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motor activities has been either lost or cannot be accessed. The condition is usually due to an insult to the dominant hemisphere of the brain. More often this is located in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere of the brain. Treatment of acquired apraxia due to stroke usually consists of physical, occupational, and speech therapy. The
Copenhagen Stroke Study, which is a large important study published in 2001, showed that out of 618 stroke patients, manual apraxia was found in 7% and oral apraxia was found in 6%. Both manual and oral apraxia were related to increasing severity of stroke. Oral apraxia was related with an increase in age at the time of the stroke. There was no difference in incidence among gender. It was also found that the finding of apraxia has no negative influence on ability to function after rehabilitation is completed. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is currently sponsoring a clinical trial to gain an understanding of how the brain operates while carrying out and controlling voluntary motor movements in normal subjects. The objective is to determine what goes wrong with these processes in the course of acquired apraxia due to stroke or brain injury.
325:(PNF stretching), as well as conventional treatment approaches (utilizing traditional exercises and functional activities), etc. Despite being widely used, based on the literature, NDT has failed to demonstrate any superiority over other treatment techniques available. In fact, the techniques compared with NDT in these studies often produce similar results in terms of treatment effectiveness. Research has demonstrated significant findings for all these treatment approaches when compared with control subjects and indicate that overall, rehabilitation is effective. It is important to note, however, that the NDT philosophy of "do what works best" has led to heterogeneity in the literature in terms of what constitutes an NDT technique, thus making it difficult to directly compare to other techniques.
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apraxia is the inability to create a plan for a specific movement. Buccofacial apraxia, or facial-oral apraxia, is the inability to coordinate and carry out facial and lip movements such as whistling, winking, coughing, etc. on command. Constructional apraxia affects the person's ability to draw or copy simple diagrams, or to construct simple figures. Oculomotor apraxia is a condition in which the patient finds it difficult to move his/her eyes. Many believe that the most common form of apraxia is idiomotor apraxia, in which a disconnection between the area of the brain containing plans for a movement and the area of the brain that is responsible for executing that movement occurs.
248:. These may include, but are not limited to, eating, dressing, and hygiene activities. CIMT may improve motor impairment and motor function, but the benefits have not been found to convincingly reduce disability, with further research required. Using functional activities as part of the CIMT treatment has been shown to enhance functional outcomes in one's activities of daily living. Occupational therapists are uniquely qualified to provide function-based treatment in conjunction with a CIMT approach. The greatest gains are seen among persons with stroke who exhibit some wrist and finger extension in the affected limb.
139:, and recreation therapist. The patient and their family/caregivers also play an integral role on this team. Family/caregivers that are involved in the patient care tend to be prepared for the caregiving role as the patient transitions from rehabilitation centers. While at the rehabilitation center, the interdisciplinary team makes sure that the patient attains their maximum functional potential upon discharge. The primary goals of this sub-acute phase of recovery include preventing secondary health complications, minimizing impairments, and achieving functional goals that promote independence in
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like these. Typically, a commonly used tool to assess the degree of severity of dysphagia and speech issues is the Barnes Jewish
Hospital Stroke Dysphagia Screen, which offers a validated guide to assessing plan of action (solid food diet, all liquid diet, IV hydration, etc.) for the patient while in the hospital and the proper course of action in the outpatient setting. Rehabilitation in Wallenberg's Syndrome focuses on improving balance, coordination, working on activities of daily living, and improving speech and swallowing function. Severe
316:, also known as Neurodevelopmental Treatment (NDT), is often the treatment of choice in North America. The Bobath concept is best viewed as a framework for interpretation and problem solving of the individual patient's presentation, along with their potential for improvement. Components of motor control that are specifically emphasized, are the integration of postural control and task performance, the control of selective movement for the production of coordinated sequences of movement and the contribution of sensory inputs to
599:-like compounds.Β³ The exact mechanism of these medications is not fully understood, but they are thought to act on neurotransmitters or neuromodulators within the central nervous system (CNS) or muscle itself, or to decrease the stretch reflexes. The problem with these medications is their potential side effects and the fact that, other than lessening painful or disruptive spasms and dystonic postures, drugs in general have not been shown to decrease impairments or lessen disabilities.
862:) for much of its support. This is in contrast to other less mobile joints such as the knee and hip, which have a significant amount of support from the joint capsule and surrounding ligaments. If a stroke damages the upper motor neurons controlling muscles of the upper limb, weakness and paralysis, followed by spasticity occurs in a somewhat predictable pattern. The muscles supporting the shoulder joint, particularly the
240:. Notably, the initial studies focused on chronic stroke patients who were more than 12 months past their stroke. This challenged the belief held at that time that no recovery would occur after one year. The therapy entails wearing a soft mitt on the good hand for 90% of the waking hours, forcing use of the affected hand. The patients undergo intense one-on-one therapy for six to eight hours per day for two weeks.
1114:(DSM-IV-TR) defines post-stroke depression as "a mood disorder due to a general medical condition (i.e. stroke) that is judged to be due to the direct physiological effects of condition". Post-stroke depression may involve depressed mood and decreased interest and pleasure that impairs social and occupational functioning, but does not necessarily need to meet the full criteria of a major depressive disorder.
410:(development of new neurons) is another possible mechanism of neurorestoration; however its correlation with functional improvement after stroke is not well established. The inducted cells likely originate from the ventricular zone, subventricular zone and choroid plexus, and migrate to the areas in their respective hemispheres which are damaged. Unlike the induction of neurogenesis, the induction of
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decompressive surgery. However, for MSC treatment to be used effectively and safely in a clinical setting, more research needs to be conducted, specifically in the areas of determining the relative influences of key variables (especially patient variables) on patient outcomes as well quantifying potential risks, e.g. tumour formation. Although ethical concerns are mostly limited to the use of
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stroke. Among the most common are lesions on specific anatomical structures, such as the hippocampus or entorhinal cortex, white matter lesions, and cerebral microbleeds. The extent and type of cognitive impairment depend on the area of the brain affected by the stroke. However, in general, most cognitive impairment always includes either memory, attention, language, or orientation problems.
272:, has been shown in many studies to be effective in promoting recovery of both arm and leg function after a stroke. It is often used by physical or occupational therapists in the rehab or homehealth setting, but can also be used as part of a patient's independent home exercise program. Mental Movement Therapy is one product available for assisting patients with guided mental imagery.
1001:. This condition was initially recognized as: 'Disorders of the execution of learned movements which cannot be accounted for by either weakness, incoordination, or sensory loss, nor by incomprehension of, or inattention to commands.' Several forms of apraxia are recognized. Limb-kinetic apraxia is the inability to make precise or exact movements with a finger, an arm or a leg.
1193:(ADLs). By effectively treating depression, patients experience a greater recovery of basic ADLs such as dressing, eating and ambulating, as well as instrumental ADLs, such as the ability to take care of financial and household matters. In essence, recognition and treatment of post-stroke depression leads to greater functional ability for the patient over time.
818:(NMES) (e.g. functional electric stimulation (FES)). The use of slings remains controversial. Functional electric stimulation (FES) is a NMES technique where nerves or muscles affected by stroke receive bursts of low-level electrical current. The goal of FES is to strengthen muscle contraction and improve motor control. It may be effective in reducing
1134:, leading to depression. However, more recent studies have demonstrated that the anatomic aspects of a lesion do not necessarily correlate with the occurrence of depression. Other psychological factors can lead to the development of depression including personal and social losses related to the physical disabilities often caused by a stroke.
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affect neurorestoration and neuroprotection, rather than just a single mechanism. These effects are also modulated by key variables, including the number of and type of MSCs used, timing of treatment relative to when the patient's stroke occurred, route of delivery of the MSCs, as well as patient variables (e.g. age, underlying conditions).
1214:. Daily instrumental activities can be understood as those activities that allow an individual to live independently. Even though they are not necessary for living, however, these activities may significantly improve the quality of life. Examples of these activities include cooking, transportation, laundry, and managing finances.
336:(MT) has been employed with some success in treating stroke patients. Clinical studies that have combined mirror therapy with conventional rehabilitation have achieved the most positive outcomes. However, there is no clear consensus as to its effectiveness. In a recent survey of the published research, Rothgangel concluded that
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function in individuals in the inpatient, outpatient and chronic care settings. These therapies have achieved the highest level of evidential support by the
American Heart Association (Class I, Level of Evidence A) for the outpatient and chronic care settings and Class IIa Level of Evidence for the inpatient setting.
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Cognitive impairment is indisputably one of the biggest threats following stroke. The prevalence of cognitive impairment is quite high, however it varies based on the population within which the stroke has occurred. Many different causes can contribute to the acquirement of cognitive impairment after
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Chronic pain syndromes are common in about one half of stroke patients. Central post-stroke pain (CPSP) is neuropathic pain which is caused by damage to the neurons in the brain (central nervous system), as the result of a vascular injury. One study found that up to 8% of people who have had a stroke
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in a slow and controlled movement is a beneficial training strategy that can be used by post-stroke individuals. Splinting, to maintain muscle stretch and provide tone inhibition, and cold (i.e. in the form of ice packs), to decrease neural firing, are other strategies that can be used to temporarily
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With the prevalence of vision problems increasing with age in stroke patients, the overall effect of interventions for age-related visual problems is currently uncertain. It is also not sure whether people with stroke respond differently from the general population when treating eye problems. Further
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It has been estimated that approximately 65% of individuals develop spasticity following stroke, and studies have revealed that approximately 40% of stroke patients may still have spasticity at 12 months post-stroke. The changes in muscle tone probably result from alterations in the balance of inputs
260:
in patients post CVA as well. This treatment intervention is known as
Constraint Induced Aphasia Therapy (CIAT). The same general principals apply, however in this case, the client is constricted from using compensatory strategies to communicate such as gestures, writing, drawing, and pointing, and
114:
Once a patient is medically stable, the focus of their recovery shifts to rehabilitation. Some patients are transferred to in-patient rehabilitation programs, while others may be referred to out-patient services or home-based care. In-patient programs are usually facilitated by an interdisciplinary
110:
recovery. Rapid detection and appropriate emergency medical care are essential for optimizing health outcomes. When available, patients are admitted to an acute stroke unit for treatment. These units specialize in providing medical and surgical care aimed at stabilizing the patient's medical status.
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Ongoing research has examined the use of cognitive therapy which consists of intense cognitive training. One of the biggest problems of cognitive training is its actual transfer to the real world. Even though some therapies have been proven to produce improvements on specific tasks, the patients did
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apraxia is the inability to carry out a command from the brain to mimic limb or head movements performed or suggested by others. Conceptual apraxia is similar to idiomotor apraxia, but infers a more profound malfunctioning in which the function of tools or objects is no longer understood. Ideational
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or armboard. A shoulder sling may be used, but is controversial and a few studies have shown no appreciable difference in range-of-motion, degree of subluxation, or pain when using a sling. A sling may also contribute to contractures and increased flexor tone if used for extended periods of time as
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or by feeling the joint and surrounding tissues, although there is controversy as to whether or not the degree of subluxation can be measured clinically. If shoulder subluxation occurs, it can become a barrier to the rehabilitation process. Treatment involves measures to support the subluxed joint
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Such work represents a paradigm shift in the approach towards rehabilitation of the stroke-injured brain away from pharmacologic flooding of neuronal receptors and instead, towards targeted physiologic stimulation. In layman's terms, this electrical stimulation mimics the action of healthy muscle to
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Around the same time, Brunnstrom also described the process of recovery, and divided the process into seven stages. As knowledge of the science of brain recovery improved, intervention strategies have evolved. Knowledge of strokes and the process of recovery after strokes has developed significantly
1969:
Brock K, Haase G, Rothacher G, Cotton S (October 2011). "Does physiotherapy based on the Bobath concept, in conjunction with a task practice, achieve greater improvement in walking ability in people with stroke compared to physiotherapy focused on structured task practice alone?: a pilot randomized
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There has not been any medication developed yet to treat cognitive deficits resulting from strokes. Although some drugs have shown to be helpful with executive function problems, neither of them has demonstrated significant effects on activities of daily living. Thus, it is important that more work
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Unlike many effects of stroke, where the clinician is able to judge the particular area of the brain that a stroke has injured by certain signs or symptoms, the causation of apraxia is less clear. A common theory is that the part of the brain that contains information for previously learned skilled
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The exact cause of subluxation in post-stroke patients is unclear but appears to be caused by weakness of the musculature supporting the shoulder joint. The shoulder is one of the most mobile joints in the body. To provide a high level of mobility the shoulder sacrifices ligamentous stability and
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If MSC treatment becomes available for stroke patients, it is possible that current mortality and morbidity rates could substantially improve due to the direct enhancement of neuroprotection and neurorestoration mechanisms rather than only indirect facilitation or prevention of further damage, e.g.
425:
Although activation of endogenous neuroprotection and neurorestoration probably has a major part in the improvement of brain function after stroke, it is likely that the functional improvements as a result of MSC treatment are due to combined action via multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms to
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In the early 1950s, Twitchell began studying the pattern of recovery in stroke patients. He reported on 121 patients whom he had observed. He found that by four weeks, if there is some recovery of hand function, there is a 70% chance of making a full or good recovery. He reported that most recovery
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Treatment in the acute setting is mostly focused on symptomatic management. After initial treatment in the hospital, some patients will need short-term placement in a nursing home or rehabilitation facility before going home. In hospital settings the doctors work with speech pathologists in issues
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Intrathecal administration of drugs involves the implantation of a pump that delivers medication directly to the CNS. The benefit of this is that the drug remains in the spinal cord, without traveling in the bloodstream, and there are often fewer side effects. The most commonly used medication for
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Evidence that supports the use of constraint induced movement therapy has been growing since its introduction as an alternative treatment method for upper limb motor deficits found in stroke populations. Recently, constraint induced movement therapy has been shown to be an effective rehabilitation
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procedures with varying success. Higher rates of successful pain control in persons with CPSP can be achieved by treating other sequelae of stroke, such as depression and spasticity. As the age of the population increases, the diagnosis and management of CPSP will become increasingly important to
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Muscles with severe impairment are likely to be more limited in their ability to exercise and may require help to do this. They may require additional interventions, to manage the greater neurological impairment and also the greater secondary complications. These interventions may include serial
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Another group of researchers concluded that while spasticity may contribute to significant motor and activity impairments post-stroke, the role of spasticity has been overemphasized in stroke rehabilitation. In a survey done by the
National Stroke Association, while 58 percent of survivors in the
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MSC treatment also has shown to have various neuroprotective effects, including reductions in apoptosis, inflammation and demyelination, as well as increased astrocyte survival rates. MSC treatment also appears to improve the control of cerebral blood flow and bloodβbrain barrier permeability, as
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In stroke patients, we found a moderate quality of evidence that MT as an additional therapy improves recovery of arm function after stroke. The quality of evidence regarding the effects of MT on the recovery of lower limb functions is still low, with only one study reporting effects. In patients
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The initial severity of impairments and individual characteristics, such as motivation, social support, and learning ability, are key predictors of stroke recovery outcomes. Responses to treatment and overall recovery of function are highly dependent on the individual. Current evidence indicates
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The current body of evidence is uncertain whether the use of rehabilitation can improve on-road driving skills following stroke. There is limited evidence that training on a driving simulator will improve performance on recognizing road signs after training. The findings are based on low-quality
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and the pain associated with subluxation. Different slings are available to manage shoulder subluxation. However, the use of slings remains controversial and may increase the risk of adverse effects on symmetry and balance between the left and right shoulders, and can impact peoples' body image.
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Robot-assisted training enables stroke patients with moderate or severe upper limb impairment to perform repetitive tasks in a highly consistent manner, tailored to their motor abilities. High intensity repetitive task practice delivered via robot-assisted therapy is recommended to improve motor
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and brain imaging studies have demonstrated that the brain undergoes plastic changes in function and structure in patients that perform constraint induced movement therapy. These changes accompany the gains in motor function of the paretic upper limb. However, there is no established causal link
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The current body of evidence is uncertain on the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation for reducing the disabling effects of neglect and increasing independence remains unproven. However, there is limited evidence that cognitive rehabilitation may have an immediate beneficial effect on tests of
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The current body of scientific evidence is uncertain on the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation for attention deficits in patients following stroke. While there may be an immediate effect after treatment on attention, the findings are based on low to moderate quality and small number of
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The latest evidence supports the short-term benefits of motor imagery (MI) on walking speed in individuals who have had a stroke, in comparison to other therapies. MI does not improve motor function after stroke and does not seem to cause significant adverse events. The findings are based on
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Based on low quality evidence, it is currently uncertain whether yoga has a significant benefit for stroke rehabilitation on measures of quality of life, balance, strength, endurance, pain, and disability scores. Yoga may reduce anxiety and could be included as part of patient-centred stroke
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is controversial. However, physiotherapy can help to improve motor performance, in part, through the management of spasticity. Repetitive task training (RTT), which involves the active practice of task-specific motor activities, improves upper and lower limb function, with improvements being
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and motor learning. Task practice is a component of a broad approach to treatment that includes in-depth assessment of the movement strategies utilized by the patient to perform tasks, and identification of specific deficits of neurological and neuromuscular functions. Many studies have been
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has recently been called into question after studies of transplanted haematopoietic stem cells showed the development of myoblasts, endothelium, epithelium and neuroectodermal cells, suggesting pluripotency. These findings have led to MSCs being considered for treatment of ischemic stroke,
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The incidence of post-stroke depression peaks at 3β6 months and usually resolves within 1β2 years after the stroke, although a minority of patients can go on to develop chronic depression. The diagnosis of post-stroke depression is complicated by other consequences of stroke such as
895:. Use of a sling can also contribute to learned nonuse by preventing the functional and spontaneous use of the affected upper extremity. That said, a sling may be necessary for some therapy activities. Slings may be considered appropriate during therapy for initial transfer and
1091:. The prognosis for someone with lateral medullary syndrome depends upon the size and location of damaged area of the brain stem. Some individuals recover quickly while others may have significant neurological disabilities for months to years after the initial injury.
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is beneficial in improving upper limb and hand function in patients with stroke. Thus, action observation therapy is generally associated with better arm and hand function, with no significant adverse events. The findings are based on low to moderate quality evidence.
418:(formation of new synapses between neurons) has been shown to increase after MSC treatment; this combination of improved neurogenesis, angiogenesis and synaptogenesis may lead to a more significant functional improvement in damaged areas as a result of MSC treatment.
457:
from reticulospinal and other descending pathways to the motor and interneuronal circuits of the spinal cord, and the absence of an intact corticospinal system. In other words, there is damage to the part of the brain or spinal cord that controls voluntary movement.
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Various means are available for the treatment of the effects of the upper motor neuron syndrome. These include: exercises to improve strength, control and endurance, nonpharmacologic therapies, oral drug therapy, intrathecal drug therapy, injections, and surgery.
233:. He did the same experiment without binding the arms, and waited six months past their injury. The monkeys without the intervention were not able to use the affected arm even six months later. In 1918, this study was published, but it received little attention.
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may develop and become quite severe before it begins to decline (if it does at all). Although an overall pattern of motor recovery exists, there is much variability between each individual's recovery. As previously described, the role of spasticity in stroke
846:, or weakness of the musculature of the upper limb. Traditionally this has been thought to be a significant cause of post-stroke shoulder pain, although a few recent studies have failed to show a direct correlation between shoulder subluxation and pain.
909:(FES) has also shown promising results in treatment of subluxation, and reduction of pain, although some studies have shown a return of pain after discontinuation of FES. More recent research has failed to show any reduction of pain with the use of FES.
3239:
Lee J, Kuroda S, Shichinohe H, Ikeda J, Seki T, Hida K, et al. (September 2003). "Migration and differentiation of nuclear fluorescence-labeled bone marrow stromal cells after transplantation into cerebral infarct and spinal cord injury in mice".
476:
Treatment should be based on assessment by the relevant health professionals, although there is evidence that caregivers utilise social media communities to source information related to stroke recovery. For muscles with mild-to-moderate impairment,
689:, can be difficult to assess due to the fact that the pain can change daily in description and location, and can appear anywhere from months to years after the stroke. CPSP can also lead to a heightened central response to painful sensations, or
447:
Muscles affected by the upper motor neuron syndrome have many potential features of altered performance including: weakness, decreased motor control, clonus (a series of involuntary rapid muscle contractions), exaggerated deep tendon reflexes,
402:
and that <1% of injected MSCs become truly differentiated and integrate in the damaged area. This suggests that transdifferentiation of MSCs into neurons or neuron-like cells is not a major mechanism by which MSCs cause neurorestoration.
111:
Standardized assessments are also performed to aid in the development of an appropriate care plan. Current research suggests that stroke units may be effective in reducing in-hospital fatality rates and the length of hospital stays.
485:
casting, flexibility exercise such as sustained positioning programs, and patients may require equipment, such as using a standing frame to sustain a standing position. Applying specially made Lycra garments may also be beneficial.
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Koyuncu E, NakipoΔlu-YΓΌzer GF, DoΔan A, Ozgirgin N (2010). "The effectiveness of functional electrical stimulation for the treatment of shoulder subluxation and shoulder pain in hemiplegic patients: A randomized controlled trial".
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Borlongan CV, Lind JG, Dillon-Carter O, Yu G, Hadman M, Cheng C, et al. (May 2004). "Intracerebral xenografts of mouse bone marrow cells in adult rats facilitate restoration of cerebral blood flow and blood-brain barrier".
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began prescription of therapeutic exercises for stroke patient with good results. At that point, a good outcome was considered to be achieving a level of independence in which patients are able to transfer from the bed to the
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well as what is currently thought to be the most important mechanism of MSC treatment after stroke, the activation of endogenous neuroprotection and neurorestoration pathways by the release of cytokines and trophic factors.
767:. Overall, the shoulder is very mobile, and relies on muscles and ligaments to support it, therefore, if a stroke damages the neurons that control those muscles and ligaments, the joint can be affected and pain may result.
229:. He then bound up the monkey's good arm, and forced the monkey to use his bad arm, and observed what happened. After two weeks of this therapy, the monkeys were able to use their once hemiplegic arms again. This is due to
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and decreased endurance. The term "spasticity" is often erroneously used interchangeably with upper motor neuron syndrome, and it is not unusual to see patients labeled as spastic who demonstrate an array of UMN findings.
5564:
Blake J, Mitchell B, McKay S, Uswatte G, Taub E (November 2020). "Development of the
Transfer Package for Constraint Induced Cognitive Training: Transferring Cognitive Improvements from the Laboratory to the Real World".
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Pedersen PM, JΓΈrgensen HS, Kammersgaard LP, Nakayama H, Raaschou HO, Olsen TS (September 2001). "Manual and oral apraxia in acute stroke, frequency and influence on functional outcome: The
Copenhagen Stroke Study".
4158:
Lobo, Elton H.; Johnson, Tara; FrΓΈlich, Anne; Kensing, Finn; Rasmussen, Lene J.; Hosking, Sarah M.; Page, Amy T.; Livingston, Patricia M.; Islam, Sheikh
Mohammed Shariful; Grundy, John; Abdelrazek, Mohamed (2022).
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Mayberg HS, Robinson RG, Wong DF, Parikh R, Bolduc P, Starkstein SE, et al. (August 1988). "PET imaging of cortical S2 serotonin receptors after stroke: lateralized changes and relationship to depression".
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Overall, the development of post-stroke depression can play a significant role in a patient's recovery from a stroke. The severity of post-stroke depression has been associated with severity of impairment in
1117:
The first studies to look for an association between specific stroke lesions and the occurrence of depression reported a correlation between left frontal lesions and major depression. Damage to the frontal
3526:
Li Y, Chen J, Zhang CL, Zhang CL, Wang L, Lu D, Katakowski M, Gao Q, Shen LH, Zhang J, Lu M, Chopp M (2005). "Gliosis and brain remodeling after treatment of stroke in rats with marrow stromal cells".
356:
Electromechanical and robot-assisted arm training may improve arm function (measured using the 'arm function outcome measure') and may significantly improve activities of daily living (ADL) scores.
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structures and possibly early re-activation of shoulder musculature using functional electrical stimulation. Aggressive exercises such as overhead pulleys should be avoided with this population.
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not experience any improvements in their everyday functioning. For this reason, scientific teams have been trying to develop a reliable transfer package that could be used to train and improve
3695:
Zhang J, Li Y, Chen J, Yang M, Katakowski M, Lu M, Chopp M (December 2004). "Expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 and receptor in ischemic rats treated with human marrow stromal cells".
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and posterior deltoid become flaccid and can no longer offer adequate support leading to a downward and outward movement of arm at the shoulder joint causing tension on the relatively weak
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happens in the first three months, and only minor recovery occurs after six months. More recent research has demonstrated that significant improvement can be made years after the stroke.
3283:
Yano S, Kuroda S, Shichinohe H, Hida K, Iwasaki Y (December 2005). "Do bone marrow stromal cells proliferate after transplantation into mice cerebral infarct?--a double labeling study".
414:(development of new blood vessels) by MSCs has been associated with improvements in brain function after ischemic strokes and is linked to improved neuronal recruitment. In addition,
225:
The idea for constraint-induced therapy is at least 100 years old. Significant research was carried out by Robert Oden. He was able to simulate a stroke in a monkey's brain, causing
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Gracies JM, Fitzpatrick R, Wilson L, Burke D, Gandevia SC (October 1997). "Lycra garments designed for patients with upper limb spasticity: mechanical effects in normal subjects".
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SΓΌtbeyaz S, Yavuzer G, Sezer N, Koseoglu BF (May 2007). "Mirror therapy enhances lower-extremity motor recovery and motor functioning after stroke: a randomized controlled trial".
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Sanchez-Ramos J, Song S, Cardozo-Pelaez F, Hazzi C, Stedeford T, Willing A, et al. (August 2000). "Adult bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into neural cells in vitro".
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Shen LH, Li Y, Chen J, Zhang J, Vanguri P, Borneman J, Chopp M (2006). "Intracarotid transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells increases axon-myelin remodeling after stroke".
806:
There are several non-pharmacological interventions which are recommended for prevention and treatment of post-stroke hemiplegic shoulder pain. These include proper positioning,
3740:"Nitric oxide donor upregulation of stromal cell-derived factor-1/chemokine (CXC motif) receptor 4 enhances bone marrow stromal cell migration into ischemic brain after stroke"
2467:
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decrease the extent of spasticity. The focus of physiotherapy for post-stroke individuals is to improve motor performance, in part, through the manipulation of muscle tone.
4253:
Pollock A, Hazelton C, Henderson CA, Angilley J, Dhillon B, Langhorne P, et al. (March 2012). "Interventions for age-related visual problems in patients with stroke".
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Chen X, Li Y, Wang L, Katakowski M, Zhang L, Chen J, et al. (December 2002). "Ischemic rat brain extracts induce human marrow stromal cell growth factor production".
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Ferrari G, Cusella-De
Angelis G, Coletta M, Paolucci E, Stornaiuolo A, Cossu G, Mavilio F (March 1998). "Muscle regeneration by bone marrow-derived myogenic progenitors".
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Brandstater ME (1998). "Stroke
Rehabilitation". In DeLisa JA, Gans BM, Bockenek WL, Currie DM, Geiringer SR, Gerber LH, Leonard JA, McPhee MC, Pease WS, Walsh NE (eds.).
2204:
Rothgangel AS, Braun SM, Beurskens AJ, Seitz RJ, Wade DT (March 2011). "The clinical aspects of mirror therapy in rehabilitation: a systematic review of the literature".
709:. Both the variation and mechanism of pain in CPSP have made it difficult to treat. Several strategies have been employed by physicians, including intravenous lidocaine,
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Mezey E, Chandross KJ, Harta G, Maki RA, McKercher SR (December 2000). "Turning blood into brain: cells bearing neuronal antigens generated in vivo from bone marrow".
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are encouraged to use verbal communication. Therapy is typically carried out in groups and barriers are used so hands, and any compensatory strategies are not seen.
3142:
Li Y, Chen J, Chopp M (January 2002). "Cell proliferation and differentiation from ependymal, subependymal and choroid plexus cells in response to stroke in rats".
5026:
Longley, Verity; Hazelton, Christine; Heal, Calvin; Pollock, Alex; Woodward-Nutt, Kate; Mitchell, Claire; Pobric, Gorana; Vail, Andy; Bowen, Audrey (1 July 2021).
2264:"Guidelines for Adult Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association"
464:
While Landau suggests that researchers do not believe that treating spasticity is worthwhile, many scholars and clinicians continue to attempt to manage/treat it.
4573:
Lagalla G, Danni M, Reiter F, Ceravolo MG, Provinciali L (2000). "Post-stroke spasticity management with repeated botulinum toxin injections in the upper limb".
685:. Now known as CPSP, it is characterized by perceived pain from non-painful stimuli, such as temperature and light touch. This altered perception of stimuli, or
1146:β which do not necessarily indicate the presence of depression. Loss of interest in activities and relationships should prompt an evaluation for depression.
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Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JD, et al. (April 1999). "Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells".
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individuals to progress through the stages of motor recovery. These stages were originally described by Twitchell and Brunnstrom, and may be known as the
1698:"Use of occupations and activities in a modified constraint-induced movement therapy program: a musician's triumphs over chronic hemiparesis from stroke"
739:
Hemiplegic shoulder pain (shoulder pain on the stroke-affected side of the body) is a common source of pain and dysfunction following stroke. The cause (
5690:"Dysphagia in lateral medullary infarction (Wallenberg's syndrome): an acute disconnection syndrome in premotor neurons related to swallowing activity?"
4893:
Arya KN, Pandian S, Puri V (January 2018). "Rehabilitation methods for reducing shoulder subluxation in post-stroke hemiparesis: a systematic review".
2066:
Martin L, Baker R, Harvey A (November 2010). "A systematic review of common physiotherapy interventions in school-aged children with cerebral palsy".
322:
2789:"Marrow stromal cells migrate throughout forebrain and cerebellum, and they differentiate into astrocytes after injection into neonatal mouse brains"
398:
and these cells respond to common central nervous system neurotransmitters. However, it is unlikely that this degree of transdifferentiation occurs
2647:"Bone marrow origin of endothelial progenitor cells responsible for postnatal vasculogenesis in physiological and pathological neovascularization"
1158:
1739:"The effect of modified constraint-induced movement therapy on spasticity and motor function of the affected arm in patients with chronic stroke"
656:
Surgical treatment for spasticity includes lengthening or releasing of muscle and tendons, procedures involving bones, and also selective dorsal
517:. As recovery begins, and progresses, basic movement synergies will develop into more complex and difficult movement combinations. Concurrently,
2305:"Electromechanical and robot-assisted arm training for improving activities of daily living, arm function, and arm muscle strength after stroke"
983:
low-quality evidence as further research is needed to estimate the effect of MI on walking endurance and the dependence on personal assistance.
673:
will develop central post-stroke pain, and that the pain will be moderate to severe in 5% of those affected. The condition was formerly called "
2594:
Orlic D, Kajstura J, Chimenti S, Jakoniuk I, Anderson SM, Li B, et al. (April 2001). "Bone marrow cells regenerate infarcted myocardium".
1035:. Signs and symptoms include decreased pain and temperature on the same side of the face and opposite side of the body compared to the lesion,
5678:
4306:
1932:
648:). Many studies have shown the benefits of BTX and it has also been demonstrated that repeat injections of BTX show unchanged effectiveness.
1830:
1528:"Effect of constraint-induced movement therapy on upper extremity function 3 to 9 months after stroke: the EXCITE randomized clinical trial"
1323:
On behalf of the Canadian Stroke Strategy Best Practices and Standards Writing Group. 2010; Ottawa, Ontario Canada: Canadian Stroke Network.
5190:
Borges, Lorenna Rdm; Fernandes, Aline Bgs; Oliveira Dos Passos, Jacilda; Rego, Isabelle Ananda Oliveira; Campos, Tania F. (5 August 2022).
1028:
842:
of the shoulder joint that typically results from changes in the mechanical integrity of the joint. Subluxation is a common problem with
903:
and voluntary movement of the shoulder will occur as well as reduction in the shoulder subluxation. Slings are of no value at this point.
150:, patients are encouraged to participate in secondary prevention programs for stroke. Follow-up is usually facilitated by the patient's
237:
220:
4161:"Utilization of social media communities for caregiver information support in stroke recovery: An analysis of content and interactions"
1232:"Part 11: adult stroke: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care"
542:
and dressing, whereas in the leg, abnormal resting postures may result in difficulty transferring. In order to help manage spasticity,
3192:"Intravenous bone marrow stromal cell therapy reduces apoptosis and promotes endogenous cell proliferation after stroke in female rat"
2849:
Brazelton TR, Rossi FM, Keshet GI, Blau HM (December 2000). "From marrow to brain: expression of neuronal phenotypes in adult mice".
870:. Other factors have also been cited as contributing to subluxation such as pulling on the hemiplegic arm and improper positioning.
177:
For most of the last century, people were discouraged from being active after a stroke. Around the 1950s, this attitude changed, and
5820:
5640:
Nickerson RB, Atchison JW, Van Hoose JD, Hayes D (March 1997). "Hiccups associated with lateral medullary syndrome. A case report".
4869:
4834:
4703:
4549:
4026:
1620:
1110:
906:
287:
249:
4722:
6064:
132:
5028:"Non-pharmacological interventions for spatial neglect or inattention following stroke and other non-progressive brain injury"
764:
170:, by studying the brain of a pig, developed the theory that stroke was caused by an interruption of the flow of blood to the
974:
studies. Further research is needed to assess whether the effect can be sustained in day-to-day tasks requiring attention.
439:, it may also be important to address any possible ethical concerns (however unlikely) over the use of somatic stem cells.
6079:
6069:
5378:
3925:
Watkins CL, Leathley MJ, Gregson JM, Moore AP, Smith TL, Sharma AK (August 2002). "Prevalence of spasticity post stroke".
208:
791:
injections into the shoulder muscles has also been shown to provide significant pain relief and improve range of motion.
640:. Phenol and alcohol cause local muscle damage by denaturing protein, and thus relaxing the muscle. Botulinum toxin is a
290:(FES) is commonly used in 'foot-drop' following stroke, but it can be used to help retrain movement in the arms or legs.
4723:"Hemiplegic Shoulder Pain & Complex Regional Pain Syndrome | EBRSR - Evidence-Based Review of Stroke Rehabilitation"
2022:
Dickstein R, Hocherman S, Pillar T, Shaham R (August 1986). "Stroke rehabilitation. Three exercise therapy approaches".
1174:
815:
4514:
4465:
French B, Thomas LH, Coupe J, McMahon NE, Connell L, Harrison J, et al. (Cochrane Stroke Group) (November 2016).
798:
injections can be effective for people with shoulder pain related to injury/inflammation of the rotator cuff region.
253:
between observed changes in brain function/structure and the motor gains due to constraint induced movement therapy.
558:. In addition, the passive manual technique of rhythmic rotation can help to increase initial range. Activating the
3830:
Ivanhoe CB, Reistetter TA (October 2004). "Spasticity: the misunderstood part of the upper motor neuron syndrome".
1211:
1190:
1024:
1019:
245:
140:
3002:
Dharmasaroja P (January 2009). "Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of ischemic stroke".
6074:
5302:
Silva S, Borges LR, Santiago L, Lucena L, Lindquist AR, Ribeiro T (September 2020). Cochrane Stroke Group (ed.).
4132:
1150:
269:
211:
by Carlo Perfetti concept", widespread in many countries, is an original motor re-learning theories application.
5903:
Robinson RG (August 2003). "Poststroke depression: prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, and disease progression".
4322:
Pollock A, Baer G, Campbell P, Choo PL, Forster A, Morris J, et al. (Cochrane Stroke Group) (April 2014).
3047:"Plasticity of cultured mesenchymal stem cells: switch from nestin-positive to excitable neuron-like phenotype"
952:
rehabilitation. Further research is needed assessing the benefits and safety of yoga in stroke rehabilitation.
62:
1897:
4608:
Andersen G, Vestergaard K, Ingeman-Nielsen M, Jensen TS (May 1995). "Incidence of central post-stroke pain".
4004:
Mayer et al. (September 2002) "Spasticity: Etiology, Evaluation, Management and the Role of Botulinum Toxin"
1143:
1083:. There are case reports of other medications useful in treating hiccups in Wallenberg's Syndrome including
855:
1572:"Constraint-induced movement therapy following stroke: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials"
1644:
Corbetta D, Sirtori V, Castellini G, Moja L, Gatti R, et al. (Cochrane Stroke Group) (October 2015).
1100:
839:
674:
346:
305:
128:
4980:
Kumar R, Metter EJ, Mehta AJ, Chew T (August 1990). "Shoulder pain in hemiplegia. The role of exercise".
4093:"Spasticity after stroke: its occurrence and association with motor impairments and activity limitations"
2403:
Jiang Y, Jahagirdar BN, Reinhardt RL, Schwartz RE, Keene CD, Ortiz-Gonzalez XR, et al. (July 2002).
1786:
Wittenberg GF, Schaechter JD (December 2009). "The neural basis of constraint-induced movement therapy".
6031:
1206:
is done on pharmacotherapy and its potential benefits for patients with cognitive decline after stroke.
5515:"Cognitive impairment and memory dysfunction after a stroke diagnosis: a post-stroke memory assessment"
4789:"Canadian stroke best practice recommendations: Stroke rehabilitation practice guidelines, update 2015"
430:
What this means for stroke patients and the limitations or concerns with MSCs as a potential treatment
4172:
2912:
2858:
2800:
2603:
2511:
2416:
2361:
1040:
863:
851:
760:
436:
4833:
Roy MA, Korner-Bitensky N, Teasell R, Foley N, Bhogal S, Bitensky J, Speechley M (29 October 2010).
628:
Injections are focal treatments administered directly into the spastic muscle. Drugs used include:
559:
510:
481:
should be the mainstay of management, and is likely to need to be prescribed by a physiotherapist.
383:
244:
technique at varying stages of stroke recovery to improve upper limb motor function and use during
178:
167:
468:
survey experienced spasticity, only 51 percent of those had received treatment for the condition.
236:
Eventually, researchers began to apply his technique to stroke patients, and it came to be called
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5582:
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4918:
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4633:
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3812:
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2936:
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2484:
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2440:
2385:
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1995:
1811:
1032:
831:
748:
124:
2118:
Kollen BJ, Lennon S, Lyons B, Wheatley-Smith L, Scheper M, Buurke JH, et al. (April 2009).
1834:
4324:"Physical rehabilitation approaches for the recovery of function and mobility following stroke"
3571:"Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells for the repair of central nervous system injury"
1437:
Twitchell TE (December 1951). "The restoration of motor function following hemiplegia in man".
1276:
Duncan PW, Zorowitz R, Bates B, Choi JY, Glasberg JJ, Graham GD, et al. (September 2005).
934:
neglect. Overall, no rehabilitation approach can be supported by evidence for spatial neglect.
527:
sustained 6-months post-treatment. More research is needed on the type and amount of training.
5999:
5964:
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4114:
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3712:
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3543:
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3300:
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3213:
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3116:
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3019:
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2828:
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2459:
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2151:
2083:
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1987:
1946:
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1928:
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1803:
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1719:
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1626:
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1454:
1412:
1356:
1299:
1253:
1139:
1105:
888:
792:
478:
370:
158:
that most significant recovery gains will occur within the first 12 weeks following a stroke.
50:
3328:"Neuroprotection by PlGF gene-modified human mesenchymal stem cells after cerebral ischaemia"
2735:
Krause DS, Theise ND, Collector MI, Henegariu O, Hwang S, Gardner R, et al. (May 2001).
1738:
1055:
can be present and limit progress in rehabilitation and recovery. Symptomatic treatment with
5989:
5956:
5912:
5883:
5851:
5789:
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5738:
5701:
5649:
5605:
5574:
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5427:
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5323:
5315:
5271:
5263:
5219:
5203:
5159:
5151:
5138:
Lawrence M, Celestino Junior FT, Matozinho HH, Govan L, Booth J, Beecher J (December 2017).
5107:
5099:
5055:
5039:
4989:
4946:
4902:
4800:
4756:
4660:
4617:
4582:
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2519:
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2316:
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2141:
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2075:
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1979:
1920:
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1709:
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1657:
1583:
1539:
1508:
1446:
1346:
1289:
1243:
1068:
1002:
698:
613:
551:
523:
394:
Transdifferentiation of MSCs into excitable neuron-like cells has been shown to be possible
365:
Use of bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the treatment of ischemic stroke
2645:
Asahara T, Masuda H, Takahashi T, Kalka C, Pastore C, Silver M, et al. (August 1999).
1526:
Wolf SL, Winstein CJ, Miller JP, Taub E, Uswatte G, Morris D, et al. (November 2006).
5840:"Mesial temporal cortex hypoperfusion is associated with depression in subcortical stroke"
1230:
Jauch EC, Cucchiara B, Adeoye O, Meurer W, Brice J, Chan YY, et al. (November 2010).
1088:
961:
913:
807:
788:
718:
714:
706:
682:
629:
230:
5978:"Mirror therapy promotes recovery from severe hemiparesis: a randomized controlled trial"
2545:
Jackson KA, Majka SM, Wang H, Pocius J, Hartley CJ, Majesky MW, et al. (June 2001).
2120:"The effectiveness of the Bobath concept in stroke rehabilitation: what is the evidence?"
374:
specifically in directly enhancing neuroprotection and the neurorestorative processes of
5609:
5481:
4787:
Hebert D, Lindsay MP, McIntyre A, Kirton A, Rumney PG, Bagg S, et al. (June 2016).
4176:
2916:
2862:
2804:
2607:
2515:
2420:
2365:
2262:
Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R, Bates B, Cherney LR, Cramer SC, et al. (June 2016).
1333:
Zhu HF, Newcommon NN, Cooper ME, Green TL, Seal B, Klein G, et al. (January 2009).
660:. Rhizotomy, usually reserved for severe spasticity, involves cutting selective sensory
5794:
5777:
5751:
5726:
5541:
5514:
5490:
5465:
5328:
5303:
5276:
5251:
5224:
5191:
5164:
5139:
5112:
5087:
5060:
5027:
4491:
4466:
4348:
4323:
4195:
4160:
4109:
4092:
4068:
4051:
3843:
3764:
3739:
3500:
3473:
3393:
3352:
3327:
2329:
2304:
1763:
1670:
1645:
1378:
1294:
1277:
1182:
1170:
1080:
1064:
859:
795:
783:) may offer some pain relief for generalized hemiplegic shoulder pain. For people with
415:
333:
309:
299:
5916:
5838:
Grasso MG, Pantano P, Ricci M, Intiso DF, Pace A, Padovani A, et al. (May 1994).
4231:
3441:
3425:"Coordinated interaction of neurogenesis and angiogenesis in the adult songbird brain"
3424:
3155:
2753:
2736:
2712:
2687:
2571:
2547:"Regeneration of ischemic cardiac muscle and vascular endothelium by adult stem cells"
2546:
1924:
1588:
1571:
1248:
1231:
6058:
5653:
5586:
5431:
4993:
4621:
4586:
3326:
Liu H, Honmou O, Harada K, Nakamura K, Houkin K, Hamada H, Kocsis JD (October 2006).
3253:
3112:
2823:
2788:
2404:
1999:
1512:
1319:
Lindsay MP, Gubitz G, Bayley M, Hill MD, Davies-Schinkel C, Singh S, and Phillips S.
1178:
1154:
1131:
1119:
1108:
is a commonly reported consequence of stroke and is seen in 25β50% of patients. The
896:
867:
645:
609:
543:
502:
317:
17:
5447:
5351:
van Heugten CM (May 2001). "Rehabilitation and Management of Apraxia After Stroke".
5009:
4922:
4680:
4637:
3954:
3859:
3816:
3724:
3656:"Therapeutic benefit of bone marrow stromal cells administered 1 month after stroke"
3640:
3555:
3409:
3312:
3269:
3225:
3171:
3045:
Wislet-Gendebien S, Hans G, Leprince P, Rigo JM, Moonen G, Rogister B (March 2005).
3031:
2940:
2886:
2770:
2444:
2389:
2233:
2095:
1815:
743:) of hemiplegic shoulder pain remains unclear. Possible causes may include shoulder
68:
5932:
5319:
5267:
5207:
5155:
5103:
5043:
4966:
4482:
4339:
4262:
3708:
3624:
3458:
3296:
3128:
2983:
2631:
2320:
1661:
1497:"Systematic Therapeutic Exercises in the Management of the Paralyses in Hemiplegia"
1123:
1072:
756:
722:
539:
534:
will result in the maintenance of abnormal resting limb postures which can lead to
411:
407:
379:
375:
151:
136:
5688:
Aydogdu I, Ertekin C, Tarlaci S, Turman B, Kiylioglu N, Secil Y (September 2001).
4906:
3800:
3738:
Cui X, Chen J, Zacharek A, Li Y, Roberts C, Kapke A, et al. (November 2007).
2924:
2870:
2737:"Multi-organ, multi-lineage engraftment by a single bone marrow-derived stem cell"
2523:
1335:"Impact of a stroke unit on length of hospital stay and in-hospital case fatality"
1059:
and medications for the hiccups are important. Commonly used anti-emetics include
82:
4664:
4651:
Nicholson BD (March 2004). "Evaluation and treatment of central pain syndromes".
4185:
2373:
2280:
2263:
2217:
2136:
2119:
2079:
1799:
1646:"Constraint-induced movement therapy for upper extremities in people with stroke"
1351:
1334:
1157:, have been used in the treatment of post-stroke depression. More recently, the
494:
research in this area is needed as current body of evidence is very low quality.
3755:
3190:
Chen J, Li Y, Katakowski M, Chen X, Wang L, Lu D, et al. (September 2003).
3063:
1915:
Brown JA (2006). "Recovery of motor function after stroke". In MΓΈller AR (ed.).
1169:, have become the pharmacologic therapy of choice due to the lower incidence of
1060:
1056:
943:
evidence as further research is needed involving large numbers of participants.
917:
835:
819:
780:
744:
690:
661:
596:
547:
535:
390:
Possible mechanisms of neurorestoration and neuroprotection by MSCs after stroke
76:
5578:
5386:
4091:
Sommerfeld DK, Eek EU, Svensson AK, Holmqvist LW, von Arbin MH (January 2004).
3654:
Shen LH, Li Y, Chen J, Zacharek A, Gao Q, Kapke A, et al. (January 2007).
3490:
3015:
2793:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2688:"Origins of circulating endothelial cells and endothelial outgrowth from blood"
2455:
2182:
1476:. Collana di riabilitazione medica (in Italian). Vol. 7. Milano: Ghedini.
1278:"Management of Adult Stroke Rehabilitation Care: a clinical practice guideline"
6043:
6019:
5364:
4950:
3980:
3938:
1166:
1162:
900:
843:
784:
752:
641:
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have been used as well, mainly for severe pain as a result of the spasticity.
592:
584:
576:
555:
531:
518:
449:
226:
183:
120:
5994:
5977:
5947:
Flor H, Diers M (2009). "Sensorimotor training and cortical reorganization".
5830:
5215:
5051:
4879:
4805:
4788:
4559:
4442:
4425:
4378:"Motor testing procedures in hemiplegia: based on sequential recovery stages"
3672:
3655:
2813:
1983:
1942:
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2035:
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514:
116:
55:
6003:
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5924:
5803:
5760:
5715:
5617:
5550:
5499:
5466:"Post-stroke cognitive impairment: epidemiology, mechanisms and management"
5439:
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5285:
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3851:
3808:
3773:
3716:
3681:
3632:
3596:
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3547:
3509:
3474:"Neurorestorative treatment of stroke: cell and pharmacological approaches"
3450:
3401:
3361:
3343:
3304:
3261:
3217:
3163:
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3082:
3023:
2975:
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2832:
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2623:
2580:
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2436:
2381:
2338:
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1991:
1950:
1883:
1807:
1772:
1723:
1679:
1597:
1553:
1458:
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1303:
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644:
and it relaxes the muscle by preventing the release of a neurotransmitter (
5960:
5895:
5887:
5865:
5706:
5689:
5661:
5001:
4629:
4403:
4239:
2531:
2473:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace
2043:
92:
3046:
1874:
1857:
1084:
879:
811:
740:
726:
improve the quality of life of an increasing number of stroke survivors.
702:
694:
678:
617:
580:
572:
395:
286:
improve function and aid in retraining weak muscles and normal movement.
5776:
Berg A, PalomΓ€ki H, Lehtihalmes M, LΓΆnnqvist J, Kaste M (January 2003).
5742:
5600:
Guo HJ, Sapra A (March 2020). "Instrumental Activity of Daily Living.".
4467:"Repetitive task training for improving functional ability after stroke"
2898:
2896:
2782:
2780:
2428:
304:
In patients undergoing rehabilitation with a stroke population or other
256:
Constraint induced movement therapy has recently been modified to treat
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1919:. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 157. Elsevier. pp. 223β8.
1076:
1052:
998:
992:
899:, but overall use should be limited. As the patient begins to recover,
892:
710:
399:
257:
107:
4761:
4744:
4136:
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3191:
2146:
4297:
O'Sullivan SB (2007). "Stroke". In O'Sullivan SB, Schmitz TJ (eds.).
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Canadian Best Practice Recommendations for Stroke Care (Update 2010).
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633:
506:
489:
Interventions for age-related visual problems in patients with stroke
313:
103:
5815:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven. pp. 1165β1189.
2703:
1496:
1027:, also known as Wallenberg's syndrome, is caused by blockage of the
997:
An uncommon, less understood result of stroke is a condition called
5727:"Validation of a dysphagia screening tool in acute stroke patients"
174:. After that, the focus became how to treat patients with stroke.
5252:"Cognitive rehabilitation for attention deficits following stroke"
4301:(5th ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company. pp. 744β5.
2405:"Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow"
2303:
Mehrholz J, Pohl M, Platz T, Kugler J, Elsner B (September 2018).
1901:
550:. Strategies include mobilizations of the affected limbs early in
171:
5412:
5410:
969:
Cognitive rehabilitation for attention deficits following stroke
912:
Logical treatment consists of preventive measures such as early
677:", because of the high incidence among those with damage to the
321:
conducted comparing NDT with other treatment techniques such as
5976:
Dohle C, PΓΌllen J, Nakaten A, KΓΌst J, Rietz C, Karbe H (2009).
5192:"Action observation for upper limb rehabilitation after stroke"
4515:"Rehabilitation Gloves and Dynamic Splints For Stroke Recovery"
571:
Oral medications used for the treatment of spasticity include:
443:
Training of muscles affected by the upper motor neuron syndrome
5673:(Fourth ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.
5088:"Rehabilitation for improving automobile driving after stroke"
3787:
Frankel MS (February 2000). "In search of stem cell policy".
1613:
Occupational therapy practice framework: domain & process
956:
Action observation for upper limb rehabilitation after stroke
929:
Cognitive rehabilitation for spatial neglect following stroke
5250:
Loetscher T, Potter KJ, Wong D, das Nair R (November 2019).
4021:(2nd ed.). Hanley & Belfus, Inc. pp. 442β446.
938:
Rehabilitation for improving automobile driving after stroke
554:, along with elongation of the spastic muscle and sustained
5513:
Al-Qazzaz NK, Ali SH, Ahmad SA, Islam S, Mohamad K (2014).
5400:
4745:"Post stroke pain: identification, assessment, and therapy"
1386:
Evidence Based Review of Stroke Rehabilitation (Version 13)
5642:
American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
5420:
American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
4982:
American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
4575:
American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
3832:
American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
3423:
Louissaint A, Rao S, Leventhal C, Goldman SA (June 2002).
106:
management are to reduce brain injury and promote maximum
4835:"Functional Electrical Stimulation - hemiplegic shoulder"
3886:"Pharmacologic management of spasticity following stroke"
2686:
Lin Y, Weisdorf DJ, Solovey A, Hebbel RP (January 2000).
850:
as a result relies on the surrounding musculature (i.e.,
664:, as they probably play a role in generating spasticity.
5725:
Edmiaston J, Connor LT, Loehr L, Nassief A (July 2010).
5086:
George S, Crotty M, Gelinas I, Devos H (February 2014).
4696:
Braddom's rehabilitation care : a clinical handbook
1615:. AOTA Press/American Occupational Therapy Association.
4544:(2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
341:
with CRPS and PLP, the quality of evidence is also low.
4292:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4280:
2997:
2995:
2993:
1696:
Earley D, Herlache E, Skelton DR (1 September 2010).
5304:"Motor imagery for gait rehabilitation after stroke"
546:
interventions should focus on modifying or reducing
4860:Michlovitz SL, Bellew JW, Nolan Jr T, eds. (2016).
3185:
3183:
3181:
2787:Kopen GC, Prockop DJ, Phinney DG (September 1999).
75:
61:
49:
39:
34:
1611:American Occupational Therapy Association (2014).
978:Motor imagery for gait rehabilitation after stroke
513:. Initially, post-stroke individuals have flaccid
5813:Rehabilitation Medicine: Principles and Practices
5671:Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Board Review
4542:The Clinical Science of Neurologic Rehabilitation
3521:
3519:
2068:Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics
1185:are reported to be useful adjuncts to treatment.
1130:projections were thought to cause a depletion of
194:in the late 20th century and early 21st century.
6032:"Barnes Jewish Hospital Stroke Dysphagia Screen"
5567:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
5401:"Diseases & Conditions - Medscape Reference"
4220:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
2206:International Journal of Rehabilitation Research
2171:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
1737:Siebers A, Oberg U, Skargren E (October 2010).
1379:"Background Concepts in Stroke Rehabiliitation"
538:formation. In the arm, this may interfere with
338:
5778:"Poststroke depression: an 18-month follow-up"
4698:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 244β247.
1858:"Motor imagery in physical therapist practice"
960:The latest scientific evidence indicates that
4864:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Co.
4371:
4369:
4367:
3660:Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
8:
5459:
5457:
4019:Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Secrets
4017:Young BJ, Young MA, Stiens SA, eds. (2002).
3879:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1702:The American Journal of Occupational Therapy
1565:
1563:
1315:
1313:
693:. Affected persons may describe the pain as
505:is beneficial in this area as it helps post-
198:Current perspectives and therapeutic avenues
5308:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5256:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5196:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5144:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5092:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5032:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4471:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4328:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4255:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2309:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1650:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1501:Journal of the American Medical Association
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1075:. These medications are also used to treat
4738:
4736:
2487:|...|intentional=yes}}
5993:
5855:
5793:
5750:
5705:
5540:
5530:
5489:
5327:
5275:
5223:
5163:
5111:
5059:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4804:
4760:
4717:
4715:
4490:
4441:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4393:
4347:
4194:
4184:
4108:
4067:
3901:
3763:
3671:
3586:
3499:
3489:
3440:
3351:
3207:
3072:
3062:
2822:
2812:
2752:
2711:
2662:
2570:
2328:
2279:
2145:
2135:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
1873:
1762:
1713:
1669:
1587:
1543:
1350:
1293:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1247:
916:, proper positioning, passive support of
323:proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
4000:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3964:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1377:Teasell R, Bayona N, Bitensky J (2011).
5133:
5131:
4862:Modalities for therapeutic intervention
1576:The Australian Journal of Physiotherapy
1474:La rieducazione motoria dell'emiplegico
1372:
1370:
1222:
1212:instrumental activities of daily living
1173:. Also, psychologic treatment such as
1159:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
883:it places the arm close to the body in
5519:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
5297:
5295:
5245:
5243:
5081:
5079:
4841:. Canadian Heart and Stroke Foundation
4052:"Spasticity after stroke: why bother?"
838:is defined as a partial or incomplete
162:History of stroke neuro-rehabilitation
31:
5982:Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair
5185:
5183:
5021:
5019:
4782:
4780:
3569:Parr AM, Tator CH, Keating A (2007).
2692:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
2551:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
1856:Dickstein R, Deutsch JE (July 2007).
1691:
1689:
369:The terminal differentiation of some
7:
5464:Sun JH, Tan L, Yu JT (August 2014).
4426:"Management of spasticity in stroke"
3144:Journal of the Neurological Sciences
1831:"Constraint Induced Aphasia Therapy"
1411:. Baltimore, MD: Wavely Press, Inc.
1039:on the same side of the lesion, and
1029:posterior inferior cerebellar artery
5610:10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.08.09
5482:10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.08.05
238:constraint-induced movement therapy
221:Constraint-induced movement therapy
215:Constraint-induced movement therapy
88:
5876:The American Journal of Psychiatry
5795:10.1161/01.str.0000048149.84268.07
4110:10.1161/01.STR.0000105386.05173.5E
4069:10.1161/01.STR.0000136388.80433.eb
4062:(8): 1787β8, author reply 1787β8.
3844:10.1097/01.phm.0000141125.28611.3e
3394:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.08.092
1295:10.1161/01.STR.0000180861.54180.FF
878:such as taping the joint, using a
360:Stem cells therapies (in research)
25:
5731:American Journal of Critical Care
5385:. 27 January 2003. Archived from
1249:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.971044
1111:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
907:Functional electrical stimulation
873:Diagnosis can usually be made by
810:exercises, motor retraining, and
288:Functional Electrical Stimulation
250:Transcranial magnetic stimulation
5654:10.1097/00002060-199703000-00011
5470:Annals of Translational Medicine
5432:10.1097/00002060-200109000-00008
5140:"Yoga for stroke rehabilitation"
4994:10.1097/00002060-199008000-00007
4587:10.1097/00002060-200007000-00010
3254:10.1046/j.1440-1789.2003.00496.x
3196:Journal of Neuroscience Research
3113:10.1046/j.1440-1789.2002.00450.x
3004:Journal of Clinical Neuroscience
1570:Hakkennes S, Keating JL (2005).
1513:10.1001/jama.1918.02600120008003
1197:Cognitive Impairment and Therapy
5353:Reviews in Clinical Gerontology
4895:Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation
4793:International Journal of Stroke
4694:Cifu DX, Lew HL (8 June 2017).
697:, burning, crushing, shooting,
133:speech and language pathologist
5320:10.1002/14651858.CD013019.pub2
5268:10.1002/14651858.CD002842.pub3
5208:10.1002/14651858.CD011887.pub3
5156:10.1002/14651858.CD011483.pub2
5104:10.1002/14651858.CD008357.pub2
5044:10.1002/14651858.CD003586.pub4
4743:Harrison RA, Field TS (2015).
4483:10.1002/14651858.CD006073.pub3
4340:10.1002/14651858.CD001920.pub3
4263:10.1002/14651858.cd008390.pub2
3709:10.1016/j.brainres.2004.09.061
3625:10.1016/j.brainres.2004.02.050
3297:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.10.031
2321:10.1002/14651858.cd006876.pub5
1662:10.1002/14651858.CD004433.pub3
1043:on the same side of the face.
947:Yoga for stroke rehabilitation
765:complex regional pain syndrome
265:Mental practice/mental imagery
1:
5917:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00423-2
4939:Disability and Rehabilitation
4907:10.1080/10749357.2017.1383712
4232:10.1016/S0003-9993(97)90129-5
3884:Gallichio JE (October 2004).
3801:10.1126/science.287.5457.1397
3442:10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00722-5
3156:10.1016/S0022-510X(01)00657-8
2925:10.1126/science.290.5497.1779
2871:10.1126/science.290.5497.1775
2754:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00328-2
2524:10.1126/science.279.5356.1528
1925:10.1016/S0079-6123(06)57015-3
1589:10.1016/S0004-9514(05)70003-9
1409:Stroke and its Rehabilitation
814:therapies like neuromuscular
802:Non-pharmacological treatment
209:Neurocognitive Rehabilitation
6044:"Geriatric Depression Scale"
4665:10.1212/wnl.62.5_suppl_2.s30
4622:10.1016/0304-3959(94)00144-4
4186:10.1371/journal.pone.0262919
3979:Vanek ZF, Menkes JH (2005).
2374:10.1126/science.284.5411.143
2281:10.1161/STR.0000000000000098
2218:10.1097/MRR.0b013e3283441e98
2137:10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.533828
2080:10.3109/01942638.2010.500581
1800:10.1097/WCO.0b013e3283320229
1788:Current Opinion in Neurology
1352:10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.527606
1175:cognitive behavioral therapy
270:Mental practice of movements
6024:American Stroke Association
5604:. Vol. 2. p. 82.
4376:Brunnstrom S (April 1966).
3756:10.1634/stemcells.2007-0169
3575:Bone Marrow Transplantation
3064:10.1634/stemcells.2004-0149
6096:
5634:Lateral medullary syndrome
5579:10.1016/j.apmr.2020.09.100
3491:10.1016/j.nurx.2006.07.007
3016:10.1016/j.jocn.2008.05.006
2456:10.1038/s41586-024-07653-0
2183:10.1016/j.apmr.2007.02.034
1917:Reprogramming of the Brain
1191:activities of daily living
1098:
1089:anti-epileptic medications
1025:Lateral medullary syndrome
1020:Lateral medullary syndrome
1017:
1014:Lateral medullary syndrome
990:
787:associated shoulder pain,
719:anti-epileptic medications
668:Post-stroke pain syndromes
472:Nonpharmacologic therapies
297:
246:activities of daily living
218:
141:activities of daily living
5365:10.1017/S0959259801011285
4951:10.3109/09638280903183811
4581:(4): 377β84, quiz 391β4.
4050:Landau WM (August 2004).
3939:10.1191/0269215502cr512oa
1898:"Mental Movement Therapy"
1151:tricyclic antidepressants
771:Pharmacological therapies
89:
5995:10.1177/1545968308324786
4806:10.1177/1747493016643553
4749:Cerebrovascular Diseases
4443:10.1258/0007142001903111
4430:British Medical Bulletin
4133:"Recovery From A Stroke"
3673:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600311
3472:Chen J, Chopp M (2006).
2814:10.1073/pnas.96.19.10711
1984:10.1177/0269215511406557
1545:10.1001/jama.296.17.2095
1495:Oden R (23 March 1918).
730:Hemiplegic shoulder pain
603:Intrathecal drug therapy
115:team that may include a
6065:Rehabilitation medicine
5857:10.1161/01.str.25.5.980
4299:Physical Rehabilitation
3927:Clinical Rehabilitation
2664:10.1161/01.res.85.3.221
1972:Clinical Rehabilitation
1755:10.3138/physio.62.4.388
1715:10.5014/ajot.2010.08073
1242:(18 Suppl 3): S818-28.
1144:psychomotor retardation
146:In the later phases of
5770:Post-stroke depression
5669:Cuccurullo SJ (2020).
3588:10.1038/sj.bmt.1705757
2968:10.1006/exnr.2000.7389
2956:Experimental Neurology
1451:10.1093/brain/74.4.443
1101:Post-stroke depression
1095:Post-stroke depression
347:Robotic Rehabilitation
343:
306:central nervous system
281:Electrical stimulation
129:occupational therapist
27:Aspect of medical care
5961:10.3233/NRE-2009-0496
5905:Biological Psychiatry
5888:10.1176/ajp.145.8.937
5707:10.1161/hs0901.094278
3903:10.1093/ptj/84.10.973
2479:|...}}
2450:(Retracted, see
2036:10.1093/ptj/66.8.1233
102:The primary goals of
43:Stroke rehabilitation
18:Stroke rehabilitation
6080:Management of stroke
6070:Occupational therapy
6048:Jerome Yesavage, M.D
4659:(5 Suppl 2): S30-6.
4395:10.1093/ptj/46.4.357
3344:10.1093/brain/awl207
2651:Circulation Research
1875:10.2522/ptj.20060331
1743:Physiotherapy Canada
852:rotator cuff muscles
827:Shoulder subluxation
816:electric stimulation
437:embryonic stem cells
186:without assistance.
179:health professionals
6020:"Life After Stroke"
5949:NeuroRehabilitation
5941:Neurorehabilitation
5743:10.4037/ajcc2009961
5389:on 19 January 2008.
4177:2022PLoSO..1762919L
4139:on 28 December 2010
2917:2000Sci...290.1779M
2863:2000Sci...290.1775B
2805:1999PNAS...9610711K
2608:2001Natur.410..701O
2516:1998Sci...279.1528F
2429:10.1038/nature00870
2421:2002Natur.418...41J
2366:1999Sci...284..143P
1970:controlled trial".
1837:on 30 December 2019
1472:Perfetti C (1979).
749:muscle contractures
567:Oral drug therapies
560:antagonist (muscle)
511:Brunnstrom Approach
384:synaptic plasticity
168:Johann Jakob Wepfer
45:Stroke habilitation
5532:10.2147/NDT.S67184
4540:Dobkin BH (2003).
4424:Bhakta BB (2000).
3838:(10 Suppl): S3-9.
3540:10.1002/glia.20126
3338:(Pt 10): 2734β45.
1033:vertebral arteries
962:action observation
371:somatic stem cells
125:physical therapist
5680:978-0-8261-3457-8
4762:10.1159/000375397
4308:978-0-8036-1247-1
3209:10.1002/jnr.10691
2911:(5497): 1779β82.
2510:(5356): 1528β30.
1934:978-0-444-51602-2
1904:on 17 March 2011.
1161:(SSRIs), such as
1041:Horner's syndrome
889:internal rotation
203:Motor re-learning
100:
99:
16:(Redirected from
6087:
6075:Physical therapy
6051:
6039:
6027:
6007:
5997:
5972:
5936:
5899:
5869:
5859:
5834:
5807:
5797:
5764:
5754:
5719:
5709:
5684:
5665:
5622:
5621:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5544:
5534:
5510:
5504:
5503:
5493:
5461:
5452:
5451:
5414:
5405:
5404:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5331:
5299:
5290:
5289:
5279:
5247:
5238:
5237:
5227:
5187:
5178:
5177:
5167:
5150:(12): CD011483.
5135:
5126:
5125:
5115:
5083:
5074:
5073:
5063:
5023:
5014:
5013:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4830:
4819:
4818:
4808:
4784:
4775:
4774:
4764:
4755:(3β4): 190β201.
4740:
4731:
4730:
4719:
4710:
4709:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4494:
4477:(11): CD006073.
4462:
4456:
4455:
4445:
4421:
4408:
4407:
4397:
4382:Physical Therapy
4373:
4362:
4361:
4351:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4294:
4275:
4274:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4198:
4188:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4135:. Archived from
4129:
4123:
4122:
4112:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4071:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3989:
3988:
3976:
3959:
3958:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3905:
3890:Physical Therapy
3881:
3864:
3863:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3767:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3675:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3590:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3523:
3514:
3513:
3503:
3493:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3444:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3377:
3366:
3365:
3355:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3211:
3187:
3176:
3175:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3096:
3087:
3086:
3076:
3066:
3042:
3036:
3035:
2999:
2988:
2987:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2900:
2891:
2890:
2857:(5497): 1775β9.
2846:
2837:
2836:
2826:
2816:
2784:
2775:
2774:
2756:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2715:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2616:10.1038/35070587
2591:
2585:
2584:
2574:
2563:10.1172/JCI12150
2557:(11): 1395β402.
2542:
2536:
2535:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2480:
2469:Retraction Watch
2448:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2332:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2259:
2238:
2237:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2149:
2139:
2115:
2100:
2099:
2063:
2048:
2047:
2024:Physical Therapy
2019:
2004:
2003:
1966:
1955:
1954:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1900:. Archived from
1894:
1888:
1887:
1877:
1862:Physical Therapy
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1833:. Archived from
1829:Cohen A (2014).
1826:
1820:
1819:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1766:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1693:
1684:
1683:
1673:
1656:(10): CD004433.
1641:
1635:
1634:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1547:
1538:(17): 2095β104.
1523:
1517:
1516:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1434:
1421:
1420:
1407:Licht S (1975).
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1383:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1354:
1330:
1324:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1297:
1273:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1227:
1153:(TCAs), such as
1069:prochlorperazine
856:latissimus dorsi
715:anti-depressants
699:pins and needles
614:morphine sulfate
93:edit on Wikidata
85:
71:
32:
21:
6095:
6094:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6055:
6054:
6042:
6030:
6018:
6015:
6010:
5975:
5946:
5902:
5872:
5837:
5823:
5810:
5775:
5724:
5687:
5681:
5668:
5639:
5630:
5625:
5599:
5598:
5594:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5463:
5462:
5455:
5416:
5415:
5408:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5314:(9): CD013019.
5301:
5300:
5293:
5249:
5248:
5241:
5202:(8): CD011887.
5189:
5188:
5181:
5137:
5136:
5129:
5098:(2): CD008357.
5085:
5084:
5077:
5038:(7): CD003586.
5025:
5024:
5017:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4872:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4844:
4842:
4832:
4831:
4822:
4786:
4785:
4778:
4742:
4741:
4734:
4721:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4552:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4524:
4522:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4423:
4422:
4411:
4375:
4374:
4365:
4334:(4): CD001920.
4321:
4320:
4316:
4309:
4296:
4295:
4278:
4257:(3): CD008390.
4252:
4251:
4247:
4226:(10): 1066β71.
4217:
4216:
4212:
4171:(1): e0262919.
4157:
4156:
4152:
4142:
4140:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4029:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4003:
3992:
3978:
3977:
3962:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3883:
3882:
3867:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3750:(11): 2777β85.
3737:
3736:
3732:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3525:
3524:
3517:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3379:
3378:
3369:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3189:
3188:
3179:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3098:
3097:
3090:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3001:
3000:
2991:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2902:
2901:
2894:
2848:
2847:
2840:
2799:(19): 10711β6.
2786:
2785:
2778:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2704:10.1172/JCI8071
2685:
2684:
2680:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2602:(6829): 701β5.
2593:
2592:
2588:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2482:
2474:
2472:
2449:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2360:(5411): 143β7.
2351:
2350:
2346:
2315:(9): CD006876.
2302:
2301:
2297:
2274:(6): e98βe169.
2261:
2260:
2241:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2117:
2116:
2103:
2065:
2064:
2051:
2021:
2020:
2007:
1968:
1967:
1958:
1935:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1623:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1507:(12): 828β833.
1494:
1493:
1489:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1436:
1435:
1424:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1318:
1311:
1275:
1274:
1265:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1199:
1149:Traditionally,
1103:
1097:
1022:
1016:
995:
989:
926:
914:range of motion
829:
808:range of motion
804:
789:botulinum toxin
773:
737:
732:
707:urinary urgency
683:thalamic nuclei
670:
654:
636:, alcohol, and
630:Botulinum toxin
626:
605:
569:
500:
491:
474:
445:
432:
392:
367:
362:
350:
331:
302:
296:
283:
278:
267:
231:neuroplasticity
223:
217:
205:
200:
164:
148:stroke recovery
96:
81:
67:
44:
35:Stroke recovery
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6093:
6091:
6083:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6057:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6040:
6028:
6014:
6013:External links
6011:
6009:
6008:
5973:
5943:
5942:
5938:
5937:
5900:
5870:
5835:
5821:
5808:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5766:
5722:
5721:
5720:
5679:
5666:
5636:
5635:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5592:
5556:
5505:
5453:
5406:
5392:
5370:
5359:(2): 177β184.
5343:
5291:
5239:
5179:
5127:
5075:
5015:
4972:
4928:
4885:
4870:
4852:
4820:
4776:
4732:
4711:
4704:
4686:
4643:
4600:
4565:
4550:
4532:
4521:. 27 June 2016
4506:
4457:
4409:
4363:
4314:
4307:
4276:
4245:
4210:
4150:
4124:
4083:
4042:
4027:
4009:
3990:
3960:
3917:
3896:(10): 973β81.
3865:
3822:
3795:(5457): 1397.
3779:
3730:
3697:Brain Research
3687:
3646:
3619:(1β2): 26β33.
3613:Brain Research
3602:
3581:(7): 609β619.
3561:
3534:(3): 407β417.
3515:
3484:(4): 466β473.
3464:
3415:
3367:
3318:
3285:Brain Research
3275:
3242:Neuropathology
3231:
3177:
3134:
3101:Neuropathology
3088:
3057:(3): 392β402.
3037:
2989:
2946:
2892:
2838:
2776:
2727:
2678:
2637:
2586:
2537:
2494:
2415:(6893): 41β9.
2395:
2344:
2295:
2239:
2196:
2161:
2101:
2074:(4): 294β312.
2049:
2005:
1978:(10): 903β12.
1956:
1933:
1907:
1889:
1848:
1821:
1778:
1729:
1685:
1636:
1621:
1603:
1559:
1518:
1487:
1464:
1422:
1399:
1366:
1325:
1309:
1288:(9): e100-43.
1263:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1198:
1195:
1183:family therapy
1132:catecholamines
1099:Main article:
1096:
1093:
1081:chlorpromazine
1065:metoclopramide
1031:(PICA) or the
1018:Main article:
1015:
1012:
991:Main article:
988:
985:
925:
924:Rehabilitation
922:
834:(or shoulder)
828:
825:
803:
800:
796:corticosteroid
772:
769:
736:
733:
731:
728:
669:
666:
653:
650:
625:
622:
604:
601:
568:
565:
552:rehabilitation
524:rehabilitation
499:
496:
490:
487:
473:
470:
444:
441:
431:
428:
416:synaptogenesis
391:
388:
366:
363:
361:
358:
349:
344:
334:Mirror therapy
330:
329:Mirror Therapy
327:
310:cerebral palsy
300:Bobath concept
298:Main article:
295:
292:
282:
279:
277:
274:
266:
263:
219:Main article:
216:
213:
204:
201:
199:
196:
163:
160:
98:
97:
90:
87:
86:
79:
73:
72:
65:
59:
58:
53:
47:
46:
41:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6092:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6016:
6012:
6005:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5988:(3): 209β17.
5987:
5983:
5979:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5939:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5911:(3): 376β87.
5910:
5906:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5882:(8): 937β43.
5881:
5877:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5822:9780781710152
5818:
5814:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5788:(1): 138β43.
5787:
5783:
5779:
5774:
5773:
5769:
5768:
5762:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5737:(4): 357β64.
5736:
5732:
5728:
5723:
5717:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5700:(9): 2081β7.
5699:
5695:
5691:
5686:
5685:
5682:
5676:
5672:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5596:
5593:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5560:
5557:
5552:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5509:
5506:
5501:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5426:(9): 685β92.
5425:
5421:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5402:
5396:
5393:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5371:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5347:
5344:
5339:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5298:
5296:
5292:
5287:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5235:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5175:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5123:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5082:
5080:
5076:
5071:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4976:
4973:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4932:
4929:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4889:
4886:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4871:9780803623910
4867:
4863:
4856:
4853:
4840:
4839:Stroke Engine
4836:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4816:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4799:(4): 459β84.
4798:
4794:
4790:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4772:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4728:
4727:www.ebrsr.com
4724:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4707:
4705:9780323497336
4701:
4697:
4690:
4687:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4647:
4644:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4616:(2): 187β93.
4615:
4611:
4604:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4569:
4566:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4551:9780195150643
4547:
4543:
4536:
4533:
4520:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4461:
4458:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4436:(2): 476β85.
4435:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4388:(4): 357β75.
4387:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4315:
4310:
4304:
4300:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4249:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4214:
4211:
4206:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4154:
4151:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4125:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4028:9781560534372
4024:
4020:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3982:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3933:(5): 515β22.
3932:
3928:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3734:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3650:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3606:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3435:(6): 945β60.
3434:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3291:(1β2): 60β7.
3290:
3286:
3279:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3248:(3): 169β80.
3247:
3243:
3235:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3202:(6): 778β86.
3201:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3150:(2): 137β46.
3149:
3145:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2962:(2): 247β56.
2961:
2957:
2950:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2747:(3): 369β77.
2746:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2486:
2478:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2130:(4): e89-97.
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2030:(8): 1233β8.
2029:
2025:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1868:(7): 942β53.
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1749:(4): 388β96.
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1708:(5): 735β44.
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1622:9781569003619
1618:
1614:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1582:(4): 221β31.
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1445:(4): 443β80.
1444:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1179:group therapy
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:nortriptyline
1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:noradrenergic
1115:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1079:, along with
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
994:
986:
984:
980:
979:
975:
971:
970:
966:
963:
958:
957:
953:
949:
948:
944:
940:
939:
935:
931:
930:
923:
921:
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
902:
898:
897:gait training
894:
890:
886:
881:
876:
871:
869:
868:joint capsule
865:
864:supraspinatus
861:
857:
853:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
826:
824:
821:
817:
813:
809:
801:
799:
797:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:acetaminophen
778:
770:
768:
766:
762:
759:disorders or
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
734:
729:
727:
724:
723:neurosurgical
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:thalamic pain
667:
665:
663:
659:
651:
649:
647:
646:acetylcholine
643:
639:
635:
631:
623:
621:
619:
615:
611:
602:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
566:
564:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:physiotherapy
541:
537:
533:
528:
525:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
503:Physiotherapy
498:Physiotherapy
497:
495:
488:
486:
482:
480:
471:
469:
465:
462:
458:
454:
451:
442:
440:
438:
429:
427:
423:
419:
417:
413:
409:
406:Induction of
404:
401:
397:
389:
387:
385:
381:
377:
372:
364:
359:
357:
354:
348:
345:
342:
337:
335:
328:
326:
324:
319:
318:motor control
315:
311:
307:
301:
293:
291:
289:
280:
275:
273:
271:
264:
262:
259:
254:
251:
247:
241:
239:
234:
232:
228:
222:
214:
212:
210:
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
185:
180:
175:
173:
169:
161:
159:
155:
153:
149:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
112:
109:
105:
94:
84:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
64:
60:
57:
54:
52:
48:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
6047:
6035:
6023:
5985:
5981:
5955:(1): 19β27.
5952:
5948:
5908:
5904:
5879:
5875:
5850:(5): 980β5.
5847:
5843:
5812:
5785:
5781:
5734:
5730:
5697:
5693:
5670:
5648:(2): 144β6.
5645:
5641:
5601:
5595:
5570:
5566:
5559:
5522:
5518:
5508:
5473:
5469:
5423:
5419:
5395:
5387:the original
5382:
5373:
5356:
5352:
5346:
5311:
5307:
5259:
5255:
5199:
5195:
5147:
5143:
5095:
5091:
5035:
5031:
4988:(4): 205β8.
4985:
4981:
4975:
4945:(7): 560β6.
4942:
4938:
4931:
4901:(1): 68β81.
4898:
4894:
4888:
4861:
4855:
4843:. Retrieved
4838:
4796:
4792:
4752:
4748:
4726:
4695:
4689:
4656:
4652:
4646:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4578:
4574:
4568:
4541:
4535:
4523:. Retrieved
4518:
4509:
4474:
4470:
4460:
4433:
4429:
4385:
4381:
4331:
4327:
4317:
4298:
4254:
4248:
4223:
4219:
4213:
4168:
4164:
4153:
4141:. Retrieved
4137:the original
4127:
4103:(1): 134β9.
4100:
4096:
4086:
4059:
4055:
4045:
4018:
4012:
4005:
3984:
3981:"Spasticity"
3930:
3926:
3920:
3893:
3889:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3747:
3743:
3733:
3703:(1): 19β27.
3700:
3696:
3690:
3663:
3659:
3649:
3616:
3612:
3605:
3578:
3574:
3564:
3531:
3527:
3481:
3477:
3467:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3388:(2): 393β9.
3385:
3382:Neuroscience
3381:
3335:
3331:
3321:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3199:
3195:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3107:(4): 275β9.
3104:
3100:
3054:
3050:
3040:
3010:(1): 12β20.
3007:
3003:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2908:
2904:
2854:
2850:
2796:
2792:
2744:
2740:
2730:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2657:(3): 221β8.
2654:
2650:
2640:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2483:{{
2475:{{
2468:
2466:,
2412:
2408:
2398:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2271:
2267:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2177:(5): 555β9.
2174:
2170:
2164:
2127:
2123:
2071:
2067:
2027:
2023:
1975:
1971:
1916:
1910:
1902:the original
1892:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1839:. Retrieved
1835:the original
1824:
1794:(6): 582β8.
1791:
1787:
1781:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1705:
1701:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1612:
1606:
1579:
1575:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1473:
1467:
1442:
1438:
1408:
1402:
1390:. Retrieved
1385:
1345:(1): 18β23.
1342:
1338:
1328:
1320:
1285:
1281:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1187:
1171:side effects
1148:
1136:
1128:serotonergic
1124:dopaminergic
1116:
1109:
1104:
1073:promethazine
1057:anti-emetics
1045:
1023:
1008:
996:
981:
977:
976:
972:
968:
967:
959:
955:
954:
950:
946:
945:
941:
937:
936:
932:
928:
927:
911:
905:
872:
848:
832:Glenohumeral
830:
805:
775:Analgesics (
774:
757:rotator cuff
738:
713:/narcotics,
671:
655:
627:
606:
570:
540:hand hygiene
530:Unaddressed
529:
501:
492:
483:
475:
466:
463:
459:
455:
446:
433:
424:
420:
412:angiogenesis
408:neurogenesis
405:
393:
380:angiogenesis
376:neurogenesis
368:
355:
351:
339:
332:
303:
294:Bobath (NDT)
284:
276:Brain repair
268:
255:
242:
235:
224:
206:
192:
188:
176:
165:
156:
152:primary care
147:
145:
137:psychologist
113:
101:
29:
5573:(11): e35.
5525:: 1677β91.
4845:13 November
4143:24 December
3666:(1): 6β13.
2698:(1): 71β7.
2212:(1): 1β13.
1841:15 November
1236:Circulation
1061:ondansetron
918:soft tissue
840:dislocation
836:subluxation
820:subluxation
793:Subacromial
761:impingement
745:subluxation
701:, and even
691:hyperpathia
662:nerve roots
597:cannabinoid
595:, and even
548:muscle tone
536:contracture
308:disorders (
77:MedlinePlus
40:Other names
6059:Categories
5602:StatPearls
3744:Stem Cells
3051:Stem Cells
2147:2066/81271
1218:References
1167:citalopram
1163:fluoxetine
1106:Depression
901:spasticity
891:and elbow
844:hemiplegia
785:spasticity
753:spasticity
642:neurotoxin
624:Injections
593:gabapentin
585:tizanidine
577:dantrolene
575:(Valium),
556:stretching
532:spasticity
519:spasticity
450:spasticity
227:hemiplegia
184:wheelchair
154:provider.
121:pharmacist
69:D000071939
5831:901906456
5587:226331629
5476:(8): 80.
5379:"Apraxia"
5216:1469-493X
5052:1469-493X
4880:702604771
4653:Neurology
4560:939392041
4525:11 August
3985:eMedicine
3074:2268/3710
2485:retracted
2477:retracted
2000:206483995
1943:255827024
1631:879713233
1482:878789606
1417:473526745
1003:idiomotor
885:adduction
875:palpation
777:ibuprofen
687:allodynia
658:rhizotomy
638:lidocaine
589:clonidine
515:paralysis
312:, etc.),
166:In 1620,
119:, nurse,
117:physician
56:Neurology
51:Specialty
6004:19074686
5969:19713616
5925:12893112
5804:12511765
5761:19875722
5716:11546900
5618:31985920
5551:25228808
5500:25333055
5448:22913534
5440:11523971
5338:32970328
5286:31706263
5234:35930301
5174:29220541
5122:24567028
5070:34196963
5010:24265817
4959:20136474
4923:19076042
4915:29017429
4815:27079654
4771:25766121
4681:42675510
4673:15007162
4638:27378815
4595:10892624
4501:27841442
4452:11092096
4358:24756870
4271:22419333
4205:35081150
4165:PLOS ONE
4119:14684785
4078:15232114
4037:47756253
3955:44628152
3947:12194622
3912:15449979
3860:45445777
3852:15448572
3817:30222759
3809:10722382
3774:17641243
3725:20526493
3717:15567334
3682:16596121
3641:21163692
3633:15120580
3597:17603514
3556:11637764
3548:15540231
3510:17012060
3451:12086642
3410:10808096
3402:16298076
3362:16901914
3313:24236193
3305:16313889
3270:34306912
3262:14570283
3226:25852717
3218:12949903
3172:32457655
3164:11790394
3121:12564767
3083:15749934
3032:23274112
3024:19017556
2976:10915564
2941:46193388
2933:11099419
2887:16216476
2879:11099418
2833:10485891
2771:11666138
2763:11348593
2722:10619863
2673:10436164
2624:11287958
2581:11390421
2464:38886620
2445:47162269
2437:12077603
2390:37919170
2382:10102814
2339:30175845
2290:27145936
2234:18706147
2226:21326041
2191:17466722
2156:19182079
2096:20830887
2088:20735200
1992:21788266
1951:17046674
1884:17472948
1816:16050784
1808:19741529
1773:21886380
1724:21073104
1680:26446577
1598:16321129
1554:17077374
1459:14895765
1361:19008467
1304:16120836
1258:20956227
1085:baclofen
880:lapboard
812:adjuvant
741:etiology
703:bloating
695:cramping
679:thalamus
618:Fentanyl
610:baclofen
608:this is
581:baclofen
579:sodium,
573:diazepam
479:exercise
396:in vitro
5933:1429277
5896:3394877
5866:8165694
5752:2896456
5662:9129521
5628:Sources
5542:4164290
5491:4200648
5329:8094749
5277:6953353
5225:9354942
5165:6486003
5113:6464773
5061:8247630
5002:2383382
4967:7767789
4630:7659428
4492:6464929
4404:5907254
4349:6465059
4240:9339154
4196:8791510
4173:Bibcode
4006:We Move
3789:Science
3765:2792206
3501:2790719
3478:NeuroRx
3459:3120286
3353:2605397
3129:7377335
2984:6382107
2913:Bibcode
2905:Science
2859:Bibcode
2851:Science
2801:Bibcode
2632:4424399
2604:Bibcode
2532:9488650
2512:Bibcode
2504:Science
2417:Bibcode
2362:Bibcode
2354:Science
2330:6513114
2044:3737695
1764:2958081
1671:6465192
1140:fatigue
1077:hiccups
1053:vertigo
999:apraxia
993:Apraxia
987:Apraxia
893:flexion
860:deltoid
711:opioids
652:Surgery
632:(BTX),
400:in vivo
258:aphasia
108:patient
6036:MDCalc
6002:
5967:
5931:
5923:
5894:
5864:
5844:Stroke
5829:
5819:
5802:
5782:Stroke
5759:
5749:
5714:
5694:Stroke
5677:
5660:
5616:
5585:
5549:
5539:
5498:
5488:
5446:
5438:
5336:
5326:
5284:
5274:
5262:(11).
5232:
5222:
5214:
5172:
5162:
5120:
5110:
5068:
5058:
5050:
5008:
5000:
4965:
4957:
4921:
4913:
4878:
4868:
4813:
4769:
4702:
4679:
4671:
4636:
4628:
4593:
4558:
4548:
4499:
4489:
4450:
4402:
4356:
4346:
4305:
4269:
4238:
4203:
4193:
4117:
4097:Stroke
4076:
4056:Stroke
4035:
4025:
3953:
3945:
3910:
3858:
3850:
3815:
3807:
3772:
3762:
3723:
3715:
3680:
3639:
3631:
3595:
3554:
3546:
3508:
3498:
3457:
3449:
3429:Neuron
3408:
3400:
3360:
3350:
3311:
3303:
3268:
3260:
3224:
3216:
3170:
3162:
3127:
3119:
3081:
3030:
3022:
2982:
2974:
2939:
2931:
2885:
2877:
2831:
2821:
2769:
2761:
2720:
2713:382587
2710:
2671:
2630:
2622:
2596:Nature
2579:
2572:209322
2569:
2530:
2462:
2458:,
2443:
2435:
2409:Nature
2388:
2380:
2337:
2327:
2288:
2268:Stroke
2232:
2224:
2189:
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