175:
Heat treatment not only increases the length of flakes that can be removed from about a half-inch to 2 inches but makes them thinner, and sharper as they can remove flakes at angles nearly parallel to the stone's surface. Heat treatment allows greater precision of fracture due to increasing the
182:
Kyle Brown, one of the scientists responsible for this research has been quoted as making a link with the existence of language: "These people were extremely smart ... I don't think you could have passed down these skills from generation to generation without language."
207:, located in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa has been linked to the Still Bay Industry, this based on comparison to the recent descriptions of Blombos Cave and Sibudu Cave. Serrated pieces are found at this site as well, potentially older or a regional variation.
242:
Jacobs, Z; Roberts, RG; Galbraith, RF; Deacon, HJ; Grün, R; Mackay, A; Mitchell, P; Vogelsang, R; Wadley, L (2008). "Ages for the Middle Stone Age of southern Africa: implications for human behavior and dispersal".
131:
Sampson in 1974 questioned its existence on the grounds that sites were not properly described and they lacked stratigraphic integrity
However, more recent work from sites such as
405:
Brown, KS; Marean, CW; Herries, AI; Jacobs, Z; Tribolo, C; Braun, D; Roberts, DL; Meyer, MC; Bernatchez, J (2009). "Fire As an
Engineering Tool of Early Modern Humans".
203:
and Hollow Rock
Shelter, establishing a wider geographic range to an industry that was once thought to be limited to the western areas of South Africa. Another site,
384:
191:
A paper announcing the Still Bay
Industry was published on January 5, 2007. This paper details the history of excavations at the site of
172:
confirmed that all stones analysed (limited to 26 in number due this being a destructive process) had been heated to this temperature.
581:
485:
165:
179:
This research identifies this not only with
Stillbay sites dated to 72,000 BP but ones that could be as old as 164,000 BP.
297:
Grine, FE; Henshilwood, CS (2002). "Additional human remains from
Blombos Cave, South Africa: (1999-2000 excavations)".
128:
of these date to more than 4 to 5 ky. However, available data are consistent with a duration of less than 1 ky.
204:
91:
252:
538:
537:
Lombard, Marlize; Wadley, Lyn; Jacobs, Zenobia; Mohapi, Moleboheng; Roberts, Richard G. (2010-07-01).
499:
257:
125:
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to increase its workability. Experiments involved slowly heating silcrete stones to ~350 °C.
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519:
467:
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380:
349:
314:
270:
550:
511:
459:
422:
414:
376:
369:
341:
306:
262:
99:
20:
287:
Sampson GS. (1974). The Stone Age
Archaeology of Southern Africa. Academic Press, New York.
539:"Still Bay and serrated points from Umhlatuzana Rock Shelter, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa"
196:
64:
45:
28:
575:
149:
200:
132:
117:
types. In addition to
Acheulian stone tools, bone and antler picks were also used.
110:
332:
Wadley, L (2007). "Announcing a Still Bay industry at Sibudu Cave, South Africa".
515:
345:
223:
Goodwin, AJH; van Riet Lowe, C (1929). "The Stone Age cultures of South Africa".
192:
136:
95:
554:
143:
102:
75:
562:
523:
463:
418:
266:
121:
114:
471:
436:
353:
318:
310:
274:
161:
106:
427:
195:, linking the levels of artifacts found beneath the higher level, the
113:
where it was first described. It may have developed from the earlier
164:
stone out of which they made their stone tools with preheating in
152:
has within its many ages of tools, some of the
Stillbay variety.
375:(5th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp.
500:"Announcing a Still Bay industry at Sibudu Cave, South Africa"
160:
Researchers have concluded that
Stillbay people prepared the
124:
and 71.0 ka. At present, too few data exist to limit the 95%
98:
A. J. H. Goodwin and C. van Riet Lowe in 1929, and is a
176:
uniformity of the stone's fracture response when hit.
486:Earliest fired knives improved stone age tool kit.
368:
450:Webb, J. Domanski M. (2009). "Fire and Stone".
8:
15:
426:
256:
120:Its start and end are calculated at 71.9
400:
398:
396:
215:
18:
105:manufacturing style after the site of
7:
199:, to sites in South Africa, such as
14:
543:Journal of Archaeological Science
74:Selected Stillbay sites from the
371:An Encyclopedia of World History
367:Langer, William L., ed. (1972).
142:It is broadly analogous to the
484:Callaway. E. (13 August 2009)
1:
516:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.01.002
346:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.01.002
109:(also called Still Bay) in
598:
504:Journal of Human Evolution
498:Wadley, Lyn (2007-06-01).
582:Middle Stone Age cultures
555:10.1016/j.jas.2010.02.015
139:attest to its existence.
205:Umhlatuzana Rock Shelter
197:Howiesons Poort Industry
464:10.1126/science.1178014
419:10.1126/science.1175028
267:10.1126/science.1162219
311:10.1006/jhev.2001.0525
488:New Scientist, online
78:(CC BY-SA 4.0 ROCEEH)
126:confidence intervals
50:Post-Howiesons Poort
187:Stone tool industry
146:culture in Europe.
170:Thermoluminescence
458:(5942): 820–821.
413:(5942): 859–862.
386:978-0-395-13592-1
70:
69:
589:
567:
566:
549:(7): 1773–1784.
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329:
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294:
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225:Ann. S. Afr. Mus
220:
100:Middle Stone Age
56:Final MSA phases
21:Middle Stone Age
16:
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296:
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258:10.1.1.469.1059
251:(5902): 733–5.
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222:
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217:
213:
189:
166:human made fire
158:
81:
80:
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65:Later Stone Age
46:Howiesons Poort
29:Early Stone Age
12:
11:
5:
595:
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568:
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510:(6): 681–689.
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442:
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305:(3): 293–302.
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156:Tools and fire
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96:archaeologists
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150:Olduvai Gorge
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94:was named by
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76:ROAD database
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37:Pre-Still Bay
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26:
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17:
546:
542:
532:
507:
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340:(6): 681–9.
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201:Blombos Cave
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133:Blombos Cave
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111:South Africa
88:
84:
82:
40:
428:11422/11102
193:Sibudu Cave
137:Sibudu Cave
334:J Hum Evol
299:J Hum Evol
211:References
144:Mousterian
103:stone tool
563:0305-4403
524:0047-2484
253:CiteSeerX
115:Acheulian
89:Still Bay
576:Category
472:19679799
437:19679810
354:17337038
319:11846532
275:18974351
231:: 1–289.
162:silcrete
107:Stilbaai
92:industry
85:Stillbay
41:Stillbay
452:Science
407:Science
245:Science
561:
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559:ISSN
520:ISSN
468:PMID
433:PMID
381:ISBN
350:PMID
315:PMID
271:PMID
135:and
83:The
53:Late
19:The
551:doi
512:doi
460:doi
456:325
423:hdl
415:doi
411:325
342:doi
307:doi
263:doi
249:322
87:or
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122:ka
63:↓
27:↑
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