322:
405:
31:
163:
527:
1947:
394:
151:
1967:
1957:
278:
228:, while working for Zeppelin-Lindau. He had to overcome a number of problems, not least was the quality of aluminium alloys strong enough to use as structural materials, which frequently formed layers instead of presenting a uniform material. After failed attempts with several large flying boats in which a few components were monocoques, he built the
190:. The fabric made a minor structural contribution in tension but none in compression and was there for aerodynamic reasons only. By considering the structure as a whole and not just the sum of its parts, monocoque construction integrated the skin and frame into a single load-bearing shell with significant improvements to strength and weight.
379:
and along with better rigidity it did double-duty, as frame and bodywork provided some protection from the elements. Strictly considered, it was more of a semi-monocoque, as it used a box-section, pressed-steel frame with twin side rails riveted together via crossmembers, along with floor pans and rear and front bulkheads.
378:
frames of the day, which lacked rigidity. This limited their handling and therefore performance. He applied for a patent in 1926, and at the 1929 Paris
Automotive Show unveiled his new motorcycle, the Art-Deco styled 1930 Majestic. Its new type of monocoque body solved the problems he had addressed,
259:
in an attempt to convince the air ministry of its superiority over wood. Despite advantages, aluminium alloy monocoques would not become common until the mid 1930s as a result of a number of factors, including design conservatism and production setup costs. Short would eventually prove the merits of
341:
cars. Commercial car bodies are almost never true monocoques but instead use the unibody system (also referred to as unitary construction, unitary body–chassis or body–frame integral construction), in which the body of the vehicle, its floor pan, and chassis form a single structure, while the skin
114:
First used for boats, a true monocoque carries both tensile and compressive forces within the skin and can be recognised by the absence of a load-carrying internal frame. Few metal aircraft other than those with milled skins can strictly be regarded as pure monocoques, as they use a metal shell or
197:
racer in 1912, which used a laminated fuselage made up of three layers of glued poplar veneer, which provided both the external skin and the main load-bearing structure. This also produced a smoother surface and reduced drag so effectively that it was able to win most of the races it was entered
260:
the construction method with a series of flying boats, whose metal hulls didn't absorb water as the wooden hulls did, greatly improving performance. In the United States, Northrop was a major pioneer, introducing techniques used by his own company and
Douglas with the
562:
is resisted by internal liquid pressure in a way similar to semi-monocoques braced by a solid frame. This becomes obvious when internal pressure is lost and the structure collapses. Monocoque tanks can also be cheaper to manufacture than more traditional
213:
who used it on several fighter aircraft. Each half of the fuselage shell was formed over a male mold using two layers of plywood strips with fabric wrapping between them. The early plywood used was prone to damage from moisture and delamination.
505:
are sometimes described as monocoques; however as most use components to form a frame structure (even if molded in a single piece), these are frames not monocoques, and the pedal-cycle industry continues to refer to them as framesets.
247:, which when it flew in 1920 became the first multi-engined monocoque airliner, before being destroyed under orders of the Inter-Allied Commission. At the end of WWI, the Inter-Allied Technical Commission published details of the last
474:. The bike had other innovative features, including an engine with oval shaped cylinders, and eventually succumbed to the problems associated with attempting to develop too many new technologies at once. In 1987
431:. Although the single-cylinder Ossa had 20 horsepower (15 kW) less than its rivals, it was 45 pounds (20 kg) lighter and its monocoque frame was much stiffer than conventional
321:
575:
launch vehicle will use monocoque construction on its second stage despite the mass penalty in order to reduce the cost of production. This is especially important when the stage is
435:, giving it superior agility on the racetrack. Ossa won four Grands Prix races with the monocoque bike before their rider died after a crash during the 250 cc event at the
289:
In motor racing, the safety of the driver depends on the car body, which must meet stringent regulations, and only a few cars have been built with monocoque structures. An
193:
To make the shell, thin strips of wood were laminated into a three dimensional shape; a technique adopted from boat hull construction. One of the earliest examples was the
390:
was produced in the 1950s using a monocoque hollow shell of sheet-steel pressings welded together, into which the engine and transmission were installed from underneath.
1005:
1001:
115:
sheeting reinforced with frames riveted to the skin, but most wooden aircraft are described as monocoques, even though they also incorporate frames.
471:
428:
1353:
236:
was built in 1918 and although too late for operational service during the war was the first all metal monocoque aircraft to enter production.
495:
in 2000 as a "monocoque backbone ... a single large diameter beam" and "Fabricated from a combination of castings and sheet-metal stampings".
420:
from 1960–1962. Model MF-1 was powered by a 50 cc engine with a three-speed transmission and a fuel tank incorporated into the frame.
550:, which hold their shape while under acceleration by internal pressure. Balloon tanks are not true monocoques but act in the same way as
1825:
607:
1265:
1991:
1296:
1234:
1215:
1176:
694:
91:
1060:
103:, is a structural system in which loads are supported by an object's external skin, in a manner similar to an egg shell. The word
446:
Notable designers such as Eric
Offenstadt and Dan Hanebrink created unique monocoque designs for racing in the early 1970s. The
2006:
929:
282:
1850:
1195:
358:
plates, rather than attaching them to a frame. This reduces weight for a given amount of armour. Examples include the German
976:
1142:
1032:
659:
1928:
1845:
1762:
486:
455:
1291:. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Standards Division. 2001. p. 1.2.
2011:
1115:
440:
689:. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Standards Division. 1976. p. 4.
2001:
1709:
1346:
1088:
240:
803:
1996:
1911:
842:
202:
546:. The Atlas was very light since a major portion of its structural support was provided by its single-wall steel
351:
1009:
916:
816:
576:
481:
An aluminium monocoque frame was used for the first time on a mass-produced motorcycle from 2000 on
Kawasaki's
404:
478:
developed the Aero-D One, featuring a composite monocoque chassis that weighed only 12 kg (26 lb).
1666:
244:
221:
had appeared as early as 1915, these were not monocoques but added a metal skin to an underlying framework.
1960:
1883:
1529:
1339:
1404:
1315:
1289:
Acceptable
Methods, Techniques, and Practices – Aircraft Inspection and Repair (Publication AC 43.13-1B)
539:
482:
374:
French industrialist and engineer
Georges Roy attempted in the 1920s to improve on the bicycle-inspired
248:
229:
194:
34:
951:
1830:
1258:
Wings of Wood, Wings of Metal: Culture and
Technical Choice in American Airplane Materials, 1914–1945
617:
413:
387:
233:
401:
The machine could be tipped onto its side, resting on the bolt-on footboards for mechanical access.
1923:
1817:
1792:
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1724:
1492:
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451:
436:
256:
232:
to test out a monocoque fuselage. Although it crashed, he learned a lot from its construction. The
210:
1966:
1729:
1603:
559:
417:
855:
1631:
1362:
1292:
1261:
1230:
1211:
1191:
1172:
878:
690:
424:
255:
built a number of experimental aircraft with metal monocoque fuselages starting with the 1920
30:
305:
was the first to use carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers to construct the monocoque of the 1981
1895:
1878:
1671:
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1446:
1436:
1399:
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225:
47:
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162:
108:
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119:
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1739:
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555:
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338:
310:
306:
131:
123:
780:
393:
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1451:
1441:
1426:
1414:
1382:
602:
547:
499:
475:
252:
150:
139:
130:. Other semi-monocoques, not to be confused with true monocoques, include vehicle
980:
1970:
1782:
1777:
1714:
1694:
1565:
1037:
896:
612:
568:
491:
447:
218:
183:
17:
1744:
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1613:
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1473:
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551:
515:
458:
on the monocoque-framed John Player
Special that he helped to design based on
375:
135:
1119:
882:
1890:
1544:
1517:
580:
572:
564:
359:
1092:
791:
687:
Airframe and
Powerplant Mechanics Airframe Handbook (Publication AC65-15A)
1835:
1719:
1575:
1534:
1275:
Terry, Gerard (1981). "The
Development of Dornier Landplanes 1914–1918".
1171:. Windsock Mini datafile # 12. Hertfordshire, UK: Albatros Publications.
543:
298:
127:
329:
was the world's first series-produced monocoque four-wheel drive (1955).
277:
1656:
1539:
1431:
302:
294:
27:
Structural design that supports loads through an object's external skin
873:
Robinson, James (September 2001). "Santiago Herrero – Spanish Flyer".
846:, two-page road test, 7 March 1957, pp.298-299. Accessed 15 June 2019
535:
355:
187:
1331:
423:
A monocoque-framed motorcycle was developed by Spanish manufacturer
868:
866:
864:
525:
467:
463:
403:
392:
363:
320:
276:
175:
161:
149:
29:
1734:
1144:
First Look Inside Blue Origin's New Glenn Factory w/ Jeff Bezos!
171:
1335:
313:
became the first production car with a carbon-fiber monocoque.
201:
This style of construction was further developed in Germany by
166:
Zeppelin D.I, the first production all-metal monocoque aircraft
1373:
170:
Early aircraft were constructed using frames, typically of
80:
62:
1229:. Berkhampstead: Albatros Publications Inc. pp. 1–2.
354:
use a monocoque structure with a body shell built up from
68:
56:
538:
have used pressure-stabilized monocoque designs, such as
485:, their flagship production sportbike aimed at being the
749:
747:
745:
930:"Motorcycle Technology – Future Perfect – Up To Speed"
952:"The Unconventional: Adopting a "Shrimp Shell" Frame"
92:
83:
77:
71:
65:
59:
1190:(third ed.). London: Putnam. pp. 289–293.
1904:
1866:
1816:
1805:
1755:
1682:
1622:
1574:
1553:
1390:
1381:
53:
50:
782:Monocoque – Survival Cell, Technical F1 dictionary
1188:The German Giants - The German R-Planes 1914-1918
1006:Kawasaki Heavy Industries Motorcycle & Engine
793:Passive car safety, Steven De Groote, 26 Mar 2006
1260:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
251:showing its monocoque construction. In the UK,
239:In parallel to Dornier, Zeppelin also employed
470:, a monocoque Grand Prix racing motorcycle in
342:adds relatively little strength or stiffness.
209:(wrapped hull) form later licensed by them to
1347:
1251:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 September 2011.
819:dated 1 January 2011, retrieved 29 March 2012
8:
1283:(3). Society of WW1 Aero Historians: 97–117.
1208:Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students
979:. Britten Motorcycle Company. Archived from
726:
724:
439:, causing the Ossa factory to withdraw from
1813:
1387:
1354:
1340:
1332:
1227:WWI British Aeroplane Colours and Markings
1277:Cross & Cockade Great Britain Journal
224:The first metal monocoques were built by
142:, both of which are pressure stabilised.
1210:. London: Edward Arnold Publishers LTD.
858:yamaha-motor.com Retrieved 23 March 2021
653:
651:
429:1967 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season
178:tubing, which could then be covered (or
638:
126:and a compressive structure made up of
1313:
1186:Haddow, G.W.; Grosz, Peter M. (1988).
1116:"Encyclopedia Astronautica – Falcon 1"
408:1968 Ossa 250 cc Grand Prix racer
919:iomtt.com. Retrieved 27 December 2019
217:While all-metal aircraft such as the
7:
1956:
554:. A balloon tank skin only handles
1929:Vehicle identification number (VIN)
1089:"Encyclopedia Astronautica – Atlas"
660:"Art Deco on Wheels: 1930 Majestic"
608:List of carbon fiber monocoque cars
134:, which tend to be composites, and
25:
1141:Everyday Astronaut (2024-08-15).
1965:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1372:Part of a series of articles on
1031:Anderson, Steve (January 2000).
645:Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2011
122:is a hybrid combining a tensile
46:
37:, with wooden shell construction
771:Haddow, Grosz, 1988 pp. 289–293
518:all utilize a monocoque shell.
658:Garson, Paul (May–June 2018).
1:
1763:Approach and departure angles
897:"8W – Who? – Eric Offenstadt"
817:NAAA Structural Damage Policy
487:fastest production motorcycle
956:Challenging Spirits of Honda
337:is frequently misapplied to
154:LFG Roland C.II with wooden
128:longerons and ribs or frames
1826:Automotive light bulb types
1306:Unknown (1912). "unknown".
530:Falcon 1 rocket first-stage
466:also experimented with the
297:was first used in the 1962
281:1981 McLaren MP4/1, with a
249:Zeppelin-Lindau flying boat
2028:
1249:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
352:armoured fighting vehicles
1941:
1369:
1323:Cite uses generic title (
1256:Schatzberg, Eric (1999).
1225:Robertson, Bruce (1996).
730:Aeronautics, 1912, p. 112
111:term for "single shell".
1992:Automotive chassis types
1846:high-intensity discharge
932:. motorcyclistonline.com
718:Robertson, 1996, pp. 1–2
516:P40DC, P42DC and P32ACDM
1245:"Monococque definition"
1206:Megson, T.H.G. (1972).
832:Accessdate:October 2014
753:Terry, 1981, pp. 97–117
301:Formula 1 race car and
245:Zeppelin-Staaken E-4/20
2007:Structural engineering
1530:Stressed member engine
958:. Honda Motor Co., Ltd
531:
489:. It was described by
409:
398:
330:
286:
283:carbon fiber composite
182:) with fabric such as
167:
159:
38:
1662:Windshield/windscreen
1167:Grosz, Peter (1998).
1002:"Kawasaki Technology"
899:. Forix.autosport.com
529:
407:
396:
324:
280:
195:Deperdussin Monocoque
165:
153:
35:Deperdussin Monocoque
33:
1831:Daytime running lamp
1153:– via YouTube.
1077:, Velocite-bikes.com
1067:on February 24, 2013
804:"1991 Jaguar XJR-15"
618:Thin-shell structure
370:Two-wheeled vehicles
234:Dornier-Zeppelin D.I
2012:Aircraft components
1793:Weight distribution
1725:Omniview technology
1122:on 11 November 2011
1012:on January 12, 2017
709:Megson, 1972, p.198
665:Motorcycle Classics
452:1973 Isle of Man TT
437:1970 Isle of Man TT
412:A monocoque framed
257:Short Silver Streak
211:Pfalz Flugzeugwerke
205:using the patented
2002:Airship technology
1912:Registration plate
1095:on August 14, 2008
548:balloon fuel tanks
532:
410:
399:
331:
287:
230:Zeppelin-Lindau V1
168:
160:
158:monocoque fuselage
39:
1997:Motorcycle frames
1979:
1978:
1937:
1936:
1801:
1800:
1632:Glass run channel
1566:Trunk/boot/dickie
1363:Automotive design
739:FAA, 2001, p. 1.2
552:inflatable shells
454:races was won by
433:motorcycle frames
346:Armoured vehicles
136:inflatable shells
16:(Redirected from
2019:
1969:
1959:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1896:Window deflector
1879:Side-view mirror
1814:
1437:Continental tire
1400:Backbone chassis
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1342:
1333:
1328:
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1138:
1132:
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1118:. Archived from
1111:
1105:
1104:
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1100:
1091:. Archived from
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1078:
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1074:
1072:
1063:. Archived from
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1021:
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1008:. Archived from
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942:
941:
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917:F750 race result
914:
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839:
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830:The Killeen Cars
826:
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643:
593:Backbone chassis
416:was produced by
243:, who built the
226:Claudius Dornier
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1982:
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1933:
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1862:
1810:
1808:
1797:
1768:Breakover angle
1751:
1678:
1618:
1570:
1549:
1377:
1365:
1360:
1322:
1312:
1310:(October): 112.
1305:
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1237:
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1205:
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1123:
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1033:"MEAN GREENIES"
1030:
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1013:
1000:
999:
995:
986:
984:
977:"The Aero Bike"
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843:The Motor Cycle
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589:
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460:Norton Commando
372:
348:
319:
275:
270:
148:
118:By contrast, a
101:structural skin
99:), also called
93:
76:
49:
45:
28:
23:
22:
18:Structural skin
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2023:
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1867:Other elements
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1690:Bumper sticker
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1683:Other elements
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1267:978-0691087733
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1203:
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1079:
1061:"Carbon Fiber"
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595:
588:
585:
583:second stage.
579:, as with the
556:tensile forces
523:
520:
511:
508:
503:bicycle frames
456:Peter Williams
371:
368:
347:
344:
318:
315:
309:. In 1990 the
291:aluminum alloy
274:
271:
269:
266:
262:Northrop Alpha
241:Adolf Rohrbach
147:
144:
120:semi-monocoque
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2024:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
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1998:
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1706:
1705:Hood ornament
1703:
1701:
1700:Front-end bra
1698:
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1653:
1652:Quarter glass
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1508:Quarter panel
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1435:
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1430:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1418:
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1416:
1413:
1411:
1410:Body-on-frame
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
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1395:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1380:
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1338:
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1334:
1326:
1317:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1298:0-16-036209-1
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1236:0-948414-65-0
1232:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1217:0-7131-3393-7
1213:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1189:
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1178:9780948414923
1174:
1170:
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1024:
1011:
1007:
1003:
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994:
983:on 2009-06-15
982:
978:
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953:
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944:
931:
925:
922:
918:
913:
910:
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880:
877:(91): 35–40.
876:
875:Classic Racer
869:
867:
865:
861:
857:
852:
849:
845:
844:
838:
835:
831:
825:
822:
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696:0-16-036209-1
692:
688:
682:
679:
667:
666:
661:
654:
652:
648:
642:
639:
633:
628:
624:
623:Vehicle frame
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
598:Body-on-frame
596:
594:
591:
590:
586:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
569:Blue Origin's
566:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
528:
521:
519:
517:
509:
507:
504:
501:
498:Single-piece
496:
494:
493:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
450:event at the
449:
444:
443:competition.
442:
438:
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430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
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402:
395:
391:
389:
385:
380:
377:
369:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
345:
343:
340:
336:
328:
323:
316:
314:
312:
311:Jaguar XJR-15
308:
307:McLaren MP4/1
304:
300:
296:
292:
284:
279:
272:
267:
265:
263:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
237:
235:
231:
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222:
220:
215:
212:
208:
204:
199:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
164:
157:
152:
145:
143:
141:
140:balloon tanks
137:
133:
129:
125:
124:stressed skin
121:
116:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:
88:
43:
36:
32:
19:
1917:vanity plate
1856:trafficators
1667:washer fluid
1647:Power window
1642:Opera window
1554:Compartments
1487:
1442:Crumple zone
1427:Cabrio coach
1371:
1316:cite journal
1307:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1257:
1248:
1226:
1207:
1187:
1168:
1161:Bibliography
1148:. Retrieved
1143:
1136:
1124:. Retrieved
1120:the original
1114:Wade, Mark.
1109:
1097:. Retrieved
1093:the original
1087:Wade, Mark.
1082:
1071:February 16,
1069:. Retrieved
1065:the original
1055:
1043:. Retrieved
1041:. p. 34
1036:
1026:
1016:December 18,
1014:. Retrieved
1010:the original
996:
985:. Retrieved
981:the original
971:
960:. Retrieved
955:
946:
934:. Retrieved
924:
912:
901:. Retrieved
891:
874:
851:
841:
837:
828:Allan, Rob.
824:
812:
798:
787:
776:
767:
758:
735:
714:
705:
686:
681:
669:. Retrieved
663:
641:
603:Coachbuilder
533:
513:
500:carbon fiber
497:
490:
480:
476:John Britten
445:
422:
411:
400:
381:
373:
349:
334:
332:
288:
253:Oswald Short
238:
223:
216:
206:
200:
192:
179:
169:
155:
117:
113:
104:
100:
41:
40:
1851:sealed beam
1783:Roll center
1778:Ride height
1715:Japan black
1710:Instruments
1695:Curb feeler
1561:Hood/bonnet
1308:Aeronautics
1169:Dornier D.I
1126:14 November
1099:14 November
1045:27 December
1038:Cycle World
936:17 December
762:Grosz, 1998
613:Space frame
560:compression
492:Cycle World
397:Yamaha MF-1
219:Junkers J 1
207:Wickelrumpf
184:Irish linen
156:Wickelrumpf
1986:Categories
1637:Greenhouse
1197:0851778127
1150:2024-08-15
987:2009-06-19
962:2009-12-26
903:2010-10-20
671:October 6,
629:References
577:expendable
565:orthogrids
441:Grand Prix
376:motorcycle
293:monocoque
203:LFG Roland
1891:Tow hitch
1809:equipment
1735:Tire/tyre
1594:Gull-wing
1584:Butterfly
1545:Trunk lid
1488:Monocoque
1392:Framework
883:1470-4463
856:1960 MF-1
634:Citations
581:New Glenn
573:New Glenn
571:upcoming
510:Railroads
360:TPz Fuchs
335:monocoque
333:The term
317:Road cars
285:monocoque
273:Race cars
132:unibodies
105:monocoque
96:-ə-ko(h)k
42:Monocoque
1951:Category
1836:Headlamp
1818:Lighting
1807:Exterior
1773:Overhang
1756:Geometry
1740:run-flat
1720:Nerf bar
1535:Subframe
1503:Platform
1493:Overhang
1405:Beltline
587:See also
544:Falcon 1
534:Various
427:for the
327:GAZ M-72
299:Lotus 25
268:Vehicles
146:Aircraft
1961:Commons
1657:Sunroof
1609:Suicide
1604:Sliding
1599:Scissor
1540:Tonneau
1525:Spoiler
1432:Chassis
536:rockets
522:Rockets
414:scooter
388:scooter
339:unibody
303:McLaren
295:chassis
180:skinned
1971:Portal
1841:hidden
1589:Canopy
1498:Pillar
1479:shaker
1464:Grille
1457:skirts
1452:ponton
1447:Fender
1420:Dagmar
1415:Bumper
1295:
1264:
1233:
1214:
1194:
1175:
881:
693:
558:while
483:ZX-12R
418:Yamaha
386:light
384:Piatti
356:armour
198:into.
188:cotton
109:French
1924:Theft
1905:Legal
1884:power
1745:spare
1730:Parts
1672:wiper
1624:Glass
1576:Doors
1474:scoop
540:Atlas
468:NR500
464:Honda
364:RG-33
350:Some
176:steel
107:is a
1874:Horn
1614:Swan
1518:rack
1513:Roof
1469:Hood
1383:Body
1374:cars
1325:help
1293:ISBN
1262:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1212:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1173:ISBN
1128:2011
1101:2011
1073:2013
1047:2019
1018:2016
938:2011
879:ISSN
691:ISBN
673:2018
542:and
514:The
472:1979
448:F750
425:Ossa
362:and
325:The
172:wood
186:or
174:or
138:or
94:MON
1988::
1320::
1318:}}
1314:{{
1281:12
1279:.
1247:.
1035:.
1004:.
954:.
863:^
744:^
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662:.
650:^
567:.
462:.
382:A
366:.
264:.
81:oʊ
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1301:.
1270:.
1239:.
1220:.
1202:.
1200:.
1181:.
1130:.
1103:.
1075:.
1049:.
1020:.
990:.
965:.
940:.
906:.
885:.
806:.
699:.
675:.
87:/
84:k
78:k
72:k
69:ɒ
66:k
63:ə
60:n
57:ɒ
54:m
51:ˈ
48:/
44:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
