Female infertility - Knowledge (XXG)

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infertility included the South American countries of Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia, as well as in Poland, Kenya, and Republic of Korea. The highest rate regions included Eastern Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, Oceania, and Sub-Saharan Africa. The prevalence of primary infertility has increased since 1990, but secondary infertility has decreased overall. Rates decreased (although not prevalence) of female infertility in high-income, Central/Eastern Europe, and Central Asia regions. Female infertility is prevalent across the globe.

1251:, that we see only the uterus. This test is used to check if the tubes are permeable or if there is any obstacle in the path to the uterus. We have to introduce a liquid contrast via vagina, and we check its path via x-ray. If the tube is blocked, the contrast liquid will be stopped in the tubes, but if it's not blocked, it will end in the abdominal cavity. The flow of this contrast needs peristaltic movements. This blockage can be produced by sexually transmitted infections, previous surgery, peritonitis or endometriosis. 210:. Also, cigarette smoking interferes with folliculogenesis, embryo transport, endometrial receptivity, endometrial angiogenesis, uterine blood flow and the uterine myometrium. Some damage is irreversible, but stopping smoking can prevent further damage. Smokers are 60% more likely to be infertile than non-smokers. Smoking reduces the chances of IVF producing a live birth by 34% and increases the risk of an IVF pregnancy miscarrying by 30%. Also, female smokers have an earlier onset of 260:

approximately 800 live births for normal weight and 690 live births for overweight and obese anovulatory women. For ovulatory women, the study counted approximately 700 live births for normal weight, 550 live births for overweight and 530 live births for obese women. The increase in cost per live birth in anovulatory overweight and obese women were, respectively, 54 and 100% higher than their normal weight counterparts, for ovulatory women they were 44 and 70% higher, respectively.

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do males. The psychological support is fundamental to limit the possibility to drop-out from infertility treatment and reduce the distress level which is strongly associated with lower pregnancy rates. In addition some medications (in particular clomifene citrate) used in the treatment have several side effects which may be an important risk factor for the development of depression.

1237:. A randomized study in 2013 came to the result that the rates of intrauterine pregnancy two years after treatment of ectopic pregnancy are approximately 64% with radical surgery, 67% with medication, and 70% with conservative surgery. In comparison, the cumulative pregnancy rate of women under 40 years of age in the general population over two years is over 90%. 1888:, anxiety, and shame. In addition, blame for not being able to conceive is often put on the female, even if it is the man who is infertile. Women who are not able to conceive can be starved, beaten, and may be neglected financially by her husband as if she had no child bearing use to him. The physical abuse related to infertility may result from this and the 1855:

Women may also sleep with other men in hopes of becoming pregnant. This can be done for many reasons including advice from a traditional healer, or finding if another man was "more compatible". In many cases, the husband was not aware of the extra sexual relations and would not be informed if a woman

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surrounding pregnancy, which affects women around the world. When pregnancy is considered such an important event in life, and considered a "socially unacceptable condition", it can lead to a search for treatment in the form of traditional healers and expensive Western treatments. The limited access

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state that: "A woman of reproductive age who has not conceived after 1 year of unprotected vaginal sexual intercourse, in the absence of any known cause of infertility, should be offered further clinical assessment and investigation along with her partner." It is recommended that a consultation with

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Many women have reported finding treatment for infertility stressful and a cause of relationship difficulties with their partners. The fear of failure was the most important barrier to treatment. Females, in studied cases, typically experience more adverse effects of infertility and treatments than

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in attempt to find a new partner with whom to bear a child. Infertility in many cultures is a reason for divorce, and a way for a man or woman to increase his/her chances of producing an heir. When a woman is divorced, she can lose her security that often comes with land, wealth, and a family. This

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in the first year after menarche, 50% in the third and 10% in the sixth year. A woman's fertility peaks in the early and mid 20s, after which it starts to decline, with this decline being accelerated after age 35. However, the exact estimates of a woman's chances to conceive after a certain age are

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In some cultures, including Botswana and Nigeria, women can select a woman with whom she allows her husband to sleep with in hopes of conceiving a child. Women who are desperate for children may compromise with her husband to select a woman and accept duties of taking care of the children to feel

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and Pakistan. In the United States, and all over the world, infertility and women's infertility at large is an invisible yet debilitating disease that is stigmatized and looked down upon. But, in recent years many have begun to sue organizations for infertility insurance coverage, as the Americans

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poses a high risk of infertility. Chemotherapies with high risk of infertility include procarbazine and other alkylating drugs such as cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, busulfan, melphalan, chlorambucil and chlormethine. Drugs with medium risk include doxorubicin and platinum analogs such as cisplatin

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Men in some countries may find another wife when their first cannot produce a child, hoping that by sleeping with more women he will be able to produce his own child. This can be prevalent in some societies, including Cameroon, Nigeria, Mozambique, Egypt, Botswana, and Bangladesh, among many more

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Sub-Saharan Africa has had decreasing levels of primary infertility from 1990 to 2010. Within the Sub-Saharan region, rates were lowest in Kenya, Zimbabwe, and Rwanda, while the highest rates were in Guinea, Mozambique, Angola, Gabon, and Cameroon along with Northern Africa near the Middle East.

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typically occurs between 44 and 58 years of age. DNA testing is rarely carried out to confirm claims of maternity at advanced ages, but in one large study, among 12,549 African and Middle Eastern immigrant mothers, confirmed by DNA testing, only two mothers were found to be older than fifty, the

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in women. It affects an estimated 48 million women, with the highest prevalence of infertility affecting women in South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa/Middle East, and Central/Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Infertility is caused by many sources, including nutrition, diseases, and other

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behind being unable to bear children. The range of psychological issues pertaining to infertility in women is vast and can include inferiority complex, stress with interpersonal relationships, and possibly major depression and or anxiety. With the impacts of infertility on social life, cultural

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Female infertility varies widely by geographic location around the world. In 2010, there was an estimated 48.5 million infertile couples worldwide, and from 1990 to 2010 there was little change in levels of infertility in most of the world. In 2010, the countries with the lowest rates of female

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The prevalence of female infertility in the Latin America/Caribbean region is typically lower than the global prevalence. However, the greatest rates occurred in Jamaica, Suriname, Haiti, and Trinidad and Tobago. Central and Western Latin America has some of the lowest rates of prevalence. The

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A review from 2010 concluded that overweight and obese subfertile women have a reduced probability of successful fertility treatment and their pregnancies are associated with more complications and higher costs. In hypothetical groups of 1,000 women undergoing fertility care, the study counted

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Robert J. Leke, Jemimah A. Oduma, Susana Bassol-Mayagoitia, Angela Maria Bacha, and Kenneth M. Grigor. "Regional and Geographical Variations in Infertility: Effects of Environmental, Cultural, and Socioeconomic Factors" Environmental Health Perspectives Supplements (101) (Suppl. 2): 73-80

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is the leading cause of acquired infertility. A meta-analysis in 2012 came to the conclusion that there is only little evidence for the surgical principle that using less invasive techniques, introducing less foreign bodies or causing less ischemia reduces the extent and severity of

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Fertility does not ultimately cease before menopause, but it starts declining after age 27 and drops at a somewhat greater rate after age 35. Women whose biological mothers had unusual or abnormal issues related to conceiving may be at particular risk for some conditions, such as

338:(ASA) have been considered as infertility cause in around 10–30% of infertile couples. ASA production are directed against surface antigens on sperm, which can interfere with sperm motility and transport through the female reproductive tract, inhibiting capacitation and 114:

of female infertility (such as smoking, mentioned further below) does not necessarily cause infertility, and even if a woman is definitely infertile, the infertility cannot definitely be blamed on any single risk factor even if the risk factor is (or has been) present.

1548:. Reproductive endocrinologists are usually obstetrician/gynecologists with advanced training in reproductive endocrinology and infertility (in North America). These physicians treat reproductive disorders affecting not only women but also men, children, and teens. 1818:

if she did not bear any children In some African and Asian countries a husband can deprive his infertile wife of food, shelter and other basic necessities like clothing. In Cameroon, a woman may lose access to land from her husband and left on her own in old age.

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and carboplatin. On the other hand, therapies with low risk of gonadotoxicity include plant derivatives such as vincristine and vinblastine, antibiotics such as bleomycin and dactinomycin and antimetabolites such as methotrexate, mercaptopurine and 5-fluorouracil.

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Caburet, Sandrine; Arboleda, Valerie A.; Llano, Elena; Overbeek, Paul A.; Barbero, Jose Luis; Oka, Kazuhiro; Harrison, Wilbur; Vaiman, Daniel; Ben-Neriah, Ziva; García-Tuñón, Ignacio; Fellous, Marc; Pendás, Alberto M.; Veitia, Reiner A.; Vilain, Eric (2014).

1778:. The act of conceiving a child can be linked to the couple's consummation of marriage, and reflect their social role in society. This is seen in the "African infertility belt", where infertility is prevalent in Africa which includes countries spanning from 197:

is harmful to the ovaries, and the degree of damage is dependent upon the amount and length of time a woman smokes or is exposed to a smoke-filled environment. Nicotine and other harmful chemicals in cigarettes interfere with the body's ability to create

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and ICMART is "a disease of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse." Infertility can further be broken down into primary and secondary infertility.

249:. Too much body fat causes production of too much estrogen and the body begins to react as if it is on birth control, limiting the odds of getting pregnant. Too little body fat causes insufficient production of estrogen and disruption of the 4856: 4841: 1848:

where polygamy is more common and more socially acceptable. In couples that are unsuccessful in conceiving, divorce rates are roughly 3.5 times higher than those of couples who are fertile. This was based on those with female infertility.

377:. A review of type 1 diabetes came to the result that, despite modern treatment, women with diabetes are at increased risk of female infertility, such as reflected by delayed puberty and menarche, menstrual irregularities (especially 350:. Factors contributing to the formation of antisperm antibodies in women are disturbance of normal immunoregulatory mechanisms, infection, violation of the integrity of the mucous membranes, rape and unprotected oral or anal sex. 1803:

with Disabilities Act (ADA) has recognized infertility as a disability. This however adds another stigmatization to women suffering from infertility as the word disability has a negative connotation in various world societies.

2644: 1140:•2 of these 3 criteria: 1) Anovulation/oligovulation 2) Hyperandrogenism 3) PCO Ultrasound •Must be excluded: o Congenital Suprarenal hyperplasia o Androgen producer tumors o Hyperprolactinemia Some of PCOS's consequences are: 2211: 173:

not clear, with research giving differing results. The chances of a couple to successfully conceive at an advanced age depend on many factors, including the general health of a woman and the fertility of the male partner.

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causes female infertility, as shown in table below. Also, there are additional conditions involving female infertility which are believed to be genetic but where no single gene has been found to be responsible, notably

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Farhi J, Valentine A, Bahadur G, Shenfield F, Steele SJ, Jacobs HS (1995). "In-vitro cervical mucus-sperm penetration tests and outcome of infertility treatments in couples with repeatedly negative post-coital tests".

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The Evian Annual Reproduction (EVAR) Workshop Group 2010; Fauser, B. C. J. M.; Diedrich, K.; Bouchard, P.; Domínguez, F.; Matzuk, M.; Franks, S.; Hamamah, S.; Simón, C.; Devroey, P.; Ezcurra, D.; Howles, C. M. (2011).

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Boggula VR, Hanukoglu I, Sagiv R, Enuka Y, Hanukoglu A (October 2018). "Expression of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in the endometrium - Implications for fertility in a patient with pseudohypoaldosteronism".

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tradition, pregnancy and birth are considered major life events for a woman, with the ceremonies of nthaa'ra and ntha'ara no mwana, which can only be attended by women who have been pregnant and have had a baby.

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became pregnant by another man. This is not as culturally acceptable however, and can contribute to the gendered suffering of women who have fewer options to become pregnant on their own as opposed to men.

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Raval, H.; Slade, P.; Buck, P.; Lieberman, B. E. (1987-10). "The impact of infertility on emotions and the marital and sexual relationship". Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. 5 (4): 221–234.

1255:•Permeability Hysterosalpingography (HSG) Ultrasoud + Hysterosonosalpingography (HSSG) Chlamydia serology Laparoscopy: methylene blue •Tubal examination (endoscopy): laparoscopy, faloscopy, fertiloscopy 276:

the amount of radiation absorbed by the ovaries will determine if she becomes infertile. High doses can destroy some or all of the eggs in the ovaries and might cause infertility or early menopause.

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Anderson SE, Dallal GE, Must A (April 2003). "Relative weight and race influence average age at menarche: results from two nationally representative surveys of US girls studied 25 years apart".

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issues come from the man. In addition, many societies only tend to value a woman if she is able to produce at least one child, and a marriage can be considered a failure when the couple cannot

6208: 5791: 1370:, that is, have an improper set of chromosomes. Human genetic variants that likely cause dysregulation of critical meiotic processes have been identified in 14 female infertility associated 443:

reduces the risk. Some authors suggest that physicians should investigate the presence of undiagnosed coeliac disease in women with unexplained infertility, recurrent miscarriage or IUGR.

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Guven MA, Dilek U, Pata O, Dilek S, Ciragil P (2007). "Prevalence of Chlamydia trochomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis infections in the unexplained infertile women".

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McQuillian, J., Greil, A.L., White, L., Jacob, M.C. (2003). "Frustrated Fertility: Infertility and Psychological Distress among Women." Journal of Marriage and Family (65;4): 1007-1018.

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In Asia, the highest rates of combined secondary and primary infertility were in the South Central region, and then in the Southeast region, with the lowest rates in the Western areas.

520:(MRKH). Finally, an unknown number of genetic mutations cause a state of subfertility, which in addition to other factors such as environmental ones may manifest as frank infertility. 1572:

should be made earlier if the woman is aged 36 years or over, or there is a known clinical cause of infertility or a history of predisposing factors for infertility. According to the

253:. Both under and overweight women have irregular cycles in which ovulation does not occur or is inadequate. Proper nutrition in early life is also a major factor for later fertility. 6146: 3685:

Huang, Hua-Lin; Lv, Chao; Zhao, Ying-Chun; Li, Wen; He, Xue-Mei; Li, Ping; Sha, Ai-Guo; Tian, Xiao; Papasian, Christopher J.; Deng, Hong-Wen; Lu, Guang-Xiu; Xiao, Hong-Mei (2014).

2429: 2218: 300:. This loss is not necessarily a direct effect of the chemotherapeutic agents, but could be due to an increased rate of growth initiation to replace damaged developing follicles. 256:

A study in the US indicated that approximately 20% of infertile women had a past or current eating disorder, which is five times higher than the general lifetime prevalence rate.

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refers to the inability to give birth either because of not being able to become pregnant, or carry a child to live birth, which may include miscarriage or a stillborn child.

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Wealth is sometimes measured by the number of children a woman has, as well as inheritance of property. Children can influence financial security in many ways. In Nigeria and

1576:(WHO), infertility can be described as the inability to become pregnant, maintain a pregnancy, or carry a pregnancy to live birth. A clinical definition of infertility by the 225:

are a leading cause of infertility. They often display few, if any visible symptoms, with the risk of failing to seek proper treatment in time to prevent decreased fertility.

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Inhorn, M. C. (2003). "Global infertility and the globalization of new reproductive technologies: illustrations from Egypt." Social Science & Medicine (56): 1837 - 1851.

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There is no unanimous definition of female infertility, because the definition depends on social and physical characteristics which may vary by culture and situation.

2301:"International variability in ages at menarche, first livebirth, and menopause. World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives" 1646:

will impair fertility; obtaining prompt treatment for sexually transmitted infections reduces the likelihood that such infections will do significant damage. Regular

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Sternke, Elizabeth A.; Abrahamson, Kathleen (2015-03-01). "Perceptions of Women with Infertility on Stigma and Disability". Sexuality and Disability. 33 (1): 3–17.

3520: 1920:. The long-term stress involved in attempting to conceive a child and the social pressures behind giving birth can lead to emotional distress that may manifest as 5784: 1381:. This insufficiency is a heterogeneous disease that affects about 1% of women who are under the age of 40. Some instances of female infertility are caused by 900:

46,XY male-to-female sex reversal and streak gonads and congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia; 46,XX gonadal dysgenesis and 46,XX primary ovarian insufficiency

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Matthews A. M.; Matthews R. (1986). "Beyond the Mechanics of Infertility: Perspectives on the Social Psychology of Infertility and Involuntary Childlessness".

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and Nigeria where infertile women have been treated as outcasts to society. This is a humiliating practice which devalues infertile women in society. In the

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In many cases, a woman who cannot bear children is excluded from social and cultural events including traditional ceremonies. This stigmatization is seen in

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Khan, Ambreen Rashid (March 2019). "Impact of Infertility on Mental Health of Women" (PDF). The International Journal of Indian Psychology. 7 (1): 804–809.

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is seen in many cultures throughout the world in varying forms. Often, when women cannot conceive, the blame is put on them, even when approximately 50% of

517: 3427:"Oocyte donation in patients with Turner's syndrome: a successful technique but with an accompanying high risk of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy" 2242: 1864:

can ruin marriages and can lead to distrust in the marriage. The increase of sexual partners can potentially result with the spread of disease including

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in the west. In this region, infertility is highly stigmatized and can be considered a failure of the couple to their societies. This is demonstrated in

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Omberlet, W. (2012). "Global access to infertility care in developing countries: a case of human rights, equity and social justice " FVV in ObGyn: 7-16.

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Rutstein, Shea O., and Iqbal H. Shah. "Infecundity, Infertility, and Childlessness in Developing Countries." DHS Comparative Reports No. 9 (2004): 1-57.

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Salooja N, Szydlo RM, Socie G, et al. (2001). "Pregnancy outcomes after peripheral blood or bone marrow transplantation: a retrospective survey".

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Mogobe, D. K. (2005). "Denying and Preserving Self: Batswana Women's Experiences of Infertility." African Journal of Reproductive Health (9;2): 26-37.

4391: 1928:. There can be considerable social shaming that can lead to intense feelings of sadness and frustration that potentially contribute to depression and 3128:

Qublan HS, Eid SS, Ababneh HA, et al. (2006). "Acquired and inherited thrombophilia: implication in recurrent IVF and embryo transfer failure".

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Forster P, Hohoff C, Dunkelmann B, Schürenkamp M, Pfeiffer H, Neuhuber F, Brinkmann B. (2015) "Elevated germline mutation rate in teenage fathers".

1153:. Female infertility caused by anovulation is called "anovulatory infertility", as opposed to "ovulatory infertility" in which ovulation is present. 1133: 106:

Although factors of female infertility can be classified as either acquired or genetic, female infertility is usually more or less a combination of

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Araoye, M. O. (2003). "Epidemiology of infertility: social problems of the infertile couples." West African journal of medicine (22;2): 190-196.

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Wallace WH, Thomson AB, Saran F, Kelsey TW (2005). "Predicting age of ovarian failure after radiation to a field that includes the ovaries".

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Sultan C, Biason-Lauber A, Philibert P (January 2009). "Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome: recent clinical and genetic findings".

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Gurgan T, Salman C, Demirol A (October 2008). "Pregnancy and assisted reproduction techniques in men and women after cancer treatment".

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malformations of the uterus. Infertility affects women from around the world, and the cultural and social stigma surrounding it varies.

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According to a 2004 DHS report, rates in Africa were highest in Middle and Sub-Saharan Africa, with East Africa's rates close behind.

1692: 1555:. The practice is primarily focused on helping their women to conceive and to correct any issues related to recurring pregnancy loss. 4584:

Dyer, S. J. (2012). "The economic impact of infertility on women in developing countries – a systematic review." FVV in ObGyn: 38-45.

2606:"Economic consequences of overweight and obesity in infertility: a framework for evaluating the costs and outcomes of fertility care" 5974: 5568: 5087: 4635: 2897: 135: 2407: 5954: 5929: 5800: 629: 1880:

of a woman. The devaluation of a wife due to her inability to conceive can lead to domestic abuse and emotional trauma such as

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Gerrits, T. (1997). "Social and cultural aspects of infertility in Mozambique." Patient Education and Counseling (31): 39-48.

1643: 781: 222: 4422: 3003:"Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms" 1892:

that comes with it. In some countries, the emotional and physical abuses that come with infertility can potentially lead to

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Zegers-Hochschild F.; Adamson G.D.; de Mouzon J.; Ishihara O.; Mansour R.; Nygren K.; Sullivan E.; van der Poel S. (2009).

6141: 5979: 5969: 1378: 1208: 1075: 573: 2065:"National, Regional, and Global Trends in Infertility Prevalence Since 1990: A Systematic Analysis of 277 Health Surveys" 881:

X-linked congenital adrenal hypoplasia with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism; dosage-sensitive male-to-female sex reversal

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significance, and psychological factors, “infertility has been classified as one of the greatest stressors of life.”

1437: 1220: 386: 127:(ASRM), age, smoking, sexually transmitted infections, and being overweight or underweight can all affect fertility. 4390:

World Health Organization 2013."Sexual and reproductive health: Infertility definitions and terminology". Available

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to check for problems with sperm surviving in cervical mucous (not commonly used now because of test unreliability).

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highest regions in Latin America and the Caribbean were in the Caribbean Islands and in less developed countries.

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Exposure to radiation poses a high risk of infertility, depending on the frequency, power, and exposure duration.

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Apter D (February 1980). "Serum steroids and pituitary hormones in female puberty: a partly longitudinal study".

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have all been associated with decreased fertility. Eating a well-balanced, nutritious diet, with plenty of fresh

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is the most frequent. This happens when there is a presence of fluid on the tubes. We have some ways to test it:

1129: 1033: 998: 611: 424: 411:. Non-gastrointestinal symptoms of coeliac disease may include disorders of fertility, such as delayed menarche, 313: 293: 1014: 967: 5075: 4871: 3001:

Tersigni C, Castellani R, de Waure C, Fattorossi A, De Spirito M, Gasbarrini A, Scambia G, Di Simone N (2014).

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Biswas, Leelabati; Tyc, Katarzyna; El Yakoubi, Warif; Morgan, Katie; Xing, Jinchuan; Schindler, Karen (2021).

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Brydøy M, Fosså SD, Dahl O, Bjøro T (2007). "Gonadal dysfunction and fertility problems in cancer survivors".

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The emotional strain and stress that comes with infertility in the household can lead to the mistreatment and

308:(FSH) reaches menopausal levels after four series. Other hormonal changes in chemotherapy include decrease in 6020: 6015: 6000: 5846: 5623: 5573: 5529: 5187: 1665: 948: 706: 523: 502: 4018:"Recurrent first trimester pregnancy loss is associated with uterine septum but not with bicornuate uterus" 1624:, and maintaining a normal weight, on the other hand, have been associated with better fertility prospects. 6151: 6085: 6030: 5924: 5913: 5601: 5177: 5016: 4976: 3137: 1924:. Women with infertility might deal with psychological stressors such as denial, anger, grief, guilt, and 1708: 1351: 1297:

was thought to be associated with infertility, but recent studies have not confirmed such an association.

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are cryogenically frozen and ready for her use later in life, reducing her chances of female infertility.

5606: 5460: 5403: 5328: 5266: 5127: 3514: 2344: 1959: 1688: 1586: 1541: 1506: 1060: 849: 393:. Animal models indicate that abnormalities on the molecular level caused by diabetes include defective 301: 2355:

Dechanet C, Anahory T, Mathieu Daude JC, Quantin X, Reyftmann L, Hamamah S, Hedon B, Dechaud H (2011).

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to treatment in many areas can lead to extreme and sometimes illegal acts in order to produce a child.

488:, recovery of gonadal function occurs in 10−14% of cases, and the number of pregnancies observed after 2763:"Dynamics and mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced ovarian follicular depletion in women of fertile age" 6198: 6042: 5934: 5856: 5618: 5043: 1647: 1589:

refers to the inability to conceive or give birth when there was a previous pregnancy or live birth.

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without any known primary cause. It results in negative pregnancy test despite having performed e.g.

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Usually reproductive endocrinology & infertility medical practices do not see women for general

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Shuiqing M, Xuming B, Jinghe L (2002). "Pregnancy and its outcome in women with malformed uterus".

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Whiteford, L. M. (1995). "STIGMA: THE HIDDEN BURDEN OF INFERTILITY." Sot. Sci. Med. (40;1): 27-36.

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Wartofsky L, Van Nostrand D, Burman KD (2006). "Overt and 'subclinical' hypothyroidism in women".

2162:"Age at menarche in Canada: results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children & Youth" 1146:•Higher incidence of spontaneous miscarriage. •Higher risk of developing diabetes mellitus type 2 1045: 6203: 6080: 6047: 5596: 5553: 5519: 5455: 5273: 5256: 5224: 5214: 5070: 5026: 4717: 4267: 4082: 4057:

Tan Y, Bennett MJ (2007). "Urinary catheter stent placement for treatment of cervical stenosis".

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Restrepo, B.; Cardona-Maya, W. (October 2013). "Antisperm antibodies and fertility association".

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techniques under development to detect any mutation in genes associated with female infertility.

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Rosendahl, M.; Andersen, C.; La Cour Freiesleben, N.; Juul, A.; Løssl, K.; Andersen, A. (2010).

1884:. Women are sometimes or often blamed as the cause of a couples' infertility, which can lead to 3054:"Risk of infertility in patients with celiac disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies" 1814:

are decided by the number of children. Also, in some Sub-Saharan countries women may be denied

480:. The radiation dose to the ovaries that generally causes permanent female infertility is 20.3 99:

Causes or factors of female infertility can basically be classified regarding whether they are

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Ten Broek, R. P. G.; Kok- Krant, N.; Bakkum, E. A.; Bleichrodt, R. P.; Van Goor, H. (2012).

2849: 2811: 2774: 2730: 2720: 2670: 2617: 2576: 2535: 2496: 2459: 2368: 2312: 2265: 2183: 2173: 2134: 2086: 2076: 2012: 1974: 1889: 1269: 462: 440: 436: 382: 324: 203: 131: 924: 916: 661: 6136: 6095: 5939: 5541: 5484: 5393: 5357: 5298: 5239: 5097: 5008: 3900: 2433: 2411: 1917: 1885: 1564: 1526: 1430: 1415: 1400: 1283: 1185: 1157: 954: 935: 877:

Dosage-sensitive sex reversal, adrenal hypoplasia critical region, on chromosome X, gene 1

748: 642: 634: 579: 527: 408: 378: 250: 194: 42: 4287:"Anti-Mullerian hormone: ovarian reserve testing and its potential clinical implications" 1540:. If initial treatments are unsuccessful, referral is usually made to physicians who are 1480:, a relatively new surgical technique used for early diagnosis (and immediate treatment). 1123:(as detailed previously) with certain agents have a high risk of toxicity on the ovaries. 1004:

Nonsense mutation leads to defective expression of ENaC in the female reproductive tract

597:

Ovarian dysfunction, hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism and acromesomelic chondrodysplasia

6100: 5716: 5578: 5470: 5430: 5408: 5244: 5107: 5092: 5036: 4481: 4456: 4255: 4219: 4194: 4165: 4140: 3768: 3743: 3719: 3686: 3662: 3629: 3497: 3472: 3106: 2404: 2317: 2300: 2269: 2188: 2161: 2091: 2064: 1921: 1881: 1877: 1635: 1609: 1552: 1081: 534: 180:

oldest mother being 52.1 years at conception (and the youngest mother 10.7 years old).

130:

In broad sense, acquired factors practically include any factor that is not based on a

4034: 4017: 3967: 3352: 152:

A woman's fertility is affected by her age. The average age of a girl's first period (

6187: 6156: 6059: 5724: 5249: 5234: 5197: 5132: 5050: 4070: 2779: 2762: 2581: 2564: 2464: 2447: 1979: 1933: 1913: 1404: 1355: 1347: 1204: 796: 457: 432: 157: 4865: 4086: 3613: 3411: 3368: 3323: 3247: 3070: 3053: 2690: 2285: 2113: 346:, influence on the implantation process, and impaired growth and development of the 6090: 5891: 5769: 5643: 5496: 5375: 5283: 5261: 5202: 5137: 5065: 4980: 4922: 4271: 3837: 2815: 1835: 1827: 1795: 1671: 1477: 1444: 1240: 1120: 929: 718: 285: 269: 51: 3851:

Fernandez, H.; Capmas, P.; Lucot, J. P.; Resch, B.; Panel, P.; Bouyer, J. (2013).

2414:

By the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM). Retrieved on Jan 4, 2009

1798:

and its social implications. This is also seen in some Muslim societies including

484:

at birth, 18.4 Gy at 10 years, 16.5 Gy at 20 years and 14.3 Gy at 30 years. After

4933: 4876: 3307: 3268: 3231: 2081: 1126:

Many genetic defects (as also detailed previously) also disturb ovarian function.

190:

Women and smoking § Unique gender differences and health effects for Females

5808: 5648: 5563: 5536: 5500: 5446: 5367: 5352: 5278: 5165: 5142: 5031: 4906: 4690:

Reproductive Health Outlook (2002). "Infertility: Overview and lessons learned."

4285:

Broer, S. L.; Broekmans, F. J. M.; Laven, J. S. E.; Fauser, B. C. J. M. (2014).

3931: 3914: 3597: 2853: 1969: 1815: 1771: 1767: 1703: 1489: 1471: 1462: 1414:

Hormone testing, to measure levels of female hormones at certain times during a

1150: 738:

Deficiency of follicle-stimulating hormone, primary amenorrhoea and infertility

602: 481: 234: 169: 111: 87: 55: 17: 2962:"Female reproduction and type 1 diabetes: From mechanisms to clinical findings" 2063:

Mascarenhas M.N.; Flaxman S.R.; Boerma T.; Vanderpoel S.; Stevens G.A. (2012).

1597:

Acquired female infertility may be prevented through identified interventions:

814:

Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and insomnia, X-linked Kallmann syndrome (KAL1)

618:

Autosomal 46,XY, male-to-female sex reversal (phenotypically perfect females)

6110: 5896: 5749: 5633: 5583: 5505: 5413: 5344: 5229: 5055: 4928: 4887: 4850: 4806: 4777: 4753: 4736: 3821: 3791: 3759: 3395: 2674: 1823: 1811: 1650:(including pap smears) help detect early signs of infections or abnormalities. 1382: 1367: 1350:

specific to germ cells, produces egg cells in women. During meiosis, accurate

1329: 890: 606: 402: 238: 75: 4312: 4210: 4141:"Meiosis interrupted: The genetics of female infertility via meiotic failure" 4114: 3710: 3653: 3561: 2861: 2707:

Morgan, S.; Anderson, R. A.; Gourley, C.; Wallace, W. H.; Spears, N. (2012).

2178: 2026: 2017: 2000: 753:

Isolated premature ovarian failure (POF3) associated with BPES type I; FOXL2

233:

Twelve percent of all infertility cases are a result of a woman either being

6064: 5874: 5638: 5628: 5514: 4984: 4917: 4423:"Study speeds up biological clocks / Fertility rates dip after women hit 27" 4365: 4348: 4334: 4303: 4286: 3869: 3852: 3796: 3488: 3443: 3426: 3191: 3174: 3151: 3019: 3002: 2978: 2961: 2934: 2917: 2725: 2708: 2622: 2605: 2540: 2523: 2500: 2373: 2356: 1964: 1639: 1621: 1493: 1483: 1176: 466: 416: 412: 390: 309: 246: 242: 211: 207: 176: 63: 4490: 4374: 4320: 4263: 4228: 4174: 4078: 4043: 4002: 3975: 3913:

Raga F, Bauset C, Remohi J, Bonilla-Musoles F, Simón C, Pellicer A (1997).

3878: 3829: 3744:"Anovulatory and ovulatory infertility: results with simplified management" 3728: 3671: 3605: 3569: 3506: 3452: 3425:

Bodri D, Vernaeve V, Figueras F, Vidal R, Guillén JJ, Coll O (March 2006).

3403: 3360: 3315: 3276: 3239: 3200: 3159: 3114: 3079: 3038: 2987: 2943: 2869: 2823: 2788: 2744: 2682: 2631: 2590: 2549: 2508: 2473: 2382: 2197: 2146: 2138: 2100: 2034: 1167:- Ultrasound: antral follicle count (AFC) >6AF - Hormones: FSH, E2, AMH 4472: 4122: 3940: 3777: 3702: 3645: 2326: 2277: 1366:(euploid) set of chromosomes. About half of all spontaneous abortions are 6115: 5744: 5450: 3552: 3535: 2446:

Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine (2008).

1865: 1807: 1779: 1631: 1605: 1426: 549: 512: 428: 199: 153: 4333:

World Health Organization 2013. "Health Topics: Infertility". Available

4156: 4059:

The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology

2487:

Nelson LR, Bulun SE (September 2001). "Estrogen production and action".

3029: 1929: 1901: 1893: 1860: 1834:

The effect of infertility can lead to social shaming from internal and

1791: 1675: 1613: 1343: 530:. Oocyte donation is an alternative for patients with Turner syndrome. 398: 363: 4833: 4796: 4721: 3897:

Fertility: assessment and treatment for people with fertility problems

3093:

Middeldorp S (2007). "Pregnancy failure and heritable thrombophilia".

2889:

Principles & Practice of Assisted Reproductive Technology (3 Vols)

723:

Hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

679:

Normosmic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and Kallmann syndrome (KAL6)

5385: 5156: 4845: 2735: 1932:. The implications behind infertility bear huge consequences for the 1897: 1787: 1465: 1440:(TSH) level of between 1 and 2 is considered optimal for conception). 1363: 1359: 992: 943: 819: 650: 587: 451: 394: 347: 161: 3896: 3292:"Fertility Issues Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation" 3216:"Fertility Issues Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation" 2563:

Freizinger M, Franko DL, Dacey M, Okun B, Domar AD (November 2008).

1868:, and can actually contribute to future generations of infertility. 1407:. The healthcare provider may order tests, including the following: 987:

Mutations lead to 46,XY females; translocations lead to 46,XX males

4713: 1936:

of an infertile woman because of the social pressures and personal

1695:

for many causes of infertility in pre-menopausal women, including:

3954:

Magos A (2002). "Hysteroscopic treatment of Asherman's syndrome".

3173:

Karasu, T.; Marczylo, T. H.; MacCarrone, M.; Konje, J. C. (2011).

1937: 1799: 1783: 1617: 1532:

Initial diagnosis and treatment of infertility is usually made by

1317: 1055: 1023: 962: 905: 886: 856: 823: 791: 776: 743: 684: 568: 447: 3853:"Fertility after ectopic pregnancy: The DEMETER randomized trial" 2524:"Reproduction in females: the role of the early life environment" 866:

Hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism (luteinizing hormone resistance)

138:, which may present as infertility many years later as an adult. 1371: 1040: 1009: 972:

46,XX, female-to-male sex reversal (individuals contain testes)

934:

Normosmic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and Kallmann syndrome (

871: 806: 761: 755:

402C → G mutations associated with human granulosa cell tumours

728: 713: 699: 669: 624: 545: 508: 5773: 4949: 1247:, in which we can see both the uterus (Hystero) and the tubes. 4628:

Infertility in a Crowded Country: Hiding Reproduction in India

3534:

Wang, Jian; Zhang, Wenxiang; Jiang, Hong; Wu, Bai-Lin (2014).

1577: 1070: 977: 771:

Premature ovarian failure (POF1) associated with premutations

292:

Female infertility by chemotherapy appears to be secondary to

27:

Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception

2427:

Regulated fertility services: a commissioning aid - June 2009

1670:

A woman can freeze her eggs preserve her fertility. By using

3536:"Mutations inHFM1in Recessive Primary Ovarian Insufficiency" 168:), but, in postmenarchal girls, about 80% of the cycles are 3473:"Contemporary genetic technologies and female reproduction" 1468:, to verify ovulation and inspect the lining of the uterus. 165: 1912:

Many infertile women tend to cope with immense stress and

1447:

in the second half of the cycle to help confirm ovulation.

3586:

The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

2604:

Koning AM, Kuchenbecker WK, Groen H, et al. (2010).

1474:, which allows the provider to inspect the pelvic organs. 1354:

must occur during two rounds of division to create, upon

50:

Cumulative percentage and average age for women reaching

4612: 4610: 4386: 4384: 3468:

Unless otherwise specified in boxes, then reference is:

2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 136:

intrauterine exposure to toxins during fetal development

4195:"Primary ovarian insufficiency, meiosis and DNA repair" 3915:"Reproductive impact of congenital Müllerian anomalies" 2565:"The prevalence of eating disorders in infertile women" 1916:

behind their condition, which can lead to considerable

4524: 4522: 4520: 304:

decreases after three series of chemotherapy, whereas

4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 1630:

Identifying and controlling chronic diseases such as

533:

Some of these gene or chromosome abnormalities cause

4823: 2960:

Codner, E.; Merino, P. M.; Tena-Sempere, M. (2012).

1638:

increases fertility prospects. Lifelong practice of

6165: 6124: 6073: 5993: 5912: 5855: 5807: 5715: 5708: 5683: 5550: 5483: 5439: 5384: 5366: 5343: 5211: 5164: 5155: 5106: 5007: 4998: 4991: 4897: 4827: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 2645:

How Cancer Treatments Can Affect Fertility in Women

2160:Al-Sahab B, Ardern CI, Hamadeh MJ, Tamim H (2010). 1661:, that can be mitigated by not delaying parenthood. 69: 35: 2709:"How do chemotherapeutic agents damage the ovary?" 6209:Noninflammatory disorders of female genital tract 6173:Reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction 2114:http://www.fertilityfaq.org/_pdf/magazine1_v4.pdf 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4399: 1674:while in the peak reproductive years, a woman's 389:, fewer live born children and possibly earlier 2001:"The variability of female reproductive ageing" 660:Hypergonadotrophic, premature ovarian failure ( 274: 4630:. Bloomington (IN): Indiana University Press. 2357:"Effects of cigarette smoking on reproduction" 5785: 4961: 4457:"Mother or nothing: the agony of infertility" 4188: 4186: 4184: 4134: 4132: 3630:"Mutant Cohesin in Premature Ovarian Failure" 2955: 2953: 2702: 2700: 2522:Sloboda, D. M.; Hickey, M.; Hart, R. (2010). 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 492:involving such as procedure is lower than 2%. 245:produce estrogen, in addition to the primary 8: 3742:Hull MG, Savage PE, Bromham DR (June 1982). 3464: 3462: 2911: 2909: 2756: 2754: 1499:A postcoital test, which is done soon after 319:Women may choose between several methods of 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3519:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3052:Lasa, JS; Zubiaurre, I; Soifer, LO (2014). 630:Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 7 5792: 5778: 5770: 5712: 5489: 5170: 5161: 5004: 4995: 4968: 4954: 4946: 4824: 1143:•Insulin Resistance in 80% of PCOS women. 125:American Society for Reproductive Medicine 41: 32: 4752: 4735:Doyle, Myles; Carballedo, Angela (2014). 4480: 4461:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 4364: 4335:http://www.who.int/topics/infertility/en/ 4302: 4218: 4164: 4033: 3930: 3868: 3767: 3718: 3661: 3551: 3496: 3442: 3190: 3141: 3069: 3028: 3018: 2977: 2933: 2778: 2734: 2724: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2621: 2580: 2539: 2463: 2422: 2420: 2372: 2316: 2187: 2177: 2090: 2080: 2016: 1945:Emotional impact of infertility treatment 1628:Treating or preventing existing diseases. 1065:Normosmic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism 1050:Normosmic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism 786:Normosmic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism 2299:Morabia A, Costanza MC (December 1998). 1134:infertility in polycystic ovary syndrome 915:Hypergonadotrophic, primary amenorrhea ( 543: 518:Mayer-Rokitansky-Küstner-Hauser Syndrome 1991: 1794:where there is a great pressure put on 1399:Diagnosis of infertility begins with a 1377:A major cause of female infertility is 490:hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 327:of ovarian tissue, oocytes or embryos. 4244:Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 3512: 2241:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2234: 593:Bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1B 415:, infertility or early menopause; and 2881: 2879: 2835: 2833: 1762:Infertility and childlessness stigmas 103:or genetic, or strictly by location. 7: 3687:"Mutant ZP1 in Familial Infertility" 3290:Tichelli André; Rovó Alicia (2013). 3214:Tichelli André; Rovó Alicia (2013). 1436:Measurements of thyroid function (a 844:Luteinizing hormone beta polypeptide 578:Hypergonadotrophic ovarian failure ( 5755:Persistent genital arousal disorder 1604:Excessive exercise, consumption of 1519:to check for uterine abnormalities. 690:Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 526:causing female infertility include 110:. Also, the presence of any single 4256:10.1097/01.ogx.0000228778.95752.66 3107:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2007.01.005 2436:, from the Department of Health UK 2318:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009609 2270:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1980.tb02125.x 1711:in for example tubal abnormalities 1693:assisted reproductive technologies 1538:women's health nurse practitioners 1486:, to check for signs of infection. 1193:Tubal (ectopic)/peritoneal factors 272:is reported to cause infertility. 25: 5975:Preimplantation genetic diagnosis 5569:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder 5088:Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome 4741:Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 3257:Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys 473:, potentially causing infertility 323:prior to chemotherapy, including 5955:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection 5930:Autologous endometrial coculture 5801:Assisted reproductive technology 4421:Hall, Carl T. (April 30, 2002). 4071:10.1111/j.1479-828X.2007.00766.x 2780:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.02.043 2582:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.09.055 2465:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.035 2405:FERTILITY FACT > Female Risks 2305:American Journal of Epidemiology 1852:accepted and useful in society. 1602:Maintaining a healthy lifestyle. 229:Body weight and eating disorders 4737:"Infertility and mental health" 3691:New England Journal of Medicine 3634:New England Journal of Medicine 3540:New England Journal of Medicine 3071:10.1590/S0004-28032014000200014 1908:Mental and psychological impact 1859:Men and women can also turn to 1644:sexually transmitted infections 1492:, to look for abnormalities or 1379:premature ovarian insufficiency 862:LH/choriogonadotrophin receptor 833:Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism 801:Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism 539:androgen insensitivity syndrome 421:intrauterine growth restriction 223:Sexually transmitted infections 218:Sexually transmitted infections 6038:Gamete intrafallopian transfer 5985:Zygote intrafallopian transfer 5183:Dysfunctional uterine bleeding 2816:10.1016/j.placenta.2008.07.007 1687:There is no method to reverse 1385:dysregulation during meiosis. 1098:Hypothalamic-pituitary factors 782:Gonadotropin releasing hormone 156:) is 12–13 (12.5 years in the 1: 6142:Genetic diagnosis of intersex 5970:Partner-assisted reproduction 4626:Singh, Holly Donahue (2022). 4393:. Retrieved November 5, 2013. 4337:. Retrieved November 5, 2013. 4035:10.1016/S0015-0282(03)01169-5 4016:Proctor JA, Haney AF (2003). 3968:10.1016/s1472-6483(12)60116-3 3903:CG156 - Issued: February 2013 3353:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)05482-4 1546:reproductive endocrinologists 1209:endometriosis and infertility 1076:zona pellucida glycoprotein 1 574:Bone morphogenetic protein 15 5279:Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea) 5250:Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea) 3308:10.1586/17474086.2013.816507 3269:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.11.038 3232:10.1586/17474086.2013.816507 2082:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001356 1642:reduces the likelihood that 1453:to estimate ovarian reserve. 911:Premature ovarian failure 1B 767:Fragile X mental retardation 439:(LBW) babies. Nevertheless, 306:follicle stimulating hormone 214:by approximately 1–4 years. 5980:Transvaginal ovum retrieval 5696:Pelvic inflammatory disease 4427:The San Francisco Chronicle 3598:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.06.007 2854:10.1016/j.acuro.2012.11.003 2410:September 22, 2007, at the 1742:Latin America and Caribbean 1513:, to check for tube patency 1438:thyroid stimulating hormone 1221:Pelvic inflammatory disease 614:; Drosophila polycomb class 612:Chromobox protein homolog 2 469:causes disturbances in the 387:polycystic ovarian syndrome 202:, a hormone that regulates 6225: 5691:Pelvic congestion syndrome 5121:Fallopian tube obstruction 4193:Veitia, Reiner A. (2020). 2886:Rao, Kamini (2013-09-30). 2842:Actas Urologicas Espanolas 1759: 1534:obstetrician/gynecologists 1392: 1352:segregation of chromosomes 1249:Hysterosonosalphingography 1196: 1015:SRY-related HMB-box gene 9 968:R-spondin family, member 1 675:Fibroblast growth factor 8 552:causes female infertility 500: 187: 145: 6147:Religious response to ART 5740:Vestibular papillomatosis 5659: 5592: 5492: 5319: 5309:Metropathia haemorrhagica 5173: 4807:10.1007/s11195-014-9348-6 4778:10.1080/02646838708403497 4754:10.1192/apt.bp.112.010926 4291:Human Reproduction Update 3932:10.1093/humrep/12.10.2277 3822:10.1007/s00404-006-0279-z 3760:10.1136/bmj.284.6330.1681 3477:Human Reproduction Update 3396:10.1080/09513590802288291 3179:Human Reproduction Update 3060:(Meta-Analysis. Review). 3009:(Meta-Analysis. Review). 2966:Human Reproduction Update 2922:Human Reproduction Update 2713:Human Reproduction Update 2675:10.1080/02841860601166958 2528:Human Reproduction Update 2448:"Smoking and Infertility" 2005:Human Reproduction Update 1574:World Health Organization 1130:Polycystic ovary syndrome 1034:Premature ovarian failure 999:Epithelial sodium channel 694:Kallmann syndrome (KAL2) 524:Chromosomal abnormalities 425:small for gestational age 294:premature ovarian failure 49: 40: 5965:Ovarian hyperstimulation 5076:Follicular cyst of ovary 4211:10.1016/j.bj.2020.03.005 3792:Luteal Phase Dysfunction 2179:10.1186/1471-2458-10-736 1999:te Velde, E. R. (2002). 1654:Not delaying parenthood. 1458:Examination and imaging 1199:Tubal factor infertility 1104:Hypothalamic dysfunction 983:Sex-determining region Y 734:Follitropin subunit beta 427:(SGA) babies, recurrent 148:Age and female fertility 6001:Artificial insemination 5847:Male infertility crisis 5574:Sexual arousal disorder 5530:Candidal vulvovaginitis 5188:Endometrial hyperplasia 3901:NICE clinical guideline 2767:Fertility and Sterility 2501:10.1067/mjd.2001.117432 1316:Non-receptive cervical 949:Prokineticin receptor 2 707:Primary ovarian failure 503:Genetics of infertility 419:complications, such as 6152:Mitochondrial donation 6086:Donor Sibling Registry 5925:Assisted zona hatching 5914:In vitro fertilisation 5017:Endometriosis of ovary 4115:10.1093/humrep/10.1.85 3956:Reprod. Biomed. Online 3748:Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 2258:Clinical Endocrinology 2139:10.1542/peds.111.4.844 2018:10.1093/humupd/8.2.141 1709:In vitro fertilization 1451:Anti-Müllerian hormone 1421:Day 2 or 3 measure of 1245:Hysterosalphingography 896:Steroidogenic factor 1 486:total body irradiation 476:Radiation, such as in 471:endocannabinoid system 354:Other acquired factors 321:fertility preservation 314:anti-Müllerian hormone 278: 60:irregular menstruation 5461:Vesicouterine fistula 5404:Cervical incompetence 5329:Recurrent miscarriage 5267:Premenstrual syndrome 5128:Fallopian tube cancer 4473:10.2471/BLT.10.011210 4366:10.1093/humrep/dep343 4304:10.1093/humupd/dmu020 3870:10.1093/humrep/det037 3810:Arch. Gynecol. Obstet 3703:10.1056/NEJMoa1308851 3646:10.1056/NEJMoa1309635 3489:10.1093/humupd/dmr033 3444:10.1093/humrep/dei396 3192:10.1093/humupd/dmq058 3152:10.1093/humrep/del203 3020:10.1093/humupd/dmu007 2979:10.1093/humupd/dms024 2935:10.1093/humupd/dms032 2726:10.1093/humupd/dms022 2623:10.1093/humupd/dmp053 2541:10.1093/humupd/dmq048 2489:J. Am. Acad. Dermatol 2374:10.1093/humupd/dmq033 1960:Advanced maternal age 1766:Social stigma due to 1689:advanced maternal age 1648:physical examinations 1587:Secondary infertility 1507:Hysterosalpingography 1265:Uterine malformations 1223:(PID, usually due to 1197:Further information: 1061:Tachykinin receptor 3 850:pseudohermaphroditism 563:Effect of deficiency 302:Antral follicle count 6043:Reproductive surgery 5935:Cytoplasmic transfer 5865:Estrogen antagonists 5857:Fertility medication 5619:Rectovaginal fistula 5044:Poor ovarian reserve 3553:10.1056/NEJMc1310150 2495:(3 Suppl): S116–24. 1570:fertility specialist 1346:, a special type of 1312:Antisperm antibodies 1280:Implantation failure 1184:Gonadal dysgenesis ( 1162:Poor Ovarian Reserve 656:Diaphanous homolog 2 336:Antisperm antibodies 298:primordial follicles 6055:Selective reduction 6006:Ovulation induction 5950:In vitro maturation 5945:Gestational carrier 5870:aromatase inhibitor 5669:Postcoital bleeding 5597:Urogenital fistulas 5525:Bacterial vaginosis 5178:Asherman's syndrome 4157:10.1530/REP-20-0422 3007:Hum. Reprod. Update 2610:Hum. Reprod. Update 2458:(5 Suppl): S254–9. 2361:Hum. Reprod. Update 1751:Society and culture 1700:Ovulation induction 1659:premature menopause 1583:Primary infertility 1339:Interrupted meiosis 1334:Vaginal obstruction 1275:Asherman's syndrome 1172:Premature menopause 953:Kallmann syndrome ( 553: 535:intersex conditions 6194:Fertility medicine 6081:Donor registration 6048:Vasectomy reversal 5554:Sexual dysfunction 5520:Atrophic vaginitis 5456:Retroverted uterus 5419:Female infertility 5399:Cervical dysplasia 5324:Female infertility 5116:Female infertility 5071:Corpus luteum cyst 5027:Ovulatory disorder 5022:Female infertility 4934:Female infertility 4898:External resources 4766:Additional sources 4353:Human Reproduction 4199:Biomedical Journal 3962:(Suppl 3): 46–51. 3857:Human Reproduction 3384:Gynecol Endocrinol 3296:Expert Rev Hematol 3220:Expert Rev Hematol 2892:. JP Medical Ltd. 2810:(Suppl B): 152–9. 2432:2011-01-03 at the 2133:(4 Pt 1): 844–50. 1511:sonosalpingography 1181:Luteal dysfunction 1109:Hyperprolactinemia 544: 433:preterm deliveries 331:Immune infertility 108:nature and nurture 84:Female infertility 36:Female infertility 6181: 6180: 6132:Accidental incest 5842:Fertility tourism 5837:Fertility testing 5767: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5704: 5703: 5679: 5678: 5612:Obstetric fistula 5510:Vaginal discharge 5479: 5478: 5424:Cervical stenosis 5339: 5338: 5193:Endometrial polyp 5151: 5150: 5081:Theca lutein cyst 4943: 4942: 4797:10.25215/0701.089 4359:(11): 2683–2687. 3991:Chin. Med. Sci. J 3697:(13): 1220–1226. 3347:(9278): 271–276. 3058:Arq Gastroenterol 2166:BMC Public Health 1517:Sonohysterography 1395:Fertility testing 1307:Cervical stenosis 1295:bicornuate uterus 1235:ectopic pregnancy 1230:Tubal dysfunction 1090: 1089: 1029:Stromal antigen 3 997:Alpha subunit of 848:Hypogonadism and 811:Kallmann syndrome 639:Kallmann syndrome 478:radiation therapy 375:Diabetes mellitus 368:peritoneal cavity 340:acrosome reaction 123:According to the 81: 80: 30:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 6216: 6106:Semen collection 6011:Cryopreservation 5960:Oocyte selection 5832:Fertility clinic 5794: 5787: 5780: 5771: 5735:Kraurosis vulvae 5730:Bartholin's cyst 5713: 5664:Vaginal bleeding 5557: 5490: 5466:Uterine prolapse 5294:Menometrorrhagia 5218: 5171: 5162: 5061:Ovarian apoplexy 5005: 4996: 4970: 4963: 4956: 4947: 4825: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4702:Family Relations 4697: 4691: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4673: 4670: 4664: 4661: 4642: 4641: 4623: 4617: 4614: 4605: 4602: 4585: 4582: 4561: 4558: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4526: 4495: 4494: 4484: 4452: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4433: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4394: 4388: 4379: 4378: 4368: 4344: 4338: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4306: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4222: 4190: 4179: 4178: 4168: 4136: 4127: 4126: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4037: 4013: 4007: 4006: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3934: 3910: 3904: 3894: 3883: 3882: 3872: 3863:(5): 1247–1253. 3848: 3842: 3841: 3805: 3799: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3771: 3754:(6330): 1681–5. 3739: 3733: 3732: 3722: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3665: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3555: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3518: 3510: 3500: 3466: 3457: 3456: 3446: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3337:In turn citing: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3253:In turn citing: 3251: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3194: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3145: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3073: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3032: 3022: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2981: 2957: 2948: 2947: 2937: 2913: 2904: 2903: 2883: 2874: 2873: 2837: 2828: 2827: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2782: 2758: 2749: 2748: 2738: 2728: 2704: 2695: 2694: 2658: 2647: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2625: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2584: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2543: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2467: 2443: 2437: 2424: 2415: 2402: 2387: 2386: 2376: 2352: 2346: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2320: 2311:(12): 1195–205. 2296: 2290: 2289: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2240: 2232: 2230: 2229: 2223: 2217:. Archived from 2216: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2191: 2181: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2122: 2116: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2094: 2084: 2075:(12): e1001356. 2060: 2039: 2038: 2020: 1996: 1975:Male infertility 1890:emotional stress 1691:, but there are 1301:Cervical factors 1270:Uterine fibroids 554: 463:Cannabis smoking 441:gluten-free diet 437:low birth weight 383:hyperandrogenism 325:cryopreservation 204:folliculogenesis 134:, including any 132:genetic mutation 45: 33: 21: 18:Subfertile women 6224: 6223: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6177: 6161: 6137:Fertility fraud 6120: 6069: 5989: 5940:Embryo transfer 5917: 5908: 5851: 5803: 5798: 5768: 5759: 5700: 5675: 5655: 5588: 5551: 5546: 5542:Vaginal atresia 5475: 5435: 5394:Cervical cancer 5380: 5362: 5358:Uterine fibroid 5335: 5315: 5299:Polymenorrhagia 5240:Oligoamenorrhea 5212: 5207: 5147: 5102: 5098:Ovarian torsion 4987: 4977:Female diseases 4974: 4944: 4939: 4938: 4893: 4892: 4836: 4822: 4768: 4763: 4762: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4699: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4645: 4638: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4608: 4603: 4588: 4583: 4564: 4559: 4542: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4498: 4467:(12): 881–882. 4454: 4453: 4440: 4431: 4429: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4397: 4389: 4382: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4332: 4328: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4192: 4191: 4182: 4138: 4137: 4130: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4015: 4014: 4010: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3925:(10): 2277–81. 3912: 3911: 3907: 3895: 3886: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3789: 3785: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3640:(10): 943–949. 3626: 3625: 3621: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3546:(10): 972–974. 3533: 3532: 3528: 3511: 3469: 3467: 3460: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3338: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3254: 3252: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3143:10.1.1.544.3649 3127: 3126: 3122: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2959: 2958: 2951: 2915: 2914: 2907: 2900: 2885: 2884: 2877: 2839: 2838: 2831: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2760: 2759: 2752: 2706: 2705: 2698: 2660: 2659: 2650: 2643: 2639: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2434:Wayback Machine 2425: 2418: 2412:Wayback Machine 2403: 2390: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2338: 2334: 2298: 2297: 2293: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2233: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2214: 2212:"Archived copy" 2210: 2209: 2205: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2124: 2123: 2119: 2112: 2108: 2062: 2061: 2042: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1956: 1947: 1918:mental distress 1910: 1886:emotional abuse 1874: 1845: 1782:in the east to 1764: 1758: 1753: 1744: 1736: 1727: 1718: 1685: 1595: 1565:NICE guidelines 1561: 1527:genetic testing 1443:Measurement of 1431:ovarian reserve 1416:menstrual cycle 1401:medical history 1397: 1391: 1341: 1326: 1324:Vaginal factors 1303: 1284:embryo transfer 1261: 1259:Uterine factors 1201: 1195: 1186:Turner syndrome 1158:ovarian reserve 1144: 1117: 1115:Ovarian factors 1100: 1095: 749:Forkhead box L2 635:CHARGE syndrome 560:Encoded protein 528:Turner syndrome 507:There are many 505: 499: 497:Genetic factors 409:Coeliac disease 379:oligomenorrhoea 356: 333: 283: 266: 251:menstrual cycle 231: 220: 195:Tobacco smoking 192: 186: 184:Tobacco smoking 150: 144: 121: 97: 31: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6222: 6220: 6212: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6186: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6175: 6169: 6167: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6040: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6026:ovarian tissue 6023: 6018: 6008: 6003: 5997: 5995: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5921: 5919: 5918:and expansions 5910: 5909: 5907: 5906: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5861: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5813: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5789: 5782: 5774: 5765: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5721: 5719: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5621: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5602:Ureterovaginal 5593: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5579:Vaginal cancer 5576: 5571: 5566: 5560: 5558: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5512: 5503: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5471:Uterine cancer 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5431:Nabothian cyst 5428: 5427: 5426: 5416: 5411: 5409:Cervical polyp 5406: 5401: 5396: 5390: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5378: 5372: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5349: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5331: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5281: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5254: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5245:Oligomenorrhea 5242: 5237: 5232: 5221: 5219: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5112: 5110: 5108:Fallopian tube 5104: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5093:Ovarian cancer 5090: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5037:Oligoovulation 5034: 5019: 5013: 5011: 5002: 4993: 4989: 4988: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4965: 4958: 4950: 4941: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4925: 4914: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4879: 4868: 4853: 4837: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4828:Classification 4821: 4820:External links 4818: 4817: 4816: 4799: 4789: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4747:(5): 297–303. 4727: 4714:10.2307/584507 4708:(4): 479–487. 4692: 4683: 4674: 4665: 4643: 4636: 4618: 4606: 4586: 4562: 4540: 4530: 4496: 4438: 4413: 4395: 4380: 4339: 4326: 4297:(5): 688–701. 4277: 4234: 4205:(2): 115–123. 4180: 4151:(2): R13–R35. 4128: 4092: 4049: 4022:Fertil. Steril 4008: 3981: 3946: 3905: 3884: 3843: 3800: 3783: 3734: 3677: 3619: 3575: 3526: 3483:(6): 829–847. 3458: 3437:(3): 829–832. 3417: 3374: 3329: 3302:(4): 375–388. 3282: 3263:(3): 738–744. 3226:(4): 375–388. 3206: 3185:(3): 347–361. 3165: 3136:(10): 2694–8. 3120: 3095:Semin. Hematol 3085: 3044: 2993: 2972:(5): 568–585. 2949: 2905: 2898: 2875: 2848:(9): 571–578. 2829: 2794: 2773:(1): 156–166. 2750: 2696: 2648: 2637: 2596: 2569:Fertil. Steril 2555: 2534:(2): 210–227. 2514: 2479: 2438: 2416: 2388: 2347: 2332: 2291: 2248: 2203: 2152: 2117: 2106: 2040: 2011:(2): 141–154. 1990: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1955: 1952: 1946: 1943: 1922:mental disease 1909: 1906: 1882:victim blaming 1878:domestic abuse 1873: 1872:Domestic abuse 1870: 1844: 1841: 1760:Main article: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1743: 1740: 1735: 1732: 1726: 1723: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1706: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1662: 1651: 1636:hypothyroidism 1625: 1594: 1591: 1560: 1557: 1553:maternity care 1523: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1514: 1504: 1497: 1487: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1448: 1441: 1434: 1419: 1393:Main article: 1390: 1387: 1362:with a proper 1340: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1314: 1309: 1302: 1299: 1293:Previously, a 1291: 1290: 1287: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1238: 1231: 1228: 1218: 1212: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1182: 1179: 1174: 1165: 1164: 1154: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1127: 1124: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1106: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1085: 1082:zona pellucida 1080:Dysfunctional 1078: 1073: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1058: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1043: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1020: 1019: 1017: 1012: 1006: 1005: 1002: 995: 989: 988: 985: 980: 974: 973: 970: 965: 959: 958: 951: 946: 940: 939: 932: 927: 921: 920: 913: 908: 902: 901: 898: 893: 883: 882: 879: 874: 868: 867: 864: 859: 853: 852: 846: 841: 835: 834: 831: 829:KISS1 receptor 826: 816: 815: 812: 809: 803: 802: 799: 794: 788: 787: 784: 779: 773: 772: 769: 764: 758: 757: 751: 746: 740: 739: 736: 731: 725: 724: 721: 716: 710: 709: 704: 702: 696: 695: 692: 687: 681: 680: 677: 672: 666: 665: 658: 653: 647: 646: 632: 627: 621: 620: 615: 609: 599: 598: 595: 590: 584: 583: 576: 571: 565: 564: 561: 558: 498: 495: 494: 493: 474: 460: 455: 444: 406: 372: 355: 352: 332: 329: 282: 279: 265: 262: 230: 227: 219: 216: 185: 182: 164:, 12.9 in the 146:Main article: 143: 140: 120: 117: 96: 93: 79: 78: 73: 67: 66: 47: 46: 38: 37: 29: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6221: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6157:Sex selection 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6123: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6060:Sex selection 6058: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5994:Other methods 5992: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5892:Gonadotropins 5890: 5888: 5887:GnRH agonists 5885: 5883: 5880: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5795: 5790: 5788: 5783: 5781: 5776: 5775: 5772: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5725:Vulvar cancer 5723: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5707: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5682: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5607:Vesicovaginal 5605: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5591: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5258: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5235:Hypomenorrhea 5233: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5198:Endometriosis 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5133:Hematosalpinx 5131: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5105: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5051:Mittelschmerz 5049: 5045: 5042: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4971: 4966: 4964: 4959: 4957: 4952: 4951: 4948: 4935: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4889: 4885: 4884: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4873: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4838: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4755: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4731: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4696: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4678: 4675: 4669: 4666: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4637:9780253063878 4633: 4629: 4622: 4619: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4531: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4428: 4424: 4417: 4414: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4281: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4250:(8): 535–42. 4249: 4245: 4238: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4096: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4053: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4028:(5): 1212–5. 4027: 4023: 4019: 4012: 4009: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3947: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3909: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3816:(3): 219–23. 3815: 3811: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3794: 3793: 3787: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3738: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3681: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3623: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3579: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3527: 3522: 3516: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3421: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3333: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3286: 3283: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3169: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3064:(2): 144–50. 3063: 3059: 3055: 3048: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3013:(4): 582–93. 3012: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2899:9789350907368 2895: 2891: 2890: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2798: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2719:(5): 525–35. 2718: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2646: 2641: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2616:(3): 246–54. 2615: 2611: 2607: 2600: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2452:Fertil Steril 2449: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2428: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2406: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2343:282:20142898 2342: 2341:Proc Biol Sci 2336: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2295: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2264:(2): 107–20. 2263: 2259: 2252: 2249: 2244: 2238: 2224:on 2018-10-09 2220: 2213: 2207: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2156: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2110: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1995: 1992: 1985: 1981: 1980:Oncofertility 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1951: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1935: 1934:mental health 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1914:social stigma 1907: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1763: 1756:Social stigma 1755: 1750: 1748: 1741: 1739: 1733: 1731: 1724: 1722: 1715: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1660: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1528: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1459: 1457: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1406: 1405:physical exam 1402: 1396: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1356:fertilisation 1353: 1349: 1348:cell division 1345: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1256: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1205:Endometriosis 1203: 1202: 1200: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1141: 1135: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1003: 1000: 996: 994: 991: 990: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 975: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 960: 956: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 941: 937: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 922: 918: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 903: 899: 897: 894: 892: 888: 885: 884: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 869: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 854: 851: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 836: 832: 830: 827: 825: 821: 818: 817: 813: 810: 808: 805: 804: 800: 798: 797:GnRH receptor 795: 793: 790: 789: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 774: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 759: 756: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 741: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 726: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 711: 708: 705: 703: 701: 698: 697: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 682: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 667: 663: 659: 657: 654: 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5376:Parametritis 5323: 5284:Metrorrhagia 5262:Dysmenorrhea 5215:Menstruation 5213: 5203:Endometritis 5138:Hydrosalpinx 5115: 5066:Ovarian cyst 5021: 4927: 4916: 4905: 4881: 4870: 4855: 4840: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4686: 4677: 4668: 4627: 4621: 4533: 4464: 4460: 4455:WHO (2010). 4430:. Retrieved 4426: 4416: 4356: 4352: 4342: 4329: 4294: 4290: 4280: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4202: 4198: 4148: 4145:Reproduction 4144: 4109:(1): 85–90. 4106: 4102: 4095: 4065:(5): 406–9. 4062: 4058: 4052: 4025: 4021: 4011: 3997:(4): 242–5. 3994: 3990: 3984: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3922: 3918: 3908: 3860: 3856: 3846: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3790: 3786: 3751: 3747: 3737: 3694: 3690: 3680: 3637: 3633: 3622: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3543: 3539: 3529: 3515:cite journal 3480: 3476: 3434: 3430: 3420: 3387: 3383: 3377: 3344: 3340: 3332: 3299: 3295: 3285: 3260: 3256: 3223: 3219: 3209: 3182: 3178: 3168: 3133: 3129: 3123: 3098: 3094: 3088: 3061: 3057: 3047: 3010: 3006: 2996: 2969: 2965: 2928:(1): 12–25. 2925: 2921: 2888: 2845: 2841: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2770: 2766: 2716: 2712: 2669:(4): 480–9. 2666: 2662: 2640: 2613: 2609: 2599: 2572: 2568: 2558: 2531: 2527: 2517: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2455: 2451: 2441: 2367:(1): 76–95. 2364: 2360: 2350: 2340: 2335: 2308: 2304: 2294: 2261: 2257: 2251: 2226:. Retrieved 2219:the original 2206: 2169: 2165: 2155: 2130: 2126: 2120: 2109: 2072: 2068: 2008: 2004: 1994: 1948: 1911: 1875: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1843:Marital role 1836:social norms 1833: 1821: 1805: 1796:childbearing 1765: 1745: 1737: 1728: 1719: 1716:Epidemiology 1686: 1672:egg freezing 1666:Egg freezing 1664: 1653: 1627: 1601: 1596: 1562: 1550: 1531: 1524: 1478:Fertiloscopy 1445:progesterone 1429:, to assess 1398: 1376: 1342: 1292: 1254: 1248: 1244: 1241:Hydrosalpinx 1166: 1145: 1139: 1121:Chemotherapy 1046:Tachykinin 3 930:Prokineticin 754: 719:FSH receptor 617: 532: 522: 506: 446:Significant 334: 318: 291: 286:Chemotherapy 284: 281:Chemotherapy 275: 270:Radiotherapy 267: 258: 255: 232: 221: 193: 175: 151: 129: 122: 105: 98: 83: 82: 52:subfertility 6199:Infertility 5897:menotropins 5809:Infertility 5649:Urethrocele 5564:Dyspareunia 5537:Hydrocolpos 5501:Hydrocolpos 5447:Hematometra 5368:Parametrium 5353:Adenomyosis 5166:Endometrium 5143:Salpingitis 5032:Anovulation 4907:MedlinePlus 4103:Hum. Reprod 3919:Hum. Reprod 3592:: 137–141. 3431:Hum. Reprod 3390:(1): 8–11. 3130:Hum. Reprod 3101:(2): 93–7. 3030:10807/56796 2575:(1): 72–8. 1970:Infertility 1816:inheritance 1812:land claims 1772:infertility 1768:infertility 1704:anovulation 1544:trained as 1501:intercourse 1490:Pelvic exam 1472:Laparoscopy 1463:endometrial 1160:, also see 1156:Diminished 1151:Anovulation 1093:By location 405:signalling. 342:, impaired 296:by loss of 235:underweight 170:anovulatory 160:, 12.72 in 112:risk factor 88:infertility 6188:Categories 6111:Sperm bank 5750:Vulvodynia 5634:Enterocele 5584:Vaginismus 5506:Leukorrhea 5414:Cervicitis 5345:Myometrium 5230:Amenorrhea 5056:Oophoritis 4929:Patient UK 4883:DiseasesDB 4432:2007-11-21 2663:Acta Oncol 2228:2012-02-11 2127:Pediatrics 1986:References 1926:depression 1824:Mozambique 1622:vegetables 1593:Prevention 1559:Definition 1542:fellowship 1525:There are 1411:Lab tests 1383:DNA repair 1330:Vaginismus 1207:(also see 1132:(also see 1084:formation 537:, such as 501:See also: 403:kisspeptin 371:adhesions. 247:sex organs 239:overweight 188:See also: 86:refers to 76:Gynecology 6204:Fertility 6065:Surrogacy 5875:clomifene 5639:Rectocele 5629:Cystocele 5515:Vaginitis 4918:eMedicine 4814:1573-6717 4786:0264-6838 4313:1355-4786 3797:eMedicine 3711:0028-4793 3654:0028-4793 3562:0028-4793 3138:CiteSeerX 2862:1699-7980 2736:1842/9543 2027:1355-4786 1965:Fertility 1683:Treatment 1640:safer sex 1494:infection 1484:Pap smear 1389:Diagnosis 1368:aneuploid 1233:Previous 1225:chlamydia 1216:adhesions 1177:Menopause 467:marijuana 429:abortions 417:pregnancy 413:amenorrea 391:menopause 360:Adhesions 310:inhibin B 264:Radiation 243:Fat cells 212:menopause 208:ovulation 177:Menopause 71:Specialty 64:menopause 56:sterility 6116:Ova bank 6074:Donation 5745:Vulvitis 5709:External 5624:Prolapse 5451:Pyometra 4992:Internal 4985:genitals 4923:med/3535 4491:21124709 4375:19801627 4321:24821925 4264:16842634 4229:32381463 4175:33170803 4087:22467867 4079:17877600 4044:14607577 4003:12901513 3976:12470565 3879:23482340 3830:17160569 3729:24670168 3672:24597867 3614:47010706 3606:29885352 3570:24597873 3507:21896560 3453:16311294 3412:33461252 3404:19165657 3369:20198750 3361:11498213 3324:25139582 3316:23991924 3277:15936554 3248:25139582 3240:23991924 3201:21227997 3160:16835215 3115:17433901 3080:25003268 3039:24619876 2988:22709979 2944:22899657 2870:23428233 2824:18790328 2804:Placenta 2789:19342041 2745:22647504 2691:20672988 2683:17497315 2632:20056674 2591:19006795 2550:20961922 2509:11511861 2474:19007641 2430:Archived 2408:Archived 2383:20685716 2286:19913395 2237:cite web 2198:21110899 2147:12671122 2101:23271957 2069:PLOS Med 2035:12099629 1954:See also 1866:HIV/AIDS 1808:Cameroon 1780:Tanzania 1776:conceive 1632:diabetes 1606:caffeine 1427:estrogen 550:mutation 548:wherein 513:mutation 511:wherein 423:(IUGR), 381:), mild 316:levels. 200:estrogen 154:menarche 119:Acquired 101:acquired 6166:Related 6016:embryos 5440:General 4979:of the 4877:D007247 4538:(1993). 4482:2995184 4272:6360685 4220:7283561 4166:7855740 4123:7745077 3941:9402295 3838:1153686 3778:6805656 3769:1498620 3720:4076492 3663:4068824 3498:3191938 2327:9867266 2278:6249519 2189:3001737 2172:: 736. 2092:3525527 1930:suicide 1902:suicide 1894:assault 1861:divorce 1792:Nigeria 1676:oocytes 1614:smoking 1610:alcohol 1364:diploid 1344:Meiosis 1214:Pelvic 454:disease 399:insulin 366:in the 364:surgery 6125:Ethics 6096:Embryo 6021:oocyte 5817:Female 5485:Vagina 5386:Cervix 5305:Other 5290:Mixed 5274:Timing 5157:Uterus 5000:Adnexa 4981:pelvis 4912:001191 4812: 4784: 4722:584507 4720: 4634: 4489: 4479: 4373: 4319: 4311: 4270: 4262: 4227: 4217: 4173: 4163: 4121: 4085: 4077: 4042: 4001: 3974: 3939: 3877: 3836: 3828: 3776: 3766: 3727: 3717: 3709: 3670: 3660: 3652: 3612: 3604: 3568: 3560: 3505: 3495: 3451: 3410: 3402: 3367: 3359: 3341:Lancet 3322: 3314: 3275: 3246: 3238: 3199: 3158: 3140: 3113: 3078: 3037: 2986: 2942: 2896: 2868: 2860: 2822: 2787: 2743: 2689: 2681: 2630: 2589: 2548: 2507: 2472: 2381: 2325: 2284: 2276: 2196: 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