5006:
5531:
5511:
5482:
5440:
5404:
5375:
5346:
5310:
5268:
5232:
5203:
5174:
5138:
5116:
5080:
5051:
5022:
43:
695:(vocal folds) are abducted at the time of release. In a prevocalic aspirated plosive (a plosive followed by a vowel or sonorant), the time when the vocal cords begin to vibrate will be delayed until the vocal folds come together enough for voicing to begin, and will usually start with breathy voicing. The duration between the release of the plosive and the voice onset is called the
5563:
4586:
3749:
1055:", meaning there is increased contraction of the glottis than for normal production of voiceless plosives. The indirect evidence for stiff voice is in the following vowels, which have a higher fundamental frequency than those following other plosives. The higher frequency is explained as a result of the glottis being tense. Other such
302:
are often used interchangeably. Linguists who distinguish them may not agree on the distinction being made. The terms refer to different features of the consonant. "Stop" refers to the airflow that is stopped. "Occlusive" refers to the articulation, which occludes (blocks) the vocal tract. "Plosive"
709:
plosives, the vocal cords come together for voicing immediately following the release, and there is little or no aspiration (a voice onset time close to zero). In
English, there may be a brief segment of breathy voice that identifies the plosive as voiceless and not voiced. In voiced plosives, the
710:
vocal folds are set for voice before the release, and often vibrate during the entire hold, and in
English, the voicing after release is not breathy. A plosive is called "fully voiced" if it is voiced during the entire occlusion. In English, however, initial voiced plosives like
381:; "plosive" may even mean non-glottal stop. In other cases, however, it may be the word "plosive" that is restricted to the glottal stop. Generally speaking, plosives do not have plosion (a release burst). In English, for example, there are plosives with
718:
may have no voicing during the period of occlusion, or the voicing may start shortly before the release and continue after release, and word-final plosives tend to be fully devoiced: In most dialects of
English, the final /b/, /d/ and /g/ in words like
795:
consonant, the occlusion lasts longer than in simple consonants. In languages where plosives are only distinguished by length (e.g., Arabic, Ilwana, Icelandic), the long plosives may be held up to three times as long as the short plosives.
2095:
2131:
856:
There are many languages where the features voice, aspiration, and length reinforce each other, and in such cases it may be hard to determine which of these features predominates. In such cases, the terms
495:
Nasal occlusives are somewhat similar. In the catch and hold, airflow continues through the nose; in the release, there is no burst, and final nasals are typically unreleased across most languages.
2105:
312:
354:
what we call simply nasals are called nasal stops by some linguists. We avoid this phrase, preferring to reserve the term 'stop' for sounds in which there is a complete interruption of airflow.
2115:
2100:
1853:
2085:
468:
Only the hold phase is requisite. A plosive may lack an approach when it is preceded by a consonant that involves an occlusion at the same place of articulation, as in in
2062:
2052:
2047:
705:. Highly aspirated plosives have a long period of aspiration, so that there is a long period of voiceless airflow (a phonetic ) before the onset of the vowel. In
5629:
4939:
2996:
2742:
992:, that is, with air flowing outward from the lungs. All spoken languages have pulmonic stops. Some languages have stops made with other mechanisms as well:
601:. It may be more accurate to say that Hawaiian and colloquial Samoan do not distinguish velar and coronal plosives than to say they lack one or the other.
518:
All spoken natural languages in the world have plosives, and most have at least the voiceless plosives , , and . However, there are exceptions: Colloquial
3010:
3003:
2749:
3224:
2982:
2728:
1997:
4728:
3017:
2714:
4767:
4690:
4901:
4831:
2989:
2735:
1866:
1639:
1605:
546:. In fact, the labial is the least stable of the voiceless plosives in the languages of the world, as the unconditioned sound change → (→ →
4774:
4671:
5572:
5107:
4896:
4595:
3758:
3519:
3426:
2011:
1797:
4851:
4788:
4600:
3609:
3501:
3408:
2721:
318:
Either "occlusive" or "stop" may be used as a general term covering the other together with nasals. That is, 'occlusive' may be defined as
4795:
4741:
4697:
1827:
918:
starts out with a lowered velum that raises during the occlusion. The closest examples in
English are consonant clusters such as the in
5123:
4944:
4134:
4089:
3596:
3533:
3440:
2891:
2647:
4924:
4709:
4678:
5145:
4100:
4052:
4038:
3980:
3966:
3618:
3526:
3433:
2042:
1044:. However, this is difficult to measure, and there is usually debate over the actual mechanism of alleged fortis or lenis consonants.
308:
4873:
4858:
4638:
5622:
5194:
4114:
3636:
3547:
3508:
3454:
3415:
3172:
1949:
1649:
1615:
410:), which means "unpronounceable", "voiceless", or "silent", because plosives could not be pronounced without a vowel. This term was
126:
4624:
5366:
4107:
3763:
3690:
3627:
3540:
3447:
2954:
2898:
2863:
2654:
2619:
976:
are normally used only in languages where these sounds are phonemic: that is, not analyzed into sequences of plosive plus nasal.
5879:
4734:
4716:
6286:
5653:
5431:
5210:
5165:
3672:
2940:
2696:
2006:
1080:
165:
147:
5852:
4644:
5382:
5337:
5223:
4590:
4585:
4017:
3945:
3753:
3748:
3554:
3461:
3107:
3066:
2802:
2469:
64:
5847:
4652:
2205:
442:"deaf" or "silent", a term still occasionally seen in the literature. For more information on the Ancient Greek terms, see
5395:
5181:
5042:
4541:
4401:
4369:
3697:
2961:
2877:
2870:
2633:
2626:
2455:
432:
was sometimes used instead for voiceless consonants, whether plosives or fricatives, a usage that was later replaced with
5859:
5842:
4630:
1664:
5834:
5615:
5502:
5353:
5239:
4934:
4532:
4521:
4433:
4045:
3973:
3679:
3137:
2947:
2926:
2849:
2703:
2682:
2605:
2090:
1990:
1915:
Türk, Helen; Lippus, Pärtel; Šimko, Juraj (2017). "Context-dependent articulation of consonant gemination in
Estonian".
5874:
5869:
4747:
1681:
5411:
5058:
5013:
4548:
4031:
4010:
3959:
3706:
3124:
3080:
3073:
3024:
2816:
2809:
2760:
2505:
2476:
2325:
2158:
1731:
1151:
551:
373:
If a term such as "plosive" is used for oral non-affricated obstruents, and nasals are not called nasal stops, then a
107:
5864:
4658:
79:
6139:
5567:
5562:
5473:
5071:
4562:
4484:
3366:
3259:
3146:
3052:
2968:
2884:
2788:
2640:
2487:
2462:
2441:
1941:
1676:
1125:
1099:
241:
209:
4976:
53:
5786:
5731:
5522:
5259:
5029:
4929:
4555:
4475:
4464:
4066:
4024:
3994:
3952:
3330:
3038:
2933:
2856:
2774:
2689:
2612:
2519:
2370:
2341:
1761:
1705:
1177:
5897:
5716:
5649:
5489:
5301:
5087:
4613:
4491:
4059:
3987:
3715:
3312:
3286:
3235:
3155:
3087:
3031:
2767:
2547:
2512:
2352:
2332:
2311:
1568:
1229:
1163:
86:
60:
6100:
6095:
6006:
5538:
5451:
5275:
4505:
3901:
3373:
3206:
3197:
3180:
3059:
2975:
2795:
2533:
2494:
2448:
2384:
1983:
1766:
1710:
1203:
1137:
1111:
443:
249:
225:
217:
668:, are indeterminate: plosives may vary between voiced and voiceless without distinction, some of them like
6117:
5927:
5726:
5701:
5645:
5317:
4498:
4262:
4200:
3892:
3881:
3826:
3792:
3352:
3337:
3217:
3045:
2781:
2526:
2412:
2377:
2268:
2253:
2237:
1544:
1538:
1528:
1517:
1508:
1492:
1482:
1461:
1449:
1439:
1427:
1418:
1399:
1385:
1375:
1363:
1353:
1265:
1249:
1235:
1223:
1209:
1197:
1189:
1183:
1171:
1157:
1145:
1131:
1119:
1105:
1093:
850:
843:
836:
715:
711:
686:
616:
608:
598:
594:
590:
579:
575:
571:
547:
386:
196:
161:
157:
143:
1854:"Organised Phonology Data - Gadsup ( Ontena dialect) Language [GAJ] - Eastern Highlands Province"
93:
5706:
5683:
5661:
4324:
4251:
4231:
4189:
4169:
3908:
3805:
3319:
3293:
3268:
3242:
2554:
2398:
2359:
2318:
2248:
2209:
2057:
1241:
559:
337:
329:
277:
269:
6144:
6107:
5819:
4780:
4313:
4293:
4271:
4209:
3922:
3861:
3188:
2540:
2391:
2293:
1215:
1005:
665:
335:
327:
275:
267:
255:
247:
239:
233:
231:
223:
215:
207:
464:
Release (or "burst" or "plosion"), when the articulators are separated, releasing the compressed air
75:
6215:
6085:
6062:
5811:
5764:
5736:
5577:
4844:
4455:
4342:
4333:
4242:
4180:
3929:
3915:
3833:
3359:
2419:
2273:
2230:
1001:
997:
985:
507:
503:
499:
481:
367:
200:
1883:
461:
Hold (or "occlusion" or "closure"), during which the articulators are held and block the airstream
6080:
5913:
5721:
5678:
4867:
4304:
3870:
3819:
3798:
2561:
2405:
2263:
2243:
2201:
1736:
1255:
1013:
993:
989:
903:, as they have a non-turbulent airflow and are nearly always voiced, but they are articulatorily
489:
382:
363:
359:
192:
922:, but many languages have prenasalized stops that function phonologically as single consonants.
303:
refers to the release burst (plosion) of the consonant. Some object to the use of "plosive" for
1839:
1304:
partially voiced word-initially, fully voiced intervocalically, fully devoiced when word-final
6291:
6202:
6159:
6036:
6001:
5824:
5791:
5759:
5693:
5288:
4823:
4225:
4076:
3840:
3771:
3385:
2298:
2278:
2220:
2110:
1945:
1861:
1793:
1645:
1611:
1578:
915:
829:
817:
661:
586:
523:
1774:
1718:
899:
that allows the air to escape through the nose during the occlusion. Nasals are acoustically
6227:
6220:
6075:
6031:
6026:
5889:
5801:
5778:
5754:
5711:
5670:
5098:
4617:
4163:
3854:
3812:
2288:
2258:
2225:
2215:
1345:
1032:
958:
923:
858:
797:
751:(unaspirated). When spoken near a candle flame, the flame will flicker more after the words
748:
706:
697:
669:
657:
640:
612:
555:
543:
1963:
6192:
6090:
6070:
6011:
5979:
5796:
5422:
5156:
4154:
3847:
3280:
2283:
2153:
1975:
1741:
1686:
1631:
1597:
1334:
1048:
1009:
949:
begins with a raised velum that lowers during the occlusion. This causes an audible nasal
931:
892:
882:
673:
567:
563:
531:
519:
343:
304:
263:
6164:
5328:
477:
319:
739:, are aspirated, with a palpable puff of air upon release, whereas a plosive after an
6280:
6250:
6210:
6187:
6154:
6127:
4987:
4515:
4357:
3775:
1672:
1635:
1601:
1521:
1060:
962:
946:
604:
485:
484:, word-final plosives lack a release burst, even when followed by a vowel, or have a
397:
347:
100:
1828:"The Typology of the Distribution of Edge : the propensity for bipositionality"
6260:
6179:
6169:
6149:
4837:
2570:
1311:
1271:
1068:
886:
378:
257:
583:
1051:, sometimes written with the IPA symbol for ejectives, which are produced using "
286:, where partial occlusion impedes but does not block airflow in the vocal tract.
266:, where the vocal tract is blocked but airflow continues through the nose, as in
6265:
6255:
6245:
6132:
5989:
5585:
4999:
4982:
4760:
4287:
3095:
2168:
2146:
1755:
1699:
1064:
1052:
896:
692:
646:
342:), or 'stop' may be defined as oral stops (plosives) plus nasal stops (nasals).
42:
619:(it does not have voiceless plosives) which is the most out of all languages.
17:
6048:
5464:
4992:
2305:
2163:
1573:
1562:
820:
also prominently features geminate consonants, such as in the minimal pair 来た
788:
350:(1996) prefer to restrict 'stop' to oral non-affricated occlusives. They say,
283:
6237:
6043:
5994:
5954:
5949:
5936:
5250:
4756:
4004:
3937:
2827:
2583:
2191:
1341:
1330:
1056:
1025:
908:
904:
651:
623:
550:) is quite common in unrelated languages, having occurred in the history of
527:
323:
183:
174:
31:
502:, the catch and hold are those of a plosive, but the release is that of a
5971:
5959:
5556:
4891:
4813:
4807:
4579:
3742:
2580:
1842:
on 2022-02-19 – via HAL-SHS - Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société.
900:
535:
153:
926:
is well known for having words beginning with prenasalized stops, as in
27:
Consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases
2141:
1315:
656:
without. Plosives are commonly voiceless, and many languages, such as
593:
to a greater extent than
Standard Hawaiian, but neither distinguish a
539:
411:
865:
is used for single, tenuous, or voiced plosives. However, the terms
832:
is unusual for contrasting three lengths, as in the minimal triplet
873:
are poorly defined, and their meanings vary from source to source.
393:. However, English plosives do have plosion in other environments.
5984:
4967:
2136:
1964:"The Breath-Stream Dynamics of Simple-Released Plosive Production"
1039:
862:
415:
961:
and other Slavic languages, which can be seen in the name of the
30:"Stop consonant" redirects here. For the broader definition, see
1329:
Many subclassifications of plosives are transcribed by adding a
1079:
The following plosives have been given dedicated symbols in the
5611:
5607:
4965:
2189:
2024:
1979:
1790:
Practical
Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students
454:
A plosive is typically analysed as having up to three phases:
36:
1665:
907:, as there is complete blockage of the oral cavity. The term
401:
930:'bird', and in many languages of the South Pacific, such as
313:
International
Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association
957:. This could also be compared to the /dn/ cluster found in
911:
may be used as a cover term for both nasals and plosives.
731:
are fully devoiced. Initial voiceless plosives, like the
861:
is sometimes used for aspiration or gemination, whereas
206:
The occlusion may be made with the tongue tip or blade (
800:
is well known for its geminate plosives, as the double
664:, have only voiceless plosives. Others, such as most
307:, which may then instead be called "applosives". The
3780:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
615:
distinguishes plosives in 7 places of articulations
526:, and several North American languages, such as the
152:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
6236:
6201:
6178:
6116:
6061:
5970:
5935:
5926:
5906:
5888:
5833:
5810:
5777:
5747:
5692:
5669:
5660:
5421:
5249:
5097:
4917:
2236:
2208:
2124:
2078:
2035:
1291:aspirated word-initially, tenuis in clusters after
895:are differentiated from plosives only by a lowered
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1754:
1698:
626:for the distribution of both plosives and nasals.
1902:Cruttenden, Alan Gimsons Pronunciation of English
458:Approach, during which articulators come together
166:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
352:
1037:is produced with more muscular tension than a
934:, these are even spelled with single letters:
5623:
4940:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
1991:
8:
506:. That is, affricates are plosive–fricative
1295:, word-final often with no audible release
437:
419:
5932:
5744:
5666:
5630:
5616:
5608:
4962:
4914:
2186:
2032:
2021:
1998:
1984:
1976:
1972:Bibliotheca Phonetica, Karger, Basel, 1968
1826:Ulfsbjorninn, Shanti; Lahrouchi, Mohamed.
1792:(3rd ed.). Routledge. pp. 85–6.
444:Ancient Greek phonology § Terminology
424:, and from there borrowed into English as
2053:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
1788:Collins, Beverly; Mees, Inger M. (2013).
358:In addition, they restrict "plosive" for
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1890:. University of California, Los Angeles.
1503:
1474:
1410:
1339:
1283:
1085:
326:) plus nasal occlusives (nasals such as
3794:
2235:
1734:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short.
1589:
2219:
1047:There are a series of plosives in the
4454:
4153:
3869:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2229:
2224:
2214:
1644:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 77–78.
1259:
984:Stops may be made with more than one
645:are pronounced with vibration of the
7:
3827:
1775:participating institution membership
1719:participating institution membership
156:. For the distinction between ,
65:adding citations to reliable sources
4945:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
3806:
3770:Symbols to the right in a cell are
1641:The Sounds of the World's Languages
1607:The Sounds of the World's Languages
3862:
2043:International Phonetic Association
1610:. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 102.
767:. In the common pronunciation of
309:International Phonetic Association
25:
5537:
5521:
5501:
5488:
5472:
5450:
5430:
5410:
5394:
5381:
5365:
5352:
5336:
5316:
5300:
5287:
5274:
5258:
5238:
5222:
5209:
5193:
5180:
5164:
5144:
5122:
5106:
5086:
5070:
5057:
5041:
5028:
5012:
4872:
4857:
4850:
4830:
4806:
4794:
4787:
4773:
4766:
4740:
4727:
4715:
4708:
4696:
4689:
4677:
4670:
4651:
4637:
4623:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4531:
4520:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4474:
4463:
4432:
4400:
4368:
4341:
4332:
4323:
4312:
4303:
4292:
4270:
4261:
4250:
4241:
4230:
4208:
4199:
4188:
4179:
4168:
4133:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4088:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3891:
3880:
3834:
3714:
3705:
3696:
3689:
3678:
3671:
3635:
3626:
3617:
3608:
3595:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3507:
3500:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3414:
3407:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3336:
3329:
3318:
3311:
3292:
3285:
3267:
3258:
3241:
3234:
3223:
3216:
3205:
3196:
3187:
3171:
3154:
3145:
3136:
3123:
3106:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2569:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2493:
2486:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2358:
2351:
2340:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2294:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
808:takes just as long to say as the
362:; "stops" in their usage include
5561:
5529:
5509:
5480:
5438:
5402:
5373:
5344:
5308:
5266:
5230:
5201:
5172:
5136:
5114:
5078:
5049:
5020:
5004:
4584:
3820:
3799:
3747:
2096:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
775:is aspirated whereas the medial
41:
5654:International Phonetic Alphabet
3841:
2007:International Phonetic Alphabet
1814:dtv Atlas zur deutschen Sprache
1087:Symbols for plosive consonants
759:are articulated, compared with
148:International Phonetic Alphabet
52:needs additional citations for
4925:Nasal labial–velar approximant
3855:
3813:
2116:IPA chart for English dialects
1832:Papers in Historical Phonology
570:; colloquial Samoan conflates
1:
3848:
476:. In many languages, such as
4935:Voiceless bidental fricative
2058:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
607:has only 1 phonemic plosive
195:in which the vocal tract is
2159:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
1152:voiceless retroflex plosive
676:have only voiced plosives.
400:, the term for plosive was
6308:
1942:Cambridge University Press
1666:
1337:to the IPA symbols above.
1126:voiceless alveolar plosive
1100:voiceless bilabial plosive
1023:
988:. The normal mechanism is
880:
402:
262:). Plosives contrast with
29:
6022:
5643:
5463:
5327:
5155:
4998:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4974:
4961:
4930:Nasal palatal approximant
4614:Co-articulated consonants
4514:
4459:
4422:
4390:
4355:
4286:
4224:
4162:
4123:
4075:
4003:
3936:
3874:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3795:
3651:
3573:
3480:
3384:
3279:
3179:
3094:
2921:
2825:
2677:
2579:
2434:
2304:
2198:
2185:
2031:
2020:
1762:Oxford English Dictionary
1706:Oxford English Dictionary
1469:
1395:
1178:voiceless palatal plosive
1569:List of phonetics topics
1565:(the opposite of a stop)
1230:voiceless uvular plosive
1164:voiced retroflex plosive
322:occlusive (plosives and
315:use the term "plosive".
305:inaudibly released stops
3790:Non-pulmonic consonants
2922:Non-sibilant fricative
2678:Non-sibilant affricate
2048:History of the alphabet
1888:UCLA Phonetics Lab Data
1767:Oxford University Press
1711:Oxford University Press
1682:A Greek–English Lexicon
1204:voiceless velar plosive
1138:voiced alveolar plosive
1112:voiced bilabial plosive
566:has only one word with
562:, for instance. Formal
144:phonetic transcriptions
6287:Manner of articulation
5646:Articulatory phonetics
2106:Sinological extensions
1190:voiced palatal plosive
438:
420:
356:
141:This article contains
5820:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1673:Liddell, Henry George
1242:voiced uvular plosive
1024:Further information:
947:postnasalized plosive
881:Further information:
6145:Labio-palatalization
3574:Lateral approximant
1917:Laboratory Phonology
1412:Airstream mechanism
1216:voiced velar plosive
1006:glottalic ingressive
666:Australian languages
61:improve this article
5835:Double articulation
2202:Pulmonic consonants
1765:(Online ed.).
1709:(Online ed.).
1477:
1433:pulmonic egressive
1413:
1348:
1088:
998:glottalic egressive
986:airstream mechanism
980:Airstream mechanism
703:aspiration interval
360:pulmonic consonants
181:, also known as an
4124:Lateral fricative
3774:, to the left are
3481:Lateral fricative
2269:Postalveolar
2254:Linguolabial
2101:Naming conventions
2064:Journal of the IPA
1938:Patterns of Sounds
1737:A Latin Dictionary
1475:
1411:
1340:
1256:epiglottal plosive
1086:
1014:lingual ingressive
990:pulmonic egressive
552:Classical Japanese
490:no audible release
383:no audible release
193:pulmonic consonant
6274:
6273:
6160:Pharyngealization
6057:
6056:
5922:
5921:
5880:Uvular–epiglottal
5773:
5772:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5548:
5547:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4910:
4909:
4735:Uvular–epiglottal
4609:
4608:
4571:
4570:
3786:
3785:
3734:
3733:
3652:Lateral tap/flap
2249:Labiodental
2181:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2111:World Orthography
1862:SIL International
1799:978-0-415-50650-2
1773:(Subscription or
1717:(Subscription or
1579:Nonexplosive stop
1554:
1553:
1502:
1501:
1498:nasally released
1473:
1472:
1409:
1408:
1322:
1321:
1318:in most dialects
1277:
1276:
916:prenasalized stop
846:'wardrobe ', and
624:Common occlusives
530:languages (e.g.,
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
6299:
6228:Voice onset time
5933:
5853:Labial–retroflex
5745:
5667:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5609:
5589:
5565:
5542:
5541:
5533:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5513:
5512:
5506:
5505:
5493:
5492:
5484:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5455:
5454:
5442:
5441:
5435:
5434:
5415:
5414:
5406:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5386:
5385:
5377:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5357:
5356:
5348:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5321:
5320:
5312:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5292:
5291:
5279:
5278:
5270:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5243:
5242:
5234:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5214:
5213:
5205:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5185:
5184:
5176:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5149:
5148:
5140:
5139:
5127:
5126:
5118:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5091:
5090:
5082:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5062:
5061:
5053:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5033:
5032:
5024:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5008:
5007:
4977:
4963:
4915:
4876:
4861:
4854:
4834:
4810:
4798:
4791:
4777:
4770:
4744:
4731:
4719:
4712:
4703:Labial–retroflex
4700:
4693:
4681:
4674:
4655:
4645:Labial–retroflex
4641:
4627:
4588:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4535:
4524:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4478:
4467:
4438:
4406:
4374:
4345:
4338:
4329:
4318:
4309:
4298:
4276:
4267:
4256:
4247:
4236:
4214:
4205:
4194:
4185:
4174:
4160:bottom: uvular)
4137:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4092:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4013:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3895:
3884:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3793:
3781:
3751:
3718:
3709:
3700:
3693:
3682:
3675:
3639:
3630:
3621:
3612:
3599:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3511:
3504:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3418:
3411:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3340:
3333:
3322:
3315:
3296:
3289:
3271:
3262:
3245:
3238:
3227:
3220:
3209:
3200:
3191:
3175:
3158:
3149:
3140:
3127:
3110:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2573:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2497:
2490:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2362:
2355:
2344:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2206:
2187:
2033:
2022:
2015:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1977:
1971:
1925:
1924:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1865:. Archived from
1858:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1838:. Archived from
1823:
1817:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1758:
1751:
1745:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1702:
1695:
1689:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1632:Ladefoged, Peter
1628:
1622:
1621:
1598:Ladefoged, Peter
1594:
1546:
1540:
1530:
1519:
1510:
1504:
1494:
1484:
1478:
1463:
1451:
1441:
1429:
1420:
1414:
1401:
1387:
1377:
1365:
1355:
1349:
1346:voice-onset time
1284:
1267:
1251:
1237:
1225:
1211:
1199:
1185:
1173:
1159:
1147:
1133:
1121:
1107:
1095:
1089:
1010:click consonants
974:postnasalization
953:, as in English
852:
845:
838:
812:does in English
717:
713:
698:voice onset time
658:Mandarin Chinese
618:
610:
600:
596:
592:
581:
577:
573:
556:Classical Arabic
549:
441:
423:
405:
404:
388:
341:
333:
296:stop, occlusive,
281:
273:
261:
253:
245:
237:
229:
222:), tongue body (
221:
213:
163:
159:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
6307:
6306:
6302:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6277:
6276:
6275:
6270:
6232:
6197:
6174:
6119:
6112:
6053:
6018:
5966:
5918:
5902:
5884:
5848:Labial–alveolar
5829:
5806:
5787:Alveolo-palatal
5769:
5743:
5732:Palato-alveolar
5688:
5656:
5650:Co-articulation
5639:
5636:
5606:
5597:
5587:
5586:unrounded
5582:
5544:
5543:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5527:
5520:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5507:
5500:
5495:
5494:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5471:
5457:
5456:
5449:
5444:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5429:
5417:
5416:
5409:
5407:
5403:
5400:
5393:
5388:
5387:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5371:
5364:
5359:
5358:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5342:
5335:
5323:
5322:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5306:
5299:
5294:
5293:
5286:
5281:
5280:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5257:
5245:
5244:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5228:
5221:
5216:
5215:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5199:
5192:
5187:
5186:
5179:
5177:
5173:
5170:
5163:
5151:
5150:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5129:
5128:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5112:
5105:
5093:
5092:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5076:
5069:
5064:
5063:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5040:
5035:
5034:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5011:
5005:
4970:
4949:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4879:Labial–alveolar
4877:
4870:
4865:
4862:
4855:
4847:
4842:
4841:
4835:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4811:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4792:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4771:
4763:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4737:
4732:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4713:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4694:
4686:
4685:
4684:Labial–alveolar
4682:
4675:
4667:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4634:
4633:
4631:Labial–alveolar
4628:
4620:
4610:
4605:
4435:
4403:
4391:Voiced lateral
4371:
4346:
4335:
4326:
4315:
4306:
4295:
4273:
4264:
4253:
4244:
4233:
4211:
4202:
4191:
4182:
4171:
4159:
4157:
3779:
3768:
2274:Retroflex
2194:
2173:
2132:ASCII encodings
2120:
2074:
2027:
2016:
2009:
2004:
1961:
1958:
1936:Ian Maddieson,
1933:
1931:Further reading
1928:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1812:König, W. (ed)
1811:
1807:
1800:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1742:Perseus Project
1730:
1726:
1716:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1687:Perseus Project
1663:
1659:
1652:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1559:
1542:
1515:
1405:breathy-voiced
1335:modifier letter
1327:
1303:
1290:
1282:
1077:
1049:Korean language
1028:
1022:
1002:implosive stops
982:
970:prenasalization
889:
883:Nasal consonant
879:
824:'came' and 切った
785:
682:
637:
632:
516:
514:Common plosives
452:
292:
254:), or glottis (
171:
170:
169:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Stop consonants
15:
12:
11:
5:
6305:
6303:
6295:
6294:
6289:
6279:
6278:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6242:
6240:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6230:
6225:
6224:
6223:
6218:
6207:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6184:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6167:
6165:Glottalization
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6140:Palatalization
6137:
6136:
6135:
6124:
6122:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6098:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6067:
6065:
6059:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6040:
6039:
6034:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6015:
6014:
6009:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5987:
5982:
5976:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5962:
5952:
5947:
5941:
5939:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5916:
5910:
5908:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5898:Velopharyngeal
5894:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5860:Labial–palatal
5857:
5856:
5855:
5850:
5843:Labial–coronal
5839:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5822:
5816:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5783:
5781:
5775:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5751:
5749:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5724:
5719:
5717:Denti-alveolar
5714:
5709:
5704:
5698:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5681:
5675:
5673:
5664:
5658:
5657:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5612:
5603:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5594:
5593:
5581:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5559:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5535:
5528:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5508:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5486:
5479:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5437:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5408:
5401:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5379:
5372:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5350:
5343:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5314:
5307:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5272:
5265:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5236:
5229:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5207:
5200:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5178:
5171:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5142:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5120:
5113:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5084:
5077:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5055:
5048:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5026:
5019:
5010:
5009:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4921:
4919:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4878:
4871:
4866:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4828:
4822:
4812:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4793:
4786:
4785:
4781:Labial–palatal
4779:
4772:
4765:
4764:
4755:
4754:
4746:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4657:
4650:
4649:
4643:
4636:
4635:
4629:
4622:
4621:
4611:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4536:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4479:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4461:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4423:Nasal lateral
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4339:
4330:
4321:
4319:
4310:
4301:
4299:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4268:
4259:
4257:
4248:
4239:
4237:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4206:
4197:
4195:
4186:
4177:
4175:
4166:
4161:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4014:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3896:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3878:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3712:
3710:
3703:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3633:
3631:
3624:
3622:
3615:
3613:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3265:
3263:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3203:
3201:
3194:
3192:
3185:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3152:
3150:
3143:
3141:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2567:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2338:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2244:Bilabial
2241:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2079:Special topics
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2018:
2017:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1962:Rothenberg M.
1957:
1956:External links
1954:
1953:
1952:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1907:
1893:
1875:
1872:on 2022-03-08.
1845:
1818:
1805:
1798:
1780:
1746:
1724:
1690:
1657:
1650:
1636:Maddieson, Ian
1623:
1616:
1602:Maddieson, Ian
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1535:
1532:
1525:
1520:⟩ with
1512:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1489:
1486:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1446:
1443:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1232:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1180:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1154:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1076:
1073:
1059:types include
1021:
1018:
994:ejective stops
981:
978:
878:
875:
784:
781:
771:, the initial
681:
678:
636:
633:
631:
630:Classification
628:
515:
512:
466:
465:
462:
459:
451:
448:
385:, such as the
291:
288:
164:⟩, see
140:
139:
138:
135:
134:
117:September 2019
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6304:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6239:
6235:
6229:
6226:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6200:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6155:Uvularization
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6128:Labialization
6126:
6125:
6123:
6121:
6115:
6109:
6106:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6064:
6060:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6003:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5969:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5925:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5905:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5875:Coronal–velar
5873:
5871:
5870:Labial–uvular
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5746:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5642:
5633:
5628:
5626:
5621:
5619:
5614:
5613:
5610:
5592:
5591:
5590: rounded
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5564:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5540:
5524:
5517:
5504:
5497:
5491:
5475:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5459:
5453:
5446:
5433:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5413:
5397:
5390:
5384:
5368:
5361:
5355:
5339:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5319:
5303:
5296:
5290:
5283:
5277:
5261:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5241:
5225:
5218:
5212:
5196:
5189:
5183:
5167:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5147:
5133:
5131:
5125:
5109:
5102:
5100:
5096:
5089:
5073:
5066:
5060:
5044:
5037:
5031:
5015:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4969:
4964:
4960:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4875:
4869:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4833:
4825:
4818:
4816:
4809:
4797:
4790:
4782:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4758:
4749:
4748:Labial–uvular
4743:
4736:
4730:
4718:
4711:
4699:
4692:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4646:
4640:
4632:
4626:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4587:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4546:
4543:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4331:
4328:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4269:
4266:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4187:
4184:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3791:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
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2698:
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2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
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2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
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2607:
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2599:
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2207:
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2197:
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2123:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:Case variants
2089:
2087:
2086:Cursive forms
2084:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
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2023:
2019:
2013:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1950:0-521-26536-3
1947:
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1733:
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1720:
1712:
1708:
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1694:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1677:Scott, Robert
1674:
1670:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1651:0-631-19815-6
1647:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1617:0-631-19815-6
1613:
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1603:
1599:
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1584:
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1577:
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1572:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1536:
1533:
1526:
1523:
1522:voicelessness
1513:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1490:
1488:prenasalized
1487:
1480:
1479:
1466:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1416:
1415:
1404:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1195:
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1191:
1188:
1181:
1179:
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1169:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1143:
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1139:
1136:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1075:Transcription
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1063:, or murmur;
1062:
1061:breathy voice
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
979:
977:
975:
971:
966:
964:
963:Dnieper River
960:
956:
952:
948:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
888:
884:
876:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
854:
853:'wardrobe '.
849:
842:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
790:
782:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
708:
704:
701:(VOT) or the
700:
699:
694:
690:
688:
679:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
653:
648:
644:
642:
634:
629:
627:
625:
620:
614:
606:
605:Ontena Gadsup
602:
588:
585:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
513:
511:
509:
505:
501:
496:
493:
491:
487:
486:nasal release
483:
479:
475:
471:
463:
460:
457:
456:
455:
449:
447:
445:
440:
436:, from Latin
435:
431:
427:
422:
417:
413:
409:
399:
398:Ancient Greek
394:
392:
384:
380:
377:may mean the
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
355:
351:
349:
345:
339:
331:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
301:
297:
289:
287:
285:
279:
271:
265:
259:
251:
243:
235:
227:
219:
211:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
167:
155:
151:
149:
145:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
6180:Tongue shape
6170:Nasalization
6150:Velarization
6120:articulation
5944:
5890:Pathological
5865:Labial–velar
5748:Active place
5727:Postalveolar
5702:Linguolabial
5638:Articulation
5583:
4864:Labial–velar
4814:
4801:Labial–velar
4722:Labial–velar
4664:
4659:Labial–velar
4612:
4158:(top: velar;
3875:
3789:
3769:
2435:
2200:
2067:
2063:
1967:
1937:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1901:
1896:
1887:
1878:
1867:the original
1860:
1848:
1840:the original
1835:
1831:
1821:
1813:
1808:
1789:
1783:
1760:
1749:
1735:
1727:
1704:
1693:
1680:
1660:
1640:
1626:
1606:
1592:
1328:
1312:glottal stop
1302:unaspirated,
1292:
1272:glottal stop
1078:
1069:creaky voice
1046:
1038:
1031:
1029:
983:
973:
969:
967:
954:
950:
944:
939:
935:
927:
919:
913:
890:
887:Nasalization
877:Nasalization
870:
866:
855:
847:
840:
833:
825:
821:
813:
809:
805:
804:in the name
801:
792:
786:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
702:
696:
685:
683:
650:
639:
638:
621:
617:/bd̪dḏɖɡ̟ɡ̠/
603:
560:Proto-Celtic
517:
497:
494:
473:
469:
467:
453:
450:Articulation
433:
429:
425:
407:
395:
390:
379:glottal stop
374:
372:
370:consonants.
357:
353:
317:
299:
295:
293:
205:
199:so that all
188:
187:or simply a
182:
178:
172:
160:and ⟨
142:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
5990:Approximant
5707:Interdental
5684:Labiodental
4826:approximant
4761:approximant
3096:Approximant
2169:IPA Braille
2147:Kirshenbaum
1314:, not as a
1065:slack voice
1053:stiff voice
761:spar, star,
693:vocal cords
647:vocal cords
290:Terminology
282:, and with
6281:Categories
6118:Secondary
6108:Percussive
6076:Ingressive
6049:Continuant
5573:full chart
5099:Near-close
4897:full chart
4819:(variable)
4596:full chart
4079:affricate
3759:full chart
3388:affricate
2192:Consonants
2164:IPA number
2026:IPA topics
1884:"Yanuyuwa"
1777:required.)
1721:required.)
1585:References
1574:Pop filter
1563:Continuant
1524:diacritic
1455:implosive
1391:aspirated
1359:voiceless
1325:Variations
1289:voiceless,
968:The terms
905:obstruents
680:Aspiration
522:lacks the
500:affricates
482:Vietnamese
324:affricates
294:The terms
284:fricatives
87:newspapers
6238:Phonation
6216:Aspirated
6211:Voiceless
6086:Implosive
6071:Egressive
6063:Airstream
6044:Occlusive
5995:Semivowel
5955:Fricative
5950:Affricate
5937:Obstruent
5812:Laryngeal
5765:Subapical
5737:Retroflex
5423:Near-open
5157:Close-mid
4845:Implosive
4838:Velarized
4757:Fricative
4516:Voiceless
4456:Implosive
4005:Fricative
3938:Affricate
3776:voiceless
2828:fricative
2826:Sibilant
2584:affricate
2231:Laryngeal
2125:Encodings
1550:geminate
1547:⟩
1531:⟩
1511:⟩
1495:⟩
1485:⟩
1476:Nasality
1464:⟩
1452:⟩
1445:ejective
1442:⟩
1430:⟩
1421:⟩
1402:⟩
1388:⟩
1378:⟩
1366:⟩
1356:⟩
1342:Phonation
1331:diacritic
1268:⟩
1252:⟩
1238:⟩
1226:⟩
1212:⟩
1200:⟩
1186:⟩
1174:⟩
1160:⟩
1148:⟩
1134:⟩
1122:⟩
1108:⟩
1096:⟩
1057:phonation
1026:Tenseness
1020:Tenseness
909:occlusive
901:sonorants
753:par, tar,
687:aspirated
652:voiceless
589:has for
542:lack the
528:Iroquoian
504:fricative
368:implosive
348:Maddieson
344:Ladefoged
238:), lips (
184:occlusive
175:phonetics
76:"Plosive"
32:Occlusive
6292:Plosives
6133:Rounding
6101:Ejective
6096:Pulmonic
6081:Ejective
6007:Tap/flap
5972:Sonorant
5960:Sibilant
5914:Bidental
5722:Alveolar
5679:Bilabial
5584:Legend:
5578:template
5557:IPA help
5329:Open-mid
4902:template
4892:IPA help
4868:Ejective
4840:alveolar
4601:template
4580:IPA help
3871:Ejective
3764:template
3743:IPA help
3181:Tap/flap
2581:Sibilant
2264:Alveolar
1944:, 1984.
1923:(1): 26.
1816:dtv 1994
1638:(1996).
1604:(1996).
1557:See also
1543:⟨
1541:⟩
1537:⟨
1527:⟨
1516:⟨
1507:⟨
1491:⟨
1481:⟨
1460:⟨
1448:⟨
1438:⟨
1426:⟨
1417:⟨
1398:⟨
1384:⟨
1374:⟨
1362:⟨
1352:⟨
1264:⟨
1248:⟨
1234:⟨
1222:⟨
1208:⟨
1196:⟨
1182:⟨
1170:⟨
1156:⟨
1144:⟨
1130:⟨
1118:⟨
1104:⟨
1092:⟨
851:/kɑpːːi/
839:'hoof',
830:Estonian
818:Japanese
814:Victoria
806:Vittoria
789:geminate
779:is not.
743:, as in
689:plosives
662:Hawaiian
654:plosives
643:plosives
587:Hawaiian
536:Cherokee
508:contours
364:ejective
311:and the
203:ceases.
158:/ /
154:Help:IPA
6251:Breathy
6037:Lateral
6002:Vibrant
5945:Plosive
5825:Glottal
5792:Palatal
5760:Laminal
5694:Coronal
5588:•
4988:Central
4824:Lateral
4665:Plosive
4460:Voiced
4358:lateral
4356:Tenuis
4347:
4077:Lateral
3386:Lateral
2436:Plosive
2299:Glottal
2279:Palatal
2221:Coronal
2142:X-SAMPA
1685:at the
1381:tenuis
1369:voiced
1316:phoneme
1280:English
1042:plosive
1035:plosive
959:Russian
951:release
924:Swahili
891:Simple
844:/kɑpːi/
828:'cut'.
798:Italian
670:Yanyuwa
613:Yanyuwa
597:from a
584:Ni‘ihau
538:), and
524:coronal
412:calqued
408:áphōnon
300:plosive
201:airflow
197:blocked
191:, is a
179:plosive
146:in the
101:scholar
6261:Creaky
6221:Tenuis
6188:Sulcal
6032:Rhotic
6027:Liquid
5928:Manner
5802:Uvular
5779:Dorsal
5755:Apical
5712:Dental
5671:Labial
5566:
4968:Vowels
4817:-sound
4589:
4226:Voiced
4164:Tenuis
3772:voiced
3752:
2743:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
2289:Uvular
2259:Dental
2238:Manner
2226:Dorsal
2216:Labial
1968:Vol. 6
1948:
1796:
1756:"surd"
1732:surdus
1700:"mute"
1667:ἄφωνος
1648:
1614:
1534:tense
1514:lenis:
1467:click
1067:; and
1033:fortis
1008:), or
955:sudden
932:Fijian
893:nasals
867:fortis
859:fortis
837:/kɑpi/
783:Length
749:tenuis
707:tenuis
691:, the
674:Yidiny
641:Voiced
564:Samoan
558:, and
544:labial
540:Arabic
532:Mohawk
520:Samoan
488:. See
439:surdus
403:ἄφωνον
264:nasals
162:
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
6266:Stiff
6256:Slack
6246:Modal
6203:Voice
6193:Domed
6091:Click
6012:Trill
5985:Vowel
5980:Nasal
5907:Other
5797:Velar
5662:Place
5568:audio
5000:Close
4983:Front
4918:Other
4852:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
4618:Nasal
4591:audio
4288:Nasal
4155:Click
3754:audio
3281:Trill
2750:d̠ɹ̠˔
2306:Nasal
2284:Velar
2210:Place
2137:SAMPA
2012:chart
1870:(PDF)
1857:(PDF)
1771:
1715:
1545:tː dː
1539:tt dd
1040:lenis
928:ndege
920:candy
897:velum
871:lenis
863:lenis
848:kappi
826:kitta
787:In a
747:, is
635:Voice
568:velar
478:Malay
416:Latin
414:into
340:]
336:[
332:]
328:[
260:]
256:[
252:]
248:[
244:]
240:[
236:]
232:[
228:]
224:[
220:]
216:[
212:]
208:[
150:(IPA)
108:JSTOR
94:books
5465:Open
4993:Back
4874:t͡pʼ
4115:q𝼄ʼ
4108:k𝼄ʼ
4101:c𝼆ʼ
3967:t̠ʃʼ
3953:t̪θʼ
3946:p̪fʼ
3876:Stop
3331:ɽ̊r̥
2997:ɹ̠̊˔
2729:tɹ̝̊
2154:TIPA
2068:JIPA
1946:ISBN
1794:ISBN
1646:ISBN
1612:ISBN
1344:and
972:and
885:and
869:and
841:kapi
834:kabi
822:kita
793:long
769:papa
765:scar
763:and
755:and
727:and
716:/#d/
712:/#b/
672:and
660:and
622:See
574:and
534:and
480:and
434:surd
430:Mute
426:mute
421:mūta
375:stop
366:and
346:and
320:oral
298:and
274:and
189:stop
177:, a
80:news
5251:Mid
4859:ɠ͡ɓ
4742:q͡p
4729:q͡ʡ
4717:ɡ͡b
4710:k͡p
4698:ɖ͡b
4691:ʈ͡p
4679:d͡b
4672:t͡p
4653:ŋ͡m
4639:ɳ͡m
4625:n͡m
4327:ɴ𝼊
4325:ŋ𝼊
4265:ɢ𝼊
4263:ɡ𝼊
4203:q𝼊
4201:k𝼊
4090:tɬʼ
3995:qχʼ
3988:kxʼ
3981:tɕʼ
3974:tʂʼ
3960:tsʼ
3691:𝼈̥
3462:ɡʟ̝
3455:k𝼄
3448:ɟʎ̝
3441:c𝼆
3434:d𝼅
3011:ɻ̊˔
3004:ɹ̠˔
2736:dɹ̝
2722:d̪ð
2715:t̪θ
2704:b̪v
2697:p̪f
2627:d̠ʒ
2620:t̠ʃ
2036:IPA
1740:on
1333:or
1081:IPA
1016:).
1000:),
816:.
791:or
757:car
745:spy
737:pie
735:in
729:dog
725:mad
721:rib
714:or
684:In
609:/ʔ/
599:/t/
595:/k/
591:/k/
580:/k/
578:to
576:/k/
572:/t/
498:In
474:old
472:or
470:end
418:as
396:In
391:apt
389:in
387:/p/
173:In
63:by
6283::
5652:–
5648:–
5318:o̞
5302:ɤ̞
5276:ø̞
5260:e̞
4815:Sj
4768:ɥ̊
4563:ʛ̥
4556:ɠ̊
4549:ʄ̊
4542:ᶑ̊
4533:ɗ̥
4522:ɓ̥
4436:ɴǁ
4434:ŋǁ
4404:ɢǁ
4402:ɡǁ
4372:qǁ
4370:kǁ
4336:ɴǂ
4334:ŋǂ
4316:ɴǃ
4314:ŋǃ
4307:ɴǀ
4305:ŋǀ
4296:ɴʘ
4294:ŋʘ
4274:ɢǂ
4272:ɡǂ
4254:ɢǃ
4252:ɡǃ
4245:ɢǀ
4243:ɡǀ
4234:ɢʘ
4232:ɡʘ
4212:qǂ
4210:kǂ
4192:qǃ
4190:kǃ
4183:qǀ
4181:kǀ
4172:qʘ
4170:kʘ
4135:ɬʼ
4067:χʼ
4060:xʼ
4053:ɕʼ
4046:ʂʼ
4039:ʃʼ
4032:sʼ
4025:θʼ
4018:fʼ
4011:ɸʼ
3930:ʡʼ
3923:qʼ
3916:kʼ
3909:cʼ
3902:ʈʼ
3893:tʼ
3882:pʼ
3863:EG
3835:RF
3828:PA
3807:LD
3800:BL
3778:.
3716:ʟ̆
3707:ʎ̆
3698:𝼈
3673:ɺ̥
3637:ʟ̠
3555:ʟ̝
3548:𝼄
3541:ʎ̝
3534:𝼆
3527:𝼅
3427:tꞎ
3416:dɮ
3409:tɬ
3353:ʀ̥
3338:ɽr
3313:r̥
3287:ʙ̥
3269:ʡ̆
3260:ɢ̆
3236:ɽ̊
3218:ɾ̥
3207:ɾ̼
3189:ⱱ̟
3173:ʔ̞
3018:ɻ˔
2990:ð̠
2983:θ̠
2962:ð̼
2955:θ̼
2817:ʔh
2810:ʡʢ
2803:ʡʜ
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2782:ɡɣ
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2761:cç
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2648:tɕ
2641:dʐ
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2606:ts
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2470:t̼
2463:b̪
2456:p̪
2413:ɴ̥
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2385:ɲ̊
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2326:ɱ̊
2312:m̥
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2212:→
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5452:ɐ
5432:æ
5412:ɔ
5396:ʌ
5383:ɞ
5367:ɜ
5354:œ
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5289:ə
5240:o
5224:ɤ
5211:ɵ
5195:ɘ
5182:ø
5166:e
5146:ʊ
5124:ʏ
5108:ɪ
5088:u
5072:ɯ
5059:ʉ
5043:ɨ
5030:y
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4808:ɧ
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4759:/
4506:ʛ
4499:ɠ
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4485:ᶑ
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4465:ɓ
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3842:P
3821:A
3814:D
3680:ɺ
3628:ʟ
3619:ʎ
3610:ɭ
3597:l
3520:ꞎ
3509:ɮ
3502:ɬ
3374:ʢ
3367:ʜ
3360:ʀ
3320:r
3294:ʙ
3243:ɽ
3225:ɾ
3198:ⱱ
3156:ɰ
3147:j
3138:ɻ
3125:ɹ
3108:ʋ
3088:ɦ
3081:h
3074:ʕ
3067:ħ
3060:ʁ
3053:χ
3046:ɣ
3039:x
3032:ʝ
3025:ç
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2948:v
2941:f
2934:β
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2892:ɕ
2885:ʐ
2878:ʂ
2871:ʒ
2864:ʃ
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2360:n
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2066:(
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1836:1
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1462:!
1450:ɗ
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1293:s
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1236:ɢ
1224:q
1210:ɡ
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1172:c
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1132:d
1120:t
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258:ʔ
250:b
242:p
234:ɡ
226:k
218:d
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