1197:. Although technically perennials that normally produce the edible flower during only the second and subsequent years, certain varieties of artichokes can be grown from seed as annuals, producing a limited harvest at the end of the first growing season, even in regions where the plants are not normally winter-hardy. This means home gardeners in northern regions can attempt to produce a crop without the need to overwinter plants with special treatment or protection. The seed cultivar 'Imperial Star' has been bred to produce in the first year without such measures. An even newer cultivar, 'Northern Star', is said to be able to overwinter in more northerly climates, and readily survives subzero temperatures.
1981:
3169:
1213:
94:
1221:
1936:, or the fleshy part is left attached to the heart, while the upper parts of the leaves are discarded. The remaining concave-shaped heart is often filled with meat, then fried or baked in a savory sauce. Canned or frozen artichoke hearts are a time-saving substitute, though the consistency and stronger flavor of fresh hearts, when available, is often preferred. Deep-fried artichoke hearts are eaten in coastal areas of
1993:
421:
969:
977:
2017:
81:
3155:
961:
826:), which is native to the Mediterranean area. There was debate over whether the artichoke was a food among the ancient Greeks and Romans, or whether that cultivar was developed later, with Classical sources referring instead to the wild cardoon. The cardoon is mentioned as a garden plant in the eighth century BCE by
1205:
but they can continue to be harvested throughout the summer, with another peak period in mid-autumn. When harvested, they are cut from the plant so as to leave an inch or two of stem. Artichokes possess good keeping qualities, frequently remaining quite fresh for two weeks or longer under average retail conditions.
2076:
The globe artichoke genome has been sequenced. The genome assembly covers 725 of the 1,084 Mb genome and the sequence codes for about 27,000 genes. An understanding of the genome structure is an important step in understanding traits of the globe artichoke, which may aid in the identification of
984:
Cultivation of the globe artichoke is concentrated in the
Americas and the countries bordering the Mediterranean basin. The main European producers are Italy, Spain, and France and the main American producers are Argentina, Peru and the United States. In the United States, California provides nearly
1204:
and above. It requires good soil, regular watering and feeding, and frost protection in winter. Rooted suckers can be planted each year, so mature specimens can be disposed of after a few years, as each individual plant lives only a few years. The peak season for artichoke harvesting is the spring,
1893:
There are many stuffed artichoke recipes. A common
Italian stuffing uses a mixture of bread crumbs, garlic, oregano, parsley, grated cheese, and prosciutto or sausage. A bit of the mixture is then pushed into the spaces at the base of each leaf and into the center before boiling or steaming.
1837: in) or so of the stem. To remove thorns, which may interfere with eating, around a quarter of each scale can be cut off. To cook, the artichoke is simmered for 15 to 30 minutes, or steamed for 30–40 minutes (less for small ones). A cooked, unseasoned artichoke has a delicate flavor.
888:, has documented the spread of artichoke cultivation in Italy and southern France in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, when the artichoke appeared as a new arrival with a new name, which may be taken to indicate an arrival of an improved cultivated variety:
2685:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
1875:, lemon juice, or other sauces. The fibrous upper part of each leaf is usually discarded. The heart is eaten when the inedible choke has been peeled away from the base and discarded. The thin leaves covering the choke are also edible.
1931:
Another way to use artichokes is to completely break off all of the leaves, leaving the bare heart. The leaves are steamed to soften the fleshy base part of each leaf to be used as the basis for any number of side dishes or
936:'s garden at Newhall in 1530. From the mid-17th century artichokes 'enjoyed a vogue' in European courts. The hearts were considered luxury ingredients in the new court cookery as recorded by writers such as
1208:
Apart from culinary applications, the globe artichoke is also an attractive plant for its bright floral display, sometimes grown in herbaceous borders for its bold foliage and large, purple flower heads.
1248:
Purple, medium-size: 'Violet de
Provence' (France), 'Brindisino', 'Catanese', 'Niscemese' (Sicily), 'Violet d'Algerie' (Algeria), 'Baladi' (Egypt), 'Ñato' (Argentina), 'Violetta di Chioggia' (Italy)
496:
about 8–15 cm (3–6 in) diameter with numerous triangular scales; the individual florets are purple. The edible portions of the buds consist primarily of the fleshy lower portions of the
2837:
2272:
1897:
In Spain, younger, smaller, and more tender artichokes are used. They can be sprinkled with olive oil and left in hot ashes in a barbecue, sautéed in olive oil with garlic, with rice as a
1890:, which are deep-fried whole. The softer parts of artichokes are also eaten raw, one leaf at a time dipped in vinegar and olive oil, or thinly sliced and dressed with lemon and olive oil.
1755:
2550:
763:, which were likely associated with the belief that the inedible centre of the vegetable could choke its eaters or that the plant can take over a garden, choking out other plants.
2664:
1242:
Green, medium-size: 'Verde
Palermo' (Sicily, Italy), 'Blanca de Tudela' (Spain), 'Argentina', 'Española' (Chile), 'Blanc d'Oran' (Algeria), 'Sakiz', 'Bayrampasha' (Turkey)
2998:
2309:
Rosskopf, Erin; Di Gioia, Francesco; Hong, Jason C.; Pisani, Cristina; Kokalis-Burelle, Nancy (2020-08-25). "Organic
Amendments for Pathogen and Nematode Control".
2060:
or as a cocktail mixed with orange juice, which is especially popular in
Switzerland. It is also used to make a 'Cin Cyn', a slightly less-bitter version of the
1971:. A popular Turkish vegetarian variety uses only onion, carrot, green peas, and salt. Artichokes are often prepared with white sauces or other kinds of sauces.
3282:
2758:
2421:, ed. by David M. Schaps, Uri Yiftach and Daniela Dueck, Graeca Tergestina. Storia e civiltà, 3 (Trieste: EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2016), pp. 51–65.
846:. In North Africa, where it is still found in the wild state, the seeds of artichokes, probably cultivated, were found during the excavation of Roman-period
2366:
2418:
When West Met East: The
Encounter of Greece and Rome with the Jews, Egyptians, and Others. Studies Presented to Ranon Katzoff in Honor of his 75th Birthday
861:. In that period, the Greeks ate the leaves and flower heads, which cultivation had already improved from the wild form. The Romans called the vegetable
928:... They are very small, the size of a hen's egg ... and are still considered a luxury, a vaguely aphrodisiac tidbit that one preserved in sugar syrup.
2841:
2808:
3243:
3062:"The genome sequence of the outbreeding globe artichoke constructed de novo incorporating a phase-aware low-pass sequencing strategy of F1 progeny"
3256:
666:
Despite being borrowed from Arabic, European terms for the artichoke have in turn influenced Arabic in their own right. For example, the modern
2783:
2866:
2697:
2521:
1840:
Salt may be added to the water if boiling artichokes. Covered artichokes, in particular those that have been cut, can turn brown due to the
873:, although the evidence is inferential only. By the twelfth century, it was being mentioned in the compendious guide to farming composed by
396:, on an edible base. Once the buds bloom, the structure changes to a coarse, barely edible form. Another variety of the same species is the
3379:
1174:
2600:
3369:
3359:
2040:
is made in
Romania. The flower portion is put into water and consumed as a herbal tea in Mexico. It has a slightly bitter, woody taste.
2962:
2692:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
3364:
3354:
2292:
2284:
2253:
2243:
1916:), a hearty, savory stew made with artichoke hearts, potatoes, and carrots, and flavored with onion, lemon, and dill. The island of
2656:
3269:
2887:
2311:
1980:
3384:
994:
2988:
2711:
3374:
937:
2453:
Vartavan, C. (de) and Asensi Amoros, V. 1997 Codex of
Ancient Egyptian Plant Remains. London, Triade Exploration. Page 91
2415:
Susan Weingarten, 'The Rabbi and the Emperors: Artichokes and Cucumbers as Symbols of Status in Talmudic Literature', in
869:). Further improvement in the cultivated form appears to have taken place in the medieval period in Muslim Spain and the
2652:
2161:
Rottenberg, A., and D. Zohary, 1996: "The wild ancestry of the cultivated artichoke." Genet. Res. Crop Evol. 43, 53–58.
1959:, ground lamb is a favorite filling for stuffed artichoke hearts. Spices reflect the local cuisine of each country. In
38:
3230:
986:
2762:
388:
before the flowers come into bloom. The budding artichoke flower-head is a cluster of many budding small flowers (an
3308:
2467:
2320:
63:
3287:
877:
in Seville (though it does not appear in earlier major Andalusian Arabic works on agriculture), and in Germany by
2555:
2391:
1848:
oxidation. Placing them in water slightly acidified with vinegar or lemon juice can prevent the discoloration.
93:
3313:
1239:
Green, big: 'Vert de Laon' (France), 'Camus de Bretagne', 'Castel' (France), 'Green Globe' (USA, South Africa)
904:
by the notaries from 1532 onward; from the principal towns they spread into the hinterlands ... appearing as
1186:
990:
683:
1992:
3184:
2938:"We Brake for Artichokes: Two Motoring Gourmets Search From Pescadero to Carmel for Deep-Fried Perfection"
1948:
1879:
1751:
644:
586:
228:
2937:
2816:
3261:
1944:
1742:
1613:
933:
772:
2733:
2268:
940:, the author of Le Cuisinier François (1651). It was also claimed, in this period, that artichokes had
3073:
1998:
1652:
1626:
1167:* = Unofficial figure | = Official data | A = May include official, semi-official or estimated data
878:
777:
405:
3172:
2787:
1665:
913:
3159:
2348:
2276:
1841:
1587:
1567:
1374:
783:
263:
201:
88:
900:, as a curiosity. But very soon veers towards the northwest ... Artichoke beds are mentioned in
2627:
2597:
2171:
1212:
3349:
3295:
3107:
3089:
2993:
2703:
2693:
2527:
2517:
2340:
2332:
2288:
2280:
2249:
2033:
1887:
1678:
1482:
998:
843:
790:
2497:
3300:
3168:
3097:
3081:
2399:
2374:
2324:
2061:
1960:
1956:
1600:
1220:
1194:
917:
874:
667:
497:
273:
2604:
2144:
2099:
1952:
1878:
In Italy, artichoke hearts in oil are the usual vegetable for the "spring" section of the
1169:
F = FAO estimate | Im = FAO data based on imputation methodology | M = Data not available
847:
835:
619:
576:
549:
131:
1754:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
3077:
2328:
3102:
3061:
1913:
1201:
700:
623:
118:
2862:
2139:
3343:
2352:
2053:
1933:
1330:
389:
248:
3060:
Scaglione, Davide; Reyes-Chin-Wo, Sebastian; Acquadro, Alberto; et al. (2016).
3035:
2094:
727:(which also derives from Arabic, possibly via Spanish) have over the years included
2114:
1770:
1306:
1190:
997:. More recently, artichokes have been grown in South Africa in a small town called
3222:
420:
3235:
3211:
2367:'The Domestication of Artichoke and Cardoon: From Roman Times to the Genomic Age'
1817:
Large globe artichokes are frequently prepared by removing all but 5–10 mm (
857:
beginning in the classical period of the ancient Greeks; the Greeks calling them
17:
2577:"Major Food And Agricultural Commodities And Producers – Countries By Commodity"
2432:
2295:
1921:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1786:
1290:
993:
proclaims itself to be "The Artichoke Center of the World" and holds the annual
941:
794:
622:. Other languages which derive their word for the artichoke from Arabic include
3023:
2687:
2812:
2029:
1937:
1883:
1868:
1806:
1639:
1499:
1465:
1435:
1002:
968:
949:
944:
properties. They were taken to the United States in the nineteenth century—to
177:
3093:
2531:
2336:
2245:
Globally Speaking: Motives for Adopting English Vocabulary in Other Languages
2967:
Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert - Collaborative Translation Project
2403:
1798:
1794:
1545:
1532:
1428:
945:
909:
401:
167:
3326:
3111:
2707:
2344:
976:
3154:
2016:
1008:
In 2020, the world produced approximately 1.5 million tons of artichokes.
682:). This literally means 'earthy thorny', and is an Arabicisation (through
80:
59:
Type of vegetable that is a species of thistle cultivated for culinary use
3321:
3205:
2576:
2378:
2215:
2206:, 3rd ed (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020), accessed 16 April 2020.
2057:
1968:
1964:
1902:
1448:
893:
892:
The blossom of the thistle, improved by the Arabs, passed from Naples to
839:
409:
157:
144:
1851:
Leaves are often removed one at a time, and the fleshy base eaten, with
3248:
3125:
2554:. 2021-09-15. (World+Total; Production Quantity; Crops Primary; 2019).
2199:
2065:
2021:
1860:
1782:
1774:
1408:
1185:
Artichokes can be produced from seeds or from vegetative means such as
960:
901:
870:
819:
397:
378:
3085:
2480:
2048:
Artichoke is the primary botanical ingredient of the Italian aperitif
1963:, for example, the typical filling would include lamb, onion, tomato,
1251:
Spined: 'Spinoso Sardo e Ingauno' (Sardinia, Italy), 'Criolla' (Peru).
504:; the mass of immature florets in the center of the bud is called the
1924:, still very much celebrate their local production, including with a
1898:
1864:
1802:
1790:
1515:
1432:
897:
854:
831:
660:
639:
524:
was borrowed in the sixteenth century from the northern Italian word
489:
187:
3178:
2417:
896:
in 1466, carried by Philippo Strozzi. Towards 1480 it is noticed in
456: ft) tall, with arching, deeply lobed, silvery, glaucous-green
3274:
2545:
2049:
2015:
1917:
1872:
1320:
1219:
1211:
1021:
975:
967:
959:
827:
419:
393:
105:
1781:. In a 100-gram reference serving, cooked artichoke supplies 74
1691:
457:
3182:
932:
The Dutch introduced artichokes to England, where they grew in
558:
62:
This article is about the globe artichoke. For other uses, see
1778:
1350:
699:, names for the artichoke have frequently changed form due to
493:
385:
2912:
985:
100% of the U.S. crop, with about 80% of that being grown in
594:. These Arabic forms themselves derive from classical Arabic
589:
536:). The Italian term was itself borrowed either from Spanish
302:
1264:
For industry: 'Madrigal', 'Lorca', 'A-106', 'Imperial Star'
548:) or directly from the source of the Spanish word—medieval
358:
329:
294:
288:
2657:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
346:
323:
2273:
Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew
352:
320:
311:
282:
1882:(alongside olives for summer, mushrooms for autumn, and
2551:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
552:
384:
The edible portion of the plant consists of the flower
42:
2365:
Gabreilla Sonnante, Domenico Pignone and Karl Hammer,
2304:
2302:
1216:
Some varieties of artichoke display purple coloration.
361:
343:
340:
332:
317:
314:
299:
285:
279:
1200:
Commercial culture is limited to warm areas in USDA
818:
The artichoke is a domesticated variety of the wild
709:
seems to have been adapted to correspond to Italian
694:
677:
654:
633:
613:
601:
580:
570:
564:
349:
326:
308:
291:
3191:
2516:(3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
2077:economically important genes from related species.
1912:("artichokes city-style", referring to the city of
1901:, or sautéed and combined with eggs in a tortilla (
1727:
1715:
1690:
1677:
1664:
1651:
1638:
1625:
1612:
1599:
1586:
1565:
1544:
1531:
1514:
1498:
1481:
1464:
1447:
1427:
1406:
1371:
1347:
1329:
1319:
1303:
1289:
1284:
377:in the United States, is a variety of a species of
355:
337:
305:
276:
2989:"Vietnamese Artichoke Tea Isn't Just for Drinking"
2689:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
2464:Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic world
2248:. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. pp. 35–36.
2032:. The infusion is consumed particularly among the
1967:, raisins, parsley, dill, mint, black pepper, and
751:, 'height'). Forms found in English have included
1577:
1418:
2052:, with 16.5% alcohol by volume, produced by the
890:
512:(which are inedible in older, larger flowers).
2481:'Garden Plants of Moorish Spain: A Fresh Look'
2229:Mishnah, tractate Kalaim, Chapter E, Mishnah 8
1285:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
703:and phono-semantic matching. The Italian form
579:today, while other variants in Arabic include
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2487:, 20.1 (Spring, 1992), 71–82 (pp. 75 and 78).
2396:Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture
716:
710:
704:
543:
537:
531:
525:
8:
2157:
2155:
1920:, or the villages of Iria and Kantia in the
1886:for winter). A recipe well known in Rome is
1769:Cooked unsalted artichoke is 82% water, 12%
1279:
746:
740:
734:
728:
722:
671:
649:
627:
607:
595:
408:. Both wild forms and cultivated varieties (
853:Varieties of artichokes were cultivated in
26:
3179:
2653:United States Food and Drug Administration
2242:Rosenhouse, Judith; Kowner, Rotem (2008).
1793:, and is a moderate source (10–19% DV) of
1388:
1278:
79:
70:
3101:
1012:Top 12 globe artichoke producers in 2020
793:has been successful in other crop-fungus
2512:Davidson, Alan (2014). Tom Jaine (ed.).
1010:
563:, including the Arabic definite article
32:This is an accepted version of this page
2546:"FAOSTAT: Crops and livestock products"
2086:
2036:. An artichoke-based herbal tea called
1976:
1785:, is a rich source (20% or more of the
492:develop in a large head from an edible
28:
2392:'Did the Ancients Know the Artichoke?'
1245:Purple, big: 'Romanesco', 'C3' (Italy)
428:This vegetable grows to 1.4–2 m (
3024:www.frunza-verde.ro/ceai-de-anghinare
2869:from the original on 15 December 2010
2502:, (Touchstone Books, 1983) pp. 66–67.
2024:containing artichoke tea from Vietnam
7:
3175:at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject
2496:Quoted in Wheaton, Barbara Ketcham,
2237:
2235:
2194:
2192:
1234:Traditional (vegetative propagation)
1175:UN Food and Agriculture Organization
797:and is evaluated for suppression of
721:('stump'). Forms of the French word
553:
3020:Proprietatile ceaiului de anghinare
2329:10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035608
2028:Artichokes can also be made into a
1270:Purple: 'Concerto', 'Opal', 'Tempo'
964:Artichoke head with flower in bloom
693:As in the case of Levantine Arabic
672:
650:
648:), predating the Arab conquest, is
643:
628:
608:
596:
530:(the standard modern Italian being
424:Cross section of an artichoke heart
2987:Sietsema, Robert (18 March 2011).
2056:. It can be served over ice as an
1280:Artichoke, cooked boiled, unsalted
1254:White, in some parts of the world.
838:mentioned growing of 'carduus' in
57:
690:or other European terms like it.
3314:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:125755-3
3167:
3153:
2204:Oxford English Dictionary Online
1991:
1979:
920:in 1554. The local name remains
272:
92:
3130:Globe Artichoke Genome Database
3001:from the original on 2018-09-13
2936:Allegra, Antonia (1993-05-02).
2714:from the original on 2024-05-09
2667:from the original on 2024-03-27
2558:from the original on 2016-11-12
2433:"Vegetables in Medieval Europe"
2312:Annual Review of Phytopathology
2145:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
2100:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
995:Castroville Artichoke Festival
606:) singular word of the plural
1:
2961:Diderot, Denis (April 2006).
2888:"Iria – Candia – Karnazaiika"
2786:. Cooking.com. Archived from
2761:. Cooking.com. Archived from
1986:Globe artichokes being cooked
2815:. 2007-10-15. Archived from
2514:The Oxford companion to food
2218:American Heritage Dictionary
2064:, by substituting Cynar for
1750:Percentages estimated using
1267:Green: 'Symphony', 'Harmony'
948:by French immigrants and to
884:Le Roy Ladurie, in his book
590:
559:
3380:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2840:. About.com. Archived from
1743:Link to USDA Database entry
771:Artichokes are affected by
695:
678:
655:
634:
614:
602:
581:
571:
565:
500:and the base, known as the
369:), also known by the names
3401:
3370:Medicinal plants of Europe
3360:Medicinal plants of Africa
2468:Cambridge University Press
1928:or an artichoke festival.
1295:74 kcal (310 kJ)
1145:
1135:
1124:
1114:
1104:
1093:
1083:
1072:
1062:
1051:
1041:
1031:
938:François Pierre La Varenne
64:Artichoke (disambiguation)
61:
2894:. Municipality of Nafplio
2838:"Artichokes 'City-Style'"
2603:December 7, 2008, at the
2373:, 100 (2007), 1095–1100;
1908:Often cited is the Greek
1749:
1739:
1735:
1711:
1703:
1561:
1557:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1387:
1367:
1363:
1343:
1339:
1299:
1166:
805:by Guerrero et al. 2019.
234:
227:
89:Scientific classification
87:
78:
73:
3365:Medicinal plants of Asia
3355:Inflorescence vegetables
2913:"The Artichoke in Tinos"
2863:"Artichokes a la polita"
2734:"How to cook artichokes"
2598:Peters Seed and Research
2435:(in French). oldcook.com
980:Artichoke output in 2005
886:Les Paysans de Languedoc
659:, which is found in the
39:latest accepted revision
2404:10.1525/GFC.2009.9.4.21
2176:/What's Cooking America
2115:"Botanary: cardunculus"
1888:Jewish-style artichokes
1752:US recommendations
952:by Spanish immigrants.
684:phono-semantic matching
2025:
1756:the National Academies
1225:
1217:
981:
973:
965:
930:
747:
741:
735:
729:
723:
717:
711:
705:
686:) of the English word
670:term for artichoke is
587:Modern Standard Arabic
544:
538:
532:
526:
425:
392:), together with many
3385:Symbols of California
2019:
1910:anginares alla Polita
1393:Vitamins and minerals
1223:
1215:
979:
971:
963:
715:('arch-, chief') and
626:, which has the word
423:
3375:Perennial vegetables
3164:at Wikimedia Commons
2865:. greek-recipe.com.
2809:"Stuffed Artichokes"
2759:"Four Seasons Pizza"
2398:, 9.4 (2009), 21–28
2390:Clifford A. Wright,
2172:"Artichokes History"
1926:day of the artichoke
1880:"four seasons" pizza
1001:, located along the
879:Hildegard von Bingen
778:Verticillium dahliae
488: in) long. The
406:Mediterranean region
404:plant native to the
381:cultivated as food.
3193:Cynara cardunculus
3078:2016NatSR...619427S
2784:"Jewish Artichokes"
2269:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
1281:
1259:Propagated by seeds
1013:
972:Artichokes for sale
956:Agricultural output
924:, from the Italian
914:Chateauneuf du Pape
755:, corresponding to
569:). The Arabic form
202:C. cardunculus
29:Page version status
3066:Scientific Reports
2732:Holliday, Graham.
2431:Bulit, Jean-Marc.
2379:10.1093/aob/mcm127
2277:Palgrave Macmillan
2148:. Merriam-Webster.
2103:. Merriam-Webster.
2026:
1842:enzymatic browning
1717:Other constituents
1226:
1218:
1011:
982:
974:
966:
824:Cynara cardunculus
784:Rhizoctonia solani
745:(corresponding to
733:(corresponding to
642:name (see Hebrew:
426:
264:Cynara cardunculus
238:Cynara cardunculus
35:
3337:
3336:
3296:Open Tree of Life
3185:Taxon identifiers
3158:Media related to
3086:10.1038/srep19427
2994:The Village Voice
2942:Los Angeles Times
2699:978-0-309-48834-1
2523:978-0-19-967733-7
2499:Savoring the Past
2038:Ceai de Anghinare
1762:
1761:
1707:
1706:
1183:
1182:
791:Soil solarization
575:is still used in
520:The English word
498:involucral bracts
255:
254:
18:Stuffed artichoke
16:(Redirected from
3392:
3330:
3329:
3317:
3316:
3304:
3303:
3291:
3290:
3278:
3277:
3265:
3264:
3252:
3251:
3239:
3238:
3226:
3225:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3196:
3180:
3171:
3157:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3105:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3032:
3026:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2958:
2952:
2951:
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2948:
2933:
2927:
2926:
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2923:
2909:
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2900:
2899:
2884:
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2874:
2859:
2853:
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2849:
2834:
2828:
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2825:
2824:
2805:
2799:
2798:
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2795:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2755:
2749:
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2746:
2744:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2624:
2607:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2509:
2503:
2494:
2488:
2479:John H. Harvey,
2477:
2471:
2462:Watson, Andrew.
2460:
2454:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2428:
2422:
2413:
2407:
2388:
2382:
2371:Annals of Botany
2363:
2357:
2356:
2306:
2297:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2239:
2230:
2227:
2221:
2213:
2207:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2091:
2062:Negroni cocktail
1995:
1983:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1581:
1519:
1503:
1486:
1469:
1452:
1429:Vitamin A equiv.
1422:
1389:
1282:
1224:Spined artichoke
1202:hardiness zone 7
1195:micropropagation
1014:
865:(hence the name
773:fungal pathogens
750:
744:
738:
732:
726:
720:
714:
708:
698:
681:
675:
674:
668:Levantine Arabic
658:
653:
652:
647:
638:). The original
637:
631:
630:
617:
611:
610:
605:
599:
598:
593:
584:
574:
568:
562:
556:
555:
547:
541:
535:
529:
487:
486:
482:
479:
473:
472:
468:
465:
455:
454:
450:
447:
441:
440:
436:
433:
371:French artichoke
368:
367:
364:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
335:
334:
331:
328:
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316:
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307:
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301:
297:
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287:
284:
281:
278:
244:
97:
96:
83:
71:
21:
3400:
3399:
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3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3325:
3320:
3312:
3307:
3299:
3294:
3286:
3281:
3273:
3268:
3260:
3255:
3247:
3242:
3234:
3229:
3221:
3219:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3194:
3187:
3161:Cynara scolymus
3150:
3145:
3144:
3134:
3132:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3042:
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3018:
3014:
3004:
3002:
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2768:
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2752:
2742:
2740:
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2726:
2717:
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2700:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2670:
2668:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2634:
2626:
2625:
2610:
2605:Wayback Machine
2596:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2570:
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2559:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2524:
2511:
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2430:
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2410:
2389:
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2364:
2360:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2216:"Artichoke" at
2214:
2210:
2197:
2190:
2181:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2153:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2074:
2046:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2004:
1996:
1987:
1984:
1934:appetizing dips
1833:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1767:
1745:
1740:
1698:
1685:
1672:
1659:
1646:
1633:
1620:
1607:
1594:
1582:
1552:
1539:
1526:
1517:
1509:
1501:
1493:
1484:
1476:
1467:
1459:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1423:
1394:
1383:
1378:
1359:
1354:
1315:
1310:
1277:
1261:
1236:
1231:
1170:
1168:
987:Monterey County
958:
848:Mons Claudianus
836:Pliny the Elder
816:
811:
769:
577:Maghrebi Arabic
550:Andalusi Arabic
542:(today usually
518:
484:
480:
477:
475:
470:
466:
463:
461:
460:50–83 cm (
452:
448:
445:
443:
438:
434:
431:
429:
418:
375:green artichoke
336:
298:
275:
271:
259:globe artichoke
251:
246:
236:
223:
205:
91:
67:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3398:
3396:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3342:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3318:
3305:
3292:
3279:
3266:
3253:
3240:
3227:
3217:
3201:
3199:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3165:
3149:
3148:External links
3146:
3143:
3142:
3117:
3052:
3027:
3012:
2979:
2953:
2928:
2904:
2892:www.nafplio.gr
2879:
2854:
2829:
2800:
2775:
2750:
2724:
2698:
2677:
2644:
2608:
2590:
2568:
2537:
2522:
2504:
2489:
2485:Garden History
2472:
2455:
2446:
2423:
2408:
2383:
2358:
2321:Annual Reviews
2298:
2261:
2254:
2231:
2222:
2208:
2188:
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2151:
2131:
2106:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2045:
2042:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2005:
1997:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1914:Constantinople
1814:
1811:
1766:
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1036:
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1029:
1028:
1025:
1018:
957:
954:
815:
812:
810:
807:
768:
765:
739:, 'warm') and
701:folk etymology
624:Israeli Hebrew
517:
514:
417:
414:
253:
252:
247:
232:
231:
229:Trinomial name
225:
224:
213:
211:
207:
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199:
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185:
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85:
84:
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75:
58:
56:
36:
30:
27:
25:
24:
23:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3397:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
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3345:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3053:
3041:
3040:Campari Group
3037:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3013:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2983:
2980:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2954:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2929:
2918:
2917:www.tinos.biz
2914:
2908:
2905:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2844:on 2011-06-03
2843:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2819:on 2019-03-30
2818:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2790:on 2011-09-27
2789:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2765:on 2011-05-16
2764:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2739:
2738:BBC Good Food
2735:
2728:
2725:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2681:
2678:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2591:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:9781403938695
2290:
2286:
2285:9781403917232
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2255:9781783091539
2251:
2247:
2246:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2200:Artichoke, n.
2195:
2193:
2189:
2178:. 10 May 2015
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2120:
2119:Dave's Garden
2116:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2080:
2078:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2054:Campari Group
2051:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2018:
2011:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1812:
1810:
1809:(10–12% DV).
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1771:carbohydrates
1764:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1521:
1513:
1506:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1488:
1480:
1473:
1471:
1466:Riboflavin (B
1463:
1456:
1454:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1331:Dietary fiber
1328:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:Carbohydrates
1302:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:root cuttings
1188:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1115:United States
1113:
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2966:
2963:"Artichokes"
2956:
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2896:. Retrieved
2891:
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2857:
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2842:the original
2832:
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2817:the original
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2788:the original
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2122:. Retrieved
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1945:North Africa
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1020:Production (
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912:in 1541, at
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795:pathosystems
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696:ʔarḍī shawkī
692:
687:
679:ʔarḍī shawkī
665:
560:al-kharshūfa
521:
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68:
46:
37:This is the
31:
3126:"Home Page"
2628:"Alcachofa"
2323:: 277–311.
2001:alla romana
1999:Artichokes
1949:Middle East
1943:Throughout
1922:Peloponnese
1857:hollandaise
1853:vinaigrette
1846:chlorophyll
1787:Daily Value
1449:Thiamine (B
991:Castroville
942:aphrodisiac
850:in Egypt.
809:Cultivation
416:Description
132:Angiosperms
3344:Categories
3005:7 December
2947:2022-07-17
2922:2017-01-02
2898:2017-01-02
2873:2011-01-17
2848:2011-01-17
2823:2011-01-17
2813:Epicurious
2794:2011-01-17
2769:2011-01-17
2718:2024-06-21
2671:2024-03-28
2637:10 January
2632:nunhems.es
2562:2021-11-02
2182:2019-02-08
2140:"Scolymus"
2081:References
2034:Vietnamese
2030:herbal tea
2012:Herbal tea
1938:California
1884:prosciutto
1869:mayonnaise
1807:phosphorus
1797:(16% DV),
1640:Phosphorus
1436:zeaxanthin
1003:Vaal River
950:California
934:Henry VIII
799:V. dahliae
775:including
753:hartichoak
706:articiocco
645:he:ארטישוק
618:) meaning
539:alcarchofa
527:articiocco
216:C. c.
178:Asteraceae
74:Artichoke
3212:Q23043615
3173:Artichoke
3094:2045-2322
2579:. Fao.org
2532:890807357
2353:221360634
2337:0066-4286
1799:magnesium
1795:vitamin K
1789:, DV) of
1777:, and 3%
1765:Nutrition
1653:Potassium
1627:Magnesium
1546:Vitamin K
1533:Vitamin C
1516:Folate (B
1500:Vitamin B
1483:Niacin (B
1229:Cultivars
1159:1,516,955
1073:Argentina
1027:Footnote
989:; there,
946:Louisiana
922:carchofas
910:Cavaillon
906:carchofas
803:R. solani
742:artihault
730:artichaud
724:artichaut
688:artichoke
673:أرضي شوكي
591:khurshūfa
582:kharshafa
572:kharshūfa
545:alcachofa
522:artichoke
412:) exist.
410:cultivars
402:perennial
210:Variety:
196:Species:
168:Asterales
102:Kingdom:
3350:Cardueae
3327:50282151
3322:Tropicos
3275:125755-3
3206:Wikidata
3197:scolymus
3112:26786968
3045:25 March
2999:Archived
2867:Archived
2743:25 March
2712:Archived
2708:30844154
2665:Archived
2655:(2024).
2601:Archived
2556:Archived
2345:32853099
2271:(2003),
2095:"Cynara"
2058:aperitif
2044:Apéritif
1969:allspice
1965:pinenuts
1903:frittata
1813:Culinary
1783:calories
1722:Quantity
1666:Selenium
1608:0.123 mg
1574:Quantity
1568:Minerals
1510:0.095 mg
1494:1.075 mg
1477:0.087 mg
1415:Quantity
1409:Vitamins
1187:division
1173:Source:
1017:Country
926:carciofo
894:Florence
840:Carthage
635:khursháf
629:חֻרְשָׁף
615:ḥarashef
603:harshafa
554:الخرشوفة
533:carciofo
269:scolymus
242:scolymus
220:scolymus
174:Family:
158:Asterids
145:Eudicots
43:reviewed
3249:4241126
3103:4726258
3074:Bibcode
3036:"Cynar"
2972:1 April
2470:. p. 64
2066:Campari
2022:tea bag
1961:Lebanon
1957:Armenia
1861:vinegar
1832:⁄
1822:⁄
1775:protein
1621:0.59 mg
1588:Calcium
1553:16.7 μg
1460:0.05 mg
1375:Protein
1314:11.57 g
1136:Tunisia
1105:Morocco
1076:109,253
1066:126,762
1063:Algeria
1055:196,970
1045:308,844
1035:367,080
902:Avignon
871:Maghreb
867:cardoon
863:carduus
844:Cordoba
820:cardoon
767:Ecology
620:"scale"
490:flowers
483:⁄
469:⁄
451:⁄
437:⁄
398:cardoon
379:thistle
184:Genus:
164:Order:
106:Plantae
3301:107841
3262:464153
3223:137332
3220:APDB:
3135:16 May
3110:
3100:
3092:
2706:
2696:
2583:Dec 1,
2530:
2520:
2439:29 May
2351:
2343:
2335:
2291:
2283:
2252:
2072:Genome
1955:, and
1953:Turkey
1947:, the
1899:paella
1865:butter
1805:, and
1803:sodium
1791:folate
1731:81.7 g
1699:0.4 mg
1686:180 mg
1679:Sodium
1673:0.2 μg
1660:277 mg
1601:Copper
1540:7.2 mg
1442:449 μg
1433:lutein
1382:2.81 g
1358:2.87 g
1325:0.96 g
1321:Sugars
1291:Energy
1149:26,180
1146:France
1139:31,000
1128:39,280
1125:Turkey
1118:41,251
1108:45,012
1097:80,401
1087:82,096
1022:tonnes
918:Orange
898:Venice
859:kaktos
855:Sicily
832:Hesiod
718:ciocco
661:Mishna
656:kinars
640:Hebrew
585:, and
458:leaves
394:bracts
189:Cynara
3288:59895
3236:94335
2349:S2CID
2319:(1).
2050:Cynar
1918:Tinos
1873:aioli
1773:, 3%
1728:Water
1647:71 mg
1634:41 mg
1595:21 mg
1527:86 μg
1335:5.5 g
1193:, or
1177:(FAO)
1156:World
1094:China
1052:Spain
1042:Egypt
1032:Italy
999:Parys
828:Homer
761:choke
757:heart
736:chaud
712:arci-
651:קינרס
609:حراشف
597:حرشفة
510:beard
506:choke
502:heart
267:var.
240:var.
218:var.
152:Clade
139:Clade
126:Clade
113:Clade
3309:POWO
3283:NCBI
3270:IPNI
3257:GRIN
3244:GBIF
3231:APNI
3195:var.
3137:2018
3108:PMID
3090:ISSN
3047:2021
3007:2021
2974:2015
2745:2021
2704:PMID
2694:ISBN
2639:2019
2585:2019
2528:OCLC
2518:ISBN
2441:2017
2341:PMID
2333:ISSN
2289:ISBN
2281:ISBN
2250:ISBN
2126:2022
1844:and
1692:Zinc
1614:Iron
1275:Uses
1084:Peru
842:and
830:and
801:and
781:and
759:and
748:haut
516:Name
400:, a
386:buds
373:and
257:The
3098:PMC
3082:doi
2661:FDA
2400:doi
2375:doi
2325:doi
2202:",
1905:).
1779:fat
1632:10%
1606:14%
1579:%DV
1551:14%
1525:22%
1420:%DV
1351:Fat
1131:Im
1100:Im
1079:Im
1058:Im
908:at
508:or
494:bud
303:ɑːr
45:on
3346::
3324::
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3272::
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3233::
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3096:.
3088:.
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3068:.
3064:.
3038:.
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2997:.
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2117:.
2097:.
2068:.
2020:A
1951:,
1940:.
1871:,
1867:,
1863:,
1859:,
1855:,
1824:16
1801:,
1697:4%
1684:8%
1671:0%
1658:9%
1645:6%
1619:3%
1593:2%
1538:8%
1508:6%
1492:7%
1475:7%
1458:4%
1189:,
1162:A
1024:)
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881:.
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663:.
566:al
476:32
462:19
249:L.
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449:1
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444:6
442:–
439:2
435:1
432:+
430:4
365:/
362:s
359:ə
356:m
353:ɪ
350:l
347:ɒ
344:k
341:s
338:ˈ
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324:ʊ
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312:ʌ
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