142:
556:
468:
Nymphs can acquire oxygen via diffusing through the exoskeleton, or through gills located on behind the head, on the thorax, or around the anus. Due to their nymph's requirement for well oxygenated water, the species is very sensitive to water pollution. This makes them important indicators for water quality. Most species are herbivorous as nymphs, feeding on submerged leaves and benthic algae, but many are hunters of other aquatic arthropods.
572:
348:
1265:
337:
2249:
1400:
119:
1253:
482:
The female can lay up to one thousand eggs. It will fly over the water and drop the eggs in the water. It also may hang on a rock or branch. Eggs are covered in a sticky coating which allows them to adhere to rocks without being swept away by swift currents. The eggs typically take two to three weeks
467:
of well-oxygenated lakes and streams. A few species found in New
Zealand and nearby islands have terrestrial nymphs, but even these inhabit only very moist environments. The nymphs physically resemble wingless adults, but often have external gills, which may be present on almost any part of the body.
497:
The adults generally only survive for a few weeks, and emerge only during specific times of the year when resources are optimal. Some do not feed at all, but those that do are herbivorous. Adults are not strong fliers and generally stay near the stream or lake they hatched from.
282:. Some 3,500 species are described worldwide, with new species still being discovered. Stoneflies are found worldwide, except Antarctica. Stoneflies are believed to be one of the most primitive groups of
786:
Romolo
Fochetti & José Manuel Tierno de Figueroa (2008) . "Global diversity of stoneflies (Plecoptera; Insecta) in freshwater". In E. V. Balian; C. Lévêque; H. Segers & K. Martens (eds.).
548:
In addition, not adopting the clades
Antarctoperlaria and Holognatha allows for a systematic layout of the Plecoptera that adequately reproduces phylogeny, while retaining the traditional
518:
superfamilies of stoneflies, which do not seem to be each other's closest relatives. Thus, the "Antarctoperlaria" are not considered a natural group (despite some claims to the contrary).
545:"Holognatha" together with the Euholognatha (meaning roughly "advanced Holognatha"), but the Scopuridae do not appear significantly closer to the Euholognatha than to the Systellognatha.
2769:
2808:
1303:
541:
must be considered a basal family in the
Arctoperlaria, not assignable to any of the infraorders. Alternatively, the Scopuridae were placed in an unranked
494:
before emerging and becoming terrestrial as adults. Before becoming adults, nymphs will leave the water, attach to a fixed surface and molt one last time.
2910:
2905:
2743:
2782:
1036:
950:
891:
811:
2294:
294:
geological periods, while true stoneflies are known from fossils only a bit younger. Their modern diversity, however, apparently is of
883:
2867:
1296:
908:
2787:
2795:
1269:
2915:
2642:
843:
431:
and fold flat over their backs. Stoneflies are generally not strong fliers, and some species are entirely wingless.
141:
2722:
1289:
2813:
1179:"The phylogeny and evolutionary timescale of stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera) inferred from mitochondrial genomes"
2735:
435:
373:
Stoneflies have a generalized anatomy, with few specialized features compared to other insects. They have simple
1012:
2920:
2287:
1276:
1155:
989:
490:
The insects remain in the nymphal form for one to four years, depending on species, and undergo from 12 to 36
1101:
1050:
1933:
487:, with the eggs remaining dormant throughout a dry season, and hatching only when conditions are suitable.
2900:
2582:
1315:
1257:
2925:
2859:
2647:
2184:
1178:
1177:
Ding, Shuangmei; Li, Weihai; Wang, Ying; Cameron, Stephen L.; Murányi, Dávid; Yang, Ding (June 2019).
2872:
2823:
2691:
2629:
2126:
2106:
1190:
378:
2394:
2199:
615:
366:
2895:
2371:
2280:
595:
428:
306:
302:
2214:
460:(Nepomorpha) may also be fully aquatic for their entire lives, but can leave the water to travel.
446:
2224:
2146:
2121:
1222:
352:
238:
136:
2449:
645:
538:
2141:
2831:
2668:
2174:
1214:
1206:
946:
887:
860:
807:
555:
515:
382:
374:
20:
2836:
2774:
2496:
2356:
2116:
1967:
1653:
1198:
852:
799:
791:
684:
560:
2620:
1023:
2846:
2407:
2194:
2111:
2101:
2078:
1645:
627:
440:
398:
397:
is relatively soft, and may include remnants of the nymphal gills even in the adult. Both
362:
340:
325:
321:
271:
2683:
328:
in a stream or still water is usually an indicator of good or excellent water quality.
1194:
571:
2730:
2717:
2554:
2517:
2509:
2491:
2402:
2379:
2253:
2209:
2204:
2189:
2136:
1739:
1074:
734:
699:
693:
678:
621:
601:
580:
549:
530:
457:
347:
2889:
2549:
2541:
2431:
2164:
2156:
1382:
1374:
727:
720:
637:
511:
413:
287:
254:
72:
1226:
912:
2673:
2634:
2459:
2384:
2096:
1869:
1846:
1838:
1780:
1735:
1567:
1510:
1339:
1102:"ENT 425 | General Entomology | Resource Library | Compendium [plecoptera]"
1051:"ENT 425 | General Entomology | Resource Library | Compendium [plecoptera]"
763:
651:
607:
564:
526:
464:
424:
386:
223:
856:
336:
2260:
795:
2800:
2756:
2614:
2219:
2151:
2083:
2038:
1984:
1885:
1815:
1666:
1604:
1480:
1202:
472:
47:
1264:
1150:
984:
967:
2533:
2483:
2475:
2169:
1893:
1703:
1612:
1596:
1408:
841:
Peter Zwick (2000). "Phylogenetic system and zoogeography of the
Plecoptera".
713:
671:
664:
522:
193:
92:
57:
2605:
2272:
1210:
317:
on a number of occasions before once again becoming geographically isolated.
2704:
2467:
2335:
2323:
2131:
1975:
1935:
1910:
1763:
1674:
1633:
1620:
1451:
1438:
1399:
1333:
657:
534:
452:
423:(πτέρυξ, "wing"). This refers to the complex venation of their two pairs of
310:
203:
173:
153:
127:
97:
41:
1218:
864:
1252:
118:
2655:
2599:
2525:
2341:
2179:
2088:
1877:
1747:
1539:
1345:
706:
576:
507:
484:
295:
283:
213:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
2248:
1518:
491:
394:
314:
291:
108:
102:
77:
2761:
2329:
2317:
1855:
1755:
1682:
1588:
1497:
1489:
1327:
1312:
909:"Clean water has bugs in it, says BYU Biology Professor Riley Nelson"
803:
758:
402:
390:
275:
183:
163:
2660:
2576:
2748:
2709:
1125:
2854:
570:
554:
542:
533:(also called Setipalpia or Subulipalpia). This corresponds to the
409:
356:
346:
335:
790:. Developments in Hydrobiology. Vol. 198. pp. 365–377.
1943:
1281:
2580:
2428:
2354:
2276:
2063:
1358:
1285:
463:
The nymphs (technically, "naiads") are aquatic and live in the
1953:
1030:
2696:
969:
English-Greek
Dictionary - a Vocabulary of the Attic Language
450:, are the only known insects, perhaps with the exception of
945:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 383–386.
393:. The legs are robust, with each ending in two claws. The
456:, that are exclusively aquatic from birth to death. Some
309:, and the populations are quite distinct, although the
1896:(net-winged insects: lacewings, mantidflies, antlions)
521:
514:. However, the former simply consists of the two most
510:, the "Antarctoperlaria" (or "Archiperlaria") and the
941:
Hoell, H.V.; Doyen, J.T. & Purcell, A.H. (1998).
506:
Traditionally, the stoneflies were divided into two
2589:
2508:
2458:
2442:
2393:
2370:
1966:
1924:
1909:
1868:
1837:
1828:
1779:
1733:
1702:
1665:
1632:
1565:
1538:
1509:
1488:
1479:
1450:
1407:
1373:
766:and this species is suspected to belong elsewhere.
737:(about 12 species) – salmonflies, giant stoneflies
313:evidence suggests species may have crossed the
1126:"Order Plecoptera - Stoneflies - BugGuide.Net"
2288:
1297:
660:(about 300 species) – small winter stoneflies
8:
943:Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity
320:All species of Plecoptera are intolerant of
405:projecting from the tip of their abdomens.
286:, with close relatives identified from the
2577:
2439:
2425:
2367:
2351:
2295:
2281:
2273:
2071:
2060:
1921:
1834:
1807:
1730:
1726:
1573:
1562:
1558:
1485:
1476:
1472:
1431:
1370:
1366:
1355:
1304:
1290:
1282:
1075:"Plecoptera - Stoneflies -- Discover Life"
343:of a golden stonefly, Plecoptera, Perlidae
117:
30:
2486:(spring stoneflies or tiny winter blacks)
723:(about 68 species) – roachlike stoneflies
667:(390+ species) – rolled-winged stoneflies
2025:Four most speciose orders are marked in
1615:(crickets, wetas, grasshoppers, locusts)
1037:United States Department of Agriculture
880:Adults and Nymphs of British Stoneflies
836:
834:
832:
778:
749:
709:(about 400 species) – common stoneflies
687:(about 110 species) – winter stoneflies
408:The name "Plecoptera" literally means "
1022:. In D. D. Murhy; C. M. Knopp (eds.).
972:. London: George Routledge & Sons.
936:
934:
932:
930:
788:Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment
674:(over 700 species) – spring stoneflies
1183:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1096:
1094:
702:(over 180 species) – green stoneflies
7:
2860:DA2287BC-FFAC-FFBC-FF54-AA82FCF67D5F
2824:2ffd4e0a-5167-421c-9beb-709b7488bd14
2736:65e60a58-541f-416c-9dfd-8ffe9294b6ed
1888:(alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies)
434:A few wingless species, such as the
1149:C. Riley Nelson (January 1, 1996).
983:C. Riley Nelson (January 1, 1996).
483:to hatch, but some species undergo
2499:(willowflies or winter stoneflies)
1277:order Plecoptera (Version 5.0/5.0)
14:
2557:(giant stoneflies or salmonflies)
884:Freshwater Biological Association
301:Plecoptera are found in both the
2911:Taxa named by Hermann Burmeister
2906:Extant Permian first appearances
2247:
1398:
1263:
1251:
258:
140:
1025:Lake Tahoe Watershed Assessment
2681:Cockroach Species File (new):
1013:"Lake Tahoe benthic stonefly (
985:"Capniidae. Winter Stoneflies"
1:
1818:(sawflies, wasps, ants, bees)
857:10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.709
401:and adults have long, paired
2536:(stripetails or springflies)
1766:(cicadas, aphids, true bugs)
796:10.1007/978-1-4020-8259-7_39
324:, and the presence of their
19:For the genus of moths, see
1203:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.03.005
844:Annual Review of Entomology
436:Lake Tahoe benthic stonefly
381:, long, multiple-segmented
2942:
2478:(rolled-winged stoneflies)
1956:(gnats, mosquitoes, flies)
1849:(twisted-winged parasites)
1521:(dragonflies, damselflies)
470:
419:(πλέκειν, "to braid") and
18:
2844:Plecoptera Species File:
2470:(small winter stoneflies)
2438:
2424:
2366:
2350:
2312:
2241:
2074:
2070:
2059:
2021:
1810:
1729:
1576:
1561:
1475:
1434:
1396:
1369:
1365:
1354:
1322:
1275:Plecoptera Species File:
1039:. pp. O–118 – O–120.
251:
246:
137:Scientific classification
135:
125:
116:
33:
1607:(stick and leaf insects)
1156:Tree of Life Web Project
1151:"Plecoptera. Stoneflies"
990:Tree of Life Web Project
966:S. C. Woodhouse (1910).
537:with one exception: the
529:(or Filipalpia) and the
2034:are paraphyletic groups
1677:(cockroaches, termites)
1441:(silverfish, firebrats)
878:H. B. N. Hynes (1993).
332:Description and ecology
2544:(roachlike stoneflies)
1385:(jumping bristletails)
584:
568:
370:
344:
590:("Antarctoperlaria")
574:
558:
471:Further information:
350:
339:
2731:Fauna Europaea (new)
1987:(moths, butterflies)
1260:at Wikimedia Commons
1079:www.discoverlife.org
1011:E. M. Holst (2000).
307:Northern Hemispheres
278:, commonly known as
2916:Symbols of Delaware
2528:(common stoneflies)
1195:2019MolPE.135..123D
915:on 6 September 2015
389:, and two or three
16:Order of stoneflies
2520:(green stoneflies)
2254:Insects portal
2225:Triadophlebioptera
730:(about 10 species)
585:
569:
412:-wings", from the
371:
345:
2883:
2882:
2832:Open Tree of Life
2583:Taxon identifiers
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2545:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2500:
2497:Taeniopterygidae
2487:
2479:
2471:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2357:Antarctoperlaria
2270:
2269:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2175:Palaeodictyoptera
2160:
2092:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1979:
1957:
1947:
1939:
1917:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1859:
1850:
1819:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1751:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1678:
1657:
1654:Mantophasmatodea
1649:
1638:
1624:
1616:
1608:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1501:
1490:Ephemeropteroidea
1442:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1256:Media related to
1106:www.cals.ncsu.edu
1055:www.cals.ncsu.edu
952:978-0-19-510033-4
893:978-0-900386-28-2
813:978-1-4020-8258-0
441:"Capnia" lacustra
265:
264:
242:
2933:
2876:
2875:
2863:
2862:
2850:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2827:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2804:
2803:
2801:NHMSYS0000841058
2791:
2790:
2778:
2777:
2765:
2764:
2752:
2751:
2739:
2738:
2726:
2725:
2713:
2712:
2700:
2699:
2687:
2686:
2677:
2676:
2664:
2663:
2651:
2650:
2638:
2637:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2578:
2556:
2543:
2535:
2527:
2519:
2498:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2440:
2426:
2368:
2360:
2359:(basal lineages)
2352:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2274:
2252:
2251:
2185:Permoplectoptera
2158:
2117:Diaphanopterodea
2090:
2072:
2061:
1986:
1977:
1968:Amphiesmenoptera
1955:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1857:
1848:
1835:
1831:
1817:
1808:
1765:
1757:
1750:(barklice, lice)
1749:
1741:
1731:
1727:
1684:
1676:
1655:
1647:
1646:Grylloblattodea
1636:
1622:
1614:
1606:
1598:
1590:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1559:
1520:
1499:
1486:
1477:
1473:
1440:
1432:
1402:
1384:
1371:
1367:
1356:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1283:
1268:Data related to
1267:
1255:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1098:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1021:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
980:
974:
973:
963:
957:
956:
938:
925:
924:
922:
920:
911:. Archived from
904:
898:
897:
875:
869:
868:
838:
827:
824:
818:
817:
783:
767:
754:
685:Taeniopterygidae
575:Adult of family
561:Taeniopterygidae
559:Adult of family
237:
145:
144:
121:
107:
44:
37:Temporal range:
31:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2921:Aquatic insects
2886:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2871:
2866:
2858:
2853:
2845:
2843:
2835:
2830:
2822:
2820:
2812:
2807:
2799:
2794:
2786:
2781:
2773:
2768:
2760:
2755:
2747:
2742:
2734:
2729:
2721:
2716:
2708:
2703:
2695:
2690:
2682:
2680:
2672:
2667:
2659:
2654:
2646:
2641:
2633:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2585:
2575:
2562:
2555:Pteronarcyidae
2518:Chloroperlidae
2504:
2454:
2434:
2412:
2408:Gripopterygidae
2389:
2362:
2358:
2346:
2308:
2301:
2271:
2266:
2246:
2229:
2195:Protelytroptera
2127:Eudiaphanoptera
2112:Coxoplectoptera
2107:Carbotriplurida
2102:Campylopteridae
2079:Aethiocarenodea
2066:
2047:
1993:
1962:
1938:(scorpionflies)
1925:
1914:
1912:
1901:
1864:
1829:
1824:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1771:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1690:
1661:
1635:
1628:
1623:(angel insects)
1566:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1526:
1505:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1446:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1403:
1390:
1361:
1350:
1318:
1310:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1134:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1083:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1059:
1057:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1028:
1019:
1015:Capnia lacustra
1010:
1009:
1005:
995:
993:
982:
981:
977:
965:
964:
960:
953:
940:
939:
928:
918:
916:
907:Nelson, Riley.
906:
905:
901:
894:
877:
876:
872:
840:
839:
830:
825:
821:
814:
785:
784:
780:
776:
771:
770:
755:
751:
746:
628:Gripopterygidae
504:
480:
475:
458:true water bugs
363:Gripopterygidae
360:
334:
322:water pollution
236:
139:
112:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
39:
38:
35:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2939:
2937:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2864:
2851:
2841:
2828:
2818:
2805:
2792:
2779:
2766:
2753:
2740:
2727:
2718:Fauna Europaea
2714:
2701:
2688:
2678:
2665:
2652:
2639:
2626:
2611:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
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1246:External links
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1241:
1239:Nelson (1996b)
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735:Pteronarcyidae
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716:(350+ species)
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694:Systellognatha
690:
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679:Notonemouridae
675:
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622:Austroperlidae
616:Leptoperloidea
612:
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602:Diamphipnoidae
588:Basal lineages
581:Systellognatha
531:Systellognatha
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367:Dinotoperlinae
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414:Ancient Greek
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388:
387:compound eyes
384:
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377:with chewing
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32:
29:
25:
23:
2926:Polyneoptera
2590:
2460:Euholognatha
2385:Eustheniidae
2340:Infraclass:
2304:
2259:
2245:
2215:Syntonoptera
2097:Caloneurodea
2089:Blattoptera
2040:
2031:
2026:
1985:Lepidoptera
1983:
1976:Trichoptera
1952:
1934:
1886:Megaloptera
1880:(snakeflies)
1870:Neuropterida
1854:
1839:Coleopterida
1816:Hymenoptera
1814:
1736:Paraneoptera
1734:
1656:(gladiators)
1605:Phasmatodea
1583:(stoneflies)
1580:
1568:Polyneoptera
1511:Odonatoptera
1375:Monocondylia
1340:Pancrustacea
1338:(unranked):
1235:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1160:. Retrieved
1154:
1144:
1133:. Retrieved
1130:bugguide.net
1129:
1120:
1109:. Retrieved
1105:
1082:. Retrieved
1078:
1069:
1058:. Retrieved
1054:
1045:
1024:
1014:
1006:
994:. Retrieved
988:
978:
968:
961:
942:
917:. Retrieved
913:the original
902:
879:
873:
848:
842:
822:
787:
781:
764:monophyletic
757:
752:
652:Euholognatha
635:
634:
614:Superfamily
608:Eustheniidae
594:Superfamily
587:
586:
565:Euholognatha
547:
527:Euholognatha
520:
505:
496:
489:
481:
465:benthic zone
462:
451:
447:Baikaloperla
445:
439:
433:
427:, which are
420:
416:
407:
372:
351:
319:
311:evolutionary
300:
279:
267:
266:
252:
233:
224:Polyneoptera
210:Infraclass:
190:(unranked):
126:
28:
21:
2757:iNaturalist
2615:Wikispecies
2534:Perlodidae
2484:Nemouridae
2476:Leuctridae
2261:Wikispecies
2220:Titanoptera
2152:Lapeyriidae
2147:Hypoperlida
2122:Eoblattodea
2091:(roachoids)
2084:Archodonata
1926:Antliophora
1894:Neuroptera
1856:Coleoptera
1667:Dictyoptera
1637:(Xenonomia)
1613:Orthoptera
1597:Embioptera
1589:Dermaptera
1581:Plecoptera
1481:Palaeoptera
1344:Subphylum:
1189:: 123–135.
851:: 709–746.
692:Infraorder
650:Infraorder
550:ranked taxa
523:infraorders
502:Systematics
473:Mesoleuctra
353:Dinotoperla
40:299–0
2896:Plecoptera
2890:Categories
2635:Plecoptera
2621:Plecoptera
2591:Plecoptera
2468:Capniidae
2450:Scopuridae
2334:Subclass:
2324:Arthropoda
2305:Plecoptera
2170:Miomoptera
1936:Mecoptera
1764:Hemiptera
1685:(mantises)
1675:Blattodea
1621:Zoraptera
1500:(mayflies)
1439:Zygentoma
1334:Arthropoda
1270:Plecoptera
1258:Plecoptera
1135:2016-04-12
1111:2016-04-12
1084:2016-02-23
1060:2016-02-23
774:References
756:The genus
714:Perlodidae
672:Nemouridae
665:Leuctridae
646:Scopuridae
539:Scopuridae
478:Life cycle
429:membranous
375:mouthparts
290:and Lower
280:stoneflies
268:Plecoptera
247:Suborders
239:Burmeister
234:Plecoptera
200:Subclass:
194:Dicondylia
174:Arthropoda
34:Plecoptera
22:Plecoptera
2526:Perlidae
2430:Suborder
2336:Pterygota
2316:Kingdom:
2142:Heraridea
2132:Geroptera
2037:Based on
1911:Panorpida
1858:(beetles)
1748:Psocodea
1683:Mantodea
1634:Notoptera
1591:(earwigs)
1326:Kingdom:
1211:1055-7903
804:2067/1437
658:Capniidae
636:Suborder
535:phylogeny
508:suborders
453:Halobates
379:mandibles
204:Pterygota
160:Kingdom:
154:Eukaryota
128:Eusthenia
2656:BugGuide
2600:Wikidata
2342:Neoptera
2322:Phylum:
2318:Animalia
2307:families
2180:Paoliida
1954:Diptera
1758:(thrips)
1519:Odonata
1346:Hexapoda
1332:Phylum:
1328:Animalia
1227:80621609
1219:30876966
1162:July 31,
996:July 31,
865:10761594
707:Perlidae
577:Perlidae
485:diapause
385:, large
383:antennae
303:Southern
298:origin.
296:Mesozoic
284:Neoptera
220:Cohort:
214:Neoptera
170:Phylum:
164:Animalia
150:Domain:
2606:Q203547
2330:Insecta
2328:Class:
2303:Extant
2065:Extinct
2039:Sasaki
1946:(fleas)
1740: *
1191:Bibcode
762:is not
733:Family
726:Family
719:Family
712:Family
705:Family
698:Family
683:Family
677:Family
670:Family
663:Family
656:Family
626:Family
620:Family
606:Family
600:Family
417:plekein
410:braided
395:abdomen
359:(adult)
315:equator
292:Permian
276:insects
253:mostly
230:Order:
184:Insecta
180:Class:
111:–Recent
109:Permian
2873:593173
2847:890815
2837:368358
2821:NZOR:
2788:102467
2710:1PLECO
2684:856749
2043:(2013)
2041:et al.
2032:Italic
1360:Extant
1316:orders
1313:Insect
1225:
1217:
1209:
949:
919:16 May
890:
863:
810:
759:Capnia
525:, the
421:pteryx
399:nymphs
391:ocelli
326:nymphs
270:is an
257:: see
241:, 1839
24:(moth)
2868:WoRMS
2855:Plazi
2814:50622
2775:10508
2770:IRMNG
2762:47504
2723:12088
2674:8MP8Q
2443:basal
1223:S2CID
1020:(PDF)
744:Notes
543:clade
516:basal
492:molts
444:) or
425:wings
403:cerci
357:imago
341:Nymph
272:order
2809:NCBI
2783:ITIS
2744:GBIF
2705:EPPO
2697:1018
2643:BOLD
2027:bold
1215:PMID
1207:ISSN
1164:2008
998:2008
947:ISBN
921:2013
888:ISBN
861:PMID
808:ISBN
305:and
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