638:, in which Valinor becomes inaccessible to mortal Men. All that is left is the memory of the old straight road, or the tale of the Elves able to travel by it. When Men die, they leave the world of Arda entirely, perhaps to go to a heaven. Elves, on the other hand, cannot leave "the circles of the world", and are constrained to go to Valinor, or, if they die in battle, to the Halls of Mandos, from where they may be allowed to return to Valinor. Tolkien stated that "the passage over Sea is not Death. The 'mythology' is Elf-centred. According to it there was at first an actual Earthly Paradise, home and realm of the Valar, as a physical part of the earth."
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811:", evidently a symbol. When Scyld dies, he is given a ship burial, being placed in a ship supplied with many gifts for his one-way journey into the afterlife. However, and uniquely for a Viking ship burial, the ship is not set on fire, so in practical terms the ship would surely, Shippey writes, have been looted.
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poet had "what one can only call an inkling of
Tolkien's own image of 'the Lost Straight Road'." He asks who the unnamed beings were, and whether the ship was to sail into the West on a Lost Road to return to them. They are plainly acting on behalf of God; being plural, they cannot be him, but they
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should be seen as fragments of a single-purposed attempt by
Tolkien to form a unified story. This places the events of the Silmarillion (legendarium) as part of the history or prehistory of the Earth, many thousand years ago. A central event in that story is the reshaping of the world, leaving only
299:
Tolkien wrote "The Fall of NĂșmenor" in 1936. After the island has been drowned and the world remade, the loyal NĂșmenĂłreans retain a memory of the Old
Straight Road, and some even tried to build ships that could "rise above the waters of the world and hold to the imagined seas." The "old line of the
267:
The NĂșmenĂłreans took Sauron prisoner. He quickly enthralled their king, Ar-PharazĂŽn, urging him to seek the immortality that the Valar had apparently denied him. Sauron persuaded them to wage war against the Valar to seize the immortality denied them. Ar-PharazĂŽn raised the mightiest army and fleet
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quotes from one of his father's lectures: "the poet is not explicit, and the idea was probably not fully formed in his mindâthat Scyld went back to some mysterious land whence he had come. He came out of the
Unknown beyond the Great Sea, and returned into It". Tolkien explains that "the symbolism
693:
The image of the
Straight Road was, Shippey writes, evidently important to Tolkien, as he revisited it repeatedly in his legendarium. The two time travel novels both foundered on the problem that while they made perfect sense to him as frame stories, which he worked out in some detail, this was at
340:
in which a father-and-son pair of modern
Englishmen visit past times in dreams, successively going further back until they reach NĂșmenor and discover the story of the Lost Road. In each case, one of the time travellers has a name which means "Elf-friend", tying him directly to the loyal NĂșmenĂłrean
577:
may lead, one in the last chapter. Especially in the second, when he knows he will soon leave Middle-earth, Frodo sings of "the hidden paths that run / West of the Moon, East of the Sun". The verse alludes to his coming journey on the
Straight Road, the wording subtly changed to be more definite,
304:
a plain of air, or ... a straight vision that bends not to the hidden curving of the earth, or to a level bridge that rises imperceptibly but surely above the heavy air of earth. And of old many of the NĂșmenĂłreans could see or half see the paths of the True West, ... the peaks of
268:
NĂșmenor had ever seen, and sailed to
Valinor. The Valar called on the creator, IlĂșvatar, for help. When Ar-PharazĂŽn landed, IlĂșvatar destroyed his forces and sent a great wave to submerge NĂșmenor, killing all but those NĂșmenĂłreans, led by
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my father was envisaging a massive and explicit linking of his own legends with those of many other peoples and times: all concerned with the stories and the dreams of peoples who dwelt by the coasts of the great
Western Sea".
247:
who had aided the Elves in the war against
Morgoth. Through the favour of the Valar, the DĂșnedain were granted wisdom and power and longer life, beyond that of other Men. Indeed, the isle of NĂșmenor lay closer to the Valar's
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Shippey comments that a ship-burial must have meant "a belief that the desired afterworld was across the western sea", and that Tolkien mirrored this with his "Undying Lands" across the sea from Middle-earth. In short, the
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suggests that Tolkien may have felt that Scyld is being sent back to the gods across the Western sea via a kind of Straight Road, and that Tolkien perhaps created his Valar and their home Valinor to explain that gap in
1088:. The level bridge "imperceptibly" departs from the earth at a tangent, but enough of the earlier cosmology remains "in the mind of the Gods" for the Elves and the Valar to be able to travel that Straight Road.
125:
from Valinor so that men can no longer reach it. But the Elves can still set sail from the shores of Middle-earth in ships, bound for Valinor: they sail into the Uttermost West, following the Old Straight Road.
941:(what we should call the ritual) of a departure over the sea whose further shore was unknown; and an actual belief in a magical land or otherworld located 'over the sea', can hardly be distinguished."
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1143:" to express "Ălfwine's desire to sail upon the western sea and find the 'Straight Road', the 'Lost Road' that leads to Valinor and the Elves even after the world is 'bent'." Norma Roche, writing in
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272:, who had remained loyal to the Valar, and who escaped to Middle-earth. The world was remade, and Aman was removed beyond the Uttermost West, so that Men could not sail there to threaten it.
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illustrated his "vision of the lost paradise and the longing to return to it" which "became a more and more powerful element in his later fiction", forming eventually the "underpinning" of
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1119:, both leave the world in boats, sailing off into the sky, as the Elves do when following the Old Straight Road into the West. The protagonist of the first piece of Tolkien's legendarium,
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1204:. In that work, she named a path which roughly tracks California highway 29 as "The Old Straight Road". Bratman states that the story conveys "a sense of a mythology" of the region.
550:, is allowed to leave Middle-earth, sailing from the Grey Havens over the Sea and out of the world on the Straight Road to find peace in Valinor. He is able to do so, as a mortal
163:. He arrives in the world as a baby in a boat filled with gifts, and he departs from it in a ship-burial, with the odd feature that the ship is not set on fire, as in the typical
984:, and that this perhaps prompted him to create the Valar, given that Tolkien habitually "deriv inspiration from a philological crux", for instance inventing Elves, Ettens, and
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Scholars have noted the importance of the theme to Tolkien, as he revisited it repeatedly. His early mention of the Straight Road as being a level bridge recalls
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similarly states that while the Straight Road linking Valinor with Middle-Earth after the Second Age mirrors Bifröst, the Valar themselves resemble the
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The cosmology of this story is not explained, beyond the cryptic statement that "those" had sent Scyld as a baby into the world. Shippey notes that the
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1165:. All the same, she notes the parallels between "the Western happy otherworld island and the geography and function of Valinor", commenting that the
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1161:. Fimi was surprised that Tolkien apparently linked immram in the shape of St. Brendan's voyages to Ălfwine's journey into the uttermost West, and
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1018:'s empty tomb and his being found alive, walking in a garden. The reign of King Sheave is described as "the Golden Years", linking him to
803:. This, Shippey notes, has several odd features, making it the kind of thing that attracted Tolkien's interest. "Scefing" looks like a
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1028:, who is also a Christ-figure. Tolkien makes the connection with the time-travellers and Elendil, by having the Sheave story told by
690:: evil seemed at least as powerful as good, and could easily have been victorious, a strand which can also be seen in Middle-earth.
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657:. Men are mortal, and when they die they go beyond the circles of the world, even the Elves not knowing where that might be.
105:. The Elves are immortal, but may grow weary of the world, and then sail across the Great Sea to reach Valinor. The men of
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1875:(2014). ""The road from adaptation to invention": How Tolkien Came to the Brink of Middle-earth in 1914".
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The Elves, however, can still sail into the "Uttermost West", on what to Men is the Lost Road to Valinor;
256:, on the continent of Aman, than to Middle-earth. The fall of NĂșmenor came about through the influence of
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writes that there is a recurring theme of locale in her fantasy stories, especially in her 1985 novel
227:. The Elves however could still follow the Old Straight Road, sailing into the West from Middle-earth.
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573:" in the novel, one near the beginning of the book when Frodo is just setting out, not knowing where
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Fimi comments that Tolkien seemed to be intending to use his translation of the Anglo-Saxon poem "
819:(lines 26â52) describes Scyld's funeral ship sailing "on its own accord" to its unknown harbour.
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1957:
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The Keys of Middle-earth: Discovering Medieval Literature Through the Fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien
1902:
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1149:, notes the parallels between Valinor and the Celtic island paradise described in the story of
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Tolkien made two attempts at a time travel novel, both remaining unfinished: first in the 1936
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are supernatural. He suggests that Tolkien considered their nature, as godlike mythological
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all indicate his "desire to pass through that open door into Other Time." She adds that
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1977:"Sailing West: Tolkien, the Saint Brendan Story, and the Idea of Paradise in the West"
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paradigm by depicting a catastrophic transition from a flat to a spherical world, the
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2006:
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1123:, similarly sails a ship out of Arda into the sky. His ship carries the last of the
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The Scyldings let Scyld's funeral ship sail by itself back to whoever he came from
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arrives in the world as a baby in a boat, with a sheaf of corn. 1891 painting by
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cosmology, with the stars, and later also the sun and moon, revolving around it.
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for Elves who wish to leave Middle-earth. Sauron's physical form was destroyed.
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from Arda, so that Men could no longer reach it by sailing over the Great Sea,
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the expense of their actual narratives, which he never got around to writing.
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comments that the "level bridge" of "The Fall of NĂșmenor" reminds readers of
1014:. He is lost from his bed, but found again alive and well outside, recalling
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state that the stories of the variously-named time-travelling Eriol/ÇŒlfwine,
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2224:
The Evolution of Tolkien's Mythology: A Study of the History of Middle-earth
1717:
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807:, but can't be as Scyld's father isn't known. It could equally mean "with a
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2082:
799:, its unexplained or problematic passages, a mention right at the start of
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Garth notes further that two central figures in poems that Tolkien knew,
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In Tolkien's conception, Arda was created specifically as the place for
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Elendil, whose name has the same meaning in the classical Elf-language,
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829:("those") is, unusually for such an insignificant part of speech, both
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2002:
The Road to Middle-Earth: How J. R. R. Tolkien Created a New Mythology
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1789:(2007). "Tolkien's "'Celtic' type of legends": Merging Traditions".
653:, and follow the Old Straight Road into the Uttermost West to reach
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account of Scyld and his strange departure, Tolkien wrote a poem, "
349:
Time-travelling frame story characters with the periods they visit
3237:
3022:
2796:
2742:
2725:
2708:
2037:
The Great Tales Never End: Essays in Memory of Christopher Tolkien
1128:
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555:
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244:
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26:
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the Straight Road as the way to the earthly paradise. They quote
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1153:, and that Tolkien wrote a poem named "Imram", named after the
145:. Other possible inspirations for the theme include a novel by
2813:
2781:
1006:", on the Scyld Scefing theme. Sheave is the father of Beow ("
985:
959:
180:", which occurs in different versions at the start and end of
1598:
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1471:
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4031:
The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary
1408:
1406:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1566:
1564:
1374:, ch. 24 "Of the Voyage of EĂ€rendil and the War of Wrath"
1850:
Tolkien and the Great War: The Threshold of Middle-earth
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
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243:, in the Great Sea to the West of Middle-earth, to the
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1579:
309:
at the end of the straight road, high above the world.
219:
cataclysmically reshaped Arda into a sphere, removing
1439:, #181 to Michael Straight, January or February 1956
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1822:
A Question of Time: J.R.R. Tolkien's Road to Faërie
1058:is the rainbow bridge between the earthly realm of
215:and the Changing of the World. The intervention of
1249:, ch. 20 "Of the Fifth Battle: Nirnaeth Arnoediad"
1080:in Norse mythology, the rainbow bridge that links
1269:
1267:
2027:(2022). "'King Sheave' and 'The Lost Road'". In
1740:"The Practical Geography of Always Coming Home"
754:
580:
302:
1679:Bernardo, Susan M.; Murphy, Graham J. (2006).
1650:
948:Tolkien habitually used difficult passages in
922:heroes under heaven, who that cargo received.
891:hĂŠleĂ° under heofenum, / hwÄ ĂŸÇŁm hlĂŠste onfÄng.
2262:
900:In no way they him less / with gifts endowed,
684:Tolkien's personal First World War experience
8:
3982:Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings
1424:
1225:
1223:
1221:
795:that Tolkien knew well, contains, among its
649:. Elves are immortal, but may grow weary of
3940:The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion
1602:
1512:
1276:, "The Fall of NĂșmenor", sections 10 and 11
1261:, "Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age"
3575:
3146:
2686:
2517:
2323:
2269:
2255:
2247:
916:gave to ocean; / in them was gloomy heart,
833:, a heavy emphasis (marked in the text):
566:, and so to die from the world as men do.
1436:
885:gÄafon on gÄrsecg; / him wĂŠs geĆmor sefa,
3975:Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'
3926:The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide
3852:Things named after Tolkien and his works
1335:
347:
3919:J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century
1681:Ursula K. Le Guin: A Critical Companion
1662:
1638:
1570:
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1169:derives from the earthly paradise, the
881:ĂŸÄ gÇŁt hÄ«e him Äsetton / segen geldenne
260:, the chief servant of the fallen Vala
67:'s conception, in his fantasy world of
1555:
1338:, Book 1, chapter 3 "Three is Company"
912:Then yet they set up / standard golden
877:ĂŸÄ hine ĂŠt frumsceafte / forĂ° onsendon
264:, who wished to conquer Middle-earth.
1626:
1614:
1587:
1350:, Book 6, chapter 9 "The Grey Havens"
1310:, Book 6, chapter 9 "The Grey Havens"
914:high over head, / they let sea carry,
883:hÄah ofer hÄafod, / lÄton holm beran,
670:by Sauron in the minds of the men of
587:And though I oft have passed them by,
583:Still round the corner there may wait
7:
2591:The History of The Lord of the Rings
1543:
862:NalĂŠs hÄ« hine lÇŁssan / lÄcum tÄodan,
591:Shall take the hidden paths that run
560:she has chosen to marry a mortal man
526:At the end of the main narrative of
593:West of the Moon, East of the Sun.
4003:Tolkien, Race and Cultural History
3877:The Complete Guide to Middle-earth
2199:. Boston, New York, & London:
1702:Bolintineanu, Alexandra (2013) . "
920:say for truth, / hall-counsellors,
610:Cosmology of Tolkien's legendarium
25:
3968:Tolkien and the Invention of Myth
622:to live in. It is envisaged in a
314:Two unfinished time travel novels
133:, the bridge between the earthly
113:, servant of the first Dark Lord
31:The Old Straight Road allows the
2567:The Lost Road and Other Writings
2164:The Lost Road and Other Writings
933:The Lost Road and Other Writings
910:alone over waves / infant-being.
835:
750:The Lost Road and Other Writings
102:The Lost Road and Other Writings
75:are able to follow to reach the
3884:A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien
3761:Poems and Songs of Middle Earth
3483:Finnish language and literature
2453:The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien
1763:The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien
4024:The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien
3996:Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth
3273:Ancestry as guide to character
2409:The Adventures of Tom Bombadil
1765:: Revised and Expanded Edition
1192:directly influenced by Tolkien
1157:genre of Irish tradition, for
908:who him at outset / forth sent
889:secgan tĆ sĆĂ°e, / selerÇŁdende,
705:: the Monsters and the Critics
589:A day will come at last when I
159:in the shape of the character
1:
3933:J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
2397:The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen
1932:Beowulf: Text and Translation
1713:J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
1324:The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen
1190:series has been described as
1127:, shining brilliantly as the
887:murnende mĆd. / Men ne cunnon
879:ÇŁnne ofer ÇŁĂ°e / umborwesende.
700:writes that Tolkien's essay "
376:
186:, also alludes to the theme.
964:eotenas ond ylfe ond orcneas
918:mourning mind. / Men not can
585:A new road or a secret gate,
287:, still builds ships in the
3456:Tolkien's impact on fantasy
2624:The Peoples of Middle-earth
2559:The Shaping of Middle-earth
2041:Bodleian Library Publishing
1827:Kent State University Press
569:There are two versions of "
87:. The tale is mentioned in
4069:
3130:List of weapons and armour
2663:The Nature of Middle-earth
2353:The Fellowship of the Ring
2064:The Fellowship of the Ring
1685:Greenwood Publishing Group
1651:Bernardo & Murphy 2006
1111:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
1043:
852:"literal" 1991 translation
765:
645:Fates of Elves and Men in
607:
317:
233:Second Age of Middle-earth
200:
4017:Tolkien and the Great War
3825:Works inspired by Tolkien
3729:Nightfall in Middle-Earth
3544:The Atlas of Middle-earth
2648:The History of The Hobbit
2390:The Scouring of the Shire
2284:
2219:Whittingham, Elizabeth A.
1954:The Riddles of the Hobbit
1855:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
902:with folk-wealth, / than
558:has given him her place;
532:, in the last chapter of
320:Time in Tolkien's fiction
245:three loyal houses of Men
3954:The Road to Middle-Earth
3820:Middle-earth Enterprises
2466:The three "Great Tales"
958:, for instance creating
831:stressed and alliterated
768:Beowulf and Middle-earth
3775:An Evening in Rivendell
3648:Margrethe II of Denmark
3527:A mythology for England
1513:Lee & Solopova 2005
1096:, the gods of Asgard.
1062:and the god's realm of
956:a source of inspiration
861:
279:the Shipwright, at the
83:, realm of the godlike
18:Straight Road (Tolkien)
3898:Master of Middle-Earth
3420:Psychological journeys
2984:First and Second Ages
2836:First and Second Ages
2598:The Notion Club Papers
2536:The Book of Lost Tales
2383:The Return of the King
2360:The Shadow of the Past
2096:The Return of the King
1194:. The Tolkien scholar
1159:The Notion Club Papers
1070:
971:
783:
759:
741:The Notion Club Papers
658:
596:
535:The Return of the King
338:provides a frame story
336:. In both of them, he
333:The Notion Club Papers
311:
228:
137:and the gods' home of
44:
4010:Tolkien's Legendarium
3754:The Road Goes Ever On
3696:The Lord of the Rings
3681:The Lord of the Rings
3557:A Map of Middle-earth
3300:Death and immortality
3103:Red Book of Westmarch
2616:The War of the Jewels
2551:The Lays of Beleriand
2472:The Children of HĂșrin
2367:The Council of Elrond
2346:The Lord of the Rings
2102:The Lord of the Rings
2070:The Lord of the Rings
1975:Roche, Norma (1991).
1934:. Anglo-Saxon Books.
1930:Porter, John (2008).
1891:10.1353/tks.2014.0006
1805:10.1353/tks.2007.0015
1074:Elizabeth Whittingham
1053:
1044:Further information:
947:
775:
766:Further information:
722:The Lord of the Rings
647:Tolkien's legendarium
644:
628:Tolkien's legendarium
608:Further information:
529:The Lord of the Rings
521:The Lord of the Rings
318:Further information:
300:world" lingered like
295:"The Fall of NĂșmenor"
210:
201:Further information:
183:The Lord of the Rings
96:The Lord of the Rings
30:
3789:At Dawn in Rivendell
3782:A Night in Rivendell
3769:The Tolkien Ensemble
3603:Brothers Hildebrandt
3125:Two Trees of Valinor
2488:The Fall of Gondolin
2043:. pp. 166â180.
2033:McIlwaine, Catherine
1708:Drout, Michael D. C.
1163:and went on doing so
1116:The Song of Hiawatha
1054:In Norse mythology,
970:and demon-corpses".
361:Over 9,000 years ago
167:ritual. The scholar
99:, and documented in
71:, of the route that
3293:Round World dilemma
2845:EĂ€rendil and Elwing
2498:The Fall of NĂșmenor
2191:Christopher Tolkien
2159:Christopher Tolkien
2127:Christopher Tolkien
1903:Solopova, Elizabeth
1758:Carpenter, Humphrey
1515:, pp. 256â257.
1488:, pp. 166â180.
1463:, pp. 169â170.
1451:, pp. 269â272.
1415:, pp. 336â337.
1400:, pp. 324â328.
1032:in the Anglo-Saxon
938:Christopher Tolkien
838:
746:Christopher Tolkien
544:broken by the quest
350:
330:, and then in 1945
239:give the island of
4053:Middle-earth Elves
3912:A Question of Time
3714:The Rings of Power
3633:Alexander Korotich
3430:Sound and language
3310:Dreams and visions
2005:(Third ed.).
1958:Palgrave Macmillan
1720:. pp. 24â25.
1201:Always Coming Home
1135:Other inspirations
1109:, and Hiawatha in
1071:
1066:. 1895 drawing by
972:
836:
784:
781:Herman Siegumfeldt
748:'s explanation in
733:Elizabeth Solopova
668:the evil implanted
659:
554:, because the Elf
538:, the protagonist
348:
229:
61:Lost Straight Road
45:
4040:
4039:
3989:A Tolkien Compass
3905:Picturing Tolkien
3891:Interrupted Music
3860:
3859:
3796:Leaving Rivendell
3565:
3564:
3551:Journeys of Frodo
3405:Old Straight Road
3395:Naming of weapons
3138:
3137:
2885:LĂșthien and Beren
2674:
2673:
2656:Carl F. Hostetter
2507:
2506:
2480:Beren and LĂșthien
2461:Bilbo's Last Song
2238:978-1-4766-1174-7
2187:Tolkien, J. R. R.
2155:Tolkien, J. R. R.
2146:978-0-395-25730-2
2123:Tolkien, J. R. R.
2091:Tolkien, J. R. R.
2059:Tolkien, J. R. R.
2050:978-1-8512-4565-9
2016:978-0-261-10275-0
1941:978-1-898281-48-1
1864:978-0-618-57481-0
1836:978-0-87338-699-9
1778:978-0-35-865298-4
1727:978-0-415-86511-1
1694:978-0-3133-3225-8
1653:, pp. 92â93.
1573:, pp. 66â74.
1558:, pp. 14â15.
1546:, pp. 55â56.
1425:Bolintineanu 2013
1167:Celtic otherworld
1010:"), making him a
928:
927:
867:eodgestrÄonum, /
517:
516:
510:Oswin, cf. Oswald
109:are persuaded by
49:Old Straight Road
16:(Redirected from
4060:
3961:Splintered Light
3576:
3400:Northern courage
3325:Environmentalism
3305:Decline and fall
3228:Tolkien's poetry
3147:
2865:FinwĂ« and MĂriel
2687:
2641:John D. Rateliff
2518:
2445:Unfinished Tales
2428:The Silmarillion
2324:
2289:J. R. R. Tolkien
2271:
2264:
2257:
2248:
2242:
2214:
2201:Houghton Mifflin
2182:
2169:Houghton Mifflin
2150:
2137:Houghton Mifflin
2132:The Silmarillion
2118:
2107:Houghton Mifflin
2086:
2075:Houghton Mifflin
2054:
2029:Ovenden, Richard
2020:
1990:
1971:
1945:
1926:
1894:
1868:
1840:
1812:
1782:
1753:
1731:
1698:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1617:, pp. 1â44.
1612:
1606:
1603:Whittingham 2008
1600:
1591:
1585:
1574:
1568:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1489:
1483:
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1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1401:
1395:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1362:, pp. 95â96
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1227:
1173:, of the Bible.
1001:
893:
839:
793:Anglo-Saxon poem
709:On Fairy-Stories
378:
351:
250:earthly paradise
211:The Downfall of
196:The Silmarillion
90:The Silmarillion
77:earthly paradise
65:J. R. R. Tolkien
21:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4036:
3947:Perilous Realms
3867:
3856:
3803:
3736:
3679:Symphony No. 1
3657:
3618:Donato Giancola
3571:
3561:
3531:
3478:Classical world
3444:
3335:First World War
3254:
3134:
3081:
3033:Lonely Mountain
2971:
2823:
2694:
2681:
2670:
2629:
2574:The Etymologies
2524:
2513:
2503:
2414:
2328:
2315:
2280:
2275:
2245:
2239:
2217:
2211:
2196:Sauron Defeated
2185:
2179:
2153:
2147:
2121:
2089:
2057:
2051:
2023:
2017:
1995:
1989:(4). Article 3.
1974:
1968:
1948:
1942:
1929:
1923:
1897:
1878:Tolkien Studies
1871:
1865:
1843:
1837:
1817:Flieger, Verlyn
1815:
1792:Tolkien Studies
1785:
1779:
1760:, ed. (2023) .
1756:
1752:(2). Article 7.
1734:
1728:
1701:
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1272:
1265:
1257:
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1241:
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1219:
1215:
1210:
1179:
1137:
1103:in the Finnish
1048:
1042:
999:
988:from a line in
962:from line 112,
924:
921:
919:
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911:
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884:
882:
880:
878:
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863:
770:
764:
664:
632:spherical Earth
612:
606:
601:
595:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
546:to destroy the
524:
418:
392:
383:
374:
367:
360:
322:
316:
297:
205:
199:
192:
143:Norse mythology
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4066:
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4056:
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3723:Blind Guardian
3720:
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3659:
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3595:
3590:
3588:Pauline Baynes
3584:
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3427:
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3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3375:Mental illness
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
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3208:
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3196:
3186:
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3155:
3153:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3108:Rings of Power
3105:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2981:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2910:TĂșrin Turambar
2907:
2905:Tuor and Idril
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2833:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
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2809:
2804:
2799:
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2716:
2700:
2698:
2684:
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2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2619:
2611:
2608:Morgoth's Ring
2603:
2602:
2601:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2577:
2562:
2554:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2530:
2528:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2483:
2475:
2464:
2456:
2448:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2379:
2376:The Two Towers
2372:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2341:
2332:
2330:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2251:
2244:
2243:
2237:
2215:
2209:
2183:
2177:
2151:
2145:
2119:
2087:
2055:
2049:
2021:
2015:
1993:
1991:
1972:
1966:
1946:
1940:
1927:
1922:978-1403946713
1921:
1899:Lee, Stuart D.
1895:
1869:
1863:
1841:
1835:
1813:
1783:
1777:
1769:Harper Collins
1754:
1736:Bratman, David
1732:
1726:
1699:
1693:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1655:
1643:
1631:
1619:
1607:
1605:, p. 115.
1592:
1575:
1560:
1548:
1529:
1517:
1505:
1490:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1437:Carpenter 2023
1429:
1417:
1402:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1364:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1322:, Appendix D "
1312:
1300:
1289:
1278:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1182:Ursula Le Guin
1178:
1175:
1171:Garden of Eden
1136:
1133:
1068:Lorenz FrĂžlich
1041:
1038:
926:
925:
898:
896:
858:
855:
854:
850:John Porter's
848:
763:
760:
698:Verlyn Flieger
663:
660:
630:addresses the
605:
602:
600:
597:
581:
571:A Walking Song
523:
518:
515:
514:
511:
508:
503:
500:
493:
489:
488:
485:
482:
475:
468:
463:
459:
458:
455:
450:
441:
432:
425:
421:
420:
415:
414:Modern English
412:
407:
404:
394:
388:
387:
385:
380:
369:
362:
355:
315:
312:
296:
293:
235:, the godlike
198:
193:
191:
188:
178:A Walking Song
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4065:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3937:
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3934:
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3928:
3927:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3914:
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3909:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3863:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3779:
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3772:
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3770:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3750:
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3739:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3674:Johan de Meij
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3613:Mary Fairburn
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3568:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3548:
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3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3385:Moral dilemma
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3365:Luck and fate
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3345:Frame stories
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
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3313:
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3009:
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2999:
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2279:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2210:0-395-60649-7
2206:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2178:0-395-45519-7
2174:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2007:HarperCollins
2004:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1950:Roberts, Adam
1947:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1787:Fimi, Dimitra
1784:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1641:, p. 19.
1640:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1590:, p. 86.
1589:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1527:, p. 98.
1526:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1503:, p. 19.
1502:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1336:Tolkien 1954a
1332:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1196:David Bratman
1193:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
993:
991:
987:
983:
978:
969:
966:, "ogres and
965:
961:
957:
953:
952:
946:
942:
939:
935:
934:
923:
905:
897:
894:
892:
874:
870:
866:
857:
856:
853:
849:
846:
845:
841:
840:
834:
832:
828:
825:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
801:Scyld Scefing
798:
794:
790:
789:
782:
778:
777:Scyld Scefing
774:
769:
762:Scyld Scefing
761:
758:
753:
751:
747:
742:
738:
737:The Lost Road
734:
730:
729:Stuart D. Lee
726:
724:
723:
718:
717:The Lost Road
714:
713:The Lost Road
710:
706:
704:
699:
695:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
661:
656:
652:
648:
643:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
611:
603:
598:
594:
579:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:
531:
530:
522:
519:
512:
509:
507:
504:
501:
498:
494:
491:
490:
487:Bliss-friend
486:
483:
481:
480:
476:
474:
473:
469:
467:
464:
461:
460:
456:
454:
451:
449:
448:
447:
442:
440:
439:
438:
433:
431:
430:
426:
423:
422:
416:
413:
411:
408:
405:
402:
398:
395:
390:
389:
386:
381:
373:
370:
366:
363:
359:
356:
353:
352:
346:
344:
339:
335:
334:
329:
328:
327:The Lost Road
321:
313:
310:
308:
301:
294:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
242:
238:
234:
226:
222:
218:
214:
209:
204:
197:
194:
189:
187:
185:
184:
179:
175:
170:
166:
162:
161:Scyld Scefing
158:
157:
152:
151:literary crux
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
103:
98:
97:
92:
91:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
53:Straight Road
50:
42:
38:
35:to sail from
34:
29:
19:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3759:
3752:
3748:Donald Swann
3727:
3713:
3704:
3695:
3689:Howard Shore
3680:
3628:Tove Jansson
3608:Jenny Dolfen
3598:Anke EiĂmann
3570:Adaptations,
3549:
3542:
3466:
3404:
3283:Christianity
3278:Architecture
3184:Black Speech
3164:Family trees
2965:Tom Bombadil
2661:
2646:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2596:
2589:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2557:
2549:
2534:
2525:Middle-earth
2521:
2496:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2426:
2407:
2381:
2374:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2327:In Tolkien's
2294:Bibliography
2278:Middle-earth
2223:
2194:
2162:
2130:
2100:
2094:
2068:
2062:
2036:
2025:Shippey, Tom
2001:
1997:Shippey, Tom
1986:
1980:
1953:
1931:
1907:
1882:
1876:
1848:
1821:
1809:Project Muse
1807:– via
1799:(1): 51â71.
1796:
1790:
1767:. New York:
1761:
1749:
1743:
1711:
1680:
1663:Bratman 2021
1658:
1646:
1639:Roberts 2013
1634:
1629:, Article 3.
1622:
1610:
1571:Shippey 2022
1551:
1525:Tolkien 1987
1520:
1508:
1501:Flieger 2001
1486:Shippey 2022
1461:Shippey 2005
1456:
1449:Shippey 2005
1444:
1432:
1420:
1413:Shippey 2005
1398:Shippey 2005
1372:Tolkien 1977
1367:
1360:Tolkien 1987
1355:
1348:Tolkien 1955
1343:
1331:
1320:Tolkien 1955
1315:
1308:Tolkien 1955
1303:
1297:Tolkien 1992
1292:
1286:Tolkien 1987
1281:
1274:Tolkien 1987
1259:Tolkien 1977
1254:
1247:Tolkien 1977
1242:
1233:
1230:Tolkien 1977
1199:
1185:
1180:
1158:
1144:
1141:The Seafarer
1138:
1129:Evening Star
1114:
1104:
1098:
1072:
1023:
996:
994:
989:
976:
973:
963:
949:
931:
929:
903:
899:
872:
868:
864:
859:
842:
826:
821:
816:
813:Dimitra Fimi
786:
785:
755:
749:
740:
736:
727:
720:
716:
712:
702:
696:
692:
682:writes that
665:
651:Middle-earth
613:
582:
578:even final:
568:
533:
527:
525:
520:
505:
492:Character 3
477:
470:
465:
462:Character 2
452:
444:
443:
435:
434:
427:
424:Character 1
384:20th century
372:Anglo-Saxons
331:
325:
323:
303:
298:
274:
266:
230:
217:Eru IlĂșvatar
195:
181:
176:. His poem "
173:
154:
128:
123:Middle-earth
119:Eru IlĂșvatar
100:
94:
88:
60:
56:
52:
48:
46:
37:Middle-earth
3845:Video games
3830:Fan fiction
3808:Other media
3707:film series
3698:film series
3653:Ted Nasmith
3515:Prose style
3508:Shakespeare
3268:Anachronism
2840:Celebrimbor
2514:composition
2435:Ainulindalë
2306:Legendarium
1885:(1): 1â44.
1873:Garth, John
1845:Garth, John
1556:Porter 2008
1101:VÀinÀmöinen
1034:King Alfred
1025:Poetic Edda
1004:King Sheave
995:Further to
847:lines 43â52
815:notes that
680:Tom Shippey
666:Because of
662:Major theme
513:God-friend
495:Valandil ("
457:Elf-friend
410:Old English
281:Grey Havens
169:Tom Shippey
147:John Buchan
3705:The Hobbit
3669:Bo Hansson
3643:Tom Loback
3536:Geographic
3461:Influences
3038:LothlĂłrien
3004:Third Age
2940:Glorfindel
2921:Third Age
2829:Characters
2765:Half-elven
2523:History of
2512:History of
2419:Posthumous
2338:The Hobbit
2167:. Boston:
2135:. Boston:
2105:. Boston:
2073:. Boston:
1967:1137373652
1627:Roche 1991
1615:Garth 2014
1588:Garth 2003
1235:AkallabĂȘth
1208:References
1151:St Brendan
1090:John Garth
805:patronymic
636:AkallabĂȘth
624:flat Earth
358:Second Age
307:Taniquetil
203:AkallabĂȘth
190:Narratives
3868:criticism
3840:Calendars
3716:TV series
3712:Music of
3703:Music of
3694:Music of
3662:Composers
3623:John Howe
3520:Ambiguity
3503:Philology
3380:Modernism
3288:Cosmology
3174:Languages
3120:Silmarils
3068:The Shire
3058:Rivendell
2988:Beleriand
2945:Goldberry
2930:Galadriel
2915:Ungoliant
2870:Gil-galad
2860:Fingolfin
2797:Beornings
2775:Sundering
2738:Ancalagon
2680:Fictional
2229:McFarland
2115:519647821
2061:(1954a).
1999:(2005) .
1819:(2001) .
1718:Routledge
1544:Fimi 2007
1427:, "Arda".
1381:Secondary
1125:Silmarils
1036:'s hall.
982:demiurges
688:Manichean
604:Cosmology
575:his quest
499:-friend")
419:of names
379:450â1066)
368:(568â774)
289:Third Age
73:his Elves
59:, or the
57:Lost Road
4047:Category
3866:Literary
3741:Settings
3638:Alan Lee
3593:Cor Blok
3488:Medieval
3449:Literary
3410:Paganism
3199:Sindarin
3169:Heraldry
3151:Elements
3143:Analysis
3113:One Ring
3098:PalantĂr
3043:Mirkwood
3028:Isengard
3013:Esgaroth
2807:DĂșnedain
2802:DrĂședain
2696:monsters
2682:universe
2588:1988â92
2533:1983â84
2343:1954-55
2329:lifetime
2221:(2008).
2189:(1992).
2157:(1987).
2125:(1977).
2093:(1955).
2035:(eds.).
1982:Mythlore
1952:(2013).
1913:Palgrave
1905:(2005).
1847:(2003).
1745:Mythlore
1738:(2021).
1187:Earthsea
1146:Mythlore
1121:EĂ€rendel
1106:Kalevala
1012:corn-god
707:", his "
599:Analysis
548:One Ring
466:Herendil
406:Germanic
393:of names
391:Language
365:Lombards
225:Belegaer
149:, and a
3580:Artists
3467:Beowulf
3355:Heroism
3340:Forests
3320:England
3315:Economy
3248:Tengwar
3233:Scripts
3216:Westron
3211:Valarin
3206:Khuzdul
3179:Adûnaic
3159:Artwork
3093:Mithril
3086:Objects
3073:Bag End
2998:Valinor
2993:NĂșmenor
2955:Saruman
2935:Gandalf
2900:Thingol
2895:Morgoth
2880:Isildur
2850:Elendil
2787:Hobbits
2750:Dwarves
2733:Dragons
2719:Wizards
2714:Balrogs
2691:Peoples
2581:Lhammas
2542:Ălfwine
2311:Outline
2193:(ed.).
2161:(ed.).
2129:(ed.).
2083:9552942
1710:(ed.).
1672:Sources
1213:Primary
1082:Midgard
1078:Bifröst
1060:Midgard
1056:Bifröst
1046:Bifröst
1040:Bifröst
1030:Ălfwine
1022:of the
997:Beowulf
990:Beowulf
977:Beowulf
951:Beowulf
844:Beowulf
824:pronoun
817:Beowulf
788:Beowulf
711:", and
703:Beowulf
676:Valinor
672:NĂșmenor
655:Valinor
564:Aragorn
562:, King
479:Eadwine
446:Ălfwine
429:Elendil
417:Meaning
401:NĂșmenor
382:England
270:Elendil
254:Valinor
241:NĂșmenor
231:In the
221:Valinor
213:NĂșmenor
174:Beowulf
156:Beowulf
135:Midgard
131:Bifröst
107:NĂșmenor
93:and in
81:Valinor
41:Valinor
3815:Impact
3572:legacy
3493:Modern
3473:Celtic
3425:Quests
3415:Plants
3260:Themes
3243:Sarati
3194:Quenya
3189:Elvish
3048:Mordor
3018:Gondor
2977:Places
2960:Sauron
2950:Gollum
2925:Elrond
2890:Melian
2855:FĂ«anor
2819:Trolls
2770:Noldor
2755:Eagles
2634:Others
2235:
2207:
2175:
2143:
2113:
2081:
2047:
2013:
1964:
1938:
1919:
1861:
1833:
1775:
1724:
1706:". In
1691:
1177:Legacy
1155:immram
1086:Asgard
1064:Asgard
1016:Christ
1008:Barley
1000:'s
797:cruxes
739:, and
552:Hobbit
506:Oswine
472:Audoin
437:Alboin
397:Quenya
354:Period
343:Quenya
285:Lindon
277:Cirdan
262:Melkor
258:Sauron
165:Viking
139:Asgard
115:Melkor
111:Sauron
55:, the
51:, the
3498:Norse
3440:Trees
3390:Music
3370:Magic
3360:Light
3238:Cirth
3063:Rohan
3053:Moria
3023:Harad
2875:HĂșrin
2760:Elves
2743:Smaug
2726:Valar
2709:Maiar
2704:Ainur
2660:2021
2645:2007
2621:1996
2613:1994
2605:1993
2564:1987
2556:1986
2548:1985
2495:2022
2485:2018
2477:2017
2469:2007
2458:1990
2450:1981
2442:1980
2425:1977
2406:1962
2335:1937
2320:Works
2301:Canon
1020:Fróði
968:elves
904:those
875:dydon
809:sheaf
791:, an
616:Elves
556:Arwen
540:Frodo
497:Valar
484:Edwin
453:Alwin
237:Valar
85:Valar
63:, is
33:Elves
3835:Film
3435:Time
3350:Hell
3330:Evil
3223:Maps
3008:Bree
2814:Orcs
2782:Ents
2233:ISBN
2205:ISBN
2173:ISBN
2141:ISBN
2111:OCLC
2079:OCLC
2045:ISBN
2011:ISBN
1962:ISBN
1936:ISBN
1917:ISBN
1859:ISBN
1831:ISBN
1773:ISBN
1722:ISBN
1704:Arda
1689:ISBN
1184:'s
1094:Ăsir
1084:and
986:Orcs
960:Orcs
906:did,
731:and
686:was
618:and
399:(in
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47:The
2792:Men
1887:doi
1801:doi
1113:'s
954:as
930:In
871:on
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620:Men
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