153:
567:
479:
Nymphs can acquire oxygen via diffusing through the exoskeleton, or through gills located on behind the head, on the thorax, or around the anus. Due to their nymph's requirement for well oxygenated water, the species is very sensitive to water pollution. This makes them important indicators for water quality. Most species are herbivorous as nymphs, feeding on submerged leaves and benthic algae, but many are hunters of other aquatic arthropods.
583:
359:
1276:
348:
2260:
1411:
130:
1264:
493:
The female can lay up to one thousand eggs. It will fly over the water and drop the eggs in the water. It also may hang on a rock or branch. Eggs are covered in a sticky coating which allows them to adhere to rocks without being swept away by swift currents. The eggs typically take two to three weeks
478:
of well-oxygenated lakes and streams. A few species found in New
Zealand and nearby islands have terrestrial nymphs, but even these inhabit only very moist environments. The nymphs physically resemble wingless adults, but often have external gills, which may be present on almost any part of the body.
508:
The adults generally only survive for a few weeks, and emerge only during specific times of the year when resources are optimal. Some do not feed at all, but those that do are herbivorous. Adults are not strong fliers and generally stay near the stream or lake they hatched from.
293:. Some 3,500 species are described worldwide, with new species still being discovered. Stoneflies are found worldwide, except Antarctica. Stoneflies are believed to be one of the most primitive groups of
797:
Romolo
Fochetti & José Manuel Tierno de Figueroa (2008) . "Global diversity of stoneflies (Plecoptera; Insecta) in freshwater". In E. V. Balian; C. Lévêque; H. Segers & K. Martens (eds.).
559:
In addition, not adopting the clades
Antarctoperlaria and Holognatha allows for a systematic layout of the Plecoptera that adequately reproduces phylogeny, while retaining the traditional
529:
superfamilies of stoneflies, which do not seem to be each other's closest relatives. Thus, the "Antarctoperlaria" are not considered a natural group (despite some claims to the contrary).
556:"Holognatha" together with the Euholognatha (meaning roughly "advanced Holognatha"), but the Scopuridae do not appear significantly closer to the Euholognatha than to the Systellognatha.
2780:
2819:
1314:
552:
must be considered a basal family in the
Arctoperlaria, not assignable to any of the infraorders. Alternatively, the Scopuridae were placed in an unranked
505:
before emerging and becoming terrestrial as adults. Before becoming adults, nymphs will leave the water, attach to a fixed surface and molt one last time.
2921:
2916:
2754:
2793:
1047:
961:
902:
822:
2305:
305:
geological periods, while true stoneflies are known from fossils only a bit younger. Their modern diversity, however, apparently is of
894:
2878:
1307:
919:
2798:
2806:
1280:
2926:
2653:
854:
442:
and fold flat over their backs. Stoneflies are generally not strong fliers, and some species are entirely wingless.
152:
2733:
1300:
2824:
1190:"The phylogeny and evolutionary timescale of stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera) inferred from mitochondrial genomes"
2746:
446:
384:
Stoneflies have a generalized anatomy, with few specialized features compared to other insects. They have simple
1023:
2931:
2298:
1287:
1166:
1000:
501:
The insects remain in the nymphal form for one to four years, depending on species, and undergo from 12 to 36
1112:
1061:
1944:
498:, with the eggs remaining dormant throughout a dry season, and hatching only when conditions are suitable.
2911:
2593:
1326:
1268:
2936:
2870:
2658:
2195:
1189:
1188:
Ding, Shuangmei; Li, Weihai; Wang, Ying; Cameron, Stephen L.; Murányi, Dávid; Yang, Ding (June 2019).
2883:
2834:
2702:
2640:
2137:
2117:
1201:
389:
2405:
2210:
626:
377:
2906:
2382:
2291:
606:
439:
317:
313:
2225:
471:(Nepomorpha) may also be fully aquatic for their entire lives, but can leave the water to travel.
457:
2235:
2157:
2132:
1233:
363:
249:
147:
2460:
656:
549:
2152:
2842:
2679:
2185:
1225:
1217:
957:
898:
871:
818:
566:
526:
393:
385:
31:
2847:
2785:
2507:
2367:
2127:
1978:
1664:
1209:
863:
810:
802:
695:
571:
2631:
1034:
2857:
2418:
2205:
2122:
2112:
2089:
1656:
638:
451:
409:
408:
is relatively soft, and may include remnants of the nymphal gills even in the adult. Both
373:
351:
336:
332:
282:
2694:
339:
in a stream or still water is usually an indicator of good or excellent water quality.
1205:
582:
2741:
2728:
2565:
2528:
2520:
2502:
2413:
2390:
2264:
2220:
2215:
2200:
2147:
1750:
1085:
745:
710:
704:
689:
632:
612:
591:
560:
541:
468:
358:
2900:
2560:
2552:
2442:
2175:
2167:
1393:
1385:
738:
731:
648:
522:
424:
298:
265:
83:
1237:
923:
2684:
2645:
2470:
2395:
2107:
1880:
1857:
1849:
1791:
1746:
1578:
1521:
1350:
1113:"ENT 425 | General Entomology | Resource Library | Compendium [plecoptera]"
1062:"ENT 425 | General Entomology | Resource Library | Compendium [plecoptera]"
774:
662:
618:
575:
537:
475:
435:
397:
234:
867:
347:
2271:
806:
2811:
2767:
2625:
2230:
2162:
2094:
2049:
1995:
1896:
1826:
1677:
1615:
1491:
1213:
483:
58:
1275:
1161:
995:
978:
2544:
2494:
2486:
2180:
1904:
1714:
1623:
1607:
1419:
852:
Peter Zwick (2000). "Phylogenetic system and zoogeography of the
Plecoptera".
724:
682:
675:
533:
204:
103:
68:
2616:
2283:
1221:
328:
on a number of occasions before once again becoming geographically isolated.
2715:
2478:
2346:
2334:
2142:
1986:
1946:
1921:
1774:
1685:
1644:
1631:
1462:
1449:
1410:
1344:
668:
545:
463:
434:(πτέρυξ, "wing"). This refers to the complex venation of their two pairs of
321:
214:
184:
164:
138:
108:
52:
1229:
875:
1263:
129:
17:
2666:
2610:
2536:
2352:
2190:
2099:
1888:
1758:
1550:
1356:
717:
587:
518:
495:
306:
294:
224:
98:
93:
78:
73:
63:
2259:
1529:
502:
405:
325:
302:
119:
113:
88:
2772:
2340:
2328:
1866:
1766:
1693:
1599:
1508:
1500:
1338:
1323:
920:"Clean water has bugs in it, says BYU Biology Professor Riley Nelson"
814:
769:
413:
401:
286:
194:
174:
2671:
2587:
2759:
2720:
1136:
2865:
581:
565:
553:
544:(also called Setipalpia or Subulipalpia). This corresponds to the
420:
367:
357:
346:
801:. Developments in Hydrobiology. Vol. 198. pp. 365–377.
1954:
1292:
2591:
2439:
2365:
2287:
2074:
1369:
1296:
474:
The nymphs (technically, "naiads") are aquatic and live in the
1964:
1041:
2707:
980:
English-Greek
Dictionary - a Vocabulary of the Attic Language
461:, are the only known insects, perhaps with the exception of
956:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 383–386.
404:. The legs are robust, with each ending in two claws. The
467:, that are exclusively aquatic from birth to death. Some
320:, and the populations are quite distinct, although the
1907:(net-winged insects: lacewings, mantidflies, antlions)
532:
525:. However, the former simply consists of the two most
521:, the "Antarctoperlaria" (or "Archiperlaria") and the
952:
Hoell, H.V.; Doyen, J.T. & Purcell, A.H. (1998).
517:
Traditionally, the stoneflies were divided into two
2600:
2519:
2469:
2453:
2404:
2381:
1977:
1935:
1920:
1879:
1848:
1839:
1790:
1744:
1713:
1676:
1643:
1576:
1549:
1520:
1499:
1490:
1461:
1418:
1384:
777:and this species is suspected to belong elsewhere.
748:(about 12 species) – salmonflies, giant stoneflies
324:evidence suggests species may have crossed the
1137:"Order Plecoptera - Stoneflies - BugGuide.Net"
2299:
1308:
671:(about 300 species) – small winter stoneflies
8:
954:Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity
331:All species of Plecoptera are intolerant of
416:projecting from the tip of their abdomens.
297:, with close relatives identified from the
2588:
2450:
2436:
2378:
2362:
2306:
2292:
2284:
2082:
2071:
1932:
1845:
1818:
1741:
1737:
1584:
1573:
1569:
1496:
1487:
1483:
1442:
1381:
1377:
1366:
1315:
1301:
1293:
1086:"Plecoptera - Stoneflies -- Discover Life"
354:of a golden stonefly, Plecoptera, Perlidae
128:
41:
2497:(spring stoneflies or tiny winter blacks)
734:(about 68 species) – roachlike stoneflies
678:(390+ species) – rolled-winged stoneflies
2036:Four most speciose orders are marked in
1626:(crickets, wetas, grasshoppers, locusts)
1048:United States Department of Agriculture
891:Adults and Nymphs of British Stoneflies
847:
845:
843:
789:
760:
720:(about 400 species) – common stoneflies
698:(about 110 species) – winter stoneflies
419:The name "Plecoptera" literally means "
1033:. In D. D. Murhy; C. M. Knopp (eds.).
983:. London: George Routledge & Sons.
947:
945:
943:
941:
799:Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment
685:(over 700 species) – spring stoneflies
1194:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1107:
1105:
713:(over 180 species) – green stoneflies
7:
2871:DA2287BC-FFAC-FFBC-FF54-AA82FCF67D5F
2835:2ffd4e0a-5167-421c-9beb-709b7488bd14
2747:65e60a58-541f-416c-9dfd-8ffe9294b6ed
1899:(alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies)
445:A few wingless species, such as the
1160:C. Riley Nelson (January 1, 1996).
994:C. Riley Nelson (January 1, 1996).
494:to hatch, but some species undergo
2510:(willowflies or winter stoneflies)
1288:order Plecoptera (Version 5.0/5.0)
25:
2568:(giant stoneflies or salmonflies)
895:Freshwater Biological Association
312:Plecoptera are found in both the
2922:Taxa named by Hermann Burmeister
2917:Extant Permian first appearances
2258:
1409:
1274:
1262:
269:
151:
1036:Lake Tahoe Watershed Assessment
2692:Cockroach Species File (new):
1024:"Lake Tahoe benthic stonefly (
996:"Capniidae. Winter Stoneflies"
1:
1829:(sawflies, wasps, ants, bees)
868:10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.709
412:and adults have long, paired
2547:(stripetails or springflies)
1777:(cicadas, aphids, true bugs)
807:10.1007/978-1-4020-8259-7_39
335:, and the presence of their
30:For the genus of moths, see
1214:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.03.005
855:Annual Review of Entomology
447:Lake Tahoe benthic stonefly
392:, long, multiple-segmented
2953:
2489:(rolled-winged stoneflies)
1967:(gnats, mosquitoes, flies)
1860:(twisted-winged parasites)
1532:(dragonflies, damselflies)
481:
430:(πλέκειν, "to braid") and
29:
2855:Plecoptera Species File:
2481:(small winter stoneflies)
2449:
2435:
2377:
2361:
2323:
2252:
2085:
2081:
2070:
2032:
1821:
1740:
1587:
1572:
1486:
1445:
1407:
1380:
1376:
1365:
1333:
1286:Plecoptera Species File:
1050:. pp. O–118 – O–120.
262:
257:
148:Scientific classification
146:
136:
127:
44:
1618:(stick and leaf insects)
1167:Tree of Life Web Project
1162:"Plecoptera. Stoneflies"
1001:Tree of Life Web Project
977:S. C. Woodhouse (1910).
548:with one exception: the
540:(or Filipalpia) and the
2045:are paraphyletic groups
1688:(cockroaches, termites)
1452:(silverfish, firebrats)
889:H. B. N. Hynes (1993).
343:Description and ecology
2555:(roachlike stoneflies)
1396:(jumping bristletails)
595:
579:
381:
355:
601:("Antarctoperlaria")
585:
569:
482:Further information:
361:
350:
2742:Fauna Europaea (new)
1998:(moths, butterflies)
1271:at Wikimedia Commons
1090:www.discoverlife.org
1022:E. M. Holst (2000).
318:Northern Hemispheres
289:, commonly known as
2927:Symbols of Delaware
2539:(common stoneflies)
1206:2019MolPE.135..123D
926:on 6 September 2015
400:, and two or three
27:Order of stoneflies
2531:(green stoneflies)
2265:Insects portal
2236:Triadophlebioptera
741:(about 10 species)
596:
580:
423:-wings", from the
382:
356:
2894:
2893:
2843:Open Tree of Life
2594:Taxon identifiers
2585:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2569:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2511:
2508:Taeniopterygidae
2498:
2490:
2482:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2368:Antarctoperlaria
2281:
2280:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2186:Palaeodictyoptera
2171:
2103:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1990:
1968:
1958:
1950:
1928:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1900:
1892:
1870:
1861:
1830:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1770:
1762:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1668:
1665:Mantophasmatodea
1660:
1649:
1635:
1627:
1619:
1611:
1603:
1595:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1512:
1501:Ephemeropteroidea
1453:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1267:Media related to
1117:www.cals.ncsu.edu
1066:www.cals.ncsu.edu
963:978-0-19-510033-4
904:978-0-900386-28-2
824:978-1-4020-8258-0
452:"Capnia" lacustra
276:
275:
253:
16:(Redirected from
2944:
2887:
2886:
2874:
2873:
2861:
2860:
2851:
2850:
2838:
2837:
2828:
2827:
2815:
2814:
2812:NHMSYS0000841058
2802:
2801:
2789:
2788:
2776:
2775:
2763:
2762:
2750:
2749:
2737:
2736:
2724:
2723:
2711:
2710:
2698:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2675:
2674:
2662:
2661:
2649:
2648:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2589:
2567:
2554:
2546:
2538:
2530:
2509:
2496:
2488:
2480:
2451:
2437:
2379:
2371:
2370:(basal lineages)
2363:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2285:
2263:
2262:
2196:Permoplectoptera
2169:
2128:Diaphanopterodea
2101:
2083:
2072:
1997:
1988:
1979:Amphiesmenoptera
1966:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1868:
1859:
1846:
1842:
1828:
1819:
1776:
1768:
1761:(barklice, lice)
1760:
1752:
1742:
1738:
1695:
1687:
1666:
1658:
1657:Grylloblattodea
1647:
1633:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1601:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1570:
1531:
1510:
1497:
1488:
1484:
1451:
1443:
1413:
1395:
1382:
1378:
1367:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1294:
1279:Data related to
1278:
1266:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1032:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
991:
985:
984:
974:
968:
967:
949:
936:
935:
933:
931:
922:. Archived from
915:
909:
908:
886:
880:
879:
849:
838:
835:
829:
828:
794:
778:
765:
696:Taeniopterygidae
586:Adult of family
572:Taeniopterygidae
570:Adult of family
248:
156:
155:
132:
118:
55:
48:Temporal range:
42:
21:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2932:Aquatic insects
2897:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2882:
2877:
2869:
2864:
2856:
2854:
2846:
2841:
2833:
2831:
2823:
2818:
2810:
2805:
2797:
2792:
2784:
2779:
2771:
2766:
2758:
2753:
2745:
2740:
2732:
2727:
2719:
2714:
2706:
2701:
2693:
2691:
2683:
2678:
2670:
2665:
2657:
2652:
2644:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2596:
2586:
2573:
2566:Pteronarcyidae
2529:Chloroperlidae
2515:
2465:
2445:
2423:
2419:Gripopterygidae
2400:
2373:
2369:
2357:
2319:
2312:
2282:
2277:
2257:
2240:
2206:Protelytroptera
2138:Eudiaphanoptera
2123:Coxoplectoptera
2118:Carbotriplurida
2113:Campylopteridae
2090:Aethiocarenodea
2077:
2058:
2004:
1973:
1949:(scorpionflies)
1936:
1925:
1923:
1912:
1875:
1840:
1835:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1782:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1701:
1672:
1646:
1639:
1634:(angel insects)
1577:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1537:
1516:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1457:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1414:
1401:
1372:
1361:
1329:
1321:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1145:
1143:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1121:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1094:
1092:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1039:
1030:
1026:Capnia lacustra
1021:
1020:
1016:
1006:
1004:
993:
992:
988:
976:
975:
971:
964:
951:
950:
939:
929:
927:
918:Nelson, Riley.
917:
916:
912:
905:
888:
887:
883:
851:
850:
841:
836:
832:
825:
796:
795:
791:
787:
782:
781:
766:
762:
757:
639:Gripopterygidae
515:
491:
486:
469:true water bugs
374:Gripopterygidae
371:
345:
333:water pollution
247:
150:
123:
117:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
50:
49:
46:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2950:
2948:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2899:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2875:
2862:
2852:
2839:
2829:
2816:
2803:
2790:
2777:
2764:
2751:
2738:
2729:Fauna Europaea
2725:
2712:
2699:
2689:
2676:
2663:
2650:
2637:
2622:
2606:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2592:
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1283:at Wikispecies
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1257:External links
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1250:Nelson (1996b)
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727:(350+ species)
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705:Systellognatha
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686:
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613:Diamphipnoidae
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19:
2937:Polyneoptera
2601:
2471:Euholognatha
2396:Eustheniidae
2351:Infraclass:
2315:
2270:
2256:
2226:Syntonoptera
2108:Caloneurodea
2100:Blattoptera
2051:
2042:
2037:
1996:Lepidoptera
1994:
1987:Trichoptera
1963:
1945:
1897:Megaloptera
1891:(snakeflies)
1881:Neuropterida
1865:
1850:Coleopterida
1827:Hymenoptera
1825:
1747:Paraneoptera
1745:
1667:(gladiators)
1616:Phasmatodea
1594:(stoneflies)
1591:
1579:Polyneoptera
1522:Odonatoptera
1386:Monocondylia
1351:Pancrustacea
1349:(unranked):
1246:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1171:. Retrieved
1165:
1155:
1144:. Retrieved
1141:bugguide.net
1140:
1131:
1120:. Retrieved
1116:
1093:. Retrieved
1089:
1080:
1069:. Retrieved
1065:
1056:
1035:
1025:
1017:
1005:. Retrieved
999:
989:
979:
972:
953:
928:. Retrieved
924:the original
913:
890:
884:
859:
853:
833:
798:
792:
775:monophyletic
768:
763:
663:Euholognatha
646:
645:
625:Superfamily
619:Eustheniidae
605:Superfamily
598:
597:
576:Euholognatha
558:
538:Euholognatha
531:
516:
507:
500:
492:
476:benthic zone
473:
462:
458:Baikaloperla
456:
450:
444:
438:, which are
431:
427:
418:
383:
362:
330:
322:evolutionary
311:
290:
278:
277:
263:
244:
235:Polyneoptera
221:Infraclass:
201:(unranked):
137:
39:
32:
2768:iNaturalist
2626:Wikispecies
2545:Perlodidae
2495:Nemouridae
2487:Leuctridae
2272:Wikispecies
2231:Titanoptera
2163:Lapeyriidae
2158:Hypoperlida
2133:Eoblattodea
2102:(roachoids)
2095:Archodonata
1937:Antliophora
1905:Neuroptera
1867:Coleoptera
1678:Dictyoptera
1648:(Xenonomia)
1624:Orthoptera
1608:Embioptera
1600:Dermaptera
1592:Plecoptera
1492:Palaeoptera
1355:Subphylum:
1200:: 123–135.
862:: 709–746.
703:Infraorder
661:Infraorder
561:ranked taxa
534:infraorders
513:Systematics
484:Mesoleuctra
364:Dinotoperla
51:299–0
2907:Plecoptera
2901:Categories
2646:Plecoptera
2632:Plecoptera
2602:Plecoptera
2479:Capniidae
2461:Scopuridae
2345:Subclass:
2335:Arthropoda
2316:Plecoptera
2181:Miomoptera
1947:Mecoptera
1775:Hemiptera
1696:(mantises)
1686:Blattodea
1632:Zoraptera
1511:(mayflies)
1450:Zygentoma
1345:Arthropoda
1281:Plecoptera
1269:Plecoptera
1146:2016-04-12
1122:2016-04-12
1095:2016-02-23
1071:2016-02-23
785:References
767:The genus
725:Perlodidae
683:Nemouridae
676:Leuctridae
657:Scopuridae
550:Scopuridae
489:Life cycle
440:membranous
386:mouthparts
301:and Lower
291:stoneflies
279:Plecoptera
258:Suborders
250:Burmeister
245:Plecoptera
211:Subclass:
205:Dicondylia
185:Arthropoda
45:Plecoptera
33:Plecoptera
18:Stoneflies
2537:Perlidae
2441:Suborder
2347:Pterygota
2327:Kingdom:
2153:Heraridea
2143:Geroptera
2048:Based on
1922:Panorpida
1869:(beetles)
1759:Psocodea
1694:Mantodea
1645:Notoptera
1602:(earwigs)
1337:Kingdom:
1222:1055-7903
815:2067/1437
669:Capniidae
647:Suborder
546:phylogeny
519:suborders
464:Halobates
390:mandibles
215:Pterygota
171:Kingdom:
165:Eukaryota
139:Eusthenia
2667:BugGuide
2611:Wikidata
2353:Neoptera
2333:Phylum:
2329:Animalia
2318:families
2191:Paoliida
1965:Diptera
1769:(thrips)
1530:Odonata
1357:Hexapoda
1343:Phylum:
1339:Animalia
1238:80621609
1230:30876966
1173:July 31,
1007:July 31,
876:10761594
718:Perlidae
588:Perlidae
496:diapause
396:, large
394:antennae
314:Southern
309:origin.
307:Mesozoic
295:Neoptera
231:Cohort:
225:Neoptera
181:Phylum:
175:Animalia
161:Domain:
2617:Q203547
2341:Insecta
2339:Class:
2314:Extant
2076:Extinct
2050:Sasaki
1957:(fleas)
1751: *
1202:Bibcode
773:is not
744:Family
737:Family
730:Family
723:Family
716:Family
709:Family
694:Family
688:Family
681:Family
674:Family
667:Family
637:Family
631:Family
617:Family
611:Family
428:plekein
421:braided
406:abdomen
370:(adult)
326:equator
303:Permian
287:insects
264:mostly
241:Order:
195:Insecta
191:Class:
122:–Recent
120:Permian
2884:593173
2858:890815
2848:368358
2832:NZOR:
2799:102467
2721:1PLECO
2695:856749
2054:(2013)
2052:et al.
2043:Italic
1371:Extant
1327:orders
1324:Insect
1236:
1228:
1220:
960:
930:16 May
901:
874:
821:
770:Capnia
536:, the
432:pteryx
410:nymphs
402:ocelli
337:nymphs
281:is an
268:: see
252:, 1839
35:(moth)
2879:WoRMS
2866:Plazi
2825:50622
2786:10508
2781:IRMNG
2773:47504
2734:12088
2685:8MP8Q
2454:basal
1234:S2CID
1031:(PDF)
755:Notes
554:clade
527:basal
503:molts
455:) or
436:wings
414:cerci
368:imago
352:Nymph
283:order
2820:NCBI
2794:ITIS
2755:GBIF
2716:EPPO
2708:1018
2654:BOLD
2038:bold
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