Street children - Knowledge (XXG)

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children is impossible to quantify, but the figure almost certainly runs into tens of millions across the world. It is likely that the numbers are increasing." In an attempt to form a more reliable estimate, a statistical model based on the number of street children and relevant social indicators for 184 countries was developed; according to this model, there are 10 to 15 million street children in the world. Although it produced a statistically reliable estimate of the number of street children, the model is highly dependent on the definition of “street children,” national estimates, and data collected on the development level of the country, and it is thus limited in range. The one hundred million figure is still commonly cited for street children, but is not based on currently available academic research. Similarly, it is debatable whether numbers of street children are growing globally, or whether it is the awareness of street children within societies that has grown.

61: 848:. In the 21st century, the number of children living permanently on the streets dropped significantly, although more children worked on the streets all day, but returned home to their parents at night. By 2004, it was estimated that less than 500 children lived permanently in the streets in Bucharest, while less than 1,500 worked in the streets during the day, returning home to their families in the evening. By 2014, the street children of the 1990s were adults, and many were reported to be living 'underground' in the tunnels and sewers beneath the streets of Bucharest, with some having their own children. 372:

children sleeping on the pavements at night, and with gangs of street children roaming around the streets, there were less than 800 children living on the streets of greater Cape Town at this time. This insight enabled a whole new approach to street children to be developed, one not based on the provision of basic care to masses of street children, but one focused on helping individual children, on healing, educating, stabilizing, and developing them permanently away from street life, as well as managing exploitation of street children and support factors that keep them on the street.

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children roaming around the streets, there were less than 800 children living on the streets of greater Cape Town at this time. This insight enabled a whole new approach to street children to be developed, one not based on the provision of basic care to masses of street children, but one focused on helping individual children, on healing, educating, stabilizing, and developing them permanently away from street life, as well as managing the exploitation of street children and the support factors that keep them on the street.

33: 740: 1108: 5089: 1000: 898: 482:. When considering India as a whole, there are over eleven million children who earn their living off the streets in cities and rural areas. It is more common for street children to be male and the average age is fourteen. Although adolescent girls are more protected by families than boys are, when girls do break the bonds they are often worse off than boys are, as they are lured into 543: 376:

the street has reached 80 to 90%. The number of street-vulnerable children, that is the number of chronically neglected, sexually and physically abused, traumatized community children, remains however unacceptably high, with school drop-out rates a real concern and with schools battling to deal with the high number of traumatised children they have to contend with.

199: 1247:, juvenile homes, or correctional institutions. Efforts have been made by various governments to support or partner with non-government organizations. In Colombia, the government has tried to implement programs to put these children in state-run homes, but efforts have largely failed, and street children have become a victim group of 60: 1076:, with 70 percent of the victims being younger than 10. Contrary to popular belief, boys are subject to sexual abuse as frequently as girls. In reported cases of children subject to commercial sexual exploitation, 77 percent of the children came from broken homes. Twenty-three percent lived with their parents, but in those homes 1316:, and lobbying governments. They view street children's poor circumstances from negative social and economic forces. In order to help street children, this approach focuses on the problems that cause children to leave their homes for the street by targeting parents' unemployment, poor housing campaign for children's rights. 281:; sexual, physical or emotional abuse; domestic violence; being lured away by pimps, internet predators, or begging syndicates; mental health problems; substance abuse; and sexual orientation or gender identity issues. Children may end up on the streets due to cultural factors. For example, some children in parts of the 1281:

The correctional model is primarily used by governments and the police. They view children as a public nuisance and risk to security of the general public. The objective of this model would be to protect the public and help keep the kids away from a life of crime. The methods this model uses to keep

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problem in the early 2000s. Giving foster parents to special needs children is not something the Greek government has done, leading to higher numbers of physically or mentally disabled street children. There are also deterrents for working and poor parents in Greece making them more willing to force

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According to some estimates made in 1982 by UNICEF, there were forty million street children in Latin America, most of whom work on the streets, but they do not necessarily live on the streets. A majority of the street children in Latin America are males between the ages of 10 and 14. There are two

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meant additional economic and social insecurity. Under such conditions, in the 1990s, many children moved onto the streets, with some being from the orphanages, while others being runaways from impoverished families. During the transition period from communism to market economy in the 1990s, social

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is at the core of "street culture" in Nairobi, and that the majority of street children in the city are habitual solvent users. Research conducted by Cottrell-Boyce for the African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies found that glue sniffing amongst Kenyan street children was primarily functional –

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The Brazilian government estimates that the number of children and adolescents in 2012 who work or sleep on the streets was approximately 23,973, based on results from the national census mandated by the Human Rights Secretariat of the Presidency (SDH) and the Institute for Sustainable Development

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is the most prevalent country of origin. In 2016, the governments of Sweden and Morocco signed a treaty to facilitate their repatriation to Morocco. Efforts by authorities to aid the youth were declined by the youth who preferred living on the street and supporting themselves by crime. Morocco was

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in Indonesia. Girls living on the street face more difficulties than boys living on the street as often girls are abused by the street boys because of the patriarchal nature of the culture. "They abuse girls, refuse to acknowledge them as street children, but liken them to prostitutes." Many girls

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This approach has effectively reduced the number of children living on the streets of Cape Town by over 90%, even with over 200 children continuing to move onto the street each year. It has also seen absconding-from-care rates decline to less than 7%, and the success rate for getting children off

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estimated that 100 million children were growing up on urban streets around the world. Fourteen years later, in 2002 UNICEF similarly reported, "The latest estimates put the numbers of these children as high as one hundred million". More recently the organization added, "The exact number of street

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has done much to address street children and the South African government now partially funds street children organisations. Parents of vulnerable children can access a monthly child care grant, and organisations have developed effective street outreach, drop-in centres, therapeutic residential

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proved that international estimates of tens of thousands of street children living on the streets of Cape Town were incorrect. This research proved, that even with street children begging at every intersection, rivers of street children sleeping on the pavements at night, and with gangs of street

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because they are assumed to be drug users and criminals. In Australia, the primary response to homelessness is the Supported Accommodation Assistance Program (SAAP). The program is limited in its effectiveness. An estimated one in two young people who seek a bed from SAAP are turned away because

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There are close to 50,000 children relying upon the streets for their survival, a portion of them living full-time on the streets. There are also an estimated 300,000 children in Sierra Leone without access to education. Often neglected rural areas – of which there are many – offer little or no

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Street children differ in age, gender, ethnicity, and social class, and these children have had different experiences throughout their lifetimes. UNICEF differentiates between the different types of children living on the street in three different categories: candidates for the street (street

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Comprehensive Street level research, completed in the year 2000 in Cape Town, proved that international estimates of tens of thousands of street children living on the street were incorrect. This research proved, that even with street children begging at every intersection, rivers of street

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The rehabilitative model is supported by churches and NGOs. The view of this model is that street children are damaged and in need of help. The objective of this model is to rehabilitate children into mainstream society. The methods used to keep children from going back to the streets are

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initially reluctant to accept the repatriates, but as they could be identified using the Moroccan fingerprint database, repatriation could take place once Moroccan citizenship had been proven. Of the 77 males Morocco accepted, 65 had stated a false identity when claiming asylum to Sweden.

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policy, in an effort to increase the population. As families were not able to cope, thousands of unwanted children were placed in state orphanages where they faced terrible conditions. The struggle of families was made worse in the 1980s, when the state agreed to implement an

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their children to the streets. For example, orphans are given financial benefits, but if they live in state-run facilities they cannot receive these benefits. For working parents to get government subsidies, they often have to have more than one child.

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In 2012, unaccompanied male minors from Morocco started claiming asylum in Sweden. In 2014, 384 claimed asylum. Knowing that their chances of receiving refugee status was slim, they frequently ran away from the refugee housing to live on the streets.

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There are four categories of how societies deal with street children: correctional model, rehabilitative model, outreach strategies, and preventive approach. There is no significant benefit when comparing therapeutic interventions such as

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categories of street children in Latin America: home-based and street-based. Home-based children have homes and families to return to, while street-based children do not. A majority of street children in Latin America are home-based.

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During the mid-1970s in Australia, a number of youth refuges were established. These refuges were founded by local youth workers, providing crisis accommodation, and soon began getting funding from the Australian government. In

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children who work and hang out on the streets), children on the streets (children who work on the street but have a home to go to at night), and children of the street (children who live on the street without family support).

3705:"Ordoñez, Juan Pablo. No Human Being Is Disposable: Social Cleansing, Human Rights, and Sexual Orientation in Colombia. Reports on Human Rights in Colombia. International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, January 1996" 618:, 70% of which are boys. Street children as young as ten years old can be imprisoned alongside adults under the country's Vagrancy Act; in past cases, physical and sexual abuse have occurred as a result of this legislation. 448:

and Bangladesh at 142 among 187 countries and territories), these children still represent the absolute lowest level in the social hierarchy. The same study projected the number of street children to be 1.14m in year 2014.

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reported that hundreds of homeless orphans "volunteered" to work in manual labor projects, raising concerns over the possibility that homeless North Korean children were being conscripted into forced labor projects. The

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Street children can be found in a large majority of the world's famous cities, with the phenomenon more prevalent in densely populated urban hubs of developing or economically unstable regions, such as countries in

1123:. The number of homeless children reached record highs in 2011, 2012, and 2013 at about three times their number in 1983. An "estimated two million run away from or are forced out of their homes each year" in the 3568: 3965: 2051: 1177:. There has also been a decline in arrest rates in street youth, dropping in 30,000 arrests from 1998 to 2007. Instead, the authorities are referring homeless youth to state-run social service agencies. 2019: 1418: 1088:

here. Today, it is impossible to say for certain how many children in Turkey are being subjected to commercial sexual exploitation, but many say official information is off by at least 85 percent.

2842: 586:(SPARC) carried out a study which presented 56.5% of the children interviewed in Multan, 82.2% in Karachi, 80.5% in Hyderabad and 83.3% in Sukkur were forced to move on to the streets after the 2320: 3444: 3261: 1053:

has 47. The research also revealed that 41,000 children are forced to beg on the streets, more than half of whom are found in Istanbul. Other cities with high figures include Ankara (6,700),

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Non-government organizations employ a wide variety of strategies to address the needs and rights of street children. One example of an NGO effort is "The Street Children‘s Day", launched by

712:. In 2003, street children located in state-run facilities had disappeared. The disappearance is suspected to be linked to human trafficking. The numbers have decreased in recent years, and 3672: 3535: 3316: 1532: 1942: 351:

dulling the senses against the hardship of life on the street – but it also provided a link to the support structure of the ‘street family’ as a potent symbol of shared experience.

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Verma, Suman; Saraswathi, T. S. (2002). "Adolescence in India: street urchins or Silicon Valley millionaires?". In B. Bradford Brown; Reed W. Larson; T. S. Saraswathi (eds.).

2781: 2456: 486:. Due to the acceleration in economic growth in India, an economic rift has appeared, with just over thirty-two per cent of the population living below the poverty line. Owing to 583: 319:

and with other non-governmental organizations in Kenya to address street children. Rapid and unsustainable urbanization in the post-colonial period, which led to entrenched

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In the United States 83% of "street children" do not leave their state of origin. If they do leave their state of origin they are likely to end up in large cities, notably

4799: 4767: 1734: 1151: 1561: 639: 3560: 293:, young girls who are accused of "honor crimes" that shame their families and/or cultural practices may be forced to leave their homes ‒ this could include refusing an 3785: 2363: 1845: 3595: 1343:(1871), is an early example of the appearance of street children in literature. The book follows the tale of a homeless girl who lives by her wits on the streets of 1174: 2059: 802:

issues such as those of these children were low on the government's agenda. Nevertheless, by the turn of the century things were improving. A 2000 report from the

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The street children in Indonesia are seen as a public nuisance. "They are detained, subjected to verbal and physical abuse, their means of livelihood (guitars for

4675: 3069: 436:, "Estimation of the Size of Street Children and their Projection for Major Urban Areas of Bangladesh, 2005". About 36% of these children are in the capital city 215: 1111:

Homeless children in the United States The number of homeless children reached record highs in 2011, 2012, and 2013 at about three times their number in 1983.

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Poonam R. Naik, Seema S. Bansode, Ratnenedra R. Shinde & Abhay S. Nirgude (2011). "Street children of Mumbai: demographic profile and substance abuse".

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on 31 January 2009 to highlight the situation of street children. The "Street Children's Day" has been commemorated every year since its inception in 2009.

1727: 790: 433: 3357: 3224: 3160: 1120: 867:, there were 64,000 homeless street children brought to hospitals by various governmental services (e.g. police) in 2005. In 2008, the number was 60,000. 4829: 4787: 3711: 1967: 686: 3129: 1185:

In Honduras between 1998 and 2002, hundreds of street children were reportedly abducted, tortured and murdered by police and civilian "cleanup squads".

1127:. The difference in these numbers can be attributed to the temporary nature of street children in the United States, unlike the more permanent state in 3844: 2834: 2103: 2750: 2316: 114:

and wasteland) has become home and/or their source of livelihood, and who are inadequately protected or supervised. Street girls are sometimes called

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Begging and other street activities have been outlawed in Greece since 2003, but the recent unemployment hike has increased levels of these actions.

510:. Approximately five hundred of these children were girls between four and sixteen years of age. Many children began living on the streets after the 4699: 506:

According to a 2007 study, there were over 170,000 street children living in Indonesia. In 2000, about 1,600 children were living on the streets of

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The causes of this phenomenon are varied, but are often related to domestic, economic, or social disruption. This includes, but is not limited to:

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broke up extended families which had previously acted as a support network, taking care of children in cases of abuse, neglect, and abandonment.

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projections for 2013/14 ranked Sierra Leone as having the second fastest-growing economy in the world – a prevalent lack of child rights and

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No recent statistics on street children in Bangladesh are available. UNICEF puts the number above 670,000 referring to a study conducted by

445: 363:, which defines street children as "children living, working and begging on the street" and as "Children in need of Care and Protection". 2773: 1651: 4777: 4474: 4444: 2460: 3738:"Interventions for Promoting Reintegration and Reducing Harmful Behaviour and Lifestyles in Street-Connected Children and Young People" 1243:

While some governments have implemented programs to deal with street children, the general solution involves placing the children into

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Based on unofficial estimates, 88,000 children in Turkey live on the streets, and the country has the fourth-highest rate of underage

603: 227: 1417:, Young People's Refuge, and Taldemunde among others. Within years of their founding, these refuges began receiving funding from the 582:, family disintegration and lack of education are considered the major factors behind the increase in the number of street children. 4922: 4809: 4762: 4235: 4114: 4108: 4079: 4052: 4033: 3954: 3923: 3881: 1116: 981: 786: 698: 678: 614:

According to the 1998 report titled "Situation of the Youth in the Philippines", there are about 1.5 million street children in the

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Naterer, Andrej; Lavrič, Miran (2016). "Using Social Indicators in Assessing Factors and Numbers of Street Children in the World".

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was common. The biggest risk faced by children who run away and live on the street is sexual exploitation. Children kidnapped from

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As of 2016, around 24,200 Australian youth were listed as homeless. The majority of homeless youth are located in the State of

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as oppressed individuals in need of support from their communities. The objective of the Outreach strategy is to empower the

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The United States government has been making efforts since the late 1970s to accommodate this section of the population. The

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reports that the problem still exists, and there is a failure of government protection and justice of trafficked children.

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The number of homeless children in the US grew from 1.2 million in 2007 to 1.6 million in 2010. The United States defines

427: 2486: 1009: 5011: 4729: 4469: 3190: 1170: 1081: 3061: 3033: 941: 818:; although, efforts have been made to decrease the number of street children in the country. The 2001 documentary film 5330: 5116: 5072: 5042: 4899: 4592: 1456: 1252: 1077: 709: 511: 254: 4814: 4782: 4321: 4255:: A UK charity that aims to create educational opportunity for some of the most vulnerable children in West Africa. 4215: 4071: 3938: 2625:""Youth in the Philippines: A Review of the Youth Situation and National Policies and Programmes." N.p., 2000. Web" 1701: 673: 3091: 908: 5472: 5062: 4869: 4750: 4665: 4537: 4132: 3257: 1656: 948: 769:

The phenomenon of street children in Romania must be understood within the local historical context. In 1966, in

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and that the children there were beginning to suffer from malnutrition due to low rations. In 2021 the state-run

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The Kindness of Strangers: the Abandonment of Children in Western Europe from Late Antiquity to the Renaissance

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has hosted a large population of homeless children known as kotjebi, or "flower swallows" in Korean. In 2018,

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involved underage individuals. Officially, the number of children without supervision is more than 700,000.

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The outreach strategy is supported by street teachers, NGOs, and church organizations. This strategy views

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was considered to be the poorest nation in the world, according to the UN World Poverty Index 2008.

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referred to more than 30,000 "naked, filthy, roaming lawless, and deserted children" in and around

5615: 5462: 5427: 5412: 5270: 5260: 4670: 4413: 4149: 4100: 3677: 1521: 1441: 1414: 1128: 829: 40: 4585: 1405:" are other notable examples of the presence of street children in popular works of literature. 4219: 1226:. Youth homelessness has been subject to a number of independent studies, some calling for the 5325: 5240: 5220: 5178: 5146: 4570: 4515: 4391: 4231: 4194: 4104: 4075: 4048: 4029: 3950: 3919: 3900: 3877: 3767: 2723: 2715: 2705: 1961: 1661: 1516: 1451: 1369: 803: 770: 682: 591: 575: 567: 294: 250: 126: 102:; the definition of street children is contested, but many practitioners and policymakers use 44: 955: 856:

In 2001, it was estimated that Russia had about one million street children, and one in four

5452: 5367: 5320: 5285: 4623: 4618: 4555: 4532: 4484: 4454: 4356: 4223: 4207: 4184: 4176: 4141: 3982: 3942: 3873: 3842:"What Ever Happened to the Revolution? Activism and the Early Days of Youth Refuges in NSW." 3757: 3749: 2047: 1496: 1481: 1326: 1248: 1166: 1143: 1046: 764: 635: 320: 3811: 2699: 1697: 716:

has taken "legislative action to criminalize human trafficking and related crimes", though

297:, or even being raped or sexually abused, if that is considered adultery in their culture. 5528: 5498: 5347: 5250: 5210: 4510: 4301: 4289: 3966:"The role of solvents in the lives of Kenyan street children: an ethnographic perspective" 3848: 3599: 3510: 3361: 3321: 3296: 2160: 2023: 1621: 1410: 1398: 1378: 1348: 1223: 1069: 845: 833: 395: 125:

Some street children, notably in more developed nations, are part of a subcategory called

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has shrunk from 21,000 in 2003 to 8,000 in 2007. The number dropped from 1,507 to 113 in

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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is estimated to be between 1.2 million and 1.5 million. Issues like domestic violence,

522:, goods for sale) confiscated, and some have been shot attempting to flee the police." 170: 163: 159: 2884: 2657: 1816:"UNICEF - Press centre - British Airways staff visit street children centres in Cairo" 289:

are made to leave their families on suspicion of being witches who bring bad luck. In

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documents the plight of Romanian street children, in particular their struggles with

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also reported that homeless children faced increasing risks of starvation due to the

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Scanlon, Thomas J.; Tomkins, Andrew; Lynch, Margaret A.; Scanlon, Francesca (1998).

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become dependent on boyfriends; they receive material support in exchange for sex.

384: 364: 84: 3466: 2687:"A Greater commitment to Vietnamese street children needed", Asia News, March 2008 2594: 2539: 2289: 1050: 4227: 3946: 3561:"Grandes cidades têm 23.973 crianças de rua; 63% vão parar lá por brigas em casa" 2512: 1652:"gamine: definition of gamine in Oxford dictionary (British & World English)" 1150:. In the United States, street children are predominantly Caucasian, female, and 5543: 5457: 5442: 5407: 5392: 5372: 5340: 5255: 5200: 5168: 5151: 4371: 1461: 1364: 1352: 1139: 1062: 897: 811: 661: 615: 551: 495: 290: 246: 107: 49: 2803: 1819: 1674:

2 (dated) A female street urchin: 'I left school and fell in with some gamines'

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estimated that there were approximately 1,000 street children in the city of

222:, UK. Among many English novels featuring them as a humanitarian problem are 5579: 5467: 5362: 5352: 5315: 5310: 5300: 5195: 5156: 4639: 4634: 4366: 3025: 1291: 1244: 807: 794: 744: 609: 542: 471: 186: 17: 4265:

Street Children in Gimbi, Ethiopia, including documentary of a specific boy

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And Now My Soul is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918-1930

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Brown, B. Bradford; Larson, Reed W.; Saraswathi, T. S., eds. (2002).

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Tacon, P. (1982). "Carlinhos: the hard gloss of city polish". UNICEF news.

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According to The Street Educators' Club, the number of street children in

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care, and prevention and early intervention services for street children.

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There are few programs for displaced children in Greece, which created a

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According to a report from 1988 of the Consortium for Street Children, a

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opportunity for children to break from the existing cycle of poverty.

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programs, and providing children with a safe family-like environment.

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Full Definition of GAMINE 1: a girl who hangs around on the streets

810:. The prevalence of street children has led to a rapidly increasing 241:

By 1922, there were at least seven million homeless children in the

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Hidden Lives: Voices of Children in Latin America and the Caribbean

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Comprehensive street level research, completed in the year 2000 in

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by providing outreach education and training to support children.

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in the world. 4 percent of all children in Turkey are subject to

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noun 1. a neglected girl who is left to run about the streets.

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The preventive approach is supported by NGOs, the coalition of

4272:: A clearing house of information for and about homeless youth 993: 891: 174: 2743:"Orphaned and homeless: Surviving the streets of North Korea" 444:

over the decades, (HDI is 0.558 according to the 2014 HDR of

173:-based consortium of related non-governmental organizations ( 94:

of a city, town, or village. Homeless youth are often called

4269: 4210:

The World's Youth: Adolescence in Eight Regions of the Globe

3935:

The World's Youth: Adolescence in Eight Regions of the Globe

3212:

The National Center on Family Homelessness (December 2011).

440:

according to the same study. Though Bangladesh improved the

2192: 4066:

At Home in the Street: Street Children of Northeast Brazil

3736:

Coren E, Hossain R, Pardo JP, Bakker B (13 January 2016).

3523: 3062:"Migrationsverket: Aldrig stött på en liknande grupp barn" 2877:"Children's Rights: Greece | Law Library of Congress" 2163:

UNICEF Egypt - Child protection - Street children: issues

3643:"Gov't Promises residential Facility for Street Children" 3317:"600 homeless children in D.C., and no one seems to care" 2973:"Beneath the streets of Romania's capital, a living hell" 2595:"Prevalence, Abuse & Exploitation of Street Children" 1533:

International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children

879:

In 2016, of the estimated 800 street children in Sweden,

708:

Greece's street child activity is heavily connected with

4096:

Generation Under Fire: Children and Violence in Colombia

3436:"Honduras investigates murders of 1,300 street children" 3153:"Falsk identitet vanligt bland asylsökande från Marocko" 1347:. Other examples from popular fiction include Kim, from 793:, leading to a dramatic drop in living standards and to 530:

There are between 60,000 and 200,000 street children in

277:; breakdown of homes and/or families; political unrest; 2439: 2437: 2435: 1554:"State of the World's Street Children: Violence Report" 4026:

Street Kids: the Lives of Runaway and Thrownaway Teens

3541:. Consortium for Street Children. 2012. Archived from 2704:. Internet Archive. New York: Ecco. pp. 186–187. 1780:"Victimization and Abuse of Street Children Worldwide" 1152:

42% identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender

668:

reported that the government was interning kotjebi in

3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 2388: 1855:. Consortium for Street Children (UK). Archived from 584:

Society for the Protection of the Rights of the Child

3122:"Nytt avtal med Marocko för utvisning av gatubarnen" 642:

providing help to about 15,000 Vietnamese children.

52:, is inspired by the street children who existed in 5557: 5486: 5139: 5055: 5020: 4989: 4941: 4915: 4908: 4840: 4738: 4707: 4698: 4653: 4601: 4548: 4498: 4422: 4344: 3000:"'Child by child,' group aids homeless street kids" 1787:

Youth Advocate Program International Resource Paper

1033:Of Turkey's 30,891 street children, 30,109 live in 922:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 133:homes. Street children are often subject to abuse, 4063: 4015:The Next Generation: Lives of Third World Children 4012: 3892: 3434: 2701:The Impossible State: North Korea, Past and Future 1884:harvp error: no target: CITEREFNatererLavric2016 ( 5611:Adoption, fostering, orphan care and displacement 2176: 2174: 2172: 1282:the children away from the life of crime are the 1012:may be compromised due to out-of-date information 1846:"State of the World's Street Children: Violence" 836:. In the 1990s, street children were often seen 755:coupled with poverty led families unable to cope 679:United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization 390:Whilst the current picture is more optimistic – 2376: 1728:"Alcohol Use Disorders in Homeless Populations" 1584:"Gamine | Define Gamine at Dictionary.com" 1175:Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act 1049:was reported to have 687 street children while 265:, and engaged in petty theft and prostitution. 4676:International Year of Shelter for the Homeless 4296:Street Children's Day - 31 January (in German) 3223:. The National Center on Family Homelessness. 2511:. Acr.hrschool.org. 4 May 2005. Archived from 2220: 2218: 2180: 2164: 2011:Charlotte Mitchell: Smith, Georgina Castle... 1989:. The Victorian Web/West Virginia University. 546:An Afghan street boy photographed in downtown 335:is an underlying cause of child homelessness. 110:, for whom "the street" (including unoccupied 5117: 4322: 3974:African Journal of Drug & Alcohol Studies 2315:End Poverty in South Asia (21 October 2011). 2079: 2077: 1880: 844:' from sniffing bags, and roaming around the 359:Street Children are legally protected by the 8: 3918:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 3784:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2362:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1552:Sarah Thomas de Benitez (23 February 2009). 1341:Tattered Tom; or, The Story of a Street Arab 361:South African Children's Act, Act 38 of 2005 243:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1737:. 23 August 2004. p. 9. Archived from 1419:Department of Family and Community Services 434:Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies 5124: 5110: 5102: 4912: 4704: 4545: 4329: 4315: 4307: 3588: 3586: 2429:(Street Children Statistics-Unicef, pg. 5) 1898: 4292:: Article on the Children's Rights Portal 4188: 3986: 3872:. Routledge perspectives on development. 3761: 3310: 3308: 982:Learn how and when to remove this message 3467:"Honduras condemned over child killings" 2875:Papademetriou, Theresa (16 April 2012). 1839: 1837: 344:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 64:Multiethnic group of "street gamins" in 3742:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3421: 3409: 3397: 3385: 3373: 3247: 3245: 3221:State Report Card on Child Homelessness 2083: 2013:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1930: 1928: 1773: 1771: 1762: 1544: 1234:Government and non-government responses 3798: 3777: 3649:. www.stabroeknews.com. Archived from 3506: 3495: 3092:"Svensk-marockanskt avtal om gatubarn" 2457:"Streets of Tehran teem with children" 2443: 2355: 1966:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1959: 1387:, a similar group of child thieves in 1121:McKinney–Vento Homeless Assistance Act 202:Children sleeping in Mulberry Street, 27:Homeless children living on the street 4117:from the original on 29 November 2022 3673:"PMC to build a nest for street kids" 3602:Salvation Army. Accessed 31 May 2015. 3559:Bruno Paes Manso (24 February 2011). 3473:from the original on 13 February 2020 3056: 3054: 2833:Lederer, Edith M. (13 October 2021). 2814:from the original on 18 November 2023 2668:from the original on 14 February 2018 2411:from the original on 25 November 2017 2389:Brown, Larson & Saraswathi (2002) 1920: 1909: 1564:from the original on 25 December 2018 1230:to conduct an inquiry on the matter. 466:has an estimated one million or more 7: 4011:Ennew, Judith; Milne, Brian (1990). 3822:from the original on 31 October 2012 3717:from the original on 2 February 2004 2637:from the original on 24 October 2018 2582:– via Royal Norwegian Embassy. 2236:from the original on 16 October 2019 2109:from the original on 17 October 2018 2034: 1685: 1260:Public approaches to street children 920:adding citations to reliable sources 3132:from the original on 13 August 2023 3102:from the original on 13 August 2023 3072:from the original on 13 August 2023 2845:from the original on 13 August 2023 2784:from the original on 13 August 2023 2753:from the original on 13 August 2023 2203:from the original on 13 August 2023 2056:Seventeen Moments in Soviet History 1708:from the original on 6 October 2014 1629:from the original on 6 October 2014 1594:from the original on 6 October 2014 1165:of 1978 made funding available for 1041:, and Turkey's third-largest city, 778:outlawed contraception and abortion 106:'s concept of boys and girls, aged 4303:: Best Out Of Wastes For Children] 4163:"Street children in Latin America" 3998:from the original on 20 April 2016 3899:. University of California Press. 3264:from the original on 27 March 2022 3230:from the original on 22 March 2016 3214:"America's Youngest Outcasts 2010" 3002:. Archives.cnn.com. Archived from 2605:from the original on 12 April 2010 2489:from the original on 30 March 2012 2401:"Poverty & Equity Data Portal" 2323:from the original on 10 March 2014 2255:Investing in Vulnerable Children. 2226:"What We Do - Protecting Children" 1993:from the original on 25 March 2015 1796:from the original on 18 March 2017 1528:List of homelessness organizations 1228:Australian Human Rights Commission 799:fall of communism in December 1989 604:Street children in the Philippines 25: 3613:"Only if 500 street kids or more" 3571:from the original on 10 July 2012 3354:America’s Youngest Outcasts: 2010 3315:Petula Dvorak (8 February 2013). 3193:from the original on 17 June 2019 2979:from the original on 6 April 2018 699:Street children in Eastern Europe 558:The number of street children in 470:in each of the following cities: 5088: 5087: 4019:. Philadelphia, PA: New Society. 3870:Children, Youth, and Development 3447:from the original on 25 May 2022 3252:Andrew Mach (13 December 2011). 3163:from the original on 10 May 2021 2772:Hui, Mun Dong (20 August 2018). 2296:from the original on 6 July 2019 1844:Sarah Thomas de Benítez (2007). 1818:. www.unicef.org. Archived from 1377:'s crew of child pickpockets in 1195:Street children in Latin America 1098:Street children in Latin America 998: 896: 3567:(in Portuguese). Grupo Estado. 3039:from the original on 1 May 2013 2998:Harrigan, Steve (2 July 2001). 1273:with standard services such as 907:needs additional citations for 122:street children of either sex. 118:, a term that is also used for 39:, a fictional character in the 4686:Youth Homelessness Matters Day 3754:10.1002/14651858.CD009823.pub3 2536:"PAKISTAN'S (STREET) CHILDREN" 2290:"Street Children - Bangladesh" 1413:, these early refuges include 1163:Runaway and Homeless Youth Act 640:non-governmental organizations 257:"). Abandoned children formed 1: 4430:Anti-homelessness legislation 3028:[Children in Russia] 2741:Park, Madison (13 May 2013). 2562:"Street Children of Pakistan" 2377:Verma & Saraswathi (2002) 1698:"Street Children in Colombia" 1267:cognitive behavioural therapy 428:Street children in Bangladesh 4228:10.1017/CBO9780511613814.005 4028:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. 3964:Cottrell-Boyce, Joe (2010). 3947:10.1017/CBO9780511613814.005 3290:"State of the Homeless 2012" 2097:"Protecting Street Children" 1171:National Runaway Switchboard 245:due to the devastation from 5331:Single-family detached home 4593:Homeless Friendly Precincts 4093:. In Cynthia Arnson (ed.). 3536:"Street Children in Brazil" 3481:– via news.bbc.co.uk. 2914:Conrad N. Hilton Foundation 2131:. War Child. Archived from 1881:Naterer & Lavric (2016) 1457:Internally displaced person 1355:, who is a street child in 512:1997 Asian financial crisis 255:Orphans in the Soviet Union 145:Statistics and distribution 5652: 4216:Cambridge University Press 4072:Cambridge University Press 4024:Flowers, R. Barri (2010). 3939:Cambridge University Press 3300:Coalition for the Homeless 3183:"Street Children - Turkey" 2593:Patt, Martin (2000–2010). 1778:Berezina, Evgenia (1997). 1657:Oxford Dictionaries Online 1286:and specific institutions. 1192: 1095: 758: 696: 674:Korean Central News Agency 649: 607: 601: 456: 425: 68:(then known in English as 5621:Children's street culture 5473:Townhouse (Great Britain) 5085: 4923:Eastern European children 4181:10.1136/bmj.316.7144.1596 4146:10.1007/s12187-015-9306-6 4133:Child Indicators Research 3812:"Tag der Straßen- kinder" 3258:Christian Science Monitor 2405:povertydata.worldbank.org 2052:"1921: Homeless Children" 780:, enacting an aggressive 634:and from 8,507 to 794 in 4661:Homelessness Action Week 3988:10.4314/ajdas.v9i2.64142 3565:Estadao.com.br/Sao Paulo 2288:Children in Bangladesh. 2022:24 November 2021 at the 2015:(Oxford, UK: OUP, 2004) 1899:Ennew & Milne (1990) 1239:Responses by governments 459:Street children in India 4758:Latin American children 4168:British Medical Journal 3868:Ansell, Nicola (2005). 2698:Cha, Victor D. (2013). 2017:Retrieved 3 April 2018. 1702:SOS Children's Villages 1403:Baker Street Irregulars 1284:juvenile justice system 747:card, 1989. The forced 4681:Street Child World Cup 4666:Homeless Persons' Week 4062:Hecht, Thomas (1998). 4047:. London: Bloomsbury. 4043:Green, Duncan (1998). 3914:Boswell, John (1988). 3891:Ball, Alan M. (1994). 3505:Cite journal requires 2916:. 2012. Archived from 1981:Laura Del Col (1988). 1853:Street Children Series 1353:novel of the same name 1112: 1082:southeastern provinces 756: 555: 423: 224:Jessica's First Prayer 211: 73: 57: 4629:Single-room occupancy 4521:Homelessness services 3593:"Youth Homelessness." 3548:on 27 September 2013. 3524:Scanlon et al. (1998) 3360:22 March 2016 at the 2181:Cottrell-Boyce (2010) 2165:Cottrell-Boyce (2010) 2159:24 April 2015 at the 1110: 759:Further information: 742: 718:Amnesty International 545: 498:forces in the world. 492:rural-urban migration 418: 337:Rural-urban migration 232:Georgina Castle Smith 201: 63: 35: 5433:Recreational vehicle 5383:Manufactured housing 4848:Bangladeshi children 4645:Transitional housing 4089:Kirk, Robin (1994). 3598:11 June 2015 at the 3443:. 4 September 2002. 2515:on 30 September 2011 2463:on 17 September 2017 1129:developing countries 916:improve this article 821:Children Underground 687:food security crisis 261:, created their own 127:thrown-away children 56:in the 19th century. 5575:Runaway (dependent) 5509:Housing cooperative 5162:Penthouse apartment 4470:Vulnerability Index 4284:The Goodman Project 4259:The Hope Foundation 4175:(7144): 1596–1600. 3847:28 May 2015 at the 3818:(in German). 2012. 3295:22 May 2014 at the 2345:Biomedical Research 1296:drug detoxification 1256:services are full. 830:sexual exploitation 791:international loans 685:and the subsequent 658:North Korean famine 442:Human Capital Index 398:remain widespread. 5463:Subsidized housing 5428:Railroad apartment 5413:Prefabricated home 5271:Back-to-back house 5261:Habitual residence 4671:Homeless World Cup 4101:Human Rights Watch 3685:on 19 October 2012 3678:The Times of India 3469:. 11 August 2001. 2923:on 8 December 2011 2317:"World Bank Blogs" 1948:on 30 January 2019 1560:. SlideShare Inc. 1522:Working Boy Center 1442:Housing inequality 1415:Caretakers Cottage 1113: 757: 578:, unplanned rapid 556: 424: 419:A street child in 346:has reported that 323:in cities such as 315:UNICEF works with 212: 74: 58: 5593: 5592: 5326:Ranch-style house 5241:Experimental home 5221:Duplex (building) 5179:Ultimate bungalow 5147:Airplane Bungalow 5099: 5098: 5081: 5080: 5051: 5050: 4895:Filipino children 4725:Ghanaian children 4694: 4693: 4571:Four penny coffin 4516:Homeless ministry 4270:Streetconnect.org 3906:978-0-520-20694-6 3840:Coffey, Michael. 3151:Svensson, Frida. 3006:on 31 August 2011 2839:Los Angeles Times 2711:978-0-06-199850-8 2534:Nations, United. 2129:"Street Children" 1987:The Victorian Web 1452:Income inequality 1078:domestic violence 1031: 1030: 992: 991: 984: 966: 931:"Street children" 804:Council of Europe 787:austerity program 775:Nicolae Ceauşescu 771:communist Romania 753:Nicolae Ceauşescu 710:human trafficking 683:COVID-19 pandemic 576:industrialization 568:natural disasters 295:arranged marriage 251:Russian Civil War 236:Nothing to Nobody 16:(Redirected from 5643: 5453:Split-level home 5368:Luxury apartment 5321:Low-energy house 5286:Gablefront house 5126: 5119: 5112: 5103: 5091: 5090: 5068:Papua New Guinea 4913: 4705: 4624:Right to housing 4619:Rapid Re-Housing 4556:Homeless shelter 4546: 4533:Street newspaper 4485:Social cleansing 4331: 4324: 4317: 4308: 4241: 4213: 4202: 4192: 4157: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4085: 4069: 4058: 4039: 4020: 4018: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3997: 3990: 3970: 3960: 3929: 3910: 3898: 3887: 3874:Psychology Press 3855: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3816:Jugend Eine Welt 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3783: 3775: 3765: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3716: 3710:. 24 July 2019. 3709: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3609: 3603: 3590: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3540: 3532: 3526: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3508: 3503: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3438: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3325:. 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children 1307:street children 1303:street children 1262: 1253:National Police 1241: 1236: 1224:New South Wales 1220: 1215: 1206: 1197: 1191: 1183: 1169:and funded the 1105: 1100: 1094: 1070:substance abuse 1027: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1007:This section's 1003: 999: 988: 977: 971: 968: 925: 923: 913: 901: 890: 873: 854: 846:Bucharest Metro 834:substance abuse 767: 737: 706: 701: 695: 656:Ever since the 654: 648: 624: 612: 606: 600: 540: 528: 504: 468:street children 461: 455: 430: 413: 408: 396:extreme poverty 382: 357: 313: 308: 303: 271: 196: 147: 77:Street children 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5649: 5647: 5639: 5638: 5633: 5631:Street culture 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5598: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5570:No fixed abode 5567: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5519:Nuclear family 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5423:Public housing 5420: 5418:Private island 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5388:Microapartment 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5338: 5336:Terraced house 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5236:Executive home 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5206:Converted barn 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5186:Calendar house 5183: 5182: 5181: 5171: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5154: 5149: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5129: 5128: 5121: 5114: 5106: 5097: 5096: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4976: 4969:United Kingdom 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4919: 4917: 4910: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4866: 4865: 4855: 4850: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4834: 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4243: 4242: 4236: 4203: 4158: 4127: 4109: 4086: 4080: 4059: 4053: 4040: 4034: 4021: 4008: 3961: 3955: 3930: 3924: 3911: 3905: 3888: 3882: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3856: 3833: 3803: 3791: 3728: 3696: 3664: 3634: 3623:on 17 May 2008 3604: 3582: 3551: 3527: 3516: 3507:|journal= 3484: 3458: 3426: 3422:Flowers (2010) 3414: 3410:Flowers (2010) 3402: 3398:Flowers (2010) 3390: 3386:Flowers (2010) 3378: 3374:Flowers (2010) 3366: 3347:Bassuk, E.L., 3340: 3304: 3275: 3241: 3204: 3174: 3159:(in Swedish). 3143: 3128:(in Swedish). 3113: 3098:(in Swedish). 3083: 3068:(in Swedish). 3050: 3017: 2990: 2964: 2953:on 1 July 2018 2947:www.unicef.org 2934: 2898: 2856: 2825: 2795: 2764: 2733: 2710: 2690: 2679: 2648: 2616: 2585: 2553: 2526: 2500: 2485:. Ilm-o-Amal. 2474: 2448: 2431: 2422: 2392: 2381: 2369: 2334: 2307: 2280: 2247: 2214: 2184: 2168: 2146: 2120: 2088: 2084:Flowers (2010) 2073: 2039: 2027: 2004: 1973: 1924: 1913: 1902: 1891: 1873: 1833: 1807: 1767: 1763:Flowers (2010) 1755: 1719: 1689: 1678: 1664:on 20 May 2016 1643: 1608: 1575: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1487:Refugee crisis 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1432:Covenant House 1428: 1426: 1423: 1394:The Thief Lord 1389:Cornelia Funke 1370:Les Misérables 1357:colonial India 1322: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1310: 1299: 1287: 1275:drop-in center 1271:family therapy 1261: 1258: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1205: 1202: 1190: 1187: 1182: 1179: 1104: 1101: 1093: 1090: 1029: 1028: 1006: 1004: 997: 990: 989: 904: 902: 895: 889: 886: 872: 869: 853: 850: 795:food rationing 736: 733: 705: 702: 694: 691: 670:kwalliso camps 660:in the 1990s, 650:Main article: 647: 644: 623: 620: 602:Main 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Gvnet.com. 2600: 2596: 2589: 2586: 2570: 2563: 2557: 2554: 2541: 2537: 2530: 2527: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2475: 2462: 2458: 2452: 2449: 2446:, p. 203 2445: 2444:Ansell (2005) 2440: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2423: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2385: 2382: 2379:, p. 122 2378: 2373: 2370: 2365: 2359: 2352:(4): 495–498. 2351: 2347: 2346: 2338: 2335: 2322: 2318: 2311: 2308: 2295: 2291: 2284: 2281: 2265: 2258: 2251: 2248: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2150: 2147: 2134: 2130: 2124: 2121: 2105: 2098: 2092: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2018: 2014: 2008: 2005: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1977: 1974: 1969: 1963: 1944: 1937: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1922: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1895: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1874: 1858: 1854: 1847: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1821: 1817: 1811: 1808: 1792: 1788: 1781: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1756: 1740: 1736: 1729: 1723: 1720: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1593: 1589: 1588:Reference.com 1585: 1579: 1576: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1548: 1545: 1539: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1507:Street people 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1492:Refugee women 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1345:New York City 1342: 1338: 1337:Horatio Alger 1334: 1330: 1328: 1321:NGO responses 1320: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1285: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1203: 1201: 1196: 1189:South America 1188: 1186: 1180: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1148:San Francisco 1145: 1141: 1137: 1136:New York City 1132: 1130: 1126: 1125:United States 1122: 1118: 1109: 1103:United States 1102: 1099: 1092:North America 1091: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1025: 1013: 1011: 1005: 996: 995: 986: 983: 975: 964: 961: 957: 954: 950: 947: 943: 940: 936: 933: – 932: 928: 927:Find sources: 921: 917: 911: 910: 905:This article 903: 899: 894: 893: 887: 885: 882: 877: 870: 868: 866: 863:According to 861: 859: 851: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 822: 817: 813: 809: 805: 800: 796: 792: 788: 783: 779: 776: 772: 766: 762: 754: 750: 746: 741: 734: 732: 729: 724: 721: 719: 715: 711: 703: 700: 692: 690: 688: 684: 680: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 653: 645: 643: 641: 637: 633: 629: 621: 619: 617: 611: 605: 597: 595: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 553: 549: 544: 537: 535: 533: 525: 523: 521: 516: 513: 509: 501: 499: 497: 493: 490:, increasing 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 460: 452: 450: 447: 443: 439: 435: 429: 422: 417: 410: 405: 403: 399: 397: 393: 388: 386: 379: 377: 373: 369: 366: 362: 354: 352: 349: 348:glue sniffing 345: 340: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 321:urban poverty 318: 310: 305: 300: 298: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 279:acculturation 276: 268: 266: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 239: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 209: 205: 204:New York City 200: 193: 191: 188: 183: 180: 176: 172: 167: 165: 161: 157: 156:South America 153: 144: 142: 140: 136: 132: 131:single-parent 128: 123: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 86: 82: 78: 71: 67: 62: 55: 51: 47: 46: 42: 38: 34: 30: 19: 5626:Homelessness 5584: 5565:Homelessness 5524:Off-the-grid 5494:Cohabitation 5487:Arrangements 5246:Fab Tree Hab 5012:Vatican City 4730:South Africa 4576:Penny sit-up 4506:Soup kitchen 4480:Survival sex 4465:Spirituality 4440:Bumvertising 4381: 4338:Homelessness 4275: 4253:Street Child 4209: 4172: 4166: 4140:(1): 21–37. 4137: 4131: 4119:. 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