53:, they are now largely restricted to the oldest universities of Sweden and Finland, in part because of the violent conflicts between the nations in university towns in other countries. Medieval universities were cosmopolitan, with students from many different domestic and foreign regions. Students who were born within the same region usually spoke the same language, expected to be ruled by their own familiar laws, and therefore joined together to form the nations. In the Anglo world the institutions most closely comparable to the medieval nation system are perhaps
358:
89:
458:) and 1800s (in the to-be Polytechnical School), respectively. Named after regions in Finland, students had to join according to their own geographical roots before membership became voluntary in 1937. Today, students can usually choose to join any nation. Both Finnish and Swedish speaking nations exist. Organizations termed
1125:
Although great importance has frequently been ascribed to this fact, it does not by any means imply that
Copernicus ever considered himself to be a German. The 'nationes' of a medieval university had nothing in common with nations in the modern sense of the word. Students who were natives of Prussia
577:
at
Uppsala exceptionally retains an area restriction, though (as before) the restriction does not apply to international students. Nowadays, nations organize social activities that at other universities are normally handled by student unions, such as bars, clubs, orchestras, sports societies,
349:
university was divided into fourteen different nations as early as 1265- the Gauls, Picards, Burgundians, Turonenses (those from Tours), Pictavienses (those from
Poitiers), Normans, Catalans, Hungarians, Poles, Germans, Provençals, English, and Gascons, whereas the
1173:
It is important to recognize, however, that the medieval Latin concept of natio, or "nation," referred to the community of feudal lords both in
Germany and elsewhere, not to "the people" in the nineteenth-century democratic or nationalistic sense of the
227:
The nations at Oxford were eventually disbanded in 1274 in an effort to maintain peace in the town. Despite this measure, conflicts between the nations continued. One such came on 29 April 1388, when Welsh students, who were according to the chronicler
566:, the traditional catchment area for Lund (which was founded in 1666 to provide higher education for the youth in the newly conquered areas). (Until 2010, there was a "SkÄnelandens nation" in Uppsala, but it had no activity and only existed as a
550:) remains and, until June 30, 2010, students were required to enrol in a nation. Now membership is voluntary, though most of the students choose to be members. The Nations in Finland were founded according to the Swedish tradition. Historically,
288:
in 1409, the three foreign nations were merged into one and three other votes were for the
Bohemian students. The exodus of students who had belonged to the German nations led to a decline in the university's prestige and the creation of the
151:"They affirmed that the English were drunkards and had tails; the sons of France proud, effeminate and carefully adorned like women. They said that the Germans were furious and obscene at their feasts; the Normans, vain and boastful; the
239:
ran amok in the town chanting 'war, war, war, slay, slay, slay the Welsh dogs' killing and looting as they went, before rounding up the remaining Welsh students and forcing them to kiss the town's gateposts 'goodbye'.
561:
The nations are named on regional lines: the nations in Lund take their names from provinces and areas in southern Sweden; those in
Uppsala take theirs from the ecclesiastical dioceses all over Sweden except for the
54:
412:), Lombard (East Lombardy and West Veneto), Trevisan (North and East Veneto), Friulian, Dalmatian, Milanese, Roman, Sicilian, Anconitan, Tuscan, Piedmontese and Genoan.
513:
408:. Nations were: German (also called Alemannian), Bohemian, Hungarian, Provençal, Burgundian, Spanish, Polish, English, Scottish, Venetian, Overseas (
591:
1284:
244:
1207:
693:
668:
1126:
and
Silesia were automatically described as belonging to the Natio Germanorum. Furthmore, at Bologna, this was the 'privileged' nation
573:
Students were traditionally required to be a member of the nation from whose area they came, but this is no longer the case; however,
1159:
1111:
1074:
1012:
975:
938:
862:
781:
748:
333:, there existed three separate universities. There were two for the study of law, one for students from Italy (but not Bologna) the
622:
965:
1269:
803:
479:
463:
384:(Natio of the Germans), a privileged university organization that included German-speaking students from many regions of Europe.
1274:
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421:
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738:
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or unregistered associations. In
Finland, student nations co-exist with a wide range of other student organizations, such as
1237:
1264:
1004:
Documenta
Copernicana: Urkunden, Akten und Nachrichten : Texte und Ăbersetzungen - Nicolaus Copernicus - Google Books
1002:
902:
187:, fickle, prodigal, gluttonous, yielding as butter, and slothful. After such insults from words they often came to blows."
1279:
501:
255:
1064:
602:
467:
58:
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1101:
164:
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was founded in 1477, the system of 'nationes' was copied from
Sorbonne in Paris. At the Swedish universities of
281:. When there was not a "natio" of a student's birth territory, students were assigned to one of those existing.
1215:
497:
357:
1039:
88:
1147:
928:
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285:
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771:
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65:
universities, though the comparisons are imperfect. In Portugal and Brazil, there are fraternities called
509:
373:
310:
302:
500:
following discussions at the Royal Commission on the Universities of Scotland, which later led to the
67:
485:
309:
were modeled on those of Prague, replacing the Bohemian "natio" with one for local students from the
197:
393:
377:
156:
105:
93:
50:
535:
531:
397:
290:
1155:
1107:
1070:
1008:
971:
934:
858:
777:
744:
694:"Historical Tales of the Wars of Scotland, and of the Border Raids, Forays ... - Google Books"
1220:
669:"Miscellanea Scotica: Memoirs of the ancient alliance between France and ... - Google Books"
551:
451:
439:
431:
259:
180:
144:
555:
539:
216:
and was the more powerful of the two nations. The Welsh were also considered part of the
1151:
235:, fought with their northern counterparts. The following year a chronicler says that the
1238:"Full text of "Officers of the Marischal College and University of Aberdeen, 1593-1860""
903:"Abhandlungen der SĂ€chsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig ... - Google Books"
878:"Abhandlungen der SĂ€chsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig ... - Google Books"
305:
was established in 1409 by scholars from the University of Prague, the new university's
847:"Caspar Borners Beitrag zur Pflege der studia humanitatis an der Leipziger UniversitÀt"
492:, although their significance has largely been forgotten. Nations never existed at the
396:
were divided into 22 nations, which referred to the different territories ruled by the
229:
184:
121:
38:
718:
321:
remaining those of the Saxonum (Saxony), Bavarorum (Bavaria), and Polonorum (Poland).
1258:
596:
567:
563:
163:
were reputed to be fickle and changeable, and were often reproached for the death of
109:
827:
Die StatutenbĂŒcher der UniversitĂ€t Leipzig aus den ersten 150 Jahren ihres Bestehens
1086:
1049:
1024:
987:
950:
913:
888:
825:
704:
679:
409:
136:(i.e. the French-born students at the university) in 1383 and 1384, while studying
1187:"Archivio antico - Archivio Generale di Ateneo - UniversitĂ degli Studi di Padova"
644:
454:, where they are legally sanctioned and were established in the mid-1600s (in the
1140:
1066:
The Life of Copernicus (1473-1543) - Pierre Gassendi, Oliver Thill - Google Books
213:
129:
97:
462:
exist also at other universities, although these are legally considered normal
140:
at Paris. Also at Paris, Germanic speakers were grouped into a single nation.
17:
200:
formed themselves into two constantly quarreling nations who were called the
854:
176:
125:
75:
original concept of nations (they are created for the purpose of lodging).
489:
168:
137:
92:
Map showing the territories covered by the four original nations of the
831:
579:
570:
for those students who did not wish to take part in a student nation.)
427:
354:
university was split into three nations: Romans, Tuscans and Lombards.
330:
267:
263:
160:
117:
113:
46:
719:"Medieval Sourcebook: Jacques de Vitry: Life of the Students at Paris"
405:
275:
271:
152:
401:
356:
87:
930:
A history of the universities in Europe, Volume 1 - Google Books
172:
62:
143:
The various nations in Paris often quarreled with one another;
341:. The third school was for the study of the arts and medicine
623:"Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, nÄtÄo"
927:
Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de; RĂŒegg, Walter (16 October 2003).
1208:"The History of the University - The Mediaeval University"
967:
Rashdall's Universities of Europe, Volume 1 - Google Books
376:
was the German nation. One of its most famous members was
183:, men of blood, incendiaries, brigands and ravishers; the
337:
and another for students from outside the peninsula the
254:
A similar division of students had been adopted at the
504:. Student nations continued into modern times at the
599:- similar groups that existed in 19th century Russia
224:
came mainly from the north of England and Scotland.
1040:"The Sleepwalkers - Arthur Koestler - Google Books"
55:
the collegiate system of older British universities
45:meaning "being born") are regional corporations of
1139:
220:, along with scholars from the Romance lands. The
171:were called avaricious, vicious and cowardly; the
49:at a university. Once widespread across Europe in
149:
369:The most important and powerful nation of the
8:
132:was twice elected procurator for the French
1142:Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends
179:, tyrannical and cruel; the inhabitants of
175:, seditious, turbulent and slanderous; the
851:Der Humanismus an der UniversitÀt Leipzig
1106:. Cornell University Press. p. 21.
1063:Gassendi, Pierre; Thill, Oliver (2002).
773:Rasdhall's Universities of Europe, Vol 2
614:
512:for the specific purpose of electing a
196:The students who attended the medieval
159:they considered vulgar and stupid. The
155:, traitors and always adventurers. The
964:Rashdall, Hastings (2 November 2010).
849:, in BĂŒnz, Enno; Fuchs, Franz (eds.),
770:Rashdall, Hastings (2 November 2010).
71:, but this has nothing to do with the
592:Landsmannschaft (Studentenverbindung)
258:, where from its opening in 1348 the
7:
245:Colleges of the University of Oxford
27:Archaic student union of compatriots
1219:. December 9, 2005. Archived from
740:Mobs: An Interdisciplinary Inquiry
582:companies, and also some housing.
343:universitas artisarum et medicorum
25:
643:Harper, Douglas (November 2001).
79:Examples in medieval universities
480:Nations in Scottish universities
380:who, in 1496, enrolled into the
1038:Koestler, Arthur (2006-07-07).
526:Nations in Swedish universities
422:Nations in Finnish universities
970:. Cambridge University Press.
933:. Cambridge University Press.
776:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
1001:Copernicus, Nicolaus (1996).
484:Nations exist in some of the
212:originated from south of the
575:Södermanlands-Nerikes nation
558:, also had a nation system.
502:Universities (Scotland) Acts
496:, and were abolished at the
404:, and to the main states of
256:Charles University in Prague
1285:Medieval European education
1103:The Astronomical Revolution
743:. BRILL. 25 November 2011.
649:Online Etymology Dictionary
603:Fraternities and sororities
400:, to the biggest states of
339:universitas ultramontanorum
335:universitas citramontanorum
1301:
824:Zancke, Friedrich (1861),
554:, founded in 1632 in then-
523:
477:
419:
242:
544:system of student nations
1216:University of St Andrews
1100:Alexandre Koyre (1973).
1007:. Akademie Verlag GmbH.
845:KöĂling, Rainer (2009),
498:University of St Andrews
363:Natio Germanica Bononiae
1270:History of universities
1148:Oxford University Press
1138:Lonnie Johnson (1996).
853:, Harrassowitz Verlag (
494:University of Edinburgh
147:wrote of the students:
1275:Medieval organizations
804:"The medieval student"
506:University of Aberdeen
456:Royal Academy of Turku
448:University of Helsinki
443:
435:
410:Venetian Greek Islands
366:
361:Students entering the
266:(for local students),
189:
101:
42:
510:University of Glasgow
374:University of Bologna
360:
325:University of Bologna
311:Margravate of Meissen
303:University of Leipzig
297:University of Leipzig
291:University of Leipzig
91:
1265:Academic terminology
1240:. Univ. Press. 1897
486:ancient universities
286:Decree of KutnĂĄ Hora
250:University of Prague
198:university in Oxford
192:University of Oxford
625:. Perseus.tufts.edu
516:of the university.
430:, student nations (
394:University of Padua
388:University of Padua
378:Nicolaus Copernicus
106:University of Paris
94:University of Paris
84:University of Paris
532:Uppsala University
398:Republic of Venice
367:
262:was divided among
102:
16:(Redirected from
1292:
1280:Students' unions
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1226:on June 5, 2011.
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552:Tartu University
452:Aalto University
392:Students in the
382:Natio Germanorum
315:Natio Misnensium
260:studium generale
145:Jacques de Vitry
124:, and later the
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1069:. Xulon Press.
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556:Swedish Estonia
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482:
476:
446:) exist at the
424:
418:
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327:
317:with the other
313:, becoming the
299:
252:
247:
233:semper inquieti
194:
108:there were the
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81:
31:Student nations
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11:
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607:
606:
605:
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594:
587:
584:
524:Main article:
521:
518:
478:Main article:
475:
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468:student unions
420:Main article:
417:
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389:
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365:(15th century)
326:
323:
298:
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251:
248:
230:Henry Knighton
193:
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85:
82:
80:
77:
63:North American
51:medieval times
26:
24:
18:Student nation
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1161:0-19-510071-9
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1127:
1115:
1113:0-486-27095-5
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1076:9781591601937
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1016:
1014:9783050030098
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977:9781108018104
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940:9780521541138
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864:9783447060790
860:
856:
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848:
841:
838:
833:
830:, S. Hirzel (
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783:9781108018128
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750:9789004216822
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597:Zemlyachestvo
595:
593:
590:
589:
585:
583:
581:
576:
571:
569:
568:legal fiction
565:
564:Scanian lands
559:
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541:
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36:
32:
19:
1242:. Retrieved
1232:
1221:the original
1214:
1202:
1191:. Retrieved
1181:
1172:
1165:. Retrieved
1141:
1133:
1124:
1117:. Retrieved
1102:
1095:
1087:Google Books
1085:– via
1080:. Retrieved
1065:
1058:
1050:Google Books
1048:– via
1043:. Retrieved
1033:
1025:Google Books
1023:– via
1018:. Retrieved
1003:
996:
988:Google Books
986:– via
981:. Retrieved
966:
959:
951:Google Books
949:– via
944:. Retrieved
929:
922:
914:Google Books
912:– via
907:. Retrieved
897:
889:Google Books
887:– via
882:. Retrieved
872:
850:
840:
826:
819:
808:. Retrieved
806:. 6 May 2012
798:
787:. Retrieved
772:
765:
754:. Retrieved
739:
733:
722:. Retrieved
713:
705:Google Books
703:– via
698:. Retrieved
688:
680:Google Books
678:– via
673:. Retrieved
663:
652:. Retrieved
648:
638:
627:. Retrieved
617:
572:
560:
547:
529:
483:
459:
425:
391:
381:
371:ultramontane
370:
368:
362:
352:citramontane
351:
347:ultramontane
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:In medieval
328:
318:
314:
306:
300:
283:
278:
253:
236:
232:
226:
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209:
205:
201:
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133:
103:
72:
66:
59:fraternities
34:
30:
29:
1167:22 February
1119:22 February
284:Due to the
214:River Trent
157:Burgundians
130:Jean Gerson
98:Middle Ages
96:during the
1259:Categories
1244:2013-10-14
1193:2015-02-22
1189:. Unipd.it
1150:. p.
1082:2015-02-22
1045:2015-02-22
1020:2015-02-22
983:2015-03-09
946:2015-03-09
909:2013-10-14
884:2015-02-22
810:2015-03-09
789:2015-03-09
756:2015-03-09
724:2015-03-09
700:2015-02-22
675:2015-02-22
654:2007-11-08
629:2015-02-22
609:References
464:registered
243:See also:
126:Alemannian
120:, and the
68:repĂșblicas
33:or simply
855:Wiesbaden
436:osakunnat
301:When the
218:australes
210:australes
202:australes
177:Sicilians
153:Poitevins
645:"Nation"
586:See also
548:nationer
508:and the
490:Scotland
474:Scotland
444:nationer
319:nationes
307:nationes
268:Bavarian
264:Bohemian
237:boreales
222:boreales
206:boreales
204:and the
169:Lombards
138:theology
128:nation.
47:students
832:Leipzig
580:theater
536:Uppsala
460:nations
440:Swedish
432:Finnish
428:Finland
416:Finland
331:Bologna
279:nations
185:Flemish
181:Brabant
161:Bretons
122:English
118:Picards
114:Normans
104:In the
35:nations
1158:
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905:. 1857
880:. 1857
861:
780:
747:
696:. 1849
671:. 1820
520:Sweden
514:Rector
406:Europe
345:. The
276:Polish
274:, and
208:. The
173:Romans
167:. The
165:Arthur
110:French
1224:(PDF)
1211:(PDF)
1174:word.
530:When
402:Italy
272:Saxon
134:natio
73:natio
43:natio
39:Latin
1169:2015
1156:ISBN
1121:2015
1108:ISBN
1071:ISBN
1009:ISBN
972:ISBN
935:ISBN
859:ISBN
778:ISBN
745:ISBN
542:, a
540:Lund
538:and
450:and
857:),
488:in
426:In
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