710:. Plutons, like Half Dome in Yosemite National Park, generally form 10â50 km below the volcanoes within the volcanic arcs and are only visible on the surface once the volcanoes have weathered away. The volcanism and plutonism occur as a consequence of the subducting oceanic slab dehydrating as it reaches higher pressures and temperatures. Once the oceanic slab reaches about 100 km in depth, hydrous minerals become unstable and release fluids into the asthenosphere. The fluids act as a flux for the rock within the asthenosphere and cause it to partially melt. The partially melted material is more buoyant and as a result will rise into the lithosphere, where it forms large magma chambers called diapirs. Some of the magma will make it to the surface of the crust where it will form volcanoes and, if eruptive on earth's surface, will produce andesitic lava. Magma that remains in the lithosphere long enough will cool and form plutonic rocks such as diorite, granodiorite, and sometimes granite.
442:(subducting angle less than 30°) occurs when the slab subducts nearly horizontally. The relatively flat slab can extend for hundreds of kilometers under the upper plate. This geometry is commonly caused by the subduction of buoyant lithosphere due to thickened crust or warmer lithosphere. Recent studies have also shown a strong correlation that older and wider subduction zones are related to flatter subduction dips. This provides an explanation as to why flat subduction only presently occur in the eastern pacific as only these regions were old and wide enough to support flat slab subduction and why the Laramide flat slab subduction and South China flat slab subduction were possible. Hu ultimately proposes that a combination of subduction age and slab characteristics provide the strongest controls over subduction dips. Because subduction of slabs to depth is necessary to drive subduction zone volcanism, flat-slab subduction can be invoked to explain
872:
up to 10 km of sedimentary and volcanic rocks covering the continental crust. As a passive margin is pulled into a subduction zone by the attached and negatively buoyant oceanic lithosphere, the sedimentary and volcanic cover is mostly scraped off to form an orogenic wedge. An orogenic wedge is larger than most accretionary wedges due to the volume of material there is to accrete. The continental basement rocks beneath the weak cover suites are strong and mostly cold, and can be underlain by a >200 km thick layer of dense mantle. After shedding the low density cover units, the continental plate, especially if it is old, goes down the subduction zone. As this happens, metamorphic reactions increase the density of the continental crustal rocks, which leads to less buoyancy.
4616:
650:; however, the pelagic sediments may be accreted onto the forearc-hanging wall and not subducted. Most metamorphic phase transitions that occur within the subducting slab are prompted by the dehydration of hydrous mineral phases. The breakdown of hydrous mineral phases typically occurs at depths greater than 10 km. Each of these metamorphic facies is marked by the presence of a specific stable mineral assemblage, recording the metamorphic conditions undergone but the subducting slab. Transitions between facies cause hydrous minerals to dehydrate at certain pressure-temperature conditions and can therefore be tracked to melting events in the mantle beneath a volcanic arc.
738:
for carbon transport into the overriding plate via dissolution (release of carbon from carbon-bearing minerals into an aqueous solution) instead of decarbonation. Their evidence comes from the close examination of mineral and fluid inclusions in low-temperature (<600 °C) diamonds and garnets found in an eclogite facies in the Alps. The chemistry of the inclusions supports the existence of a carbon-rich fluid in that environment, and additional chemical measurements of lower pressure and temperature facies in the same tectonic complex support a model for carbon dissolution (rather than decarbonation) as a means of carbon transport.
546:
through vertical forcing only; alternatively, existing plate motions can induce new subduction zones by horizontally forcing the oceanic lithosphere to rupture and sink into the asthenosphere. Both models can eventually yield self-sustaining subduction zones, as the oceanic crust is metamorphosed at great depth and becomes denser than the surrounding mantle rocks. The compilation of subduction zone initiation events back to 100 Ma suggests horizontally-forced subduction zone initiation for most modern subduction zones, which is supported by results from numerical models and geologic studies. Some
5635:
747:
684:, that form along the coast of continents. Island arcs (intraoceanic or primitive arcs) are produced by the subduction of oceanic lithosphere beneath another oceanic lithosphere (ocean-ocean subduction) while continental arcs (Andean arcs) form during the subduction of oceanic lithosphere beneath a continental lithosphere (ocean-continent subduction). An example of a volcanic arc having both island and continental arc sections is found behind the
5238:
6523:
5262:
6544:
155:
5250:
1109:("removed"). The geological term is "consumed", which happens the geological moment the lower plate slips under, even though it may persist for some time until its remelting and dissipation. In this conceptual model, plate is continually being used up. The identity of the subject, the consumer, or agent of consumption, is left unstated. Some sources accept this subject-object construct.
38:
5624:
6533:
5274:
859:
continental plate to cause the upper plate to contract by folding, faulting, crustal thickening, and mountain building. Flat-slab subduction causes mountain building and volcanism moving into the continent, away from the trench, and has been described in western North
America (i.e. Laramide orogeny, and currently in Alaska, South America, and East Asia.
554:. There is evidence this has taken place in the Izu-Bonin-Mariana subduction system. Earlier in Earth's history, subduction is likely to have initiated without horizontal forcing due to the lack of relative plate motion, though a proposal by A. Yin suggests that meteorite impacts may have contributed to subduction initiation on early Earth.
876:
subducted. The results show at least a minimum of 229 kilometers of subduction of the northern
Australian continental plate. Another example may be the continued northward motion of India, which is subducting beneath Asia. The collision between the two continents initiated around 50 my ago, but is still active.
871:
Continents are pulled into subduction zones by the sinking oceanic plate they are attached to. Where continents are attached to oceanic plates with no subduction, there is a deep basin that accumulates thick suites of sedimentary and volcanic rocks known as a passive margin. Some passive margins have
764:
Anomalously deep events are a characteristic of subduction zones, which produce the deepest quakes on the planet. Earthquakes are generally restricted to the shallow, brittle parts of the crust, generally at depths of less than twenty kilometers. However, in subduction zones quakes occur at depths as
737:
is released through silicate-carbonate metamorphism. However, evidence from thermodynamic modeling has shown that the pressures and temperatures necessary for this type of metamorphism are much higher than what is observed in most subduction zones. Frezzoti et al. (2011) propose a different mechanism
884:
Oceanic-Oceanic plate subduction zones comprise roughly 40% of all subduction zone margins on the planet. The ocean-ocean plate relationship can lead to subduction zones between oceanic and continental plates, therefore highlighting how important it is to understand this subduction setting. Although
713:
The arc magmatism occurs one hundred to two hundred kilometers from the trench and approximately one hundred kilometers above the subducting slab. Arcs produce about 10% of the total volume of magma produced each year on Earth (approximately 0.75 cubic kilometers), much less than the volume produced
613:
Subduction zones host a unique variety of rock types created by the high-pressure, low-temperature conditions a subducting slab encounters during its descent. The metamorphic conditions the slab passes through in this process create and destroy water bearing (hydrous) mineral phases, releasing water
557:
Though the idea of subduction initiation at passive margins is popular, there is no modern day example for this type of subduction nucleation. This is likely due to the strength of the oceanic or transitional crust at the continental passive margins, suggesting that if the crust did not break in its
800:
A study published in 2016 suggested a new parameter to determine a subduction zone's ability to generate mega-earthquakes. By examining subduction zone geometry and comparing the degree of lower plate curvature of the subducting plate in great historical earthquakes such as the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman
842:
Orogeny is the process of mountain building. Subducting plates can lead to orogeny by bringing oceanic islands, oceanic plateaus, sediments and passive continental margins to convergent margins. The material often does not subduct with the rest of the plate but instead is accreted to (scraped off)
760:
Elastic strain caused by plate convergence in subduction zones produces at least three types of earthquakes. These are deep earthquakes, megathrust earthquakes, and outer rise earthquakes. Deep earthquakes happen within the crust, megathrust earthquakes on the subduction interface near the trench,
308:
minerals and clays. Additionally, large quantities of water are introduced into cracks and fractures created as the subducting slab bends downward. During the transition from basalt to eclogite, these hydrous materials break down, producing copious quantities of water, which at such great pressure
823:
at 2890 km depth. Generally, slabs decelerate during their descent into the mantle, from typically several cm/yr (up to ~10 cm/yr in some cases) at the subduction zone and in the uppermost mantle, to ~1 cm/yr in the lower mantle. This leads to either folding or stacking of slabs at
814:
Seismic tomography has helped detect subducted lithospheric slabs deep in the mantle where no earthquakes occur. About one hundred slabs have been described in terms of depth and their timing and location of subduction. The great seismic discontinuities in the mantle, at 410 km (250 mi)
545:
Although stable subduction is fairly well understood, the process by which subduction is initiated remains a matter of discussion and continuing study. Subduction can begin spontaneously if the denser oceanic lithosphere can founder and sink beneath the adjacent oceanic or continental lithosphere
510:
and lithosphere are cold and thick and have, therefore, lost buoyancy. Recent studies have also correlated steep angled subduction zones with younger and less extensive subduction zones. This would explain why most modern subduction zones are relatively steep. The steepest dipping subduction zone
294:
of sediments scraped off the subducting slab and accreted to the overriding plate. However, not all arc-trench complexes have an accretionary wedge. Accretionary arcs have a well-developed forearc basin behind the accretionary wedge, while the forearc basin is poorly developed in non-accretionary
251:
can be stable at different pressures within the slab geotherms, and may transport significant amount of water into the Earth's interior. As plates sink and heat up, released fluids can trigger seismicity and induce melting within the subducted plate and in the overlying mantle wedge. This type of
858:
Subduction may also cause orogeny without bringing in oceanic material that accretes to the overriding continent. When the lower plate subducts at a shallow angle underneath a continent (something called "flat-slab subduction"), the subducting plate may have enough traction on the bottom of the
875:
One study of the active Banda arc-continent collision claims that by unstacking the layers of rock that once covered the continental basement, but are now thrust over one another in the orogenic wedge, and measuring how long they are, can provide a minimum estimate of how far the continent has
585:
that may disrupt subduction. Continental crust can subduct to depths of 250 km (160 mi) where it can reach a point of no return. Sections of crustal or intraoceanic arc crust greater than 15 km (9.3 mi) in thickness or oceanic plateau greater than 30 km (19 mi) in
801:
and the 2011 TĹhoku earthquake, it was determined that the magnitude of earthquakes in subduction zones is inversely proportional to the angle of subduction near the trench, meaning that "the flatter the contact between the two plates, the more likely it is that mega-earthquakes will occur".
788:
and causes a larger portion of Earth's crust to deform in a more brittle fashion than it would in a normal geothermal gradient setting. Because earthquakes can occur only when a rock is deforming in a brittle fashion, subduction zones can cause large earthquakes. If such a quake causes rapid
325:
because they are less dense than the rocks of the mantle. The mantle-derived magmas (which are initially basaltic in composition) can ultimately reach the Earth's surface, resulting in volcanic eruptions. The chemical composition of the erupting lava depends upon the degree to which the
221:
Subduction zones are where cold oceanic lithosphere sinks back into the mantle and is recycled. They are found at convergent plate boundaries, where the heavier oceanic lithosphere of one plate is overridden by the leading edge of another, less-dense plate. The overridden plate (the
1011:
was once hotter, but not that subduction conditions were hotter. Previously, the lack of pre-Neoproterozoic blueschist was thought to indicate a different type of subduction. Both lines of evidence refute previous conceptions of modern-style subduction having been initiated in the
353:
whose character depends strongly on the angle of subduction of the subducting slab. Where this angle is shallow, the subducting slab drags the overlying continental crust partially with it, which produces a zone of shortening and crustal thickening in which there may be extensive
614:
into the mantle. This water lowers the melting point of mantle rock, initiating melting. Understanding the timing and conditions in which these dehydration reactions occur is key to interpreting mantle melting, volcanic arc magmatism, and the formation of continental crust.
797:. The earthquake was caused by subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate under the Euro-Asian Plate, but the tsunami spread over most of the planet and devastated the areas around the Indian Ocean. Small tremors which cause small, nondamaging tsunamis, also occur frequently.
558:
first 20 million years of life, it is unlikely to break in the future under normal sedimentation loads. Only with additional weaking of the crust, through hotspot magmatism or extensional rifting, would the crust be able to break from its continent and begin subduction.
144:
239:, and without it, plate tectonics could not occur. Oceanic subduction zones are located along 55,000 km (34,000 mi) convergent plate margins, almost equal to the cumulative plate formation rate 60,000 km (37,000 mi) of mid-ocean ridges.
242:
Sea water seeps into oceanic lithosphere through fractures and pores, and reacts with minerals in the crust and mantle to form hydrous minerals (such as serpentine) that store water in their crystal structures. Water is transported into the deep mantle
228:) sinks at an angle most commonly between 25 to 75 degrees to Earth's surface. This sinking is driven by the temperature difference between the slab and the surrounding asthenosphere, as the colder oceanic lithosphere is, on average, more dense.
824:
those depths, visible as thickened slabs in seismic tomography. Below ~1700 km, there might be a limited acceleration of slabs due to lower viscosity as a result of inferred mineral phase changes until they approach and finally stall at the
885:
it is not fully understood what causes the initiation of subduction of an oceanic plate under another oceanic plate, there are three main models put forth by
Baitsch-Ghirardello et al. that explain the different regimes present in this setting.
1190:
Subduction zones pose significant threats to lives, property, economic vitality, cultural and natural resources, and quality of life. The tremendous magnitudes of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions can also have knock-on effects with global
1681:
Goes, Saskia; Collier, Jenny; Blundy, Jon; Davidson, Jon; Harmon, Nick; Henstock, Tim; Kendall, J.; MacPherson, Colin; Rietbrock, Andreas; Rychert, Kate; Prytulak, Julie; Van Hunen, Jeroen; Wilkinson, Jamie; Wilson, Marjorie (2019).
3706:"Atlas of the Underworld | Van der Meer, D.G., van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., and Spakman, W., 2017, Atlas of the Underworld: slab remnants in the mantle, their sinking history, and a new outlook on lower mantle viscosity, Tectonophysics"
1203:, safely away from any possible influence on humanity or the surface environment. However, that method of disposal is currently banned by international agreement. Furthermore, plate subduction zones are associated with very large
1128:
is specifically attached to the "subducting plate", even though in
English the upper plate is just as much of a slab. The upper plate is left hanging, so to speak. To express it geology must switch to a different verb, typically
502:-cored mountain ranges of Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, South Dakota, and New Mexico came into being. The most massive subduction zone earthquakes, so-called "megaquakes", have been found to occur in flat-slab subduction zones.
862:
The processes described above allow subduction to continue while mountain building happens concurrently, which is in contrast to continent-continent collision orogeny, which often leads to the termination of subduction.
3004:"An episodic slab-rollback model for the origin of the Tharsis rise on Mars: Implications for initiation of local plate subduction and final unification of a kinematically linked global plate-tectonic network on Earth"
645:
and prehnite-pumpellyite facies assemblages may or may not be present, thus the onset of metamorphism may only be marked by blueschist facies conditions. Subducting slabs are composed of basaltic crust topped with
497:
is attributed to flat-slab subduction. During this orogeny, a broad volcanic gap appeared at the southwestern margin of North
America, and deformation occurred much farther inland; it was during this time that the
434:
Subduction typically occurs at a moderately steep angle by the time it is beneath the volcanic arc. However, anomalous shallower angles of subduction are known to exist as well as some that are extremely steep.
213:
to around 100 km (62 mi) for the oldest oceanic lithosphere. Continental lithosphere is up to 200 km (120 mi) thick. The lithosphere is relatively cold and rigid compared with the underlying
2529:
Crameri, Fabio; Magni, Valentina; Domeier, Mathew; Shephard, Grace E.; Chotalia, Kiran; Cooper, George; Eakin, Caroline M.; Grima, Antoniette Greta; GĂźrer, Derya; KirĂĄly, Ăgnes; Mulyukova, Elvira (2020-07-27).
4194:
398:. Subduction zone earthquakes occur at greater depths (up to 600 km (370 mi)) than elsewhere on Earth (typically less than 20 km (12 mi) depth); such deep earthquakes may be driven by deep
76:. The process of subduction has created most of the Earth's continental crust. Rates of subduction are typically measured in centimeters per year, with rates of convergence as high as 11 cm/year.
2306:
Jordan, Teresa E.; Isacks, Bryan L.; Allmendinger, Richard W.; Brewer, Jon A.; Ramos, Victor A.; Ando, Clifford J. (1 March 1983). "Andean tectonics related to geometry of subducted Nazca plate".
733:
by releasing subducted carbon through volcanic processes. Older theory states that the carbon from the subducting plate is made available in overlying magmatic systems via decarbonation, where CO
4226:
Tsang, Man-Yin; Bowden, Stephen A.; Wang, Zhibin; Mohammed, Abdalla; Tonai, Satoshi; Muirhead, David; Yang, Kiho; Yamamoto, Yuzuru; Kamiya, Nana; Okutsu, Natsumi; Hirose, Takehiro (2020-02-01).
586:
thickness can disrupt subduction. However, island arcs subducted end-on may cause only local disruption, while an arc arriving parallel to the zone can shut it down. This has happened with the
4615:
3967:
Stern, Robert J. (2005). "Evidence from ophiolites, blueschists, and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic terranes that the modern episode of subduction tectonics began in
Neoproterozoic time".
313:. The supercritical water, which is hot and more buoyant than the surrounding rock, rises into the overlying mantle, where it lowers the melting temperature of the mantle rock, generating
265:
The surface expressions of subduction zones are arc-trench complexes. On the ocean side of the complex, where the subducting plate first approaches the subduction zone, there is often an
2341:
W. P. Schellart; D. R. Stegman; R. J. Farrington; J. Freeman & L. Moresi (16 July 2010). "Cenozoic
Tectonics of Western North America Controlled by Evolving Width of Farallon Slab".
1153:
between the cold and old lithosphere and the hot asthenospheric mantle wedge, is the strongest force (but not the only one) needed to drive plate motion and is the dominant mode of
252:
melting selectively concentrates volatiles and transports them into the overlying plate. If an eruption occurs, the cycle then returns the volatiles into the oceans and atmosphere.
1737:
Whitman, Dean (May 1999). "The
Isostatic Residual Gravity Anomaly of the Central Andes, 12° to 29° S: A Guide to Interpreting Crustal Structure and Deeper Lithospheric Processes".
901:
caused by intermediate coupling between the lower and upper plate. The subduction zone generally stays in the same place and the subduction plate subducts at a consistent angle.
275:. Here the plate shallows slightly before plunging downwards, as a consequence of the rigidity of the plate. The point where the slab begins to plunge downwards is marked by an
3289:
Zheng, Y.-F., Chen, R.-X., 2017. Regional metamorphism at extreme conditions: Implications for orogeny at convergent plate margins. Journal of Asian Earth
Sciences 145, 46-73.
4091:
815:
depth and 670 km (420 mi), are disrupted by the descent of cold slabs in deep subduction zones. Some subducted slabs seem to have difficulty penetrating the major
4501:
Video about the work of the
Collaborative Research Center (SFB) 574 Volatiles and Fluids in Subduction Zones in Chile by GEOMAR I Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel.
3910:
Xu, Cheng; KynickĂ˝, JindĹich; Song, Wenlei; Tao, Renbiao; LĂź, Zeng; Li, Yunxiu; Yang, Yueheng; Miroslav, Pohanka; Galiova, Michaela V.; Zhang, Lifei; Fei, Yingwei (2018).
218:, and so tectonic plates move as solid bodies atop the asthenosphere. Individual plates often include both regions of the oceanic lithosphere and continental lithosphere.
186:
and several smaller plates. These plates are in slow motion, due mostly to the pull force of subducting lithosphere. Sinking lithosphere at subduction zones are a part of
6263:
920:
of oceanic lithosphere was at least partially responsible for controlling global climate. Their model relies on arc-continent collision in tropical zones, where exposed
807:
earthquakes on the lower plate occur when normal faults oceanward of the subduction zone are activated by flexure of the plate as it bends into the subduction zone. The
235:
Earth is so far the only planet where subduction is known to occur, and subduction zones are its most important tectonic feature. Subduction is the driving force behind
924:
composed mainly of mafic material increase "global weatherability" and result in the storage of carbon through silicate weathering processes. This storage represents a
3824:
2846:
1176:. Hot fluids in subduction zones also alter the mineral compositions of the subducting sediments and potentially the habitability of the sediments for microorganisms.
6253:
5312:
1124:. The lower plate itself is the subject. It subducts, in the sense of retreat, or removes itself, and while doing so, is the "subducting plate". Moreover, the word
550:
shows, however, the possibility of spontaneous subduction from inherent density differences between two plates at specific locations like passive margins and along
2080:
Hutko, Alexander R.; Lay, Thorne; Garnero, Edward J.; Revenaugh, Justin (2006). "Seismic detection of folded, subducted lithosphere at the coreâmantle boundary".
907:
caused by strong coupling between the upper and lower plate. The subducting sediments thicken causing partially molten plumes to be on top of subducting plate.
895:
caused by weak coupling between the lower and upper plate which leads to the opening of a back arc basin and the subduction zone being moved by slab rollback.
4163:
1438:
Rudnick, Roberta L.; McDonough, William F.; O'Connell, Richard J. (April 1998). "Thermal structure, thickness and composition of continental lithosphere".
819:
that marks the boundary between the upper mantle and lower mantle at a depth of about 670 kilometers. Other subducted oceanic plates have sunk to the
2688:
Keenan, Timothy E.; EncarnaciĂłn, John; Buchwaldt, Robert; Fernandez, Dan; Mattinson, James; Rasoazanamparany, Christine; Luetkemeyer, P. Benjamin (2016).
1047:
has not changed over geologic time, Hess concluded that older seafloor has to be consumed somewhere else, and suggested that this process takes place at
570:
at a subduction zone can result in increased coupling at the trench and cause plate boundary reorganization. The arrival of continental crust results in
1506:
Tovish, Aaron; Schubert, Gerald; Luyendyk, Bruce P. (10 December 1978). "Mantle flow pressure and the angle of subduction: Non-Newtonian corner flows".
4538:
378:
The arc-trench complex is the surface expression of a much deeper structure. Though not directly accessible, the deeper portions can be studied using
330:. Arc volcanoes tend to produce dangerous eruptions because they are rich in water (from the slab and sediments) and tend to be extremely explosive.
68:
converges with a second plate, the heavier plate dives beneath the other and sinks into the mantle. A region where this process occurs is known as a
6169:
794:
777:
1078:, a result of the Alaskan continental crust overlapping the Pacific oceanic crust. This meant that the Pacific crust was being forced downward, or
3214:
5584:
5352:
4285:
932:
ophiolite complexes, including active arc-continent subduction, with known global cooling and glaciation periods. This study does not discuss
4350:
4320:
3308:
1613:
1336:
781:
4366:
1039:
and proposed that hot molten rock was added to the crust at the ridge and expanded the seafloor outward. This theory was to become known as
5816:
2035:
Faccenna, Claudio; Oncken, Onno; Holt, Adam F.; Becker, Thorsten W. (2017). "Initiation of the Andean orogeny by lower mantle subduction".
847:. The collision of this oceanic material causes crustal thickening and mountain-building. The accreted material is often referred to as an
327:
5706:
4425:
Stern, R.J. (1998). "A Subduction Primer for Instructors of Introductory Geology Courses and Authors of Introductory Geology Textbooks".
621:
is characterized by a stable mineral assemblage specific to a pressure-temperature range and specific starting material. Subduction zone
5305:
4228:"Hot fluids, burial metamorphism and thermal histories in the underthrust sediments at IODP 370 site C0023, Nankai Accretionary Complex"
1233:
1179:
Subduction zones drag down subducted oceanic sediments, oceanic crust, and mantle lithosphere that interact with the hot asthenospheric
5163:
3646:
2909:
Stern, R.J.; Bloomer, S.H. (1992). "Subduction zone infancy: examples from the Eocene Izu-Bonin-Mariana and Jurassic California arcs".
811:
is an example of this type of event. Displacement of the sea floor caused by this event generated a six-meter tsunami in nearby Samoa.
527:
extension of the upper plate, creating volcanic arcs and pulling fragments of continental crust away from continents to leave behind a
6411:
5838:
5726:
3333:
1207:, making the effects of using any specific site for disposal unpredictable and possibly adverse to the safety of long-term disposal.
6258:
5529:
3393:
1405:
808:
5676:
1932:
5716:
626:
4131:
6536:
6446:
5432:
6119:
1683:
6526:
5298:
4396:
3469:
3384:
Peacock, Simon M. (1 January 2004). "Thermal Structure and Metamorphic Evolution of Subducting Slabs". In Eiler, John (ed.).
2449:"On the relationships between slab dip, back-arc stress, upper plate absolute motion, and crustal nature in subduction zones"
2595:
Hall, C.E.; et al. (2003). "Catastrophic initiation of subduction following forced convergence across fracture zones".
2249:
Hu, J., & Gurnis, M. (2020). Subduction duration and slab dip. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 21, e2019GC008862.
3437:"Volcanic arcs form by deep melting of rock mixtures: Study changes our understanding of processes inside subduction zones"
1933:"Subduction factory 2. Are intermediate-depth earthquakes in subducting slabs linked to metamorphic dehydration reactions?"
566:
Subduction can continue as long as the oceanic lithosphere moves into the subduction zone. However, the arrival of buoyant
6579:
4531:
4083:
772:
Nine of the ten largest earthquakes of the last 100 years were subduction zone megathrust earthquakes. These included the
5574:
4138:. Vol. IV Scream-Zythus (New Edition Carefully Reviewed and Greatly Augmented ed.). London: Blackie & Son.
608:
547:
3564:
Bletery, Quentin; Thomas, Amanda M.; Rempel, Alan W.; Karlstrom, Leif; Sladen, Anthony; Barros, Louis De (2016-11-25).
2392:
Bletery, Quentin; Thomas, Amanda M.; Rempel, Alan W.; Karlstrom, Leif; Sladen, Anthony; De Barros, Louis (2016-11-24).
1007:
at conditions when modern oceanic crust rocks metamorphose into blueschist. The ancient magnesium-rich rocks mean that
5634:
2631:
2263:
Sillitoe, Richard H. (August 1974). "Tectonic segmentation of the Andes: implications for magmatism and metallogeny".
1227:
718:. Arc volcanism has the greatest impact on humans because many arc volcanoes lie above sea level and erupt violently.
985:. The eclogite itself was produced by oceanic subduction during the assembly of supercontinents at about 1.9â2.0 Ga.
1133:. The upper plate, the subject, performs the action of overriding the object, the lower plate, which is overridden.
5771:
5278:
4885:
3744:
Garrett W. Tate; Nadine McQuarrie; Douwe J.J. van Hinsbergen; Richard R. Bakker; Ron Harris; Haishui Jiang (2015).
1032:
5671:
6306:
5711:
4925:
3204:
Zheng, Y.-F., Chen, Y.-X., 2016. Continental versus oceanic subduction zones. National Science Review 3, 495-519.
2690:"Rapid conversion of an oceanic spreading center to a subduction zone inferred from high-precision geochronology"
4171:
2930:
825:
820:
419:
6574:
6436:
5811:
5801:
5741:
5377:
5347:
5266:
4524:
1245:
773:
148:
3746:"Australia going down under: Quantifying continental subduction during arc-continent accretion in Timor-Leste"
2327:
1044:
766:
391:
4472:
4455:
6473:
6456:
6293:
5786:
5651:
5589:
5579:
5472:
5254:
5158:
4985:
4820:
4780:
4712:
4624:
4555:
3838:
Macdonald, Francis A.; Swanson-Hysell, Nicholas L.; Park, Yuem; Lisiecki, Lorraine; Jagoutz, Oliver (2019).
3786:
3105:
Ernst, W. G. (June 1999). "Metamorphism, partial preservation, and exhumation of ultrahigh-pressure belts".
1105:
requiring a subject to perform an action on an object not itself, here the lower plate, which has then been
816:
567:
467:
395:
4105:
828:. Here the slabs are heated up by the ambient heat and are not detected anymore ~300 Myr after subduction.
109:
in the overriding plate. If the subducting plate sinks at a shallow angle, the overriding plate develops a
6468:
6406:
5833:
5519:
5211:
5173:
5168:
4905:
1063:
4493:
4018:
3787:"Geodynamic regimes of intra-oceanic subduction: Implications for arc extension vs. shortening processes"
6301:
6283:
5791:
5686:
5321:
4578:
3818:
2840:
1976:
Domeier, Mathew; Doubrovine, Pavel V.; Torsvik, Trond H.; Spakman, Wim; Bull, Abigail L. (28 May 2016).
1242: â Overthrusting of oceanic lithosphere onto continental lithosphere at a convergent plate boundary
1216:
1204:
1071:
755:
572:
114:
855:(uplifted ocean crust consisting of sediments, pillow basalts, sheeted dykes, gabbro, and peridotite).
3218:
1635:
1254: â Region around the rim of the Pacific Ocean where many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur
928:, removing carbon from the atmosphere and resulting in global cooling. Their study correlates several
6584:
6488:
6321:
6024:
5881:
5746:
5457:
5116:
5086:
5008:
4998:
4945:
4940:
4880:
4785:
4745:
4682:
4605:
4595:
4434:
4239:
4087:
4030:
3976:
3923:
3851:
3798:
3757:
3658:
3577:
3515:
3358:
3164:
3114:
3056:
3015:
2960:
2918:
2873:
2818:
2763:
2701:
2643:
2604:
2543:
2500:
2463:
2405:
2350:
2315:
2272:
2196:
2144:
2089:
2044:
1989:
1947:
1905:
1805:
1746:
1647:
1515:
1447:
1292:
1248: â Sets of juxtaposed linear rock units that display contrasting metamorphic mineral assemblages
916:
In their 2019 study, Macdonald et al. proposed that arc-continent collision zones and the subsequent
681:
455:
439:
399:
247:
hydrous minerals in subducting slabs. During subduction, a series of minerals in these slabs such as
31:
2393:
506:
Steep-angle subduction (subducting angle greater than 70°) occurs in subduction zones where Earth's
6569:
6483:
6368:
6363:
6089:
5761:
5721:
5437:
5201:
4970:
4735:
1224: â Linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other
1082:, beneath the Alaskan crust. The concept of subduction would play a role in the development of the
951:
933:
785:
587:
581:
462:
region of Chile is believed to be the result of the subduction of two buoyant aseismic ridges, the
310:
80:
61:
49:
27:
A geological process at convergent tectonic plate boundaries where one plate moves under the other
6426:
6139:
6129:
6094:
5994:
5979:
5876:
5216:
5206:
5151:
5131:
5126:
5023:
4815:
4672:
4374:
4046:
3992:
3885:
3621:
3436:
3180:
3130:
3072:
3044:
2984:
2891:
2787:
2659:
2374:
2288:
2212:
2113:
1762:
1713:
1310:
1221:
1040:
1036:
1024:
974:
945:
848:
804:
618:
499:
459:
411:
291:
118:
4870:
362:. If the angle of subduction steepens or rolls back, the upper plate lithosphere will be put in
3647:"Slab pull effects from a flexural analysis of the Tonga and Kermadec Trenches (Pacific Plate)"
1160:
Subduction zone chemistry: The subducted sediments and crust dehydrate and release water-rich (
6508:
6498:
6441:
6421:
6104:
6069:
6004:
5984:
5974:
5856:
5544:
5402:
5136:
5101:
4935:
4875:
4865:
4825:
4760:
4346:
4316:
4310:
4267:
3949:
3877:
3869:
3603:
3595:
3531:
3465:
3389:
3329:
3304:
3272:
2945:
2779:
2729:
2577:
2559:
2423:
2366:
2133:"The difficulty for subducted oceanic crust to accumulate at the Earth's core-mantle boundary"
2105:
2017:
1663:
1609:
1401:
1332:
1173:
1154:
1117:
1052:
765:
great as 700 km (430 mi). These quakes define inclined zones of seismicity known as
746:
715:
647:
363:
355:
290:
portion of the overriding plate. Depending on sedimentation rates, the forearc may include an
267:
209:. Oceanic lithosphere ranges in thickness from just a few km for young lithosphere created at
206:
195:
191:
159:
57:
53:
4340:
6463:
6431:
6401:
6210:
6195:
6064:
5999:
5891:
5806:
5736:
5661:
5442:
5412:
5342:
5337:
5141:
4840:
4725:
4583:
4467:
4442:
4257:
4247:
4206:
4038:
3984:
3939:
3931:
3859:
3806:
3765:
3676:
3666:
3585:
3523:
3366:
3362:
3262:
3252:
3172:
3122:
3064:
3023:
2976:
2968:
2926:
2881:
2826:
2771:
2719:
2709:
2651:
2612:
2608:
2567:
2551:
2508:
2504:
2471:
2413:
2358:
2323:
2280:
2234:
2204:
2187:
Zheng, YF; Chen, RX; Xu, Z; Zhang, SB (2016). "The transport of water in subduction zones".
2152:
2097:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2007:
1997:
1955:
1913:
1813:
1754:
1703:
1695:
1655:
1601:
1523:
1486:
1455:
1300:
1200:
1180:
1048:
1008:
991:
is a rock typical for present-day subduction settings. The absence of blueschist older than
982:
695:
486:
471:
232:
and some trapped water are carried downwards by the slab and recycled into the deep mantle.
3388:. Geophysical Monograph Series. Vol. 138. American Geophysical Union. pp. 12â15.
3149:
2748:
722:
injected into the stratosphere during violent eruptions can cause rapid cooling of Earth's
6268:
6164:
6114:
6079:
6039:
5931:
5901:
5751:
5701:
5611:
5569:
5502:
5427:
5387:
5183:
5146:
5081:
5068:
4965:
4800:
4795:
4750:
4740:
4730:
4647:
4568:
4547:
4019:"Emergence of blueschists on Earth linked to secular changes in oceanic crust composition"
1102:
1083:
1075:
685:
677:
669:
551:
490:
479:
422:. Here the residue of the slabs may eventually heat enough to rise back to the surface as
403:
350:
335:
236:
210:
202:
183:
175:
163:
138:
3504:"Carbonate dissolution during subduction revealed by diamond-bearing rocks from the Alps"
2532:"A transdisciplinary and community-driven database to unravel subduction zone initiation"
5623:
4438:
4286:"USGS publishes a new blueprint that can help make subduction zone areas more resilient"
4243:
4034:
3980:
3927:
3855:
3802:
3761:
3662:
3581:
3519:
3168:
3118:
3060:
3019:
2964:
2922:
2877:
2822:
2767:
2705:
2647:
2547:
2467:
2409:
2354:
2319:
2276:
2200:
2148:
2093:
1993:
1951:
1917:
1909:
1809:
1750:
1651:
1519:
1451:
1296:
6378:
6373:
6278:
6273:
6109:
6049:
6044:
5776:
5666:
5487:
5422:
5397:
5242:
5106:
5058:
5013:
4975:
4930:
4830:
4770:
4720:
4652:
4573:
4513:â mapping of subducted plates in the Earth's mantle and their geological interpretation
3944:
3911:
3267:
3240:
2724:
2689:
2572:
2531:
2012:
1977:
1125:
1121:
1059:
1013:
992:
844:
512:
367:
339:
277:
224:
167:
126:
105:
are common along subduction zones, and fluids released by the subducting plate trigger
96:
65:
4312:
Physics of societal issues: calculations on national security, environment, and energy
2616:
1459:
1172:
of elements between the surface and deep mantle reservoirs, producing island arcs and
761:
and outer rise earthquakes on the subducting lower plate as it bends near the trench.
6563:
6548:
6396:
6316:
6205:
6124:
6099:
6034:
5964:
5871:
5766:
5643:
5564:
5524:
5497:
5407:
5357:
5221:
5053:
5043:
5038:
5028:
5018:
5003:
4920:
4890:
4860:
4845:
4835:
4810:
4805:
4702:
4677:
4637:
4632:
4600:
4563:
4050:
3671:
3134:
3126:
2895:
2831:
2806:
2229:
Schellart WP (2020) Control of Subduction Zone Age and Size on Flat Slab Subduction.
2216:
1766:
1717:
1314:
1199:
in which the action of subduction itself would carry the material into the planetary
1196:
1184:
1169:
1089:
First geologic attestations of the "subduct" words date to 1970, In ordinary English
1000:
977:
provide evidence that modern-style subduction occurred at least as early as 1.8
591:
507:
494:
407:
215:
84:
4252:
4227:
3889:
3076:
2988:
2791:
2749:"Uplift in the Fiordland Region, New Zealand: Implications for Incipient Subduction"
2663:
2378:
706:, lie approximately one hundred kilometers from the trench in arcuate chains called
143:
6543:
6503:
6451:
6391:
6342:
6220:
6215:
6190:
6174:
6149:
5866:
5756:
5696:
5482:
5392:
5367:
5237:
5111:
4993:
4915:
4910:
4895:
4775:
4765:
4692:
4687:
4662:
4588:
3184:
2862:"Ductile Deformation of Passive Margins: A New Mechanism for Subduction Initiation"
2805:
Mart, Y., Aharonov, E., Mulugeta, G., Ryan, W.B.F., Tentler, T., Goren, L. (2005).
2448:
2292:
2117:
1263:
1251:
1028:
730:
707:
659:
622:
528:
443:
423:
415:
383:
359:
318:
300:
248:
122:
88:
4400:
4149:
3996:
3349:
Bebout, Grey E. (May 31, 2007). "Metamorphic Chemical Geodynamics of Subduction".
1659:
523:. Steep-angle subduction is, in contrast to flat-slab subduction, associated with
3912:"Cold deep subduction recorded by remnants of a Paleoproterozoic carbonated slab"
784:. The subduction of cold oceanic lithosphere into the mantle depresses the local
6493:
6225:
6154:
6019:
5959:
5926:
5916:
5911:
5796:
5731:
5691:
5681:
5656:
5539:
5512:
5492:
5452:
5417:
5196:
5191:
5121:
5096:
5091:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4900:
4855:
4850:
4790:
4755:
4697:
4667:
4657:
4642:
3068:
1257:
1146:
1004:
929:
925:
719:
665:
463:
394:, that dips away from the trench and extends down below the volcanic arc to the
179:
154:
4446:
3935:
3370:
2555:
2512:
2056:
1593:
1382:
6311:
6134:
6029:
6009:
5936:
5921:
5906:
5896:
5861:
5781:
5601:
5596:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5447:
5076:
5033:
4504:
4498:
2208:
1758:
1605:
988:
963:
959:
852:
703:
699:
634:
475:
387:
379:
187:
102:
4271:
3873:
3810:
3599:
3535:
3217:. San Diego State University Department of Geological Science. Archived from
2563:
2238:
1667:
6383:
6245:
6230:
6144:
5989:
5828:
5823:
5606:
5534:
5462:
5382:
5372:
5329:
5048:
3864:
3839:
3785:
Baitsch-Ghirardello, Gerya, Burg, Bettina, Taras, Jean-Pierre (March 2014).
3590:
3565:
3257:
2946:"A record of spontaneous subduction initiation in the IzuâBoninâMariana arc"
2775:
2714:
2418:
2394:"Fault curvature may control where big quakes occur, Eurekalert 24-NOV-2016"
2362:
1527:
1239:
1234:
List of tectonic plate interactions#Convergent boundaries (subduction zones)
978:
954:
and the associated formation of high-pressure low-temperature rocks such as
921:
917:
520:
229:
106:
4510:
3953:
3881:
3607:
3276:
2783:
2747:
House, M. A.; Gurnis, M.; Kamp, P. J. J.; Sutherland, R. (September 2002).
2733:
2667:
2581:
2427:
2370:
2109:
2021:
1708:
37:
4505:
Plate Tectonics Basics 1 - Creation and Destruction of Oceanic Lithosphere
3705:
966:, associated with modern-style subduction, also indicate such conditions.
17:
6478:
6200:
6059:
5951:
5941:
5886:
5362:
4397:"Storage and Disposal Options. World Nuclear Organization (date unknown)"
4211:
2886:
2861:
2655:
2476:
2002:
1959:
1818:
1793:
1699:
1491:
1474:
1305:
970:
967:
955:
638:
524:
516:
331:
92:
5290:
4088:"Geological Society of America honors Excellence in Geoscience for 2017"
3681:
3502:
Frezzotti, M. L.; Selverstone, J.; Sharp, Z. D.; Compagnoni, R. (2011).
2447:
Lallemand, Serge; Heuret, Arnauld; Boutelier, David (8 September 2005).
2101:
2065:
1794:"Systematic changes in the incoming plate structure at the Kuril trench"
326:
mantle-derived basalt interacts with (melts) Earth's crust or undergoes
6347:
6337:
5507:
5477:
4170:. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV). Archived from
3770:
3745:
2980:
2157:
2132:
1161:
1150:
837:
790:
750:
Global map of subduction zones, with subducted slabs contoured by depth
723:
691:
642:
630:
578:
305:
286:
4262:
3503:
2491:
Stern, R.J. (2004). "Subduction initiation: spontaneous and induced".
1592:
Frost, Daniel J. (2006-12-31), Keppler, Hans; Smyth, Joseph R (eds.),
1003:
during that period. These more magnesium-rich rocks metamorphose into
342:
are all examples of arc volcanoes. Arcs are also associated with most
6054:
5467:
4042:
3988:
3527:
3176:
2972:
2284:
1165:
1067:
322:
125:. Subduction at a steeper angle is characterized by the formation of
110:
91:. Once initiated, stable subduction is driven mostly by the negative
298:
Beyond the forearc basin, volcanoes are found in long chains called
3840:"Arc-continent collisions in the tropics set Earth's climate state"
3028:
3003:
458:
into four zones. The flat-slab subduction in northern Peru and the
6416:
6235:
6014:
5969:
4516:
4064:
Wilson, J. Tuzo (December 1968). "A Revolution in Earth Science".
1978:"Global correlation of lower mantle structure and past subduction"
996:
673:
451:
314:
153:
147:
The Juan de Fuca plate sinks below the North America plate at the
142:
36:
2860:
Goren, L.; E. Aharonov; G. Mulugeta; H. A. Koyi; Y. Mart (2008).
5848:
4342:
Calculated risks: highly radioactive waste and homeland security
5294:
4520:
4490:: The latest knowledge about the formation of subduction zones
4487:
4315:. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 187.
1636:"Hydrous minerals and the storage of water in the deep mantle"
343:
1266: â Geophysical model of the opening and closing of rifts
776:
which at M 9.5 was the largest earthquake ever recorded, the
281:. Oceanic trenches are the deepest parts of the ocean floor.
1896:
Frolich, C. (1989). "The Nature of Deep Focus Earthquakes".
474:
flat-slab subduction is attributed to the subduction of the
2931:
10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<1621:SZIEFT>2.3.CO;2
851:
or prism. These accretionary wedges can be associated with
3622:"Subduction zone geometry: Mega-earthquake risk indicator"
3241:"Slab melting versus slab dehydration in subduction zones"
1684:"Project VoiLA: Volatile Recycling in the Lesser Antilles"
304:. The subducting basalt and sediment are normally rich in
30:"Mantle cell" redirects here. For the form of cancer, see
3547:
3545:
2328:
10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94<341:ATRTGO>2.0.CO;2
1855:
1853:
4473:
10.1130/1052-5173(2005)015[4:TSFHIO]2.0.CO;2
3419:
3417:
1051:, where the crust would be melted and recycled into the
3645:
Garcia-Castellanos, D.; M. TornĂŠ; M. FernĂ ndez (2000).
3088:
3086:
1195:
Subduction zones have also been considered as possible
668:
that form on the oceanic lithosphere (for example, the
182:, its rigid outer shell, is broken into sixteen larger
4345:. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate. pp. 75â76.
3045:"Subduction initiation in nature and models: A review"
1168:
into the overlying mantle, causing mantle melting and
1070:. He concluded that the cause of the earthquake was a
1035:
and became fascinated in the ocean floor, studied the
793:. The largest tsunami ever recorded happened due to a
386:. Subduction zones are defined by an inclined zone of
194:. This process of convection allows heat generated by
2170:
2168:
1329:
Voyage of Discovery: From the Big Bang to the Ice Age
789:
deformation of the sea floor, there is potential for
4334:
4332:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
2632:"Evolving force balance during incipient subduction"
1421:
1419:
1417:
1141:
Subduction zones are important for several reasons:
450:
Flat-slab subduction is ongoing beneath part of the
99:
sinks into the mantle largely under its own weight.
95:
of the dense subducting lithosphere. The down-going
6356:
6330:
6292:
6244:
6183:
6078:
5950:
5847:
5642:
5328:
5182:
5067:
4984:
4711:
4623:
4554:
4507:, University of Texas at Dallas (~ 9 minutes long).
2250:
1569:(in French). Newark, New Jersey: Gordon and Breach.
1364:
1362:
1360:
664:Two kinds of arcs are generally observed on Earth:
641:facies stability zones of subducted oceanic crust.
4456:"The Subduction Factory: How it operates on Earth"
1187:series melts, ore deposits, and continental crust.
79:Subduction is possible because the cold and rigid
6264:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
4195:"Overriding plate's properties affect subduction"
4168:Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources (DISS)
3497:
3495:
3493:
2807:"Analog modeling of the initiation of subduction"
515:, which is also where the oceanic lithosphere of
4339:Kingsley, Marvin G.; Rogers, Kenneth H. (2007).
3215:"How Volcanoes work â Subduction Zone Volcanism"
1600:, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 243â272,
1260: â Type of gap in a subducted oceanic plate
1145:Subduction zone physics: Sinking of the oceanic
950:Modern-style subduction is characterized by low
201:The lithosphere consists of the outermost light
6254:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
3301:Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology
3245:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3043:Stern, Robert J.; Gerya, Taras (October 2018).
2524:
2522:
1149:(sediments, crust, mantle), by the contrast of
714:at mid-ocean ridges, but they have formed most
41:Diagram of the geological process of subduction
3150:"Polarity reversal in the Solomon Islands arc"
5306:
4532:
4017:Palin, Richard M.; White, Richard W. (2016).
3905:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3460:Fisher, Richard V.; Schmincke, H.-U. (1984).
1898:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
1475:"Continental versus oceanic subduction zones"
1283:Stern, Robert J. (2002), "Subduction zones",
8:
3823:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2845:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2137:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
1594:"11. The Stability of Hydrous Mantle Phases"
1508:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
72:, and its surface expression is known as an
4136:Imperial Dictionary of the English Language
4012:
4010:
4008:
4006:
3733:. Vol. 1. Los Angeles: SAGE Reference.
3566:"Mega-earthquakes rupture flat megathrusts"
880:Intra-oceanic: ocean/ocean plate subduction
795:mega-thrust earthquake on December 26, 2004
694:that occur above subduction zones, such as
5313:
5299:
5291:
5249:
4539:
4525:
4517:
1386:. Advances in Geophysics, Volume 56, 2015.
912:Arc-continent collision and global climate
4471:
4261:
4251:
4210:
3943:
3863:
3769:
3680:
3670:
3589:
3266:
3256:
3027:
2885:
2830:
2723:
2713:
2571:
2475:
2417:
2156:
2131:Li, Mingming; McNamara, Allen K. (2013).
2064:
2011:
2001:
1844:
1817:
1707:
1490:
1304:
936:as a driver of global climate cyclicity.
4130:John Ogilvie; Charles Annandale (1883).
1236: â Movements of Earth's lithosphere
1230: â Special type of Tectonic process
778:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
745:
414:shows that some slabs can penetrate the
205:plus the uppermost rigid portion of the
4488:The Subduction Zone Initiation Database
1275:
625:is characterized by a low temperature,
83:is slightly denser than the underlying
5585:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
4499:From the Seafloor to the Volcano's Top
4152:. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 1999.
3816:
3464:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 5.
2911:Geological Society of America Bulletin
2838:
1183:from the over-riding plate to produce
729:Arc-magmatism plays a role in Earth's
3551:
3484:
3423:
3408:
3092:
2174:
1971:
1969:
1883:
1871:
1859:
1832:
1779:
1598:Water in Nominally Anhydrous Minerals
1579:
1552:
1540:
1425:
1368:
1351:
867:Subduction of continental lithosphere
519:age is the oldest on Earth exempting
198:to escape from the Earth's interior.
117:characterized by crustal thickening,
48:is a geological process in which the
7:
6532:
5273:
3731:Encyclopedia of Environmental Change
2636:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
2456:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
1400:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 13â20.
962:. Likewise, rock assemblages called
52:and some continental lithosphere is
3351:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
3303:. Prentice Hall. pp. 541â548.
2944:Arculus, R.J.; et al. (2015).
2597:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2493:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2037:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1918:10.1146/annurev.ea.17.050189.001303
627:high-ultrahigh pressure metamorphic
64:between tectonic plates. Where one
6412:National Oceanographic Data Center
5839:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
5727:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
3148:Cooper, P. A.; Taylor, B. (1985).
782:2011 TĹhoku earthquake and tsunami
25:
6259:Global Sea Level Observing System
3239:Mibe, Kenji; et al. (2011).
940:Beginnings of subduction on Earth
769:which trace the descending slab.
6542:
6531:
6522:
6521:
5717:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
5633:
5622:
5272:
5261:
5260:
5248:
5236:
4614:
3672:10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00096.x
3324:Reynolds, Stephen (2012-01-09).
3127:10.1046/j.1440-1738.1999.00227.x
2832:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02544.x
2630:Gurnis, M.; et al. (2004).
1931:Hacker, B.; et al. (2003).
1792:Fujie, Gou; et al. (2013).
1380:Carlo Doglioni, Giuliano Panza:
1197:disposal sites for nuclear waste
190:cells in the underlying ductile
87:, the hot, ductile layer in the
6447:Ocean thermal energy conversion
6170:VineâMatthewsâMorley hypothesis
4494:Animation of a subduction zone.
4427:Journal of Geoscience Education
4253:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.104080
3729:Matthews, John A., ed. (2014).
3710:www.atlas-of-the-underworld.org
1940:Journal of Geophysical Research
1396:Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (2003).
321:. The magmas, in turn, rise as
5164:South AmericanâAntarctic Ridge
4309:Hafemeister, David W. (2007).
536:Life cycle of subduction zones
454:, causing segmentation of the
133:Subduction and plate tectonics
1:
4084:Geological Society of America
3386:Inside the subduction factory
2617:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00242-5
1660:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.05.005
1460:10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00151-4
774:1960 Great Chilean earthquake
349:Beyond the volcanic arc is a
256:Structure of subduction zones
5707:El NiĂąoâSouthern Oscillation
5677:CraikâLeibovich vortex force
5433:Luke's variational principle
4232:Marine and Petroleum Geology
3328:. McGraw-Hill. p. 124.
2189:Science China Earth Sciences
1982:Geophysical Research Letters
1798:Geophysical Research Letters
1739:International Geology Review
1473:Zheng, YF; Chen, YX (2016).
888:The models are as follows:
843:the continent, resulting in
609:Subduction zone metamorphism
309:and temperature exists as a
4367:"Dumping and Loss overview"
4150:"What is a tectonic plate?"
4110:Online Etymology Dictionary
4072:(10). Washington DC: 10â16.
3069:10.1016/j.tecto.2017.10.014
1634:Ohtani, Eiji (2015-12-15).
1228:Divergent double subduction
688:subduction zone in Alaska.
598:Characteristics and Effects
396:660-kilometer discontinuity
366:instead, often producing a
174:According to the theory of
6601:
5772:Ocean dynamical thermostat
5620:
5117:GalĂĄpagos Spreading Center
4447:10.5408/1089-9995-46.3.221
3936:10.1038/s41467-018-05140-5
3371:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.050
2556:10.1038/s41467-020-17522-9
2513:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.08.007
2057:10.1016/j.epsl.2017.01.041
1033:United States Navy Reserve
943:
835:
753:
657:
606:
328:fractional crystallization
136:
29:
6517:
6307:Ocean acoustic tomography
6120:MohoroviÄiÄ discontinuity
5712:General circulation model
5348:BenjaminâFeir instability
5230:
4612:
4371:Oceans in the Nuclear Age
2209:10.1007/s11430-015-5258-4
1759:10.1080/00206819909465152
1606:10.1515/9781501509476-015
1383:Polarized Plate Tectonics
284:Beyond the trench is the
6437:Ocean surface topography
5812:Thermohaline circulation
5802:Subsurface ocean current
5742:Hydrothermal circulation
5575:Waveâcurrent interaction
5353:Boussinesq approximation
3811:10.1016/j.gr.2012.11.003
3299:Winter, John D. (2010).
2239:10.3389/feart.2020.00026
1331:. Mancorp. p. 325.
1246:Paired metamorphic belts
1020:History of investigation
999:compositions of Earth's
742:Earthquakes and tsunamis
633:, prehnite-pumpellyite,
541:Initiation of subduction
158:The simplified model of
149:Cascadia subduction zone
6474:Sea surface temperature
6457:Outline of oceanography
5652:Atmospheric circulation
5590:shallow water equations
5580:Waves and shallow water
5473:Significant wave height
5159:Pacific-Antarctic Ridge
4511:Atlas of the Underworld
3865:10.1126/science.aav5300
3591:10.1126/science.aag0482
3363:2007E&PSL.260..373B
3258:10.1073/pnas.1010968108
2776:10.1126/science.1075328
2715:10.1073/pnas.1609999113
2609:2003E&PSL.212...15H
2505:2004E&PSL.226..275S
2419:10.1126/science.aag0482
2363:10.1126/science.1190366
2049:2017E&PSL.463..189F
1847:, pp. 18, 113â126.
1567:La Subduction Oceanique
1528:10.1029/JB083iB12p05892
1479:National Science Review
726:and affect air travel.
568:continental lithosphere
470:, respectively. Around
166:are subducted creating
6469:Sea surface microlayer
5834:Wind generated current
5212:Pacific-Farallon Ridge
5184:Ancient oceanic ridges
5174:Southwest Indian Ridge
5169:Southeast Indian Ridge
4906:Philippine Mobile Belt
1327:Defant, M. J. (1998).
1205:megathrust earthquakes
1101:, "to lead away") are
1064:Good Friday earthquake
893:retreating subduction:
751:
418:and sink clear to the
171:
151:
42:
6302:Deep scattering layer
6284:World Geodetic System
5792:Princeton Ocean Model
5672:CoriolisâStokes force
5322:Physical oceanography
3916:Nature Communications
2536:Nature Communications
1565:Lallemand, S (1999).
1285:Reviews of Geophysics
1217:Compaction simulation
1045:Earth's circumference
905:advancing subduction:
809:2009 Samoa earthquake
756:Megathrust earthquake
749:
573:continental collision
400:phase transformations
157:
146:
62:convergent boundaries
40:
6580:Geological processes
6322:Underwater acoustics
5882:Perigean spring tide
5747:Langmuir circulation
5458:Rossby-gravity waves
5087:Central Indian Ridge
4454:Tatsumi, Y. (2005).
4212:10.1029/2015EO026911
4193:Schultz, C. (2015).
2887:10.1029/2005JB004179
2656:10.1029/2003GC000681
2477:10.1029/2005GC000917
2253:10.1029/2019GC008862
2003:10.1002/2016GL068827
1960:10.1029/2001JB001129
1819:10.1029/2012GL054340
1700:10.1029/2019eo117309
1306:10.1029/2001RG000108
983:Paleoproterozoic Era
952:geothermal gradients
826:coreâmantle boundary
821:coreâmantle boundary
767:WadatiâBenioff zones
682:Cascade Volcanic Arc
468:Juan FernĂĄndez Ridge
456:Andean Volcanic Belt
440:Flat slab subduction
420:coreâmantle boundary
32:Mantle cell lymphoma
6484:Science On a Sphere
6090:Convergent boundary
5762:Modular Ocean Model
5722:Geostrophic current
5438:Mild-slope equation
5202:Kula-Farallon Ridge
4439:1998JGeEd..46..221S
4244:2020MarPG.11204080T
4035:2016NatGe...9...60P
3981:2005Geo....33..557S
3928:2018NatCo...9.2790X
3856:2019Sci...364..181M
3803:2014GondR..25..546B
3762:2015Geosp..11.1860T
3663:2000GeoJI.141..479G
3582:2016Sci...354.1027B
3576:(6315): 1027â1031.
3520:2011NatGe...4..703F
3169:1985Natur.314..428C
3119:1999IsArc...8..125E
3061:2018Tectp.746..173S
3020:2012Lsphe...4..553Y
2965:2015NatGe...8..728A
2923:1992GSAB..104.1621S
2878:2008JGRB..113.8411G
2823:2005GeoJI.160.1081M
2768:2002Sci...297.2038H
2762:(5589): 2038â2041.
2706:2016PNAS..113E7359K
2700:(47): E7359âE7366.
2648:2004GGG.....5.7001G
2548:2020NatCo..11.3750C
2468:2005GGG.....6.9006L
2410:2016Sci...354.1027B
2404:(6315): 1027â1031.
2355:2010Sci...329..316S
2320:1983GSAB...94..341J
2277:1974Natur.250..542S
2201:2016ScChD..59..651Z
2149:2013JGRB..118.1807L
2102:10.1038/nature04757
2094:2006Natur.441..333H
1994:2016GeoRL..43.4945D
1952:2003JGRB..108.2030H
1910:1989AREPS..17..227F
1810:2013GeoRL..40...88F
1751:1999IGRv...41..457W
1652:2015ChGeo.418....6O
1520:1978JGR....83.5892T
1452:1998ChGeo.145..395R
1297:2002RvGeo..40.1012S
1072:megathrust reaction
934:Milankovitch cycles
786:geothermal gradient
588:Ontong Java Plateau
392:WadatiâBenioff zone
311:supercritical fluid
81:oceanic lithosphere
50:oceanic lithosphere
6140:Seafloor spreading
6130:Outer trench swell
6095:Divergent boundary
5995:Continental margin
5980:Carbonate platform
5877:Lunitidal interval
5243:Geology portal
5217:Pacific-Kula Ridge
5207:Mid-Labrador Ridge
5132:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
5127:Juan de Fuca Ridge
4419:Additional reading
4132:"Subduce, Subduct"
3771:10.1130/GES01144.1
2158:10.1002/jgrb.50156
1514:(B12): 5892â5898.
1492:10.1093/nsr/nww049
1222:Divergent boundary
1041:seafloor spreading
1037:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
1025:Harry Hammond Hess
1014:Neoproterozoic Era
975:North China Craton
946:Archean subduction
899:stable subduction:
849:accretionary wedge
752:
676:island arcs), and
619:metamorphic facies
412:Seismic tomography
292:accretionary wedge
273:outer trench swell
261:Arc-trench complex
172:
152:
74:arc-trench complex
43:
6557:
6556:
6549:Oceans portal
6509:World Ocean Atlas
6499:Underwater glider
6442:Ocean temperature
6105:Hydrothermal vent
6070:Submarine volcano
6005:Continental shelf
5985:Coastal geography
5975:Bathymetric chart
5857:Amphidromic point
5545:Wave nonlinearity
5403:Infragravity wave
5288:
5287:
5102:East Pacific Rise
4352:978-0-7546-7133-6
4322:978-0-387-95560-5
4164:"Subduction Zone"
4090:(Press release).
4023:Nature Geoscience
3850:(6436): 181â184.
3791:Gondwana Research
3554:, pp. 17â18.
3508:Nature Geoscience
3487:, pp. 27â31.
3462:Pyroclastic rocks
3411:, pp. 24â25.
3326:Exploring Geology
3310:978-0-321-59257-6
3251:(20): 8177â8182.
3163:(6010): 428â430.
2953:Nature Geoscience
2917:(12): 1621â1636.
2349:(5989): 316â319.
2271:(5467): 542â545.
2231:Front. Earth Sci.
2088:(7091): 333â336.
1988:(10): 4945â4953.
1862:, pp. 19â22.
1782:, pp. 25â26.
1615:978-1-5015-0947-6
1338:978-0-931541-61-2
1174:continental crust
1155:mantle convection
1118:intransitive verb
716:continental crust
648:pelagic sediments
629:path through the
562:End of subduction
548:analogue modeling
406:, or dehydration
268:outer trench high
196:radioactive decay
160:mantle convection
119:mountain building
16:(Redirected from
6592:
6547:
6546:
6535:
6534:
6525:
6524:
6464:Pelagic sediment
6402:Marine pollution
6196:Deep ocean water
6065:Submarine canyon
6000:Continental rise
5892:Rule of twelfths
5807:Sverdrup balance
5737:Humboldt Current
5662:Boundary current
5637:
5626:
5443:Radiation stress
5413:Iribarren number
5388:Equatorial waves
5343:Ballantine scale
5338:Airy wave theory
5315:
5308:
5301:
5292:
5276:
5275:
5264:
5263:
5252:
5251:
5241:
5240:
5142:Kolbeinsey Ridge
4618:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4518:
4477:
4475:
4450:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4403:on July 19, 2011
4399:. Archived from
4393:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4373:. Archived from
4363:
4357:
4356:
4336:
4327:
4326:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4265:
4255:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4174:on 23 April 2021
4160:
4154:
4153:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4086:(July 6, 2017).
4080:
4074:
4073:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4043:10.1038/ngeo2605
4014:
4001:
4000:
3989:10.1130/G21365.1
3964:
3958:
3957:
3947:
3907:
3894:
3893:
3867:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3822:
3814:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3756:(6): 1860â1883.
3741:
3735:
3734:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3702:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3674:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3593:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3540:
3539:
3528:10.1038/ngeo1246
3499:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3433:
3427:
3426:, pp. 1â38.
3421:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3270:
3260:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3177:10.1038/314428a0
3154:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3002:Yin, A. (2012).
2999:
2993:
2992:
2973:10.1038/ngeo2515
2950:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2889:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2844:
2836:
2834:
2817:(3): 1081â1091.
2802:
2796:
2795:
2753:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2727:
2717:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2666:. Archived from
2627:
2621:
2620:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2575:
2526:
2517:
2516:
2499:(3â4): 275â292.
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2453:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2421:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2285:10.1038/250542a0
2260:
2254:
2251:https://doi.org/
2247:
2241:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2143:(4): 1807â1816.
2128:
2122:
2121:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2015:
2005:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1937:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1874:, p. 27-28.
1869:
1863:
1857:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1835:, pp. 6â10.
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1711:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1640:Chemical Geology
1631:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1446:(3â4): 395â411.
1440:Chemical Geology
1435:
1429:
1423:
1412:
1411:
1393:
1387:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1308:
1280:
1103:transitive verbs
1049:oceanic trenches
696:Mount St. Helens
678:continental arcs
552:transform faults
487:Laramide Orogeny
472:Taitao Peninsula
430:Subduction angle
211:mid-ocean ridges
168:oceanic trenches
21:
6600:
6599:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6575:Plate tectonics
6560:
6559:
6558:
6553:
6541:
6513:
6352:
6326:
6288:
6269:Sea-level curve
6240:
6179:
6165:Transform fault
6115:Mid-ocean ridge
6081:
6074:
6040:Oceanic plateau
5946:
5932:Tidal resonance
5902:Theory of tides
5843:
5752:Longshore drift
5702:Ekman transport
5638:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5618:
5570:Wave turbulence
5503:Trochoidal wave
5428:Longshore drift
5324:
5319:
5289:
5284:
5235:
5226:
5178:
5152:Reykjanes Ridge
5137:Knipovich Ridge
5082:Carlsberg Ridge
5063:
4980:
4886:North GalĂĄpagos
4707:
4619:
4610:
4579:Indo-Australian
4550:
4548:Tectonic plates
4545:
4484:
4453:
4424:
4421:
4416:
4406:
4404:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4380:
4378:
4377:on June 5, 2011
4365:
4364:
4360:
4353:
4338:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4294:
4292:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4177:
4175:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4114:
4112:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4016:
4015:
4004:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3909:
3908:
3897:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3815:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3714:
3712:
3704:
3703:
3690:
3651:Geophys. J. Int
3644:
3643:
3639:
3630:
3628:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3550:
3543:
3514:(10): 703â706.
3501:
3500:
3491:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3445:
3443:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3422:
3415:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3224:
3222:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3189:
3187:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3095:, pp. 6â7.
3091:
3084:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2948:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2866:J. Geophys. Res
2859:
2858:
2854:
2837:
2811:Geophys. J. Int
2804:
2803:
2799:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2673:
2671:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2432:
2430:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2248:
2244:
2228:
2224:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2166:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2034:
2033:
2029:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1722:
1720:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1555:, pp. 1â4.
1551:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1415:
1408:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1213:
1139:
1084:plate tectonics
1076:Aleutian Trench
1062:researched the
1022:
948:
942:
914:
882:
869:
845:exotic terranes
840:
834:
758:
744:
736:
686:Aleutian Trench
662:
656:
611:
605:
600:
564:
543:
538:
491:Rocky Mountains
480:spreading ridge
432:
404:thermal runaway
376:
360:thrust faulting
351:back-arc region
336:Nevado del Ruiz
263:
258:
237:plate tectonics
184:tectonic plates
176:plate tectonics
141:
139:Plate tectonics
135:
127:back-arc basins
70:subduction zone
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6598:
6596:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6562:
6561:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6539:
6529:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6489:Stratification
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6460:
6459:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6381:
6379:Color of water
6376:
6374:Benthic lander
6371:
6366:
6360:
6358:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6334:
6332:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6298:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6286:
6281:
6279:Sea level rise
6276:
6274:Sea level drop
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6250:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6187:
6185:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6110:Marine geology
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6086:
6084:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6050:Passive margin
6047:
6045:Oceanic trench
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5956:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5853:
5851:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5777:Ocean dynamics
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5667:Coriolis force
5664:
5659:
5654:
5648:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5488:Stokes problem
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5423:Kinematic wave
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5334:
5332:
5326:
5325:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5310:
5303:
5295:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5270:
5258:
5246:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5188:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5107:Explorer Ridge
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5073:
5071:
5069:Oceanic ridges
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4999:Bellingshausen
4996:
4990:
4988:
4986:Ancient plates
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4946:South Sandwich
4943:
4941:South Bismarck
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4881:North Bismarck
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4821:Juan FernĂĄndez
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4717:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4629:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4606:South American
4603:
4598:
4596:North American
4593:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4560:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4496:
4491:
4483:
4482:External links
4480:
4479:
4478:
4451:
4433:(3): 221â228.
4420:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4388:
4358:
4351:
4328:
4321:
4301:
4277:
4218:
4185:
4155:
4141:
4122:
4097:
4075:
4056:
4002:
3975:(7): 557â560.
3959:
3895:
3830:
3797:(2): 546â560.
3777:
3736:
3721:
3688:
3657:(2): 479â485.
3637:
3613:
3556:
3541:
3489:
3477:
3470:
3452:
3428:
3413:
3401:
3394:
3376:
3341:
3335:978-0073524122
3334:
3316:
3309:
3291:
3282:
3231:
3206:
3197:
3140:
3113:(2): 125â153.
3097:
3082:
3049:Tectonophysics
3035:
3029:10.1130/L195.1
3014:(6): 553â593.
2994:
2959:(9): 728â733.
2936:
2901:
2872:(B8): B08411.
2852:
2797:
2739:
2680:
2622:
2603:(1â2): 15â30.
2587:
2518:
2483:
2439:
2384:
2333:
2314:(3): 341â361.
2298:
2255:
2242:
2222:
2195:(4): 651â682.
2179:
2164:
2123:
2072:
2027:
1965:
1923:
1888:
1876:
1864:
1849:
1845:Schmincke 2003
1837:
1825:
1784:
1772:
1745:(5): 457â475.
1729:
1673:
1626:
1614:
1584:
1572:
1557:
1545:
1533:
1498:
1485:(4): 495â519.
1465:
1430:
1413:
1406:
1388:
1373:
1356:
1344:
1337:
1319:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1212:
1209:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1177:
1158:
1138:
1135:
1122:reflexive verb
1112:Geology makes
1060:George Plafker
1053:Earth's mantle
1031:served in the
1021:
1018:
1009:Earth's mantle
997:magnesium-rich
995:reflects more
993:Neoproterozoic
941:
938:
913:
910:
909:
908:
902:
896:
881:
878:
868:
865:
836:Main article:
833:
830:
754:Main article:
743:
740:
734:
658:Main article:
655:
652:
607:Main article:
604:
601:
599:
596:
563:
560:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
532:
513:Mariana Trench
448:
447:
431:
428:
375:
374:Deep structure
372:
368:back-arc basin
340:Mount Vesuvius
278:oceanic trench
262:
259:
257:
254:
178:, the Earth's
134:
131:
66:tectonic plate
58:Earth's mantle
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6597:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6538:
6530:
6528:
6520:
6519:
6516:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6397:Marine energy
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6364:Acidification
6362:
6361:
6359:
6355:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6329:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6317:SOFAR channel
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6295:
6291:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6247:
6243:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6182:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6125:Oceanic crust
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6100:Fracture zone
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6077:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6035:Oceanic basin
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5965:Abyssal plain
5963:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5953:
5949:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5872:Internal tide
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5767:Ocean current
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5645:
5641:
5636:
5625:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5565:Wave shoaling
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5525:Ursell number
5523:
5521:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5408:Internal wave
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5358:Breaking wave
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5316:
5311:
5309:
5304:
5302:
5297:
5296:
5293:
5281:
5280:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5229:
5223:
5222:Phoenix Ridge
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4736:Balmoral Reef
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4617:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4542:
4537:
4535:
4530:
4528:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4474:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4359:
4354:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4305:
4302:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4273:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4219:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4189:
4186:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4156:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4123:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3963:
3960:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3831:
3826:
3820:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3778:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3737:
3732:
3725:
3722:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3641:
3638:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3453:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3402:
3397:
3395:9781118668573
3391:
3387:
3380:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3317:
3312:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3232:
3221:on 2018-12-29
3220:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3036:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2681:
2670:on 2022-02-10
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2642:(7): Q07001.
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2484:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2462:(9): Q09006.
2461:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2073:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1889:
1886:, p. 31.
1885:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1730:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1709:10044/1/69387
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1627:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1543:, p. 15.
1542:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1407:9783540436508
1403:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1189:
1186:
1185:calc-alkaline
1182:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1170:fractionation
1167:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1027:, who during
1026:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:oceanic crust
998:
994:
990:
986:
984:
980:
976:
973:found in the
972:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
947:
939:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
911:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
890:
889:
886:
879:
877:
873:
866:
864:
860:
856:
854:
850:
846:
839:
831:
829:
827:
822:
818:
817:discontinuity
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
796:
792:
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
768:
762:
757:
748:
741:
739:
732:
727:
725:
721:
717:
711:
709:
708:volcanic arcs
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
661:
654:Arc magmatism
653:
651:
649:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
610:
602:
597:
595:
593:
592:Vitiaz Trench
589:
584:
583:
580:
575:
574:
569:
561:
559:
555:
553:
549:
540:
535:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
509:
508:oceanic crust
505:
504:
503:
501:
496:
495:United States
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
445:
444:volcanic gaps
441:
438:
437:
436:
429:
427:
425:
424:mantle plumes
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:embrittlement
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
373:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
303:
302:
301:volcanic arcs
296:
293:
289:
288:
282:
280:
279:
274:
270:
269:
260:
255:
253:
250:
246:
240:
238:
233:
231:
227:
226:
219:
217:
216:asthenosphere
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
169:
165:
161:
156:
150:
145:
140:
132:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
85:asthenosphere
82:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
33:
19:
6504:Water column
6452:Oceanography
6427:Observations
6422:Explorations
6392:Marginal sea
6385:
6343:OSTM/Jason-2
6175:Volcanic arc
6159:
6150:Slab suction
5867:Head of tide
5757:Loop Current
5697:Ekman spiral
5483:Stokes drift
5393:Gravity wave
5368:Cnoidal wave
5277:
5265:
5253:
5234:
5112:Gakkel Ridge
5024:Intermontane
4816:Juan de Fuca
4673:New Hebrides
4625:Minor plates
4556:Major plates
4463:
4459:
4430:
4426:
4405:. Retrieved
4401:the original
4391:
4381:18 September
4379:. Retrieved
4375:the original
4370:
4361:
4341:
4311:
4304:
4293:. Retrieved
4290:www.usgs.gov
4289:
4280:
4235:
4231:
4221:
4202:
4198:
4188:
4176:. Retrieved
4172:the original
4167:
4158:
4144:
4135:
4125:
4113:. Retrieved
4109:
4106:"subduction"
4100:
4078:
4069:
4065:
4059:
4026:
4022:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3919:
3915:
3847:
3843:
3833:
3819:cite journal
3794:
3790:
3780:
3753:
3749:
3739:
3730:
3724:
3713:. Retrieved
3709:
3682:10261/237992
3654:
3650:
3640:
3629:. Retrieved
3626:ScienceDaily
3625:
3616:
3573:
3569:
3559:
3511:
3507:
3480:
3461:
3455:
3444:. Retrieved
3441:ScienceDaily
3440:
3431:
3404:
3385:
3379:
3357:(3â4): 375.
3354:
3350:
3344:
3325:
3319:
3300:
3294:
3285:
3248:
3244:
3234:
3223:. Retrieved
3219:the original
3209:
3200:
3188:. Retrieved
3160:
3156:
3143:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2956:
2952:
2939:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2869:
2865:
2855:
2841:cite journal
2814:
2810:
2800:
2759:
2755:
2742:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2672:. Retrieved
2668:the original
2639:
2635:
2625:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2539:
2535:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2459:
2455:
2442:
2431:. Retrieved
2401:
2397:
2387:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2311:
2308:GSA Bulletin
2307:
2301:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2245:
2230:
2225:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2177:, p. 1.
2140:
2136:
2126:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2066:11590/315613
2040:
2036:
2030:
1985:
1981:
1946:(B1): 2030.
1943:
1939:
1926:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1879:
1867:
1840:
1828:
1804:(1): 88â93.
1801:
1797:
1787:
1775:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1721:. Retrieved
1691:
1687:
1676:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1619:, retrieved
1597:
1587:
1582:, p. 4.
1575:
1566:
1560:
1548:
1536:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1428:, p. 5.
1397:
1391:
1381:
1376:
1354:, p. 3.
1347:
1328:
1322:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1264:Wilson Cycle
1252:Ring of Fire
1194:
1140:
1130:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1098:
1097:(from Latin
1094:
1090:
1088:
1079:
1057:
1043:. Since the
1029:World War II
1023:
1016:1.0 Ga ago.
987:
949:
915:
904:
898:
892:
887:
883:
874:
870:
861:
857:
841:
813:
803:
799:
771:
763:
759:
731:Carbon cycle
728:
712:
690:
680:such as the
663:
660:Volcanic arc
623:metamorphism
616:
612:
603:Metamorphism
577:
571:
565:
556:
544:
529:marginal sea
511:lies in the
484:
449:
433:
416:lower mantle
384:geochemistry
377:
348:
319:flux melting
299:
297:
285:
283:
276:
272:
266:
264:
244:
241:
234:
223:
220:
200:
173:
123:metamorphism
101:
89:upper mantle
78:
73:
69:
45:
44:
6585:Lithosphere
6494:Thermocline
6211:Mesopelagic
6184:Ocean zones
6155:Slab window
6020:Hydrography
5960:Abyssal fan
5927:Tidal range
5917:Tidal power
5912:Tidal force
5797:Rip current
5732:Gulf Stream
5692:Ekman layer
5682:Downwelling
5657:Baroclinity
5644:Circulation
5540:Wave height
5530:Wave action
5513:megatsunami
5493:Stokes wave
5453:Rossby wave
5418:Kelvin wave
5398:Green's law
5197:Alpha Ridge
5192:Aegir Ridge
5147:Mohns Ridge
5122:Gorda Ridge
5097:Cocos Ridge
5092:Chile Ridge
4936:Solomon Sea
4876:North Andes
4866:Molucca Sea
4761:Conway Reef
4746:Bird's Head
4713:Microplates
4466:(7): 4â10.
4407:February 8,
4115:31 December
4092:Eurekalert!
3922:(1): 2790.
3055:: 173â198.
3008:Lithosphere
2981:1874/330065
2542:(1): 3750.
2043:: 189â201.
1904:: 227â254.
1291:(4): 1012,
1258:Slab window
1147:lithosphere
1131:to override
1005:greenschist
981:ago in the
930:Phanerozoic
926:carbon sink
666:island arcs
464:Nazca Ridge
460:Norte Chico
388:earthquakes
180:lithosphere
115:deformation
103:Earthquakes
6570:Subduction
6564:Categories
6432:Reanalysis
6331:Satellites
6312:Sofar bomb
6160:Subduction
6135:Ridge push
6030:Ocean bank
6010:Contourite
5937:Tide gauge
5922:Tidal race
5907:Tidal bore
5897:Slack tide
5862:Earth tide
5782:Ocean gyre
5602:Wind setup
5597:Wind fetch
5560:Wave setup
5555:Wave radar
5550:Wave power
5448:Rogue wave
5378:Dispersion
5077:Aden Ridge
4926:Seychelles
4841:Madagascar
4726:Aegean Sea
4683:Philippine
4584:Australian
4295:2017-06-21
4263:2164/13157
4238:: 104080.
3715:2017-12-02
3631:2017-06-21
3552:Stern 2002
3485:Stern 2002
3471:3540127569
3446:2017-06-21
3424:Stern 2002
3409:Stern 2002
3225:2021-04-11
3190:4 December
3107:Island Arc
3093:Stern 2002
2674:2016-07-22
2433:2018-06-05
2175:Stern 2002
1884:Stern 2002
1872:Stern 2002
1860:Stern 2002
1833:Stern 2002
1780:Stern 2002
1723:2021-02-27
1621:2021-02-27
1580:Stern 2002
1553:Stern 2002
1541:Stern 2002
1426:Stern 2002
1369:Stern 2002
1352:Stern 2002
1271:References
1137:Importance
1114:to subduct
1095:to subduce
1091:to subduct
989:Blueschist
964:ophiolites
960:blueschist
944:See also:
922:ophiolites
853:ophiolites
805:Outer rise
780:, and the
704:Mount Fuji
700:Mount Etna
635:blueschist
521:ophiolites
476:Chile Rise
380:geophysics
346:deposits.
249:serpentine
188:convection
162:: Oceanic
137:See also:
46:Subduction
18:Subducting
6294:Acoustics
6246:Sea level
6145:Slab pull
6082:tectonics
5990:Cold seep
5952:Landforms
5829:Whirlpool
5824:Upwelling
5607:Wind wave
5535:Wave base
5463:Sea state
5383:Edge wave
5373:Cross sea
4966:Trobriand
4871:Niuafoâou
4826:Kerguelen
4801:Halmahera
4796:Greenland
4781:GalĂĄpagos
4751:Capricorn
4741:Banda Sea
4731:Anatolian
4648:Caribbean
4569:Antarctic
4460:GSA Today
4272:0264-8172
4178:4 January
4051:130847333
4029:(1): 60.
3874:0036-8075
3750:Geosphere
3600:0036-8075
3536:1752-0894
3135:128908164
2896:130779676
2564:2041-1723
2217:130912355
1767:129797807
1718:134704781
1668:0009-2541
1398:Volcanism
1315:247695067
1240:Obduction
1107:subducted
1099:subducere
1080:subducted
1058:In 1964,
971:xenoliths
918:obduction
692:Volcanoes
582:accretion
230:Sediments
107:volcanism
56:into the
6527:Category
6479:Seawater
6206:Littoral
6201:Deep sea
6060:Seamount
5942:Tideline
5887:Rip tide
5817:shutdown
5787:Overflow
5520:Undertow
5363:Clapotis
5267:Category
5059:Kshiroda
5044:Malvinas
5014:Farallon
5009:Cimmeria
4976:Woodlark
4971:Victoria
4931:Shetland
4831:Kermadec
4771:Explorer
4721:Adriatic
4653:Caroline
4574:Eurasian
4066:Geotimes
3954:30018373
3890:78094267
3882:30872536
3608:27885027
3277:21536910
3077:53970781
2989:29775269
2792:31707224
2784:12242439
2734:27821756
2664:18412472
2582:32719322
2428:27885027
2379:12044269
2371:20647465
2110:16710418
2022:31413424
1646:: 6â15.
1211:See also
1116:into an
1086:theory.
968:Eclogite
956:eclogite
791:tsunamis
720:Aerosols
672:and the
639:eclogite
590:and the
525:back-arc
517:Jurassic
500:basement
466:and the
332:Krakatoa
93:buoyancy
54:recycled
6537:Commons
6407:Mooring
6357:Related
6348:Jason-3
6338:Jason-1
6221:Pelagic
6216:Oceanic
6191:Benthic
5508:Tsunami
5478:Soliton
5279:Commons
5054:Phoenix
5029:Izanagi
5019:Insular
5004:Charcot
4921:Sangihe
4891:Okinawa
4861:Mariana
4846:Malpelo
4836:Lwandle
4811:Iranian
4806:Iberian
4703:Yangtze
4678:Okhotsk
4638:Arabian
4633:Amurian
4601:Pacific
4564:African
4435:Bibcode
4240:Bibcode
4031:Bibcode
3977:Bibcode
3969:Geology
3945:6050299
3924:Bibcode
3852:Bibcode
3844:Science
3799:Bibcode
3758:Bibcode
3659:Bibcode
3578:Bibcode
3570:Science
3516:Bibcode
3359:Bibcode
3268:3100975
3185:4341305
3165:Bibcode
3115:Bibcode
3057:Bibcode
3016:Bibcode
2961:Bibcode
2919:Bibcode
2874:Bibcode
2819:Bibcode
2764:Bibcode
2756:Science
2725:5127376
2702:Bibcode
2644:Bibcode
2605:Bibcode
2573:7385650
2544:Bibcode
2501:Bibcode
2464:Bibcode
2406:Bibcode
2398:Science
2351:Bibcode
2343:Science
2316:Bibcode
2293:4173349
2273:Bibcode
2197:Bibcode
2145:Bibcode
2118:4408681
2090:Bibcode
2045:Bibcode
2013:6686211
1990:Bibcode
1948:Bibcode
1906:Bibcode
1806:Bibcode
1747:Bibcode
1648:Bibcode
1516:Bibcode
1448:Bibcode
1293:Bibcode
1191:impact.
1162:aqueous
1151:density
1074:in the
838:Orogeny
832:Orogeny
724:climate
670:Mariana
643:Zeolite
631:zeolite
579:terrane
493:of the
489:in the
364:tension
356:folding
323:diapirs
306:hydrous
287:forearc
60:at the
6226:Photic
6055:Seabed
5468:Seiche
4994:Baltic
4916:Rovuma
4911:Rivera
4896:Panama
4786:Gonâve
4776:Futuna
4766:Easter
4693:Somali
4688:Scotia
4663:Indian
4589:Indian
4349:
4319:
4270:
4049:
3997:907243
3995:
3952:
3942:
3888:
3880:
3872:
3606:
3598:
3534:
3468:
3392:
3332:
3307:
3275:
3265:
3183:
3157:Nature
3133:
3075:
2987:
2894:
2790:
2782:
2732:
2722:
2662:
2580:
2570:
2562:
2426:
2377:
2369:
2291:
2265:Nature
2233:8:26.
2215:
2116:
2108:
2082:Nature
2020:
2010:
1765:
1716:
1666:
1612:
1404:
1335:
1313:
1201:mantle
1181:mantle
1166:fluids
1120:and a
1068:Alaska
702:, and
637:, and
390:, the
338:, and
295:arcs.
207:mantle
192:mantle
164:plates
121:, and
6417:Ocean
6386:Alvin
6236:Swash
6080:Plate
6025:Knoll
6015:Guyot
5970:Atoll
5849:Tides
5612:model
5498:Swell
5330:Waves
5039:Lhasa
4961:Tonga
4956:Tisza
4951:Timor
4901:Pelso
4856:Maoke
4851:Manus
4791:Gorda
4756:Coiba
4698:Sunda
4668:Nazca
4658:Cocos
4643:Burma
4047:S2CID
3993:S2CID
3886:S2CID
3181:S2CID
3153:(PDF)
3131:S2CID
3073:S2CID
2985:S2CID
2949:(PDF)
2892:S2CID
2788:S2CID
2752:(PDF)
2660:S2CID
2452:(PDF)
2375:S2CID
2289:S2CID
2213:S2CID
2114:S2CID
1936:(PDF)
1763:S2CID
1714:S2CID
1311:S2CID
1093:, or
674:Tonga
452:Andes
315:magma
203:crust
6384:DSV
6369:Argo
6231:Surf
5687:Eddy
5255:List
5034:Kula
4409:2012
4383:2010
4347:ISBN
4317:ISBN
4268:ISSN
4180:2021
4117:2020
3950:PMID
3878:PMID
3870:ISSN
3825:link
3604:PMID
3596:ISSN
3532:ISSN
3466:ISBN
3390:ISBN
3330:ISBN
3305:ISBN
3273:PMID
3192:2020
2847:link
2780:PMID
2730:PMID
2694:PNAS
2578:PMID
2560:ISSN
2424:PMID
2367:PMID
2106:PMID
2018:PMID
1664:ISSN
1610:ISBN
1402:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1126:slab
958:and
485:The
478:, a
382:and
358:and
317:via
225:slab
111:belt
97:slab
5049:Moa
4468:doi
4443:doi
4258:hdl
4248:doi
4236:112
4207:doi
4199:Eos
4039:doi
3985:doi
3940:PMC
3932:doi
3860:doi
3848:364
3807:doi
3766:doi
3677:hdl
3667:doi
3655:141
3586:doi
3574:354
3524:doi
3367:doi
3355:260
3263:PMC
3253:doi
3249:108
3173:doi
3161:314
3123:doi
3065:doi
3053:746
3024:doi
2977:hdl
2969:doi
2927:doi
2915:104
2882:doi
2870:113
2827:doi
2815:160
2772:doi
2760:297
2720:PMC
2710:doi
2698:113
2652:doi
2613:doi
2601:212
2568:PMC
2552:doi
2509:doi
2497:226
2472:doi
2414:doi
2402:354
2359:doi
2347:329
2324:doi
2281:doi
2269:250
2235:doi
2205:doi
2153:doi
2141:118
2098:doi
2086:441
2061:hdl
2053:doi
2041:463
2008:PMC
1998:doi
1956:doi
1944:108
1914:doi
1814:doi
1755:doi
1704:hdl
1696:doi
1692:100
1688:Eos
1656:doi
1644:418
1602:doi
1524:doi
1487:doi
1456:doi
1444:145
1301:doi
1066:in
576:or
344:ore
271:or
245:via
113:of
6566::
4464:15
4462:.
4458:.
4441:.
4431:46
4429:.
4369:.
4331:^
4288:.
4266:.
4256:.
4246:.
4234:.
4230:.
4205:.
4203:96
4201:.
4197:.
4166:.
4134:.
4108:.
4070:13
4068:.
4045:.
4037:.
4025:.
4021:.
4005:^
3991:.
3983:.
3973:33
3971:.
3948:.
3938:.
3930:.
3918:.
3914:.
3898:^
3884:.
3876:.
3868:.
3858:.
3846:.
3842:.
3821:}}
3817:{{
3805:.
3795:25
3793:.
3789:.
3764:.
3754:11
3752:.
3748:.
3708:.
3691:^
3675:.
3665:.
3653:.
3649:.
3624:.
3602:.
3594:.
3584:.
3572:.
3568:.
3544:^
3530:.
3522:.
3510:.
3506:.
3492:^
3439:.
3416:^
3365:.
3353:.
3271:.
3261:.
3247:.
3243:.
3179:.
3171:.
3159:.
3155:.
3129:.
3121:.
3109:.
3085:^
3071:.
3063:.
3051:.
3047:.
3022:.
3010:.
3006:.
2983:.
2975:.
2967:.
2955:.
2951:.
2925:.
2913:.
2890:.
2880:.
2868:.
2864:.
2843:}}
2839:{{
2825:.
2813:.
2809:.
2786:.
2778:.
2770:.
2758:.
2754:.
2728:.
2718:.
2708:.
2696:.
2692:.
2658:.
2650:.
2638:.
2634:.
2611:.
2599:.
2576:.
2566:.
2558:.
2550:.
2540:11
2538:.
2534:.
2521:^
2507:.
2495:.
2470:.
2458:.
2454:.
2422:.
2412:.
2400:.
2396:.
2373:.
2365:.
2357:.
2345:.
2322:.
2312:94
2310:.
2287:.
2279:.
2267:.
2211:.
2203:.
2193:59
2191:.
2167:^
2151:.
2139:.
2135:.
2112:.
2104:.
2096:.
2084:.
2059:.
2051:.
2039:.
2016:.
2006:.
1996:.
1986:43
1984:.
1980:.
1968:^
1954:.
1942:.
1938:.
1912:.
1902:17
1900:.
1852:^
1812:.
1802:40
1800:.
1796:.
1761:.
1753:.
1743:41
1741:.
1712:.
1702:.
1694:.
1690:.
1686:.
1662:.
1654:.
1642:.
1638:.
1608:,
1596:,
1522:.
1512:83
1510:.
1481:.
1477:.
1454:.
1442:.
1416:^
1359:^
1309:,
1299:,
1289:40
1287:,
1164:)
1055:.
979:Ga
698:,
617:A
594:.
482:.
426:.
410:.
402:,
370:.
334:,
129:.
5314:e
5307:t
5300:v
4540:e
4533:t
4526:v
4476:.
4470::
4449:.
4445::
4437::
4411:.
4385:.
4355:.
4325:.
4298:.
4274:.
4260::
4250::
4242::
4215:.
4209::
4182:.
4119:.
4094:.
4053:.
4041::
4033::
4027:9
3999:.
3987::
3979::
3956:.
3934::
3926::
3920:9
3892:.
3862::
3854::
3827:)
3813:.
3809::
3801::
3774:.
3768::
3760::
3718:.
3685:.
3679::
3669::
3661::
3634:.
3610:.
3588::
3580::
3538:.
3526::
3518::
3512:4
3474:.
3449:.
3398:.
3373:.
3369::
3361::
3338:.
3313:.
3279:.
3255::
3228:.
3194:.
3175::
3167::
3137:.
3125::
3117::
3111:8
3079:.
3067::
3059::
3032:.
3026::
3018::
3012:4
2991:.
2979::
2971::
2963::
2957:8
2933:.
2929::
2921::
2898:.
2884::
2876::
2849:)
2835:.
2829::
2821::
2794:.
2774::
2766::
2736:.
2712::
2704::
2677:.
2654::
2646::
2640:5
2619:.
2615::
2607::
2584:.
2554::
2546::
2515:.
2511::
2503::
2480:.
2474::
2466::
2460:6
2436:.
2416::
2408::
2381:.
2361::
2353::
2330:.
2326::
2318::
2295:.
2283::
2275::
2237::
2219:.
2207::
2199::
2161:.
2155::
2147::
2120:.
2100::
2092::
2069:.
2063::
2055::
2047::
2024:.
2000::
1992::
1962:.
1958::
1950::
1920:.
1916::
1908::
1822:.
1816::
1808::
1769:.
1757::
1749::
1726:.
1706::
1698::
1670:.
1658::
1650::
1604::
1530:.
1526::
1518::
1495:.
1489::
1483:3
1462:.
1458::
1450::
1410:.
1371:.
1341:.
1303::
1295::
1157:.
735:2
531:.
446:.
170:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
