217:
Because stream gradient is customarily given in feet per 1000 feet, one should then measure the amount a stream segment rises and the length of the stream segment in feet, then multiply feet per foot gradient by 1000. For example, if one measures a scale mile along the stream length, and counts
213:
form a V-shape on the map, pointing upstream. By counting the number of lines that cross a certain segment of a stream, multiplying this by the contour interval, and dividing that quantity by the length of the stream segment, one obtains an approximation to the stream gradient.
365:. Prepared in Cooperation with the United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey (1st ed.). Harrisburg, PA: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Environmental Resources (no ISBN).
281:
A Study of the
Effects of Stream Channelization and Bank Stabilization on Warm Water Sport Fish in Iowa: the effects of long-reach channelization on habitat and invertebrate drift in some Iowa streams
394:
279:
387:
625:
993:
218:
three contour lines crossed on a map with ten-foot contours, the gradient is approximately 5.7 feet per 1000 feet, a fairly steep gradient.
380:
88:, which gives the average drop in elevation per unit length of river. The calculation is the difference in elevation between the river's
1660:
1619:
1150:
1614:
1316:
1266:
1160:
1594:
81:
slope is 2.6 m/km or 0.26%; a slope smaller than 1% and greater than 4% is considered gentle and steep, respectively.
820:
336:
1604:
1556:
1439:
144:. Many rivers involve, to some extent, a flattening of the river gradient as approach the terminus at sea level.
156:
substrate will tend to have a steep gradient near its source, and a low gradient nearing zero as it reaches its
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835:
97:
50:
1379:
1226:
1188:
637:
576:
232:
1609:
1331:
1155:
915:
722:
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117:
84:
Stream gradient may change along the stream course. An average gradient can be defined, known as the
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237:
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318:
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along the way may establish a temporary base level, followed by a high gradient, or even a
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can be easily approximated if the scale of the map and the contour intervals are known.
136:, and are referred to as young streams. Low gradient streams have wider and less rugged
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and sluggishly moving water, that may be able to carry only small amounts of very fine
93:
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880:
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124:(i.e. more ability to erode); where as a low gradient indicates a more nearly level
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78:
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17:
363:
Pennsylvania
Gazetteer of Streams Part II (Water Resources Bulletin No. 16)
1216:
1183:
860:
702:
669:
160:. Of course, a uniform substrate would be rare in nature; hard layers of
129:
297:"Global river slope: A new geospatial dataset and global-scale analysis"
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295:
Cohen, Sagy; Wan, Tong; Islam, Md Tazmul; Syvitski, J.P.M. (2018).
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58:
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1414:
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895:
284:. Iowa Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, Iowa State University.
70:
376:
1369:
810:
172:
132:. High gradient streams tend to have steep, narrow V-shaped
168:, as softer materials are encountered below the hard layer.
183:, and many other factors can also change the "normal" or
1519:
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1340:
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1174:
1075:
1047:
979:
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668:
585:
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418:
278:Zimmer, David William; Bachmann, Roger W. (1976).
116:A high gradient indicates a steep slope and rapid
388:
8:
395:
381:
373:
312:
45:. It is measured by the ratio of drop in
994:International scale of river difficulty
270:
152:A stream that flows upon a uniformly
73:(ft/mi); it may also be expressed in
7:
140:, with a tendency for the stream to
25:
49:and horizontal distance. It is a
27:Surface slope along a watercourse
1151:Flooded grasslands and savannas
337:"Classifying Your Stream Slope"
1:
314:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.06.066
1317:Universal Soil Loss Equation
1267:Hydrological transport model
1161:Storm Water Management Model
240:, concept used for aquifers
1682:
821:Antecedent drainage stream
307:. Elsevier BV: 1057–1067.
194:
1661:Water and the environment
1585:
1557:River valley civilization
1440:Riparian-zone restoration
1620:Countries without rivers
1595:Rivers by discharge rate
1307:Runoff model (reservoir)
1272:Infiltration (hydrology)
108:of the river or stream.
1292:River Continuum Concept
1057:Agricultural wastewater
104:) divided by the total
77:(%). The world average
53:, usually expressed in
1615:River name etymologies
1542:Hydraulic civilization
1400:Floodplain restoration
1176:Point source pollution
951:Sedimentary structures
51:dimensionless quantity
1227:Discharge (hydrology)
1189:Industrial wastewater
670:Sedimentary processes
233:Discharge (hydrology)
195:Further information:
112:Hydrology and geology
1332:Volumetric flow rate
916:Riffle-pool sequence
301:Journal of Hydrology
1506:Whitewater kayaking
1501:Whitewater canoeing
1302:Runoff curve number
1146:Flood pulse concept
197:Topographic profile
191:Topographic mapping
1532:Aquatic toxicology
1445:Stream restoration
1410:Infiltration basin
1262:Hydrological model
778:Sediment transport
601:Estavelle/Inversac
479:Subterranean river
341:streamhandbook.org
259:Types of waterfall
238:Hydraulic gradient
187:gradient pattern.
1628:
1627:
1605:Whitewater rivers
1511:Whitewater slalom
1342:River engineering
1242:Groundwater model
1203:River measurement
1131:Flood forecasting
946:Sedimentary basin
803:Fluvial landforms
708:Bed material load
484:River bifurcation
16:(Redirected from
1673:
1590:Rivers by length
1425:River morphology
1327:Wetted perimeter
1232:Drainage density
743:Headward erosion
572:Perennial stream
444:Blackwater river
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244:Manning equation
203:topographic maps
41:(or slope) of a
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1600:Drainage basins
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1430:Retention basin
1390:Erosion control
1385:Detention basin
1336:
1252:Hjulström curve
1204:
1198:
1170:
1114:Non-water flood
1071:
1043:
989:Helicoidal flow
975:
876:Fluvial terrace
871:Floating island
797:
672:
664:
655:Rhythmic spring
589:
581:
562:Stream gradient
503:
489:River ecosystem
454:Channel pattern
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361:Shaw, Lewis C.
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148:Fluvial erosion
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31:Stream gradient
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1491:Stone skipping
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1375:Drop structure
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1355:Balancing lake
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1282:Playfair's law
1279:
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1237:Exner equation
1234:
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1222:Bradshaw model
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1109:Urban flooding
1101:
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1094:Crevasse splay
1091:
1089:100-year flood
1085:
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1069:
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1059:
1053:
1051:
1049:Surface runoff
1045:
1044:
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1029:Stream capture
1026:
1021:
1016:
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983:
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941:Rock-cut basin
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783:Suspended load
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773:Secondary flow
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763:Retrogradation
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728:Dissolved load
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660:Spring horizon
657:
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645:Mineral spring
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626:list in the US
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552:Stream channel
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474:Drainage basin
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434:Alluvial river
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94:river terminus
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1646:Geomorphology
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1572:Surface water
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1567:Sacred waters
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1552:Riparian zone
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1537:Body of water
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1166:Return period
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1126:Flood control
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753:Palaeochannel
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713:Granular flow
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439:Braided river
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211:Contour lines
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1610:Flash floods
1562:River cruise
1459:River sports
1312:Stream gauge
1297:Rouse number
1287:Relief ratio
1136:Flood-meadow
1067:Urban runoff
981:Fluvial flow
966:River valley
936:River island
901:Meander scar
816:Alluvial fan
758:Progradation
633:Karst spring
577:Winterbourne
561:
532:Chalk stream
494:River source
469:Distributary
362:
356:
345:. Retrieved
343:. 2019-01-20
340:
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86:relief ratio
85:
83:
35:stream slope
34:
30:
29:
18:Stream slope
1471:Fly fishing
1395:Fish ladder
1380:Daylighting
1099:Flash flood
1062:First flush
1009:Plunge pool
733:Downcutting
718:Debris flow
693:Aggradation
567:Stream pool
79:river reach
1635:Categories
1577:Wild river
1257:Hydrograph
1247:Hack's law
1212:Baer's law
1156:Inundation
1141:Floodplain
1081:stormwater
1039:Whitewater
911:Oxbow lake
748:Knickpoint
723:Deposition
616:Hot spring
557:Streamflow
547:Stream bed
464:Confluence
347:2023-10-23
265:References
177:glaciation
158:base level
126:stream bed
98:confluence
65:(m/km) or
1641:Limnology
1547:Limnology
1496:Triathlon
1466:Canyoning
1435:Revetment
1365:Check dam
1277:Main stem
1034:Waterfall
921:Point bar
906:Mouth bar
846:Billabong
793:Water gap
788:Wash load
768:Saltation
688:Anabranch
611:Holy well
499:Tributary
323:0022-1694
205:, stream
181:sea level
166:waterfall
63:kilometer
47:elevation
37:) is the
1350:Aqueduct
1217:Baseflow
1184:Effluent
861:Cut bank
826:Avulsion
703:Bed load
683:Abrasion
222:See also
207:gradient
154:erodible
130:sediment
92:and the
1527:Aquifer
1520:Related
1476:Rafting
1004:Meander
999:Log jam
961:Thalweg
866:Estuary
738:Erosion
675:erosion
587:Springs
542:Current
509:Streams
449:Channel
412:springs
408:streams
254:Thalweg
185:natural
142:meander
138:valleys
134:valleys
75:percent
1666:Ratios
1651:Rivers
1322:WAFLEX
1194:Sewage
1077:Floods
1019:Riffle
1014:Rapids
956:Strath
926:Ravine
851:Canyon
606:Geyser
537:Coulee
522:Bourne
517:Arroyo
420:Rivers
404:Rivers
321:
249:Rapids
171:Human
106:length
90:source
59:meters
43:stream
1420:Levee
1405:Flume
1360:Canal
1104:Flood
1024:Shoal
891:Gully
886:Gulch
856:Chine
841:Bayou
698:Armor
650:Ponor
425:lists
122:water
102:mouth
55:units
39:grade
1450:Weir
1415:Leat
1079:and
971:Wadi
931:Rill
896:Glen
881:Gill
831:Bank
673:and
638:list
621:list
592:list
527:Burn
410:and
319:ISSN
173:dams
162:rock
118:flow
71:mile
69:per
67:feet
61:per
33:(or
1370:Dam
836:Bar
811:Ait
309:doi
305:563
201:On
120:of
100:or
57:of
1637::
406:,
339:.
317:.
303:.
299:.
175:,
594:)
590:(
427:)
423:(
396:e
389:t
382:v
350:.
325:.
311::
96:(
20:)
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