvadoran
2296:Panamanian
2291:Nicaraguan
2281:Guatemalan
2205:Floridanos
2188:Californio
1900:Tex(t)-Mex
1634:1603.03097
1382:Journalism
1285:2017-04-23
1083:(2): 264.
982:(2): 263.
944:(2): 348.
865:(1): 111.
830:(2): 262.
808:2017-04-07
803:www.uc.edu
713:References
255:Brazilians
181:improve it
126:unbalanced
38:improve it
2487:San Diego
2470:By region
2361:Uruguayan
2341:Colombian
2331:Brazilian
2321:Argentine
2258:Nuyorican
2248:Dominican
2236:Caribbean
1879:145684645
1865:: 19–40.
1844:145288537
1809:146624705
1614:1939-1315
1579:143697191
1571:1064-6175
1402:145132698
1348:148285403
1307:: 71–81.
1043:151912583
1035:0360-0025
1015:Sex Roles
785:142377060
771:: 72–96.
697:Nuyorican
185:verifying
138:talk page
44:talk page
2630:Category
2542:Portland
2534:New York
2509:Maryland
2499:Colorado
2407:Galician
2397:Canarian
2387:Asturian
2375:European
2356:Peruvian
2326:Bolivian
2286:Honduran
2075:Rednecks
2065:Crackers
1772:750-776.
1437:36353391
1264:: 56–80.
1211:April 7,
1179:Archived
1151:cite web
1141:April 6,
1097:43910724
1064:(1): 35.
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958:33613780
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904:Archived
879:36353391
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642:See also
428:Machismo
2640:Commons
2554:Houston
2538:Oregon
2504:Florida
2477:Arizona
2461:Muslims
2402:Catalan
2382:Spanish
2336:Chilean
2215:Chicano
2210:Mexican
2070:Redlegs
2055:Cowboys
1472:1251266
1206:Electra
899:Insider
693:Tejanos
689:Chicano
594:Impacts
511:Shakira
499:image,
179:Please
132:Please
124:may be
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509:, and
251:Cubans
2575:Other
2549:Texas
2435:White
2430:Black
2425:Asian
2243:Cuban
2155:Index
1875:S2CID
1840:S2CID
1805:S2CID
1629:arXiv
1575:S2CID
1468:JSTOR
1433:S2CID
1398:S2CID
1344:S2CID
1093:S2CID
1039:S2CID
992:S2CID
954:S2CID
875:S2CID
840:S2CID
781:S2CID
392:Cholo
2561:Utah
2456:Jews
2024:Jews
1902:, a
1747:ISBN
1717:ISBN
1689:ISBN
1661:ISBN
1610:ISSN
1567:ISSN
1213:2017
1187:2022
1157:link
1143:2017
1031:ISSN
695:and
513:and
506:Glee
1867:doi
1832:doi
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1602:doi
1559:doi
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1490:NPR
1460:doi
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