835:
1406:
634:
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140:
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582:, as well. It is therefore important not to see the Acheulean as a neatly defined period or one that happened as part of a clear sequence but as one tool-making technique that flourished especially well in early prehistory. The enormous geographic spread of Acheulean techniques also makes the name unwieldy as it represents numerous regional variations on a similar theme. The term Acheulean does not represent a common
3819:
250:
36:
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242:
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1477:
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449:. He had found them in prehistoric lake deposits along with the bones of extinct animals and concluded that they were made by people "who had not the use of metals" and that they belonged to a "very ancient period indeed, even beyond the present world". His ideas were, however, ignored by his contemporaries, who subscribed to a pre-
1732:; the parts of the brain connected with fine control and movement are located in the same region that controls speech. The wider variety of tool types compared to earlier industries and their aesthetically as well as functionally pleasing form could indicate a higher intellectual level in Acheulean tool users than in earlier
1793:, which has placed greater emphasis on studying animal bones from archaeological sites, this view has changed. Many of the animals at these kill sites have been found to have been killed by other predator animals, so it is likely that humans of the period supplemented hunting with scavenging from already dead animals.
1774:, are sometimes cited as being some of the earliest examples of an aesthetic sensibility in human history. There are numerous other explanations put forward for the creation of these artefacts; however, evidence of human art did not become commonplace until around 50,000 years ago, after the emergence of modern
834:
573:
Relative dating techniques (based on a presumption that technology progresses over time) suggest that
Acheulean tools followed on from earlier, cruder tool-making methods, but there is considerable chronological overlap in early prehistoric stone-working industries, with evidence in some regions that
565:
From geological dating of sedimentary deposits, it appears that the
Acheulean originated in Africa and spread to Asian, Middle Eastern, and European areas sometime between 1.5 million years ago and about 800 thousand years ago. In individual regions, this dating can be considerably refined;
919:
Stone knapping with limited digital dexterity makes the center of mass the required direction of flake removal. Physics then dictates a circular or oval end pattern, similar to the handaxe, for a leftover core after flake production. This would explain the abundance, wide distribution, proximity to
806:
A hard hammerstone would first be used to rough out the shape of the tool from the stone by removing large flakes. These large flakes might be re-used to create tools. The tool maker would work around the circumference of the remaining stone core, removing smaller flakes alternately from each face.
682:
The Mode 2 Acheulean toolmakers also used the Mode 1 flake tool method but supplemented it by using bone, antler, or wood to shape stone tools. This type of hammer, compared to stone, yields more control over the shape of the finished tool. Unlike the earlier Mode 1 industries, it was the core that
1654:
and China, however, cast doubt on the reliability of Movius's distinction. Since then, a different division known as the Roe Line has been suggested. This runs across North Africa to Israel and thence to India, separating two different techniques used by
Acheulean toolmakers. North and east of the
864:
on
Acheulean tools suggests there was generally no specialization in the different types created and that they were multi-use implements. Functions included hacking wood from a tree, cutting animal carcasses as well as scraping and cutting hides when necessary. Some tools, however, could have been
911:
Recently, it has been suggested that the
Acheulean tool users adopted the handaxe as a social artifact, meaning that it embodied something beyond its function of a butchery or wood cutting tool. Knowing how to create and use these tools would have been a valuable skill and the more elaborate ones
671:. The resulting flake that broke off would have a natural sharp edge for cutting and could afterwards be sharpened further by striking another smaller flake from the edge if necessary (known as "retouch"). These early toolmakers may also have worked the stone they took the flake from (known as a
1854:
in France. The presence of the shelters is inferred from large rocks at the sites, which may have been used to weigh down the bottoms of tent-like structures or serve as foundations for huts or windbreaks. These stones may have been naturally deposited. In any case, a flimsy wood or animal skin
814:
Once the roughout shape was created, a further phase of flaking was undertaken to make the tool thinner. The thinning flakes were removed using a softer hammer, such as bone or antler. The softer hammer required more careful preparation of the striking platform and this would be abraded using a
3021:
Clark, J. Desmond; Beyene, Yonas; WoldeGabriel, Giday; Hart, William K.; Renne, Paul R.; Gilbert, Henry; Defleur, Alban; Suwa, Gen; Katoh, Shigehiro; Ludwig, Kenneth R.; Boisserie, Jean-Renaud; Asfaw, Berhane; White, Tim D. (June 2003). "Stratigraphic, chronological and behavioural contexts of
802:
Some smaller tools were made from large flakes that had been struck from stone cores. These flake tools and the distinctive waste flakes produced in
Acheulean tool manufacture suggest a more considered technique, one that required the toolmaker to think one or two steps ahead during work that
3225:
Cruz-Uribe, Kathryn; Klein, Richard G; Avery, Graham; Avery, Margaret; Halkett, David; Hart, Timothy; Milo, Richard G; Garth
Sampson, C; Volman, Thomas P (1 May 2003). "Excavation of buried Late Acheulean (Mid-Quaternary) land surfaces at Duinefontein 2, Western Cape Province, South Africa".
915:
One theory goes further and suggests that some special hand-axes were made and displayed by males in search of a mate, using a large, well-made hand-axe to demonstrate that they possessed sufficient strength and skill to pass on to their offspring. Once they had attracted a female at a group
822:. This was struck from the lateral edge of the hand-axe close to the intended cutting area, resulting in the removal of a flake running along (parallel to) the blade of the axe to create a neat and very sharp working edge. This distinctive tranchet flake can be identified amongst
1812:
claim that the site provides evidence of "advanced human behavior" half a million years earlier than has previously been estimated. Their report describes an
Acheulean layer at the site in which numerous stone tools, animal bones, and plant remains have been found.
916:
gathering, it is suggested that they would discard their axes, perhaps explaining why so many are found together. This popular sexual selection hypothesis is controversial due to the assumptions made about sexual selection among extinct organisms.
912:
suggest that they played a role in their owners' identity and their interactions with others. This would help explain the apparent over-sophistication of some examples which may represent a "historically accrued social significance".
838:
Acheulean hand-axe from Egypt. Found on a hill top plateau, 1400 feet above sea level, nine miles northwest of the city of Naqada, Egypt. Paleolithic artifact displayed in the Petrie Museum of
Egyptian Archaeology of
3260:
Scarre, 2005, chapter 3, p118 "However, objects whose artistic meaning is unequivocal become commonplace only after 50,000 years ago, when they are associated with the origins and spread of fully modern humans from
923:
Mimi Lam, a researcher from the
University of British Columbia, has suggested that Acheulean hand-axes became "the first commodity: A marketable good or service that has value and is used as an item for exchange."
2041:
2121:
Pappu, Shanti; Gunnell, Yanni; Akhilesh, Kumar; Braucher, Régis; Taieb, Maurice; Demory, François; Thouveny, Nicolas (25 March 2011). "Early Pleistocene Presence of Acheulian Hominins in South India".
1736:. Others argue that there is no correlation between spatial abilities in tool making and linguistic behaviour, and that language is not learned or conceived in the same manner as artefact manufacture.
2334:
Goren-Inbar, N.; Feibel, C. S.; Verosub, K. L.; Melamed, Y.; Kislev, M. E.; Tchernov, E.; Saragusti, I. (2000). "Pleistocene Milestones on the Out-of-Africa Corridor at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel".
709:'s division into Early Acheulean, Middle Acheulean, Late Middle Acheulean and Late Acheulean for material from Britain. These schemes are normally regional and their dating and interpretations vary.
799:
could be exploited. In all cases the toolmakers worked their handaxes close to the source of their raw materials, suggesting that the Acheulean was a set of skills passed between individual groups.
712:
In Africa, there is a distinct difference in the tools made before and after 600,000 years ago with the older group being thicker and less symmetric and the younger being more extensively trimmed.
1789:
where animals would gather to drink, were interpreted as being where Acheulean tool users killed game, butchered their carcasses, and then discarded the tools they had used. Since the advent of
683:
was prized over the flakes that came from it. Another advance was that the Mode 2 tools were worked symmetrically and on both sides indicating greater care in the production of the final tool.
527:
of deposits containing volcanic ashes. Acheulean tools in South Asia have also been found to be dated as far as 1.5 million years ago. However, in 2003 examples of the Acheulean from the
2216:
Lepre, Christopher J.; Roche, HĂ©lĂšne; Kent, Dennis V.; Harmand, Sonia; Quinn, Rhonda L.; Brugal, Jean-Philippe; Texier, Pierre-Jean; Lenoble, Arnaud; Feibel, Craig S. (September 2011).
609:
and it is almost certain that the Acheulean developed from this older industry. These industries are known as the Developed Oldowan and are almost certainly transitional between the
507:
Providing calendrical dates and ordered chronological sequences in the study of early stone tool manufacture is often accomplished through one or more geological techniques, such as
520:
3599:
644:
In the four divisions of prehistoric stone-working, Acheulean artefacts are classified as Mode 2, meaning they are more advanced than the (usually earlier) Mode 1 tools of the
2068:
Asfaw, Berhane; Beyene, Yonas; Suwa, Gen; Walter, Robert C.; White, Tim D.; WoldeGabriel, Giday; Yemane, Tesfaye (December 1992). "The earliest Acheulean from Konso-Gardula".
1658:
2435:
Ashton, Nick; McNabb, John; Irving, Brian; Lewis, Simon; Parfitt, Simon (2 January 2015). "Contemporaneity of Clactonian and Acheulian flint industries at Barnham, Suffolk".
539:
to about 1.76 million years ago, and in 2023 finds from Ethiopia were reported dating to 1.95 million years ago. The earliest user of Acheulean tools may have been
818:
Final shaping was then applied to the usable cutting edge of the tool, again using fine removal of flakes. Some Acheulean tools were sharpened instead by the removal of a
620:
technologies in multiple continental regions and ended over 100,000 years apart â in Africa and the Near East: 175â166âkya, in Europe: 141â130âkya and in Asia: 57â53âkya.
1655:
Roe Line, Acheulean hand-axes were made directly from large stone nodules and cores; while, to the south and west, they were made from flakes struck from these nodules.
566:
in Europe for example, it was thought that Acheulean methods did not reach the continent until around 500,000 years ago. However, more recent research demonstrated that
4368:
3073:
Isaac, Glynn L. (October 1976). "Stages of Cultural Elaboration in the Pleistocene: Possible Archaeological Indicators of the Development of Language Capabilities".
6126:
5867:
5463:
3307:
1834:
Only limited artefactual evidence survives of the users of Acheulean tools other than the stone tools themselves. Cave sites were exploited for habitation, but the
1540:
3271:...the most conservative conclusion today is that Acheulean people and their contemporaries definitely hunted big animals, though their success rate is not clear
3182:
Tryon, Christian A.; McBrearty, Sally (January 2002). "Tephrostratigraphy and the Acheulian to Middle Stone Age transition in the Kapthurin Formation, Kenya".
461:
6082:
5591:
2174:
Roche, HĂ©lĂšne; Brugal, Jean-Philip; Delagnes, Anne; Feibel, Craig; Harmand, Sonia; Kibunjia, Mzalendo; Prat, Sandrine; Texier, Pierre-Jean (December 2003).
4187:
480:
in northern France. Again, his theories attributing great antiquity to the finds were spurned by his colleagues, until one of de Perthes' main opponents,
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1405:
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which is not thought to have been colonized by hominids until later. It is thought that from Africa their use spread north and east to Asia: from
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811:
for the removal of the next. Misjudged blows or flaws in the material used could cause problems, but a skilled toolmaker could overcome them.
6243:
3534:
3513:
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2643:
1650:
across northern India to show where the traditions seemed to diverge. Later finds of Acheulean tools at Chongokni in South Korea and also in
1388:
4361:
2906:
Todd, Lawrence; Glantz, Michelle; Kappelman, John (2 January 2015). "Chilga Kernet: an Acheulean landscape on Ethiopia's western plateau".
392:(also known as "Epi-Acheulean") is included, it may be taken to last until as late as 130,000 years ago. In Europe and Western Asia, early
1638:
Until the 1980s, it was thought that the humans who arrived in East Asia abandoned the hand-axe technology of their ancestors and adopted
3934:
3585:
2750:, in K.R. Gibson & T. Ingold (ed.), Tools, language and cognition in human evolution: 230â50. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
545:, who first appeared about 1.8 million years ago (not all researchers use this formal name, and instead prefer to call these users
2659:
Paddayya, K.; Jhaldiyal, Richa; Petraglia, M.D. (2 January 2015). "Excavation of an Acheulian workshop at Isampur, Karnataka (India)".
2599:
Stout, Dietrich; Apel, Jan; Commander, Julia; Roberts, Mark (January 2014). "Late Acheulean technology and cognition at Boxgrove, UK".
1808:
of northern Israel, have revealed evidence of human habitation in the area from as early as 750,000 years ago. Archaeologists from the
1198:
492:
437:
is generally credited as being the first to suggest a very ancient date for Acheulean hand-axes. In 1797, he sent two examples to the
3661:
6233:
5492:
4398:
3384:
3359:
3334:
1847:
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119:
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remains. It is thought that Acheulean technologies first developed about 2 million years ago, derived from the more primitive
2497:"Modelling the end of the Acheulean at global and continental levels suggests widespread persistence into the Middle Palaeolithic"
1554:
The geographic distribution of Acheulean tools â and thus the peoples who made them â is often interpreted as being the result of
5586:
4325:
2176:"Les sites archĂ©ologiques plio-plĂ©istocĂšnes de la formation de Nachukui, Ouest-Turkana, Kenya : bilan synthĂ©tique 1997â2001"
1755:
1345:
6111:
5502:
4540:
4354:
4238:
4222:
1809:
57:
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industries but lacking the sophistication of the (usually later) Mode 3 Middle Palaeolithic technology, exemplified by the
5724:
5254:
4514:
4264:
5719:
5259:
4732:
4274:
4009:
100:
2697:
in Ullrich, H (ed.), Hominid evolution: lifestyles and survival strategies, pp 396â409, Gelsenkirchen: Edition Archaea.
694:
industry. Transitional tool forms between the two are called Mousterian of Acheulean Tradition, or MTA types. The long
481:
4685:
4330:
4212:
4207:
4142:
72:
4582:
633:
6228:
5987:
5788:
4335:
3944:
3818:
3403:, in After the Australopithecines, Butzer, KW and Issac, G Ll. (eds) 745â808. The Hague:Mouton, qtd in Scarre, 2005
3146:, in The Human Revolution (P Mellars and C Stringer eds) Edinburgh University Press, qtd in Renfrew and Bahn, 1991.
877:
484:, began finding more tools near Saint Acheul. Following visits to both Abbeville and Saint Acheul by the geologist
53:
2763:, in N. Ashton, F. Healey & P.Pettitt (ed.), Stone Age archaeology: 105â9. Oxford: Oxbow Books. Monograph 102.
1671:
For further details of the known environment and people during the time when Acheulean tools were being made, see
46:
5699:
5608:
4019:
3834:
1381:
1111:
1023:
229:
79:
705:
As the period of Acheulean tool use is so vast, efforts have been made to classify various stages of it such as
5982:
5074:
4619:
3974:
3616:
1695:
736:
594:
2773:
White, Mark J. (18 February 2014). "On the Significance of Acheulean Biface Variability in Southern Britain".
2054:
1728:
The symmetry of the hand-axes has been used to suggest that Acheulean tool users possessed the ability to use
724:
is that the stone was worked symmetrically and on both sides. For the latter reason, handaxes are, along with
2716:
O'Brien, Eileen M. (February 1981). "The Projectile Capabilities of an Acheulian Handaxe From Olorgesailie".
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6009:
5181:
4948:
4767:
4700:
4432:
4284:
4217:
4111:
3964:
3882:
3877:
2748:
The unitary hypothesis: a common neural circuitry for novel manipulations, language, plan-ahead and throwing
1936:
338:
876:
where hundreds of hand-axes, many impractically large and also apparently unused, have been found in close
586:
in the modern sense, rather it is a basic method for making stone tools that was shared across much of the
86:
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4983:
4822:
4459:
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4377:
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4167:
3926:
2470:
1797:
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tools instead. An apparent division between Acheulean and non-Acheulean tool industries was identified by
1623:
Areas further north did not see human occupation until much later, due to glaciation. In Athirampakkam at
893:
512:
5129:
3144:
The implications of stone tool types for the presenceof language during the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic
908:
have produced evidence that suggests Acheulean hand-axes might not always have had a functional purpose.
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5736:
5429:
5355:
5124:
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1827:
was discovered in the fifth layer (so-called Acheulean layer) of the cave. Specialists named this type "
1740:
1639:
1515:
1338:
1160:
1142:
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424:
413:
368:
era across Africa and much of West Asia, South Asia, East Asia and Europe, and are typically found with
334:
185:
3557:
4192:
68:
6143:
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6116:
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2231:
2217:
2190:
2132:
2079:
1982:
1786:
1703:
1374:
357:
616:
Regionally subdivided end times of the Acheulean show that it persisted long after the diffusion of
574:
Acheulean tool-using groups were contemporary with other, less sophisticated industries such as the
6182:
5793:
5652:
5485:
5018:
4891:
4772:
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4289:
4197:
4172:
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1717:
1258:
1136:
873:
687:
617:
536:
516:
233:
2941:
Biglari, Fereidoun; Shidrang, Sonia (September 2006). "The Lower Paleolithic Occupation of Iran".
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6133:
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5751:
5146:
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4629:
4279:
4248:
4147:
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2923:
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2255:
2175:
2156:
2103:
2006:
1886:
1801:
1676:
1270:
1179:
1039:
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is most often associated with the tools but its use is concentrated in Western Europe; in Africa
732:
worked tools that could be manufactured from the large flakes themselves or from prepared cores.
699:
524:
508:
421:
385:
365:
1192:
2844:
1867:
from Africa. Conclusive evidence of mastery over it this early is, however, difficult to find.
751:, and segmental chopping tools. Materials used were determined by available local stone types;
6175:
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6155:
6104:
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4814:
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165:
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3199:
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also possibly built shelters such as those identified in connection with Acheulean tools at
1835:
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1483:
1325:
1166:
1117:
756:
485:
428:
287:
1785:
in England is another famous Acheulean site. Up until the 1970s these kill sites, often at
679:
although there is some debate over whether these items were tools or just discarded cores.
6192:
6051:
6021:
5783:
5711:
5689:
5647:
5542:
5512:
5377:
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4014:
4004:
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3969:
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3891:
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3401:
Cultural evolution in France in its palaeoecological setting during the middle Pleistocene
3308:"HU: Evidence of advanced human life half a million years earlier than previously thought"
3289:
1613:
1577:
1567:
1252:
1148:
454:
274:
2808:
Kohn, Marek; Mithen, Steven (2 January 2015). "Handaxes: products of sexual selection?".
2471:"Neanderthal and early modern human stone tool culture co-existed for over 100,000 years"
1592:
Acheulean stone tools have been found across the continent of Africa, save for the dense
3239:
3195:
3086:
3035:
2612:
2397:
2349:
2235:
2194:
2136:
2083:
1986:
1823:
is another site where Acheulean tools were found. In 1968, a lower jaw of a new type of
6160:
6087:
5909:
5874:
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5274:
4859:
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4651:
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3094:
1790:
1451:
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1307:
1296:
1216:
948:
823:
819:
803:
necessitated a clear sequence of steps to create perhaps several tools in one sitting.
725:
145:
93:
3564:
3247:
6217:
6046:
6031:
5977:
5852:
5840:
5756:
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5507:
5468:
5456:
5444:
5156:
5067:
4996:
4737:
4680:
4658:
4567:
4499:
4494:
4472:
3896:
3744:
3651:
3480:
2962:
2927:
2829:
2794:
2737:
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2421:
2160:
2010:
1891:
1684:
1617:
1571:
1351:
1313:
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901:
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541:
523:
of Ethiopia, Acheulean hand-axes are dated to about 1.5 million years ago using
469:
438:
3569:
3102:
1711:) used it extensively. Late Acheulean tools were still used by species derived from
5965:
5921:
5902:
5857:
5729:
5657:
5581:
5403:
5338:
5333:
5289:
4916:
4798:
4762:
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4484:
3901:
3714:
3646:
3059:
2259:
2107:
1901:
1839:
1771:
1767:
1739:
Lower Palaeolithic finds made in association with Acheulean hand-axes, such as the
1690:
1672:
1545:
1499:
889:
760:
747:
hand-axes (referring to the shapes of the final tool), cleavers, retouched flakes,
695:
676:
602:
558:
548:
528:
393:
380:
370:
351:
270:
6014:
3129:
686:
Mode 3 technology emerged towards the end of Acheulean dominance and involved the
556:
was the only maker of early Acheulean tools, since other hominin species, such as
2382:
Scott, Gary R.; Gibert, Luis (September 2009). "The oldest hand-axes in Europe".
2357:
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5994:
5950:
5945:
5897:
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5771:
5672:
5517:
5439:
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5013:
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3608:
3282:
2287:"Variation among early Homo crania from Olduvai Gorge and the Koobi Fora region"
1911:
1828:
1805:
1722:
1647:
1632:
1597:
1435:
1246:
1204:
936:
854:), making them much more efficient than the 5-centimetre (2 in) average of
672:
668:
653:
606:
473:
249:
35:
2513:
2496:
2202:
241:
139:
6148:
6041:
5999:
5815:
5778:
5741:
5224:
5136:
5001:
4963:
4864:
4837:
4757:
4670:
4587:
4555:
4509:
4420:
4388:
3852:
3847:
3461:
A Very Remote Period Indeed. Papers on the Palaeolithic presented to Derek Roe
2919:
2821:
2786:
2672:
2620:
2574:
Lower Palaeolithic Archaeology in Britain: as represented by the Thames Valley
2448:
2037:
1820:
1816:
1628:
1593:
1563:
1531:
1467:
1364:
1222:
1186:
1059:
1017:
847:
772:
706:
691:
664:
657:
645:
579:
575:
434:
397:
342:
261:
209:
205:
3327:
The Early Slavs: Eastern Europe from the Initial Settlement to the Kievan Rus
2522:
2312:
1698:
are almost exclusively Acheulean, who used the technique. Later, the related
464:, working between 1836 and 1846, collected further examples of hand-axes and
6056:
5955:
5847:
5825:
5810:
5625:
5408:
5393:
5318:
5301:
5219:
5104:
5035:
5030:
4953:
4720:
4646:
4413:
4403:
4157:
3729:
3666:
2304:
2144:
1994:
1906:
1824:
1763:
1612:
and Pakistan, and into India, and beyond. In Europe their users reached the
1290:
1234:
1210:
1071:
868:
Alternative theories include a use for ovate hand-axes as a kind of hunting
796:
784:
776:
587:
477:
450:
409:
213:
180:
3211:
3203:
3051:
2873:
2845:"The Case Against Sexual Selection as an Explanation of Handaxe Morphology"
2413:
2365:
2251:
2152:
2002:
3552:
2996:
The Palaeolithic industries of Korea: chronology and related new findspots
2320:
2099:
846:
calculated that Acheulean tools have an average useful cutting edge of 20
5830:
5766:
5571:
5311:
5306:
5214:
5089:
4911:
4874:
4854:
4346:
4294:
3949:
3872:
3867:
3774:
3759:
3754:
3709:
2563:, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 58, pp21â28, qtd in Butler, 2005
1876:
1782:
1748:
1733:
1729:
1651:
1601:
1331:
1319:
1172:
1130:
944:
897:
885:
780:
764:
721:
567:
346:
17:
3043:
2954:
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2243:
5892:
5798:
5684:
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5618:
5398:
5204:
5114:
4968:
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4827:
4690:
4609:
4562:
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4051:
3779:
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3734:
3724:
1896:
1864:
1699:
1624:
1559:
1264:
1154:
1077:
1065:
1011:
993:
987:
855:
807:
The scar created by the removal of the preceding flake would provide a
649:
610:
598:
583:
446:
389:
375:
225:
221:
217:
195:
3577:
1971:
lived at high altitudes and produced both Oldowan and Acheulean tools"
920:
source, consistent shape, and lack of actual use, of these artifacts.
257:. The types shown are (clockwise from top) cordate, ficron, and ovate.
5960:
5637:
5497:
5475:
5328:
5264:
5209:
4599:
4577:
4545:
4519:
3799:
3749:
3671:
2091:
1586:
1582:
1124:
905:
869:
768:
740:
729:
465:
417:
2495:
Key, Alastair J. M.; JariÄ, Ivan; Roberts, David L. (2 March 2021).
1855:
structure would leave few archaeological traces after so much time.
2729:
1966:
771:
were most widely used, for example. Other source materials include
702:
Mode 4 industries appeared long after the Acheulean was abandoned.
345:
manufacture characterized by the distinctive oval and pear-shaped "
6026:
5746:
5630:
5480:
5434:
5296:
5151:
5099:
5045:
4675:
4641:
4152:
3789:
3784:
3764:
2542:/BT Batsford:London 1997 qtd in Butler, 2005. See also Wymer, JJ,
1759:
1751:
1657:
1576:
1548:
showing important sites of the Acheulean industry (clickable map).
865:
better suited to digging roots or butchering animals than others.
833:
792:
788:
752:
632:
532:
442:
260:
248:
240:
815:
coarse stone to ensure the hammer did not slide off when struck.
5972:
5933:
5613:
5413:
5269:
5199:
5119:
4991:
4504:
3739:
1856:
1851:
1631:
the Acheulean age started at 1.51 mya and it is also prior than
1609:
1102:
1050:
978:
974:
851:
638:
254:
5540:
5179:
4445:
4350:
3581:
1662:
Biface (trihedral) Amar Merdeg, Mehran, National Museum of Iran
245:
A cordiform biface as commonly found in the Acheulean (replica)
5576:
5284:
5050:
5008:
1744:
1616:
and the western Mediterranean regions, modern day France, the
29:
872:
to be hurled at prey. Puzzlingly, there are also examples of
299:
495:
described the characteristic hand-axe tools as belonging to
3009:
The shape of handaxes, the structure of the Acheulian world
535:
were described which have been dated through the method of
308:
305:
290:
2042:"Account of Flint Weapons Discovered at Hoxne in Suffolk."
296:
144:
Map of the distribution of Middle Pleistocene (Acheulean)
2638:(1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 16.
384:. The Acheulean includes at least the early part of the
3170:
Deliberate engravings on bone artefacts of Homo Erectus
3022:
Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia".
1863:, and would have been a necessity in colonising colder
1620:, western Germany, and southern and central Britain.
552:). However, it is impossible to know for sure whether
2706:
Unattributed citation in Renfrew and Bahn, 1991, p277
499:. The industry was renamed as the Acheulean in 1925.
311:
3159:, Rock Art Research 12, 131â132, qtd in Scarre, 2005
388:. Its end is not well defined, depending on whether
302:
6070:
5883:
5710:
5557:
5422:
5386:
5235:
5192:
4982:
4813:
4786:
4711:
4628:
4533:
4458:
4303:
4257:
4231:
4135:
4032:
3925:
3833:
3826:
3697:
3624:
3615:
293:
201:
191:
179:
171:
161:
153:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
27:
Archaeological culture associated with Homo erectus
570:from Spain were made more than 900,000 years ago.
3172:, Rock Art Research 5, 919â7, qtd in Scarre, 2005
720:The primary innovation associated with Acheulean
2978:"Acheulian stone tools discovered near Chennai"
2695:Hominid ranging patterns and dietary strategies
1747:expression amongst the tool users. The incised
396:adopted Acheulean technology, transitioning to
2561:Choppers and the Clactonian, a reinvestigation
1965:Margherita Mussi; et al. (Oct 12, 2023).
1707:(the common ancestor of both Neanderthals and
4362:
3593:
3157:Additional remarks on the Berekhat Ram figure
3116:Wynn, Thomas (June 1995). "Handaxe enigmas".
2501:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
1939:[The Acheulean site of Terra Amata].
1382:
637:An Acheulean handaxe, Haute-Garonne France â
488:, the age of the tools was finally accepted.
8:
3306:Siegel-Itzkovich, Judy (December 22, 2009).
2544:The Lower Palaeolithic Occupation of Britain
2377:
2375:
328:
132:
4188:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
578:and then later with the more sophisticated
5554:
5537:
5189:
5176:
4634:
4455:
4442:
4369:
4355:
4347:
3830:
3621:
3600:
3586:
3578:
3485:Archaeology, Theories Methods and Practice
3075:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
2634:Barham, Lawrence; Mitchell, Peter (2008).
1389:
1375:
931:
562:, also lived in East Africa at this time.
3527:Human Evolution A Very Short Introduction
3352:Global Palaeoclimate of the Late Cenozoic
2512:
2292:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
364:Acheulean tools were produced during the
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3011:, in Milliken, S and Cook, J (eds), 2001
1476:
2559:Ashton, NM, McNabb, J, and Parfitt, S,
1960:
1958:
1927:
934:
462:Jacques Boucher de CrĂšvecĆur de Perthes
3375:Ian Shaw, Robert Jameson, ed. (2008).
3350:V.A. Zubakov, I.I. Borzenkova (1990).
2998:in Milliken, S and Cook, J (eds), 2001
2843:Nowell, April; Chang, Melanie (2009).
2775:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society
1444:
1412:
431:, where artifacts were found in 1859.
131:
2761:Handaxes and palaeolithic individuals
2218:"An earlier origin for the Acheulian"
277:dated to 400 thousand years ago.
7:
2272:
1508:
1492:
795:. Even relatively soft rock such as
663:The Mode 1 industries created rough
58:adding citations to reliable sources
3529:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3459:Milliken, S; Cook, J, eds. (2001).
3419:The Handbook of British Archaeology
3155:Goren-Inbar, N and Peltz, S, 1995,
2044:. Archaeologia 13 (1800): 204â205 .
1428:
667:by hitting a suitable stone with a
3095:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb25494.x
1937:"Le site acheuléen de Terra Amata"
1935:Musée de Préhistoire Terra Amata.
1524:
1460:
1199:Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician
493:Louis Laurent Gabriel de Mortillet
25:
5493:Megalithic architectural elements
3228:Journal of Archaeological Science
2889:"Tools May Have Been First Money"
2601:Journal of Archaeological Science
1859:was seemingly being exploited by
739:include pointed, cordate, ovate,
690:, most famously exploited by the
4326:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
3817:
3563:
3551:
2887:Welsh, Jennifer (1 March 2012).
2036:
1941:Musée de Préhistoire Terra Amata
1523:
1507:
1491:
1475:
1459:
1443:
1427:
1411:
1404:
286:
138:
34:
6112:Evolutionary origin of religion
2693:Gamble, C and Steele, J, 1999,
45:needs additional citations for
6249:Paleolithic cultures of Europe
6239:Paleolithic cultures of Africa
3883:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
3878:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
2589:, qtd in Adkins, L and R, 1998
2576:, qtd in Adkins, L and R, 1998
1810:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1743:, have been used to argue for
735:Tool types found in Acheulean
1:
5725:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
5255:British megalith architecture
4265:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
3662:TigrisâEuphrates river system
3568:The dictionary definition of
3508:. London: Thames and Hudson.
3487:. London: Thames and Hudson.
3248:10.1016/S0305-4403(02)00202-9
3168:Mania, D and Mania, U, 1988,
3130:10.1080/00438243.1995.9980290
2285:Rightmire, G. Philip (1993).
1682:Most notably, however, it is
1098:
1046:
968:
6244:Paleolithic cultures of Asia
5720:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
5260:Nordic megalith architecture
3081:(1 Origins and E): 275â288.
2976:Prasad, R. (24 March 2011).
2358:10.1126/science.289.5481.944
593:The very earliest Acheulean
468:animal bone from the gravel
400:by about 160,000 years ago.
355:and derived species such as
4331:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary
4213:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
4208:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
3377:A Dictionary of Archaeology
3007:Gamble, C and Marshall, G,
2587:Early Man in West Middlesex
2550:and English Heritage, 1999.
826:debris at Acheulean sites.
378:technology associated with
6265:
5868:British Isles and Brittany
5789:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
4336:Chicago Hittite Dictionary
3184:Journal of Human Evolution
2514:10.1057/s41599-021-00735-8
2203:10.1016/j.crpv.2003.06.001
1670:
5553:
5536:
5188:
5175:
4637:
4454:
4441:
4384:
3815:
3417:Adkins, L; and R (1998).
3379:. John Wiley & Sons.
3325:Pavel Dolukhanov (2014).
2920:10.1017/S0003598X0009089X
2822:10.1017/S0003598X00065078
2787:10.1017/S0079497X00002164
2673:10.1017/S0003598X00060269
2621:10.1016/j.jas.2013.10.001
2449:10.1017/S0003598X00047074
2024:Oxford English Dictionary
1112:Initial Upper Paleolithic
253:Acheulean hand-axes from
230:Acheulo-Yabrudian complex
137:
6234:Industries (archaeology)
2943:Near Eastern Archaeology
1800:site, located along the
1688:(sometimes called early
880:together. Sites such as
157:Africa, Europe, and Asia
6100:Evolutionary musicology
5503:Oldest extant buildings
5430:Archaeological features
4949:Prepared-core technique
3504:Scarre, C, ed. (2005).
3296:, Retrieved 2010-01-05.
2874:"The Acheulean Handaxe"
2305:10.1002/ajpa.1330900102
2145:10.1126/science.1200183
1995:10.1126/science.add9115
597:often contain numerous
339:archaeological industry
333:after the type site of
6062:Unchambered long cairn
5910:Mound Builders culture
5243:Neolithic architecture
4378:Prehistoric technology
4168:Babylonian mathematics
3204:10.1006/jhev.2001.0513
2183:Comptes Rendus Palevol
1663:
1589:
840:
641:
513:potassium-argon dating
482:Marcel JĂ©rĂŽme Rigollot
329:
278:
258:
246:
5737:List of Stone Age art
4939:Microblade technology
4887:Langdale axe industry
4485:Ard / plough
3483:; and P Bahn (1991).
3440:Prehistoric Flintwork
3421:. London: Constable.
1741:Venus of Berekhat Ram
1661:
1580:
837:
636:
624:Acheulean stone tools
497:L'Epoque de St Acheul
420:, the capital of the
412:for the Acheulean is
264:
252:
244:
186:Saint-Acheul (Amiens)
6144:Prehistoric medicine
6139:Prehistoric counting
6122:Prehistoric religion
6117:Paleolithic religion
6095:Behavioral modernity
5452:Causewayed enclosure
5344:Abri de la Madeleine
4468:Neolithic Revolution
4163:Babylonian astronomy
3642:Mesopotamian Marshes
3560:at Wikimedia Commons
3283:Gesher Benot Ya'aqov
2718:Current Anthropology
1704:Homo heidelbergensis
1667:Acheulean tool users
1608:, across modern day
1541:class=notpageimage|
503:Dating the Acheulean
358:Homo heidelbergensis
54:improve this article
6183:Prehistoric warfare
4929:Magdalenian culture
4892:Levallois technique
4823:Earliest toolmaking
4244:Destruction by ISIL
4198:Sumerian literature
4173:Akkadian literature
3609:Ancient Mesopotamia
3240:2003JArSc..30..559C
3196:2002JHumE..42..211T
3087:1976NYASA.280..275I
3044:10.1038/nature01670
3036:2003Natur.423..747C
2955:10.1086/NEA25067668
2613:2014JArSc..41..576S
2406:10.1038/nature08214
2398:2009Natur.461...82S
2350:2000Sci...289..944G
2244:10.1038/nature10372
2236:2011Natur.477...82L
2195:2003CRPal...2..663R
2137:2011Sci...331.1596P
2131:(6024): 1596â1599.
2084:1992Natur.360..732A
1987:2023Sci...382..713M
1798:Bnot Ya'akov Bridge
1796:Excavations at the
1718:Homo sapiens idaltu
688:Levallois technique
618:Middle Palaeolithic
537:magnetostratigraphy
517:magnetostratigraphy
404:History of research
327:), from the French
273:, as postulated by
234:Fauresmith industry
134:
6134:Origin of language
6127:Spiritual drug use
6037:Rectangular dolmen
5939:Dartmoor kistvaens
5752:Carved stone balls
5464:Circular enclosure
5423:Other architecture
5366:Alp pile dwellings
4954:Solutrean industry
4865:Gravettian culture
4515:Secondary products
4280:Mesopotamian myths
3442:. Tempus, Stroud.
3438:Butler, C (2005).
3312:The Jerusalem Post
3288:2009-07-20 at the
3142:Dibble, HL, 1989,
2636:The First Africans
2585:Collins, D, 1978,
2548:Wessex Archaeology
2055:"Joseph Prestwich"
1887:Lower Palaeolithic
1677:Lower Palaeolithic
1664:
1590:
1040:Middle Paleolithic
841:
700:Upper Palaeolithic
642:
525:radiometric dating
509:radiometric dating
386:Middle Paleolithic
366:Lower Palaeolithic
349:" associated with
279:
259:
247:
154:Geographical range
6229:Lower Paleolithic
6211:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6156:Prehistoric music
6105:music archaeology
5762:Cup and ring mark
5587:Clothing/textiles
5532:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5171:
5170:
5167:
5166:
4974:Yubetsu technique
4959:Striking platform
4924:Lithic technology
4809:
4808:
4794:Game drive system
4713:Projectile points
4605:Mortar and pestle
4344:
4343:
4295:Ziggurat (Temple)
4270:Sumerian religion
4028:
4027:
3975:Middle Babylonian
3917:Kish civilization
3813:
3812:
3637:Lower Mesopotamia
3632:Upper Mesopotamia
3556:Media related to
3536:978-0-19-280360-3
3515:978-0-500-28531-2
3494:978-0-500-27605-1
3470:978-1-84217-056-4
3463:. Oxford: Oxbow.
3449:978-0-7524-3340-0
3428:978-0-09-478330-0
3399:De Lumley, 1975,
3294:Hebrew University
3118:World Archaeology
3030:(6941): 747â752.
2852:PaleoAnthropology
2759:Gamble, C, 1997,
2645:978-0-521-61265-4
2572:Wymer, JJ, 1968,
2537:Stone Age Britain
2344:(5481): 944â947.
2078:(6406): 732â735.
1981:(6671): 713â718.
1844:Grotte du Lazaret
1781:The kill site at
1606:Arabian Peninsula
1562:factors, such as
1399:
1398:
1092:Upper Paleolithic
962:Lower Paleolithic
862:Use-wear analysis
809:striking platform
239:
238:
166:Lower Paleolithic
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
6256:
6171:Divje Babe flute
6078:Archaeoastronomy
5821:Petrosomatoglyph
5555:
5538:
5387:Water management
5190:
5177:
5080:Denticulate tool
4902:Lithic reduction
4635:
4456:
4443:
4371:
4364:
4357:
4348:
4193:Sumerian cuisine
4183:Warfare in Sumer
4178:Economy of Sumer
3831:
3821:
3705:Fertile Crescent
3689:Sinjar Mountains
3684:Hamrin Mountains
3679:Zagros Mountains
3657:Taurus Mountains
3622:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3579:
3567:
3555:
3540:
3525:Wood, B (2005).
3519:
3498:
3474:
3453:
3432:
3404:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3303:
3297:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3190:(1â2): 211â235.
3179:
3173:
3166:
3160:
3153:
3147:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3018:
3012:
3005:
2999:
2994:Hyeong Woo Lee,
2992:
2986:
2985:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2949:(3â4): 160â168.
2938:
2932:
2931:
2914:(293): 611â612.
2903:
2897:
2896:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2849:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2816:(281): 518â526.
2805:
2799:
2798:
2770:
2764:
2757:
2751:
2741:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2698:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2667:(286): 751â752.
2656:
2650:
2649:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2596:
2590:
2583:
2577:
2570:
2564:
2557:
2551:
2540:English Heritage
2533:
2527:
2526:
2516:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2443:(260): 585â589.
2432:
2426:
2425:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2180:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2092:10.1038/360732a0
2065:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2045:
2040:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2014:
1962:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1932:
1882:Lithic reduction
1836:hunter-gatherers
1804:in the southern
1758:in Germany, and
1644:Hallam L. Movius
1527:
1526:
1511:
1510:
1495:
1494:
1484:Richat Structure
1479:
1478:
1463:
1462:
1447:
1446:
1431:
1430:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1118:Fertile Crescent
1106:
1100:
1054:
1048:
982:
973:
970:
932:
486:Joseph Prestwich
332:
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
142:
135:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
6264:
6263:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6254:
6253:
6214:
6213:
6212:
6199:
6066:
6052:Stone box grave
6022:Megalithic tomb
5927:Cotswold-Severn
5879:
5784:Guardian stones
5712:Prehistoric art
5706:
5549:
5524:
5513:Timber trackway
5418:
5382:
5378:Wattle and daub
5231:
5210:Standing stones
5184:
5163:
4978:
4805:
4782:
4707:
4624:
4534:Food processing
4529:
4478:New World crops
4450:
4437:
4380:
4375:
4345:
4340:
4299:
4253:
4227:
4136:Culture/society
4131:
4024:
4020:Muslim conquest
3990:Fall of Babylon
3921:
3822:
3809:
3693:
3611:
3606:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3524:
3516:
3503:
3495:
3479:
3471:
3458:
3450:
3437:
3429:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3290:Wayback Machine
3281:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3255:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3167:
3163:
3154:
3150:
3141:
3137:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3006:
3002:
2993:
2989:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2758:
2754:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2692:
2688:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2584:
2580:
2571:
2567:
2558:
2554:
2534:
2530:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2477:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2392:(7260): 82â85.
2381:
2380:
2373:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2230:(7362): 82â85.
2215:
2214:
2210:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2018:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1873:
1680:
1669:
1646:, who drew the
1614:Pannonian Basin
1568:desertification
1556:palaeo-climatic
1552:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1416:
1395:
1358:
1357:
1213:(41,000-37,000)
1193:ChĂątelperronian
1107:
1096:
1094:
1084:
1083:
1055:
1044:
1042:
1032:
1031:
1002:(1.76â0.13 Ma)
983:
971:
966:
964:
930:
832:
718:
631:
626:
613:and Acheulean.
521:Konso Formation
505:
455:human evolution
441:in London from
406:
289:
285:
275:Henry de Lumley
267:Terra Amata hut
265:Depiction of a
149:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6262:
6260:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6216:
6215:
6209:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6185:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6161:Alligator drum
6153:
6152:
6151:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6097:
6092:
6091:
6090:
6088:lunar calendar
6085:
6074:
6072:
6071:Other cultural
6068:
6067:
6065:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6012:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5991:
5990:
5985:
5975:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5942:
5941:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5900:
5889:
5887:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5875:Venus figurine
5872:
5871:
5870:
5865:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5806:Megalithic art
5803:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5775:
5774:
5764:
5759:
5757:Cave paintings
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5722:
5716:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5640:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5563:
5561:
5559:Material goods
5551:
5550:
5541:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5478:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5437:
5432:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5358:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5282:
5277:
5275:Cliff dwelling
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5207:
5202:
5196:
5194:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5005:
5004:
4994:
4988:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4860:Fire hardening
4857:
4852:
4850:Clovis culture
4847:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4819:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4773:Manis Mastodon
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4717:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4673:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4652:throwing stick
4644:
4638:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4548:
4543:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4464:
4462:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4351:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4316:Assyriologists
4313:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4223:List of rulers
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4112:Proto-Armenian
4109:
4104:
4099:
4097:Middle Persian
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3985:Neo-Babylonian
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3965:Old Babylonian
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3935:Early Dynastic
3931:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3561:
3547:
3546:External links
3544:
3542:
3541:
3535:
3521:
3520:
3514:
3506:The Human Past
3500:
3499:
3493:
3476:
3475:
3469:
3455:
3454:
3448:
3434:
3433:
3427:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3392:
3385:
3367:
3360:
3342:
3335:
3317:
3298:
3275:
3263:
3253:
3234:(5): 559â575.
3217:
3174:
3161:
3148:
3135:
3108:
3065:
3013:
3000:
2987:
2968:
2933:
2898:
2879:
2865:
2835:
2800:
2765:
2752:
2730:10.1086/202607
2708:
2699:
2686:
2651:
2644:
2626:
2591:
2578:
2565:
2552:
2528:
2487:
2462:
2427:
2371:
2326:
2277:
2265:
2208:
2189:(8): 663â673.
2166:
2113:
2060:
2046:
2028:
2026:2nd Ed. (1989)
2016:
1954:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1791:zooarchaeology
1668:
1665:
1604:, through the
1539:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1489:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1457:
1452:Yuanmou County
1450:
1449:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1425:
1420:Xiaochangliang
1418:
1417:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1300:
1297:Iberomaurusian
1294:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1255:(15.5â13.1 ka)
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1177:
1176:
1175:(12.2â10.8 ka)
1170:
1169:(14.5â11.5 ka)
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1056:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
997:
991:
984:
960:
959:
956:
955:
940:
939:
929:
926:
831:
828:
824:flint-knapping
820:tranchet flake
717:
714:
630:
627:
625:
622:
504:
501:
470:river terraces
416:, a suburb of
405:
402:
237:
236:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
177:
176:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
155:
151:
150:
143:
128:
127:
110:September 2024
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6261:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6157:
6154:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6069:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6047:Simple dolmen
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6032:Passage grave
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5978:Gallery grave
5976:
5974:
5971:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5932:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5908:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5893:Burial mounds
5891:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5882:
5876:
5873:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5853:Statue menhir
5851:
5849:
5846:
5842:
5841:Stone carving
5839:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5709:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5680:Sewing needle
5678:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5556:
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5509:
5508:Timber circle
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5483:
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5457:Tor enclosure
5455:
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5445:fulacht fiadh
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4682:
4681:spear-thrower
4679:
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4659:Bow and arrow
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4500:Domestication
4498:
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4495:Digging stick
4493:
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4479:
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4474:
4473:Founder crops
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4449:
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3677:
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3664:
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3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3652:Syrian Desert
3650:
3648:
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3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3623:
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3584:
3583:
3580:
3574:at Wiktionary
3573:
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3396:
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3388:
3386:9780470751961
3382:
3378:
3371:
3368:
3363:
3361:9780080868530
3357:
3353:
3346:
3343:
3338:
3336:9781317892229
3332:
3329:. Routledge.
3328:
3321:
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3025:
3017:
3014:
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2997:
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2610:
2606:
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2595:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2535:Barton, RNE,
2532:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2488:
2476:
2472:
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2318:
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2298:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2281:
2278:
2275:, p. 87.
2274:
2269:
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2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
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2081:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:Frere, John.
2032:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1892:Ndutu cranium
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1861:Homo ergaster
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1829:Azykhantropus
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:Dead Sea rift
1799:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1766:in Kenya and
1765:
1761:
1757:
1756:Bilzingsleben
1753:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1715:, including
1714:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1685:Homo ergaster
1678:
1674:
1666:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1618:Low Countries
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1572:Sahara Desert
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1542:
1533:
1517:
1501:
1485:
1469:
1453:
1437:
1421:
1407:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1353:
1352:Afontova Gora
1350:
1347:
1346:Mal'taâBuret'
1344:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1241:Epigravettian
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
985:
980:
976:
963:
958:
957:
953:
952:
946:
942:
941:
938:
933:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
907:
903:
902:Kalambo Falls
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
882:Melka Kunturé
879:
875:
871:
866:
863:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
844:Loren Eiseley
836:
829:
827:
825:
821:
816:
812:
810:
804:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
731:
727:
723:
715:
713:
710:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
680:
678:
677:chopper cores
674:
670:
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
640:
635:
628:
623:
621:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
571:
569:
563:
561:
560:
555:
554:Homo ergaster
551:
550:
544:
543:
542:Homo ergaster
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
502:
500:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:Royal Academy
436:
432:
430:
426:
423:
419:
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411:
403:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
382:
377:
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372:
367:
362:
360:
359:
354:
353:
348:
344:
340:
336:
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326:
322:
316:
283:
276:
272:
268:
263:
256:
251:
243:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
204:
200:
197:
194:
190:
187:
184:
182:
178:
175:1.95â0.13 Mya
174:
170:
167:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
141:
136:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: â
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
5988:wedge-shaped
5973:Funeral pyre
5966:Great dolmen
5922:Chamber tomb
5903:Round barrow
5858:Stone circle
5730:Blombos Cave
5658:Grooved ware
5582:Chalcolithic
5486:Thornborough
5404:Flush toilet
5339:Blombos Cave
5334:Rock shelter
5290:Quiggly hole
5182:Architecture
5157:illustration
4832:
4799:Buffalo jump
4620:Storage pits
4583:AĆıklı HöyĂŒk
4573:Ground stone
4409:Subdivisions
4218:Royal titles
4143:Architecture
3980:Neo-Assyrian
3842:
3827:(Pre)history
3647:Persian Gulf
3570:
3526:
3505:
3484:
3460:
3439:
3418:
3400:
3395:
3376:
3370:
3354:. Elsevier.
3351:
3345:
3326:
3320:
3311:
3301:
3278:
3273:ibid, p 120.
3270:
3266:
3256:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3169:
3164:
3156:
3151:
3143:
3138:
3124:(1): 10â24.
3121:
3117:
3111:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3008:
3003:
2995:
2990:
2981:
2971:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2892:
2882:
2868:
2856:. Retrieved
2851:
2838:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2760:
2755:
2747:
2724:(1): 76â79.
2721:
2717:
2711:
2702:
2694:
2689:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2635:
2629:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2586:
2581:
2573:
2568:
2560:
2555:
2543:
2536:
2531:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2478:. Retrieved
2474:
2465:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2389:
2383:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2296:
2290:
2280:
2268:
2227:
2221:
2211:
2186:
2182:
2169:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2049:
2031:
2023:
2019:
1978:
1974:
1969:Homo erectus
1968:
1945:. Retrieved
1940:
1930:
1902:Palaeolithic
1860:
1840:Palaeolithic
1833:
1815:
1795:
1780:
1776:Homo sapiens
1775:
1772:South Africa
1768:Duinefontein
1738:
1727:
1723:Neanderthals
1716:
1712:
1709:Homo sapiens
1708:
1702:
1691:Homo erectus
1689:
1683:
1681:
1673:Palaeolithic
1637:
1635:and Europe.
1622:
1591:
1587:Saint Acheul
1553:
1546:Afro-Eurasia
1516:Saint-Acheul
1500:Sterkfontein
1337:
1282:
1261:(14â12.8 ka)
1195:(44.5â36 ka)
1178:
1157:(18â12.5 ka)
1116:
1026:(400â220 ka)
1020:(424â400 ka)
1014:(500â130 ka)
999:
996:(2.6â1.7 Ma)
950:
928:Distribution
922:
918:
914:
910:
890:Olorgesailie
867:
860:
842:
817:
813:
805:
801:
761:igneous rock
734:
719:
711:
704:
685:
681:
675:) to create
662:
643:
615:
592:
572:
564:
559:Homo habilis
557:
553:
549:Homo erectus
546:
540:
529:West Turkana
506:
496:
490:
459:
433:
414:Saint-Acheul
407:
394:Neanderthals
381:Homo habilis
379:
371:Homo erectus
369:
363:
356:
352:Homo erectus
350:
335:Saint-Acheul
324:
320:
281:
280:
271:Nice, France
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
6010:unchambered
6005:Long barrow
5995:Grave goods
5951:Court cairn
5946:Clava cairn
5898:Bowl barrow
5836:Rock cupule
5779:Golden hats
5772:Hill figure
5673:Unstan ware
5653:Cord-marked
5518:Sweet Track
5440:Burnt mound
5361:Stilt house
5349:Sibudu Cave
5142:Tally stick
5110:Quern-stone
5095:Hammerstone
5085:Fire plough
5056:Pesse canoe
5014:Bannerstone
4984:Other tools
4897:Lithic core
4845:Aurignacian
4733:Bare Island
4615:Quern-stone
4321:Hittitology
4311:Assyriology
4232:Archaeology
4102:Old Persian
3912:Jemdet Nasr
2893:LiveScience
2607:: 576â590.
2507:(1): 1â12.
2299:(1): 1â33.
1943:(in French)
1912:Stone tools
1848:Terra Amata
1819:located in
1806:Hula Valley
1762:finds from
1696:assemblages
1648:Movius Line
1633:North India
1598:River Congo
1596:around the
1436:Zhoukoudian
1259:Federmesser
1247:Magdalenian
1217:PĂ©rigordian
1205:Aurignacian
1143:Aurignacian
1137:Baradostian
1080:(130â10 ka)
1074:(130â70 ka)
1068:(145â20 ka)
1062:(160â40 ka)
937:Paleolithic
878:association
848:centimetres
757:sedimentary
737:assemblages
716:Manufacture
669:hammerstone
665:flake tools
654:Abbevillian
595:assemblages
519:. From the
202:Followed by
192:Preceded by
69:"Acheulean"
6218:Categories
6149:trepanning
6042:Ring cairn
6000:Jar burial
5983:transepted
5915:U.S. sites
5816:Petroglyph
5742:Bird stone
5700:wine press
5373:Stone roof
5356:Roundhouse
5248:long house
5225:Stonehenge
5193:Ceremonial
5137:Stone tool
4964:Tool stone
4934:Metallurgy
4838:Mousterian
4815:Toolmaking
4753:Cumberland
4726:Transverse
4696:Schöningen
4588:Qesem cave
4556:Earth oven
4510:Irrigation
4421:Technology
4389:Prehistory
4285:Divination
3995:Achaemenid
3960:Isin-Larsa
3853:Trialetian
3848:Mousterian
3835:Prehistory
3481:Renfrew, C
1918:References
1821:Azerbaijan
1817:Azykh cave
1787:waterholes
1721:and early
1713:H. erectus
1629:Tamil Nadu
1594:rainforest
1581:Acheulean
1564:glaciation
1560:ecological
1532:Bose Basin
1468:Koobi Fora
1365:Mesolithic
1354:(21â12 ka}
1348:(24â15 ka)
1322:(15â11 ka)
1316:(15â11 ka)
1310:(22â14 ka)
1299:(25â11 ka)
1293:(42â18 ka)
1273:(13â12 ka)
1271:Ahrensburg
1267:(14â10 ka)
1249:(17â12 ka)
1243:(20â10 ka)
1237:(22â17 ka)
1231:(29â25 ka)
1225:(33â24 ka)
1223:Gravettian
1219:(35â20 ka)
1207:(43â26 ka)
1201:(43â32 ka)
1189:(48â40 ka)
1187:Bohunician
1161:Trialetian
1151:(20â10 ka)
1145:(35â29 ka)
1139:(36â18 ka)
1133:(46â42 ka)
1127:(50â40 ka)
1060:Mousterian
1018:Clactonian
972: 3.3
892:in Kenya,
773:chalcedony
745:bout-coupé
730:bifacially
707:John Wymer
692:Mousterian
660:industry.
658:Mousterian
646:Clactonian
607:core forms
580:Mousterian
576:Clactonian
531:region of
466:fossilised
435:John Frere
425:department
398:Mousterian
343:stone tool
210:Clactonian
206:Mousterian
80:newspapers
6224:Acheulean
6193:symbolism
6057:Tor cairn
6015:GrĂžnsalen
5956:Cremation
5848:Sculpture
5826:Pictogram
5811:Petroform
5631:amber use
5599:Cosmetics
5409:Reservoir
5394:Check dam
5324:Pueblitos
5319:Pit-house
5302:Longhouse
5236:Dwellings
5105:Microlith
5036:Bow drill
5031:Bone tool
5024:prismatic
4833:Acheulean
4748:Cresswell
4721:Arrowhead
4647:Boomerang
4563:Granaries
4525:Terracing
4404:Stone Age
4158:Cuneiform
4034:Languages
3843:Acheulean
3730:Babylonia
3667:Euphrates
3617:Geography
3571:Acheulean
3558:Acheulean
2982:The Hindu
2963:166438498
2928:162604558
2908:Antiquity
2830:162903453
2810:Antiquity
2795:129110686
2781:: 15â44.
2744:Calvin, W
2742:See also
2738:144098416
2681:162905484
2661:Antiquity
2523:2662-9992
2457:162146330
2437:Antiquity
2422:205217591
2313:1096-8644
2273:Wood 2005
2161:206531024
2011:263971011
1923:Citations
1907:Stone Age
1764:Kapthurin
1734:hominines
1694:), whose
1334:(10â8 ka)
1328:(15â5 ka)
1303:Mushabian
1291:Khormusan
1279:(11â8 ka)
1277:Swiderian
1235:Solutrean
1229:Pavlovian
1211:Szeletian
1163:(16â8 ka)
1072:Micoquien
1006:Madrasian
1000:Acheulean
797:limestone
785:sandstone
777:quartzite
722:hand-axes
588:Old World
568:hand-axes
491:In 1872,
478:Abbeville
451:Darwinian
410:type site
347:hand axes
330:acheuléen
321:Acheulian
282:Acheulean
214:Micoquien
181:Type site
133:Acheulean
18:Acheulian
5831:Rock art
5794:painting
5767:Geoglyph
5592:timeline
5572:Beadwork
5312:Mehrgarh
5307:Mudbrick
5215:megalith
5090:Fire-saw
4912:debitage
4907:analysis
4875:Hand axe
4855:Cupstone
4433:Glossary
4394:Timeline
4304:Academia
4258:Religion
4127:Urartian
4122:Sumerian
4107:Parthian
4042:Akkadian
4015:Sasanian
4005:Parthian
4000:Seleucid
3950:Simurrum
3940:Akkadian
3873:Khiamian
3863:Natufian
3775:Simurrum
3760:Kassites
3755:Hittites
3710:Adiabene
3286:Archived
3261:Africa".
3212:11795975
3103:84642536
3052:12802333
2746:, 1993,
2480:18 April
2475:phys.org
2414:19727198
2366:10937996
2252:21886161
2153:21436450
2003:37824630
1877:Hand axe
1871:See also
1783:Boxgrove
1749:elephant
1745:artistic
1730:language
1652:Mongolia
1602:Anatolia
1566:and the
1332:Magosian
1320:Sebilian
1173:Khiamian
1167:Natufian
1131:Ahmarian
1024:Mugharan
1008:(1.5 Ma)
990:(3.3 Ma)
945:Pliocene
898:Tanzania
886:Ethiopia
781:andesite
765:mudstone
763:such as
749:scrapers
726:cleavers
511:, often
453:view of
337:, is an
6188:Symbols
5799:pigment
5685:Weaving
5648:Cardium
5643:Pottery
5638:Mirrors
5626:Jewelry
5567:Baskets
5547:culture
5399:Cistern
5205:Pyramid
5147:Weapons
5125:Scraper
5115:Racloir
5075:Cleaver
5063:Chopper
4969:Uniface
4880:Grooves
4870:Hafting
4828:Oldowan
4787:Systems
4738:Cascade
4701:woomera
4691:harpoon
4664:history
4630:Hunting
4610:Pottery
4551:Cooking
4460:Farming
4426:history
4399:Outline
4290:Prayers
4275:Deities
4239:Looting
4082:Kassite
4077:Hurrian
4072:Hittite
4062:Elamite
4057:Eblaite
4052:Aramaic
4047:Amorite
3970:Kassite
3945:Gutians
3927:History
3892:Samarra
3888:Hassuna
3858:Zarzian
3780:Subartu
3770:Mitanni
3735:Chaldea
3725:Assyria
3698:Ancient
3410:Sources
3236:Bibcode
3192:Bibcode
3083:Bibcode
3060:4312418
3032:Bibcode
2854:: 77â88
2609:Bibcode
2394:Bibcode
2346:Bibcode
2337:Science
2321:8470752
2260:4419567
2232:Bibcode
2191:Bibcode
2133:Bibcode
2124:Science
2108:4341455
2100:1465142
2080:Bibcode
1983:Bibcode
1975:Science
1967:"Early
1947:10 June
1897:Oldowan
1865:Eurasia
1838:of the
1825:hominid
1700:species
1640:chopper
1625:Chennai
1570:of the
1544:Map of
1339:Siberia
1326:Eburran
1265:Azilian
1253:Hamburg
1155:Kebaran
1149:Zarzian
1078:Sangoan
1066:Aterian
1049:300â50
1012:Soanian
994:Oldowan
988:Lomekwi
949:before
894:Isimila
858:tools.
856:Oldowan
698:of the
650:Oldowan
611:Oldowan
601:-style
599:Oldowan
584:culture
472:of the
460:Later,
447:Suffolk
429:Picardy
390:Sangoan
376:Oldowan
325:Mode II
319:; also
226:Sangoan
222:Soanian
218:Aterian
196:Oldowan
146:cleaver
94:scholar
6166:flutes
5961:Dolmen
5885:Burial
5695:winery
5668:Linear
5498:Midden
5476:Cursus
5469:Goseck
5329:Pueblo
5280:Dugout
5265:Burdei
4944:Mining
4768:Lamoka
4763:Folsom
4743:Clovis
4600:Metate
4578:Hearth
4546:Basket
4520:Sickle
4117:Sutean
4092:Median
4087:Luwian
4067:Gutian
3955:Ur III
3868:Nemrik
3805:Cities
3800:Urartu
3750:Hamazi
3745:Gutium
3720:Armani
3672:Tigris
3625:Modern
3533:
3512:
3491:
3467:
3446:
3425:
3383:
3358:
3333:
3210:
3101:
3058:
3050:
3024:Nature
2961:
2926:
2858:20 May
2828:
2793:
2736:
2679:
2642:
2521:
2455:
2420:
2412:
2385:Nature
2364:
2319:
2311:
2258:
2250:
2223:Nature
2159:
2151:
2106:
2098:
2071:Nature
2009:
2001:
1583:Biface
1308:Halfan
1284:Africa
1180:Europe
1125:Emiran
1101:50â12
1095:
1043:
977:â 300
965:
906:Zambia
900:, and
870:discus
852:inches
839:London
791:, and
769:basalt
743:, and
741:ficron
696:blades
629:Stages
603:flakes
547:early
515:, and
418:Amiens
162:Period
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
6083:sites
6027:Mummy
5747:Cairn
5663:JĆmon
5614:shoes
5609:Hides
5481:Henge
5435:Broch
5297:Jacal
5152:Wheel
5100:Knife
5046:Canoe
5041:Burin
5019:Blade
4917:flake
4778:Plano
4686:baton
4676:Spear
4642:Arrow
4595:Manos
4448:Tools
4203:Music
4153:Akitu
4010:Roman
3902:Ubaid
3897:Halaf
3795:Tukri
3790:Sumer
3785:Suhum
3765:Media
3715:Akkad
3099:S2CID
3056:S2CID
2959:S2CID
2924:S2CID
2848:(PDF)
2826:S2CID
2791:S2CID
2734:S2CID
2677:S2CID
2453:S2CID
2418:S2CID
2256:S2CID
2179:(PDF)
2157:S2CID
2104:S2CID
2007:S2CID
1850:near
1760:ochre
1754:from
1752:tibia
1585:from
1314:Qadan
874:sites
793:shale
789:chert
753:flint
533:Kenya
476:near
474:Somme
443:Hoxne
422:Somme
172:Dates
148:finds
101:JSTOR
87:books
6176:gudi
5934:Cist
5863:list
5690:Wine
5619:Ătzi
5604:Glue
5577:Beds
5545:and
5543:Arts
5414:Well
5270:Cave
5200:Kiva
5130:side
5120:Rope
5068:tool
5002:bone
4992:Adze
4758:Eden
4671:Nets
4541:Fire
4505:Goad
4490:Celt
4249:Tell
3907:Uruk
3740:Elam
3531:ISBN
3510:ISBN
3489:ISBN
3465:ISBN
3444:ISBN
3423:ISBN
3381:ISBN
3356:ISBN
3331:ISBN
3208:PMID
3048:PMID
2860:2023
2640:ISBN
2519:ISSN
2482:2021
2410:PMID
2362:PMID
2317:PMID
2309:ISSN
2248:PMID
2149:PMID
2096:PMID
1999:PMID
1949:2022
1857:Fire
1852:Nice
1846:and
1675:and
1610:Iran
1558:and
951:Homo
935:The
767:and
759:and
673:core
639:MHNT
605:and
408:The
323:and
255:Kent
73:news
5285:Hut
5220:row
5051:Oar
5009:Axe
4997:Awl
4148:Art
3244:doi
3200:doi
3126:doi
3091:doi
3079:280
3040:doi
3028:423
2951:doi
2916:doi
2818:doi
2783:doi
2726:doi
2669:doi
2617:doi
2509:doi
2445:doi
2402:doi
2390:461
2354:doi
2342:289
2301:doi
2240:doi
2228:477
2199:doi
2141:doi
2129:331
2088:doi
2076:360
1991:doi
1979:382
1831:".
1770:in
1627:in
904:in
896:in
884:in
850:(8
830:Use
648:or
445:in
427:in
341:of
269:in
56:by
6220::
3310:.
3292:,
3242:.
3232:30
3230:.
3206:.
3198:.
3188:42
3186:.
3122:27
3120:.
3097:.
3089:.
3077:.
3054:.
3046:.
3038:.
3026:.
2980:.
2957:.
2947:69
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2922:.
2912:76
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2891:.
2850:.
2824:.
2814:73
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2789:.
2779:64
2777:.
2732:.
2722:22
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2665:74
2663:.
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2499:.
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2451:.
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2439:.
2416:.
2408:.
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2360:.
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2307:.
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2238:.
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1989:.
1977:.
1973:.
1957:^
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1363:â
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1103:ka
1099:c.
1051:ka
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979:ka
975:Ma
969:c.
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783:,
779:,
775:,
728:,
590:.
457:.
361:.
300:uË
232:,
228:,
224:,
220:,
216:,
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3431:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
