Sugar substitute - Knowledge (XXG)

579: 6687: 40: 6698: 504: 1841: 1180: 238: 6718: 471:. When cooked or stored at high temperatures, aspartame breaks down into its constituent amino acids. This makes aspartame undesirable as a baking sweetener. It is more stable in somewhat acidic conditions, such as in soft drinks. Though it does not have a bitter aftertaste like saccharin, it may not taste exactly like sugar. When eaten, aspartame is metabolized into its original 6728: 6677: 6708: 5066: 599:(used as a sweetener in ancient through medieval times before the toxicity of lead was known), saccharin was the first artificial sweetener and was originally synthesized in 1879 by Remsen and Fahlberg. Its sweet taste was discovered by accident. It had been created in an experiment with toluene derivatives. A process for the creation of saccharin from 562:, are recognized as safe for human consumption and are used in commercial products worldwide. As of 2017, it is not a permitted sweetener in the European Union, although it is allowed as a flavor at concentrations where it does not function as a sweetener. In 2017, a Chinese company requested a scientific review of its mogroside product by the 2600:. A 2020 meta-analysis found a similar result, with the highest consuming group having a 13% higher risk of all-cause mortality and a 25% higher risk of CVD mortality. However both studies also found similar or greater increases in all-cause mortality when consuming the same amount of sugar-sweetened beverages. 408:

Allulose is a sweetener in the sugar family, with a chemical structure similar to fructose. It is naturally found in figs, maple syrup, and some fruit. While it comes from the same family as other sugars, it does not substantially metabolize as sugar in the body. The FDA recognizes that allulose does

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Butchko HH, Stargel WW, Comer CP, Mayhew DA, Benninger C, Blackburn GL, de Sonneville LM, Geha RS, Hertelendy Z, Koestner A, Leon AS, Liepa GU, McMartin KE, Mendenhall CL, Munro IC, Novotny EJ, Renwick AG, Schiffman SS, Schomer DL, Shaywitz BA, Spiers PA, Tephly TR, Thomas JA, Trefz FK (April 2002).

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Unlike aspartame, acesulfame potassium is stable under heat, even under moderately acidic or basic conditions, allowing it to be used as a food additive in baking or in products that require a long shelf life. In carbonated drinks, it is almost always used in conjunction with another sweetener, such

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of body weight per day (mg/kg bw/d), indicating that a high-intensity sweetener does not cause safety concerns if estimated daily intakes are lower than the ADI. FDA states: "An ADI is the amount of a substance that is considered safe to consume each day over the course of a person's lifetime." For

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plant, and is manufactured as a sweetener. It is indigenous to South America, and has historically been used in Japanese food products, although it is now common internationally. In 1987, the FDA issued a ban on stevia because it had not been approved as a food additive, although it continued to be

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Acesulfame potassium (Ace-K) is 200 times sweeter than sucrose (common sugar), as sweet as aspartame, about two-thirds as sweet as saccharin, and one-third as sweet as sucralose. Like saccharin, it has a slightly bitter aftertaste, especially at high concentrations. Kraft Foods has patented the use

356:(common table sugar). As a result, much less sweetener is required and energy contribution is often negligible. The sensation of sweetness caused by these compounds is sometimes notably different from sucrose, so they are often used in complex mixtures that achieve the most intense sweet sensation. 603:

was developed in 1950, and, currently, saccharin is created by this process as well as the original process by which it was discovered. It is 300 to 500 times sweeter than sucrose and is often used to improve the taste of toothpastes, dietary foods, and dietary beverages. The bitter aftertaste of

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to mask acesulfame's aftertaste. Acesulfame potassium is often blended with other sweeteners (usually aspartame or sucralose), which give a more sucrose-like taste, whereby each sweetener masks the other's aftertaste and also exhibits a synergistic effect in which the blend is sweeter than its

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of foods and beverages made more appealing with sugar substitutes may increase risk of developing diabetes. A 2014 systematic review showed that a 330ml/day (an amount little less than the standard U.S can size) consumption of artificially sweetened beverages lead to increased risks of type 2

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showed that habitual consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice increased the risk of developing diabetes, although with inconsistent results and generally low quality of evidence. A 2016 review described the relationship between non-nutritive

1039:– Individuals with reactive hypoglycemia will produce an excess of insulin after quickly absorbing glucose into the bloodstream. This causes their blood glucose levels to fall below the amount needed for proper body and brain function. As a result, like diabetics, they must avoid intake of 478:

The safety of aspartame has been studied extensively since its discovery with research that includes animal studies, clinical and epidemiological research, and postmarketing surveillance, with aspartame being a rigorously tested food ingredient. Although aspartame has been subject to

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banned saccharin as a result of the animal research. In the United States, the FDA considered banning saccharin in 1977, but Congress stepped in and placed a moratorium on such a ban. The moratorium required a warning label and also mandated further study of saccharin safety.

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document. The conclusions about GRAS are based on a detailed review of a large body of information, including rigorous toxicological and clinical studies. GRAS notices exist for two plant-based, high-intensity sweeteners: steviol glycosides obtained from stevia leaves

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No links have been found between approved artificial sweeteners and cancer in humans. Reviews and dietetic professionals have concluded that moderate use of non-nutritive sweeteners as a safe replacement for sugars can help limit energy intake and assist with managing

3380: 6307: 1033:), but the results were unclear for effects on HbA1c, body weight and adverse events. The studies included were mainly of very low-certainty and did not report on health-related quality of life, diabetes complications, all-cause mortality or socioeconomic effects. 717:. It is used in beverages, frozen desserts, chewing gum, baked goods, and other foods. Unlike other artificial sweeteners, it is stable when heated and can therefore be used in baked and fried goods. Discovered in 1976, the FDA approved sucralose for use in 1998. 812:

are examples of sugar alcohols. These are, in general, less sweet than sucrose, but have similar bulk properties and can be used in a wide range of food products. The sweetness profile may be altered during manufacturing by mixing with high-intensity sweeteners.

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Carbohydrates and sugars usually adhere to the tooth enamel, where bacteria feed upon them and quickly multiply. The bacteria convert the sugar to acids that decay the teeth. Sugar substitutes, unlike sugar, do not erode teeth as they are not fermented by the

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Subsequently, it was discovered that saccharin causes cancer in male rats by a mechanism not found in humans. At high doses, saccharin causes a precipitate to form in rat urine. This precipitate damages the cells lining the bladder (urinary bladder urothelial

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In 2001, the United States repealed the warning label requirement, while the threat of an FDA ban had already been lifted in 1991. Most other countries also permit saccharin, but restrict the levels of use, while other countries have outright banned it.

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intake to regulate their blood sugar levels. Many artificial sweeteners allow sweet-tasting food without increasing blood glucose. Others do release energy but are metabolized more slowly, preventing spikes in blood glucose. A concern, however, is that

483:, multiple authoritative reviews have found it to be safe for consumption at typical levels used in food manufacturing. Aspartame has been deemed safe for human consumption by over 100 regulatory agencies in their respective countries, including the UK 409:

not act like sugar, and as of 2019, no longer requires it to be listed with sugars on U.S. nutrition labels. Allulose is about 70% as sweet as sugar, which is why it is sometimes combined with high-intensity sweeteners to make sugar substitutes.

394:(also known as polyols). These are, in general, less sweet than sucrose but have similar bulk properties and can be used in a wide range of food products. Sometimes the sweetness profile is fine-tuned by mixing with high-intensity sweeteners. 748:

for claims made about Splenda related to the slogan, "Made from sugar, so it tastes like sugar." French courts ordered the slogan to no longer be used in France, while in the U.S., the case came to an undisclosed settlement during the trial.

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Magnuson BA, Burdock GA, Doull J, Kroes RM, Marsh GM, Pariza MW, Spencer PS, Waddell WJ, Walker R, Williams GM (2007). "Aspartame: a safety evaluation based on current use levels, regulations, and toxicological and epidemiological studies".

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The EPA has removed saccharin and its salts from their list of hazardous constituents and commercial chemical products. In a 14 December 2010 release, the EPA stated that saccharin is no longer considered a potential hazard to human health.

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does not recommend using non-nutritive sweeteners to control body weight, based on a 2022 review that could only find small reductions in body fat and no effect on cardiometabolic risk. It recommends fruit or non-sweetened foods instead.

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only under conditions that are not found during regular digestion (i.e., high heat applied to the powder form of the molecule). Only about 15% of sucralose is absorbed by the body and most of it passes out of the body unchanged.

724:, a sucralose sweetener, is focused not on safety but on its marketing. It has been marketed with the slogan, "Splenda is made from sugar, so it tastes like sugar." Sucralose is prepared from either of two sugars, sucrose or 2560:, although consuming sweetened products is associated with weight gain in children. Some preliminary studies indicate that consumption of products manufactured with artificial sweeteners is associated with obesity and 694:

In August 2019, the FDA placed an import alert on stevia leaves and crude extracts – which do not have GRAS status – and on foods or dietary supplements containing them, citing concerns about safety and potential for

4918: 2820: 4050:"Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimation of population attributable fraction" 433:

as aspartame or sucralose. It is also used as a sweetener in protein shakes and pharmaceutical products, especially chewable and liquid medications, where it can make the active ingredients more palatable.

2584:. FDA scientists have reviewed scientific data regarding the safety of aspartame and different sweeteners in food, concluding that they are safe for the general population under common intake conditions. 786:. As a sugar substitute, they typically are less-sweet and supply fewer calories (about a half to one-third fewer calories) than sugar. They are converted to glucose slowly, and do not spike increases in 713:

The world's most commonly used artificial sweetener, sucralose is a chlorinated sugar that is about 600 times sweeter than sugar. It is produced from sucrose when three chlorine atoms replace three

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In 2017, sucralose was the most common sugar substitute used in the manufacture of foods and beverages; it had 30% of the global market, which was projected to be valued at $ 2.8 billion by 2021.

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banned the sale of cyclamate in 1969 after lab tests in rats involving a 10:1 mixture of cyclamate and saccharin (at levels comparable to humans ingesting 550 cans of diet soda per day) caused

4983:"Association of Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages or Artificially Sweetened Beverages with Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies" 4833:

Bosetti C, Gallus S, Talamini R, Montella M, Franceschi S, Negri E, La Vecchia C (August 2009). "Artificial sweeteners and the risk of gastric, pancreatic, and endometrial cancers in Italy".

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farmers in the United States, to provide its view of sucralose. In December 2004, five separate false-advertising claims were filed by the Sugar Association against Splenda manufacturers

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effect, if consumed in sufficient amounts. They are found commonly in small quantities in some fruits and vegetables, and are commercially manufactured from different carbohydrates and

728:. With either base sugar, processing replaces three oxygen-hydrogen groups in the sugar molecule with three chlorine atoms. The "Truth About Splenda" website was created in 2005 by the 4293: 4247: 2528:

Reviews and dietetic professionals have concluded that moderate use of non-nutritive sweeteners as a safe replacement for sugars may help limit energy intake and assist with managing

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suggests a reduced risk of toxicity. For example, sucralose is extremely insoluble in fat and, thus, does not accumulate in fatty tissues; sucralose also does not break down and will

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Young, Jordan; Conway, Ellen M.; Rother, Kristina I.; Sylvetsky, Allison C. (14 April 2019). "Low‐calorie sweetener use, weight, and metabolic health among children: A mini‐review".

2813:"FDA In Brief: FDA allows the low-calorie sweetener allulose to be excluded from total and added sugars counts on Nutrition and Supplement Facts labels when used as an ingredient" 3325: 6435: 4910: 4160:

Lohner, Szimonetta; Kuellenberg de Gaudry, Daniela; Toews, Ingrid; Ferenci, Tamas; Meerpohl, Joerg J (25 May 2020). Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group (ed.).

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IARC Monograohs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Some Chemicals that Cause Tumours of the Kidney or Urinary Bladder in Rodents and Some Other Substances

2812: 2759: 6465: 5921: 4323:"Does low-energy sweetener consumption affect energy intake and body weight? A systematic review, including meta-analyses, of the evidence from human and animal studies" 6425: 3590:"Import Alert 45-06: Detention without Physical Examination of Stevia Leaves, Crude Extracts of Stevia Leaves and foods Containing Stevia Leaves and/or Stevia Extracts" 1074:(ADI). During their premarket review for all of the high-intensity sweeteners approved as food additives, FDA established an ADI defined as an amount in milligrams per 5048: 3934: 475:. Because it is so intensely sweet, relatively little of it is needed to sweeten a food product, and is thus useful for reducing the number of calories in a product. 3210: 451:

company. He was working on an anti-ulcer drug and accidentally spilled some aspartame on his hand. When he licked his finger, he noticed that it had a sweet taste.

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sweeteners as inconclusive. A 2020 Cochrane systematic review compared several non-nutritive sweeteners to sugar, placebo and a nutritive low-calorie sweetener (

6357: 3180: 3032: 529:. This information, however, is regarded as "weak" evidence of carcinogenic activity, and cyclamate remains in common use in many parts of the world, including 1138:

If the sucrose, or other sugar, that is replaced has contributed to the texture of the product, then a bulking agent is often also needed. This may be seen in

3358: 2875: 2850: 6610: 6324: 6548: 3386: 629: 4514:"Nonnutritive sweeteners and cardiometabolic health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies" 3298: 3274: 3101: 2724: 5350: 3823: 2572:, and weight gain, mainly due to increased overall calorie intake, although the numerous factors influencing obesity remain poorly studied, as of 2021. 6386: 455:

oversaw the development of aspartame as an artificial sweetener. It is an odorless, white crystalline powder that is derived from the two amino acids

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Many sugar substitutes are cheaper than sugar in the final food formulation. Sugar substitutes are often lower in total cost because of their long

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Sugar alcohols are carbohydrates with a biochemical structure partially matching the structures of sugar and alcohol, although not containing

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High consumption of artificially sweetened beverages was associated with a 12% higher risk of all-cause mortality and a 23% higher risk of

4720: 3249: 782:, are sweetening and bulking ingredients used in the manufacturing of foods and beverages, particularly sugar-free candies, cookies, and 6582: 6460: 4375:"Low-calorie sweeteners and body weight and composition: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies" 3912: 3593: 4870:"Systematic review of the relationship between artificial sweetener consumption and cancer in humans: analysis of 599,741 participants" 3321: 1056:

and high sweetening intensity. This allows sugar substitutes to be used in products that will not perish after a short period of time.

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provides guidance for manufacturers and consumers about the daily limits for consuming high-intensity sweeteners, a measure called

4271:"Sugar alcohols: chemistry, production, health concerns and nutritional importance of mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, and erythritol" 3617: 2908: 1079:

stevia (specifically, steviol glycosides), an ADI was not derived by the FDA, but by the Joint Food and Agricultural Organization/

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Fitch C, Keim KS (May 2012). "Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: use of nutritive and nonnutritive sweeteners".

2364: 667:. After being provided with sufficient scientific data demonstrating safety of using stevia as a manufactured sweetener, such as 3878: 6543: 6450: 6314: 6229: 5992: 3480: 2755: 1905: 1404: 1244: 909:, however, found only low-quality evidence that xylitol in a variety of dental products actually has any benefit in preventing 905:, which tends to prevent bacteria from adhering to the tooth surface, thus preventing plaque formation and eventually decay. A 302: 6572: 6445: 6282: 6249: 5343: 3845: 1877: 1862: 1216: 1201: 563: 488: 274: 259: 224:

sweetener. Sugar substitute products are commercially available in various forms, such as small pills, powders, and packets.

2789: 3938: 6348: 6302: 5738: 5588: 5444: 5286: 3206: 2162: 3036: 463:. It is about 180–200 times sweeter than sugar, and can be used as a tabletop sweetener or in frozen desserts, gelatins, 6577: 4019: 2683: 2049: 1884: 1223: 1065: 974: 676: 522: 281: 5070: 6631: 6329: 6287: 5641: 2541: 1607:

A protein that does not taste sweet by itself but modifies taste receptors to make sour foods taste sweet temporarily

31: 3184: 691:. In Australia, the brand Vitarium uses Natvia, a stevia sweetener, in a range of sugar-free children's milk mixes. 121:. Sugar substitute products are commercially available in various forms, such as small pills, powders, and packets. 6752: 6626: 3348: 2879: 2842: 840:

The majority of sugar substitutes approved for food use are artificially synthesized compounds. However, some bulk

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is prohibited from being used as a sweetener within the United States, but is allowed in other parts of the world.

2536:. Other reviews found that the association between body weight and non-nutritive sweetener usage is inconclusive. 1891: 1851: 1230: 1190: 856:. As it is not commercially profitable to extract these products from fruits and vegetables, they are produced by 578: 288: 248: 6656: 6376: 5510: 5424: 5336: 5298: 5034: 4806: 2615: 1080: 633: 2548:

weight loss. Other reviews concluded that use of non-nutritive sweeteners instead of sugar reduces body weight.

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are derived from sugars. In the United States, six high-intensity sugar substitutes have been approved for use:

636:, "This mechanism is not relevant to humans because of critical interspecies differences in urine composition". 6518: 5879: 5871: 5714: 5515: 3294: 3097: 2716: 1086:

For the sweeteners approved as food additives, the ADIs in milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day are:

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that are labeled as "diet" or "light" that contain artificial sweeteners and often have notably different

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must be approved by the FDA, and sweeteners must be proven as safe via submission by a manufacturer of a

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Ghosh S, Sudha ML (May 2012). "A review on polyols: new frontiers for health-based bakery products".

2717:"Nutritive and Nonnutritive Sweetener Resources | Food and Nutrition Information Center | NAL | USDA" 1959: 1090: 990: 958: 550: 418: 145: 6717: 6661: 6420: 6118: 4801: 745: 567: 3455: 6319: 6272: 6214: 6098: 5770: 4771: 4743: 4712: 4657: 3790: 3506: 3438: 3014: 2561: 664: 600: 339: 118: 2556:

There is little evidence that artificial sweeteners directly affect the onset and mechanisms of

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foods like white bread, and often use artificial sweeteners for sweetness without blood glucose.

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Fear about saccharin increased when a 1960 study showed that high levels of saccharin may cause

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EFSA National Experts (May 2010). "Report of the meetings on aspartame with national experts".

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Imamura F, O'Connor L, Ye Z, Mursu J, Hayashino Y, Bhupathiraju SN, Forouhi NG (July 2015).

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Daniel JW, Renwick AG, Roberts A, Sims J (2000). "The metabolic fate of sucralose in rats".

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Goyal SK, Goyal RK (February 2010). "Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) a bio-sweetener: a review".

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Azad MB, Abou-Setta AM, Chauhan BF, Rabbani R, Lys J, Copstein L, et al. (July 2017).

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Expert Committee on Food Additives, whereas an ADI has not been determined for monk fruit.

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Rogers PJ, Hogenkamp PS, de Graaf C, Higgs S, Lluch A, Ness AR, et al. (March 2016).

3672: 3636: 3621: 3462: 3281: 1016: 425: 5030: 6636: 5800: 5765: 5661: 5366: 5007: 4982: 4598: 4565: 4538: 4513: 4486: 4461: 4399: 4374: 4347: 4322: 4186: 4161: 4134: 4107: 4074: 4049: 3989: 3964: 3614: 2904: 2263: 2232: 1751: 714: 684: 608: 570:'s tabletop sweetener Nectresse in the United States and Norbu Sweetener in Australia. 534: 526: 508: 52: 3740: 6746: 6641: 6161: 5969: 5830: 5810: 5721: 5686: 5505: 5229: 5215: 5203: 5180: 5151: 5125: 4775: 4676: 4661: 3886: 2628: 2597: 2529: 1021: 1011: 970: 930: 860: 787: 773: 596: 492: 460: 456: 391: 360: 197: 181: 161: 80: 4716: 3794: 3442: 6691: 6651: 6166: 5987: 5979: 5949: 5820: 5805: 5651: 5527: 5131: 4177: 3980: 3018: 1687: 1561: 1473: 1369: 1151: 757: 621: 213: 4846: 3849: 2580:

Multiple reviews have found no link between artificial sweeteners and the risk of

503: 4108:"Health outcomes of non-nutritive sweeteners: analysis of the research landscape" 3965:"Xylitol-containing products for preventing dental caries in children and adults" 3778: 2781: 1276:

The sweetness levels and energy densities are in comparison to those of sucrose.

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Sugar substitutes are used instead of sugar for a number of reasons, including:

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There are few safety concerns pertaining to sucralose and the way sucralose is

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forms when the cells regenerate (regenerative hyperplasia). According to the

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Li H, Liang H, Yang H, Zhang X, Ding X, Zhang R, et al. (April 2021).

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Grotz VL, Munro IC (2009). "An overview of the safety of sucralose".

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Protein; also changes the taste of water and sour solutions to sweet

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with an intense sweetener to achieve satisfactory texture sensation.

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Brown, Rebecca J.; de Banate, Mary Ann; Rother, Kristina I. (2010).

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of the dental plaque. A sweetener that may benefit dental health is

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Artificial sweeteners may be derived through manufacturing of plant

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Riley P, Moore D, Ahmed F, Sharif MO, Worthington HV (March 2015).

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saccharin is often minimized by blending it with other sweeteners.

348:– one type of sugar substitute – are compounds with many times the 6057: 5709: 2609: 625: 577: 502: 205: 88: 38: 4909:

Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (20 February 2020).

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The FDA has published estimates of sweetness intensity, called a

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Aspartame was discovered in 1965 by James M. Schlatter at the

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Three artificial sweeteners in paper packets, coded by color:

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Pearlman, Michelle; Obert, Jon; Casey, Lisa (December 2017).

3275:"New and Emerging Opportunities for Plant-Derived Sweeteners" 3507:"Has Stevia been approved by FDA to be used as a sweetener?" 3151:. PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 6 January 2018. 2658:

One U.S. brand of saccharin uses yellow packets. In Canada,

5161: 4677:"The association between artificial sweeteners and obesity" 3534:"Federal regulators give OK for Cargill's Truvia sweetener" 679:(GRAS) in December 2008 to Cargill for its stevia product, 658:

Stevia is a natural non-caloric sweetener derived from the

2540:

tend to show a relation with increased body weight, while

4981:

Zhang YB, Jiang YW, Chen JX, Xia PF, Pan A (March 2021).

4868:

Mishra A, Ahmed K, Froghi S, Dasgupta P (December 2015).

27:

Sugarless food additive intended to provide a sweet taste

3848:. Yale-New Haven Hospital. 10 March 2005. Archived from 3127:. London, England: Portobello books. pp. 143–144. 2011:

approved in Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, and China.

683:, for use of the refined stevia extracts as a blend of 4246:. US Food and Drug Administration. 19 December 2017. 3322:"Chinese supplier Layn to bring monk fruit to Europe" 3767:

International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition

3415:

International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition

2962:

Sweeteners and sugar alternatives in food technology

6619: 6557: 6481: 6436:

2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak

6258: 6180: 6127: 6056: 6006: 5978: 5940: 5829: 5737: 5685: 5618: 5557: 5541: 5483: 5399: 5383: 5364: 4278:

International Journal of Advanced Academic Research

3615:

FDA approves new high-intensity sweetener sucralose

3592:. US Food and Drug Administration. 16 August 2019. 3481:"Agency Response Letter GRAS Notice No. GRN 000287" 3297:. Novel Food Catalogue, European Commission. 2017. 152:. These sweeteners are a fundamental ingredient in 3509:. US Food and Drug Administration. 28 April 2017. 921:Sugar substitutes are a fundamental ingredient in 4460:Brown RJ, de Banate MA, Rother KI (August 2010). 4424:Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 4106:Lohner S, Toews I, Meerpohl JJ (September 2017). 3937:. US Food and Drug Administration. Archived from 1126:Stevia (pure extracted steviol glycosides), ADI 4 507:Cyclamate-based sugar substitute sold in Canada ( 30:"Sugar free" redirects here. For other uses, see 4835:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 4213:. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 4162:"Non-nutritive sweeteners for diabetes mellitus" 3822:. US Food and Drug Administration. 19 May 2014. 2758:. US Food and Drug Administration. 19 May 2014. 863:of the appropriate reducing sugar. For example, 558:, extracted from monk fruit and commonly called 3885:. Food Insight. 15 October 2009. Archived from 2811:Office of the Commissioner (20 December 2019). 2684:"Artificial sweeteners. What's the difference?" 390:Sorbitol, xylitol and lactitol are examples of 3631: 3629: 2928: 2926: 113:may be derived through manufacturing of plant 5596: 5344: 5098: 4368: 4366: 4316: 4314: 3269: 3267: 8: 6611:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition 6426:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak 6325:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal 3456:Sweet on Stevia: Sugar Substitute Gains Fans 6549:United Kingdom food information regulations 4507: 4505: 4455: 4453: 3969:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3536:. Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal. 3387:International Agency for Research on Cancer 2983: 2981: 2964:. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 94. 2095:FDA banned 1969, approved in EU and Canada 630:International Agency for Research on Cancer 67:, yellow). Other colors used are green for 5603: 5589: 5581: 5351: 5337: 5329: 5105: 5091: 5083: 4874:International Journal of Clinical Practice 4570:International Journal of Pediatric Obesity 4466:International Journal of Pediatric Obesity 4379:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 3056: 3054: 2899: 2897: 2275: 1936: 1278: 1150:, or in table sugar replacements that mix 675:, the FDA gave a "no objection" status as 6387:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak 5051:. World Health Organization. 16 May 2023. 5006: 4957: 4885: 4597: 4537: 4485: 4398: 4346: 4185: 4133: 4123: 4073: 3988: 3720: 3718: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 1925:Learn how and when to remove this message 1264:Learn how and when to remove this message 322:Learn how and when to remove this message 212:than sugar-based sweeteners, making it a 95:than sugar-based sweeteners, making it a 6431:2018 Australian strawberry contamination 6293:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident 4802:"Common Cancer Myths and Misconceptions" 4619: 4617: 4559: 4557: 3958: 3956: 3911:. Yale New Haven Health. 10 March 2005. 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3760: 3758: 3637:"Bitter Battle over Truth in Sweeteners" 3408: 3406: 3349:"US launch sweet news for kiwi supplier" 3174: 3172: 3170: 6401:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak 4742:Christofides, Elena A. (October 2021). 4166:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4010: 4008: 2674: 2651: 1953: 1295: 844:sugar substitutes are known, including 6416:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning 5993:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 4299:from the original on 21 September 2018 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4043: 4041: 3688:Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 3328:from the original on 18 September 2019 3104:from the original on 22 September 2010 2878:. UK FSA. 17 June 2008. Archived from 2727:from the original on 22 September 2020 4921:from the original on 10 December 2021 4782:from the original on 27 November 2022 4373:Miller PE, Perez V (September 2014). 4211:Food: The chemistry of its components 4155: 4153: 4026:from the original on 5 September 2014 4016:"Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)" 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3596:from the original on 23 November 2019 2870: 2868: 1129:Monk fruit extract, no ADI determined 7: 6707: 6595:Institute for Food Safety and Health 6335:Australian meat substitution scandal 6303:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959 6079:Arsenic contamination of groundwater 3915:from the original on 23 October 2021 3155:from the original on 11 January 2018 2853:from the original on 23 January 2021 2823:from the original on 23 January 2021 2792:from the original on 26 January 2021 2711: 2709: 1863:adding citations to reliable sources 1202:adding citations to reliable sources 720:Most of the controversy surrounding 260:adding citations to reliable sources 208:while containing significantly less 91:while containing significantly less 6727: 6583:Food Information and Control Agency 4814:from the original on 1 January 2022 3647:from the original on 1 January 2011 3361:from the original on 29 August 2012 363:, common sugar substitutes include 4723:from the original on 23 April 2023 3826:from the original on 24 April 2022 3570:from the original on 6 August 2013 3487:from the original on 29 March 2011 3252:from the original on 23 April 2023 3213:from the original on 21 April 2021 3100:. Health Canada. 5 November 2002. 2911:from the original on 10 March 2011 2762:from the original on 23 April 2019 2277:Sugar alcohols relative sweetness 1624:Sweetener isolated from the plant 1166:(MSI) as compared to table sugar. 25: 6600:International Food Safety Network 6524:International Food Safety Network 6245:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 6195:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein 5922:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic 5391:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein 5191:Additional chemicals (E1100–1599) 4250:from the original on 30 June 2017 3540:from the original on 20 June 2017 3513:from the original on 29 July 2017 3301:from the original on 3 April 2019 2694:from the original on 12 July 2015 2604:Non-nutritive sweeteners vs sugar 1164:multiplier of sweetness intensity 124:Common sugar substitutes include 6726: 6716: 6706: 6697: 6696: 6685: 6675: 6605:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety 6441:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal 6372:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak 6367:ICA meat repackaging controversy 5440:Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates 5064: 4681:Current Gastroenterology Reports 4327:International Journal of Obesity 3532:Newmarker C (18 December 2008). 1839: 1405:Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates 1178: 582:Saccharin, historical wrapping, 236: 6544:Quality Assurance International 6451:Food safety incidents in Taiwan 6421:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat 6315:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster 6230:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 3909:"Eat Any Sugar Alcohol Lately?" 3846:"Eat any sugar alcohol lately?" 3238:. CRC Press. pp. 226–227. 3207:"Worldwide status of cyclamate" 3183:. Yahoo Finance. Archived from 3179:Business Wire (31 March 2017). 3062:"Aspartame: review of safety". 2301:sweetness, relative to sucrose 2259:Canada 1991, FDA 1998, EU 2004 1850:needs additional citations for 1189:needs additional citations for 925:to sweeten them without adding 732:, an organization representing 247:needs additional citations for 156:to sweeten them without adding 6573:European Food Safety Authority 6446:Food safety incidents in China 6283:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning 6250:Water fluoridation controversy 5384:Artificial protein substitutes 4178:10.1002/14651858.CD012885.pub2 3981:10.1002/14651858.CD010743.pub2 3385:. Vol. 73. Lyon, France: 3295:"Search; Siraitia grosvenorii" 3273:Rachel Wilson (26 July 2011), 1060:Acceptable daily intake levels 564:European Food Safety Authority 489:European Food Safety Authority 1: 5445:Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone 5287:Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone 4847:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0365 4269:Godswill AC (February 2017). 3741:10.1016/S0278-6915(00)00034-X 2163:Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone 1010:– People with diabetes limit 611:in laboratory rats. In 1977, 6578:Food and Drug Administration 6260:Food contamination incidents 4020:Food and Drug Administration 3779:10.3109/09637486.2011.627846 2935:EFSA Supporting Publications 2542:randomized controlled trials 2050:Salt of aspartame-acesulfame 677:generally recognized as safe 523:Food and Drug Administration 6632:Food and drink prohibitions 6406:Bihar school meal poisoning 6330:United Kingdom BSE outbreak 6288:1900 English beer poisoning 5642:Antibiotic use in livestock 4760:10.1016/j.eprac.2021.08.001 3879:"Sugar alcohols fact sheet" 3820:"High-intensity sweeteners" 3701:10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.05.011 3675:, Sugar Association website 3320:Michail N (3 August 2017). 3232:Lyn O'Brien-Nabors (2011). 3209:. Calorie Control Council. 2947:10.2903/sp.efsa.2010.ZN-002 2756:"High-Intensity Sweeteners" 2682:Stein, Anne (11 May 2011). 2610:Sugar § Health effects 2293:Sweetness per food energy, 1750:Extracts known as rebiana, 648:Steviol glycosides (stevia) 32:Sugar free (disambiguation) 6769: 6627:Curing (food preservation) 5700:Monosodium glutamate (MSG) 4436:10.1016/j.jand.2012.03.009 3347:Adams C (28 August 2012). 3284:, Natural Products Insider 2607: 2596:(CVD) mortality in a 2021 1064:In the United States, the 771: 706: 651: 588: 548: 521:In the United States, the 514: 440: 416: 401: 29: 6670: 6657:Genetically modified food 6509:Food labeling regulations 6377:2008 Chinese milk scandal 5425:Aspartame-acesulfame salt 5299:Aspartame-acesulfame salt 5121: 5035:World Health Organization 4807:National Cancer Institute 4693:10.1007/s11894-017-0602-9 4582:10.3109/17477160903497027 4478:10.3109/17477160903497027 4125:10.1186/s12937-017-0278-x 3427:10.3109/09637480903193049 3064:Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol 3003:10.1080/10408440701516184 2616:World Health Organization 1290:Sweetness by food energy 1081:World Health Organization 867:is converted to xylitol, 634:World Health Organization 481:claims against its safety 346:High-intensity sweeteners 176:are derived from sugars. 6519:Food safety in Australia 5715:High-fructose corn syrup 5484:Natural food substitutes 5187:Miscellaneous (E900–999) 4999:10.1093/advances/nmaa110 4946:Journal of Public Health 1627:Sclerochiton ilicifolius 913:in adults and children. 196:A sugar substitute is a 6499:Acceptable daily intake 6411:2013 horse meat scandal 5852:Clostridium perfringens 5077:Calorie Control Council 4391:10.3945/ajcn.113.082826 2038:FDA 1981, EU-wide 1994 1758:; commercial products: 1458:Isomaltooligosaccharide 1071:Acceptable Daily Intake 545:Mogrosides (monk fruit) 6567:Centre for Food Safety 6382:2008 Irish pork crisis 6084:Benzene in soft drinks 5570:List of food additives 4959:10.1093/pubmed/fdab069 3467:Columbia Daily Tribune 3354:The New Zealand Herald 3235:Alternative Sweeteners 3125:The Case against Sugar 3076:10.1006/rtph.2002.1542 2594:cardiovascular disease 2544:instead show a little 2299:Food energy for equal 2237:FDA 1958, Canada 2014 1646:Sweetening protein in 586: 512: 72: 6589:Food Standards Agency 6539:Organic certification 6534:Nutrition facts label 6278:Esing Bakery incident 6066:environment pollution 4987:Advances in Nutrition 3671:22 April 2005 at the 3389:. 1999. p. 607. 3324:. FoodNavigator.com. 3280:23 March 2016 at the 2608:Further information: 2538:Observational studies 2290:Food energy (kcal/g) 2287:to sucrose by weight 1943:Relative sweetness to 1354:Fructooligosaccharide 1287:to sucrose by weight 1037:Reactive hypoglycemia 581: 566:. It is the basis of 506: 485:Food Standards Agency 453:Torunn Atteraas Garin 111:Artificial sweeteners 107:low-calorie sweetener 42: 6358:2006 North American 6016:Acesulfame potassium 5845:Campylobacter jejuni 5739:Intestinal parasites 5612:Consumer food safety 5410:Acesulfame potassium 5073:at Wikimedia Commons 4339:10.1038/ijo.2015.177 3852:on 29 September 2015 3479:Curry, Leslie Lake. 2849:. 23 December 2019. 2568:, disturbed glucose 2295:relative to sucrose 1960:Acesulfame potassium 1859:improve this article 1733:Sugar alcohol, E420 1198:improve this article 1091:Acesulfame potassium 991:Siraitia grosvenorii 959:acesulfame potassium 584:Sugar Museum, Berlin 551:Siraitia grosvenorii 419:Acesulfame potassium 413:Acesulfame potassium 256:improve this article 146:acesulfame potassium 6662:Conspiracy theories 6215:Heterocyclic amines 6119:Shellfish poisoning 4810:. 3 February 2014. 4530:10.1503/cmaj.161390 4209:Coultate T (2009). 3666:Truth About Splenda 3620:20 May 2005 at the 3461:8 July 2011 at the 2960:Mitchell H (2006). 2882:on 21 February 2012 2788:. 3 November 2020. 2278: 1648:serendipity berries 1158:Sweetness intensity 1048:Cost and shelf-life 778:Sugar alcohols, or 746:McNeil Nutritionals 568:McNeil Nutritionals 6320:Toxic oil syndrome 6273:Swill milk scandal 6099:Diethylstilbestrol 5771:Diphyllobothriasis 5496:Coffee substitutes 5142:acidity regulators 4887:10.1111/ijcp.12703 4748:Endocrine Practice 4638:10.1111/ijpo.12521 3941:on 3 February 2020 3039:on 14 October 2008 2991:Crit. Rev. Toxicol 2562:metabolic syndrome 2285:Relative sweetness 2276: 1945:sucrose by weight 1874:"Sugar substitute" 1285:Relative sweetness 1213:"Sugar substitute" 1002:Glucose metabolism 665:dietary supplement 601:phthalic anhydride 587: 513: 340:chemical synthesis 271:"Sugar substitute" 119:chemical synthesis 73: 6753:Sugar substitutes 6740: 6739: 6647:Food preservation 6456:Foodborne illness 6008:Sugar substitutes 5761:Cryptosporidiosis 5743:parasitic disease 5657:HGH controversies 5624:food contaminants 5578: 5577: 5402:sugar substitutes 5326: 5325: 5175:Flavour enhancers 5169:anticaking agents 5071:Sugar substitutes 5069:Media related to 4880:(12): 1418–1426. 4754:(10): 1052–1055. 4626:Pediatric Obesity 4524:(28): E929–E939. 4112:Nutrition Journal 4066:10.1136/bmj.h3576 3735:(S2): S115–S121. 3728:Food Chem Toxicol 3396:978-92-832-1273-7 3245:978-1-4398-4614-8 3123:Taubes G (2017). 3070:(2 Pt 2): S1–93. 2971:978-1-4051-3434-7 2636:, database (2010) 2516: 2515: 2269: 2268: 1935: 1934: 1927: 1909: 1828: 1827: 1768:Stevia In The Raw 1756:steviol glycoside 1274: 1273: 1266: 1248: 1020:diabetes. A 2015 1008:Diabetes mellitus 981:Stevia rebaudiana 871:to lactitol, and 730:Sugar Association 660:Stevia rebaudiana 332: 331: 324: 306: 16:(Redirected from 6760: 6730: 6729: 6720: 6710: 6709: 6700: 6699: 6692:Drink portal 6690: 6689: 6688: 6680: 6679: 6591:(United Kingdom) 6340:Jack in the Box 6311: 6298:Minamata disease 6210:Food irradiation 6190:4-Hydroxynonenal 6038:Sodium cyclamate 5881:Escherichia coli 5873:Escherichia coli 5605: 5598: 5591: 5582: 5533:Salt substitutes 5523:Milk substitutes 5491:Cheese analogues 5470:Sodium cyclamate 5359:Artificial foods 5353: 5346: 5339: 5330: 5210:Improving agents 5204:Synthetic glazes 5107: 5100: 5093: 5084: 5068: 5053: 5052: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5037:. 12 April 2022. 5027: 5021: 5020: 5010: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4961: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4889: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4841:(8): 2235–2238. 4830: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4621: 4612: 4611: 4601: 4561: 4552: 4551: 4541: 4509: 4500: 4499: 4489: 4457: 4448: 4447: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4402: 4370: 4361: 4360: 4350: 4318: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4298: 4275: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4240: 4215: 4214: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4189: 4157: 4148: 4147: 4137: 4127: 4103: 4088: 4087: 4077: 4045: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4022:. 14 July 2014. 4012: 4003: 4002: 3992: 3960: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3935:"Sugar alcohols" 3931: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3875: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3816: 3799: 3798: 3762: 3753: 3752: 3722: 3713: 3712: 3682: 3676: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3633: 3624: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3476: 3470: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3410: 3401: 3400: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3291: 3285: 3271: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3187:on 25 April 2017 3176: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3058: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3035:. Archived from 3029: 3023: 3022: 2985: 2976: 2975: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2930: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2901: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2872: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2752: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2721:www.nal.usda.gov 2713: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2679: 2663: 2656: 2279: 2151:220,000–300,000 2086:Sodium cyclamate 1937: 1930: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1910: 1908: 1867: 1843: 1835: 1279: 1269: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1249: 1247: 1206: 1182: 1174: 1026:clinical studies 929:. Additionally, 917:Dietary concerns 338:or processed by 327: 320: 316: 313: 307: 305: 264: 240: 232: 219: 200:that provides a 160:. Additionally, 117:or processed by 103: 83:that provides a 77:sugar substitute 21: 6768: 6767: 6763: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6686: 6684: 6682:Food portal 6674: 6666: 6615: 6553: 6514:Food libel laws 6477: 6305: 6254: 6220:Modified starch 6182:Food processing 6176: 6123: 6052: 6002: 5998:Sodium benzoate 5974: 5936: 5931:Vibrio cholerae 5825: 5796:Gnathostomiasis 5781:Fasciolopsiasis 5733: 5681: 5672:Mercury in fish 5614: 5609: 5579: 5574: 5553: 5537: 5501:Egg substitutes 5479: 5395: 5379: 5367:fat substitutes 5360: 5357: 5327: 5322: 5235: 5216:Packaging gases 5194: 5117: 5111: 5061: 5056: 5047: 5046: 5042: 5029: 5028: 5024: 4980: 4979: 4975: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4924: 4922: 4908: 4907: 4903: 4867: 4866: 4862: 4832: 4831: 4827: 4817: 4815: 4800: 4799: 4795: 4785: 4783: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4724: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4623: 4622: 4615: 4563: 4562: 4555: 4511: 4510: 4503: 4459: 4458: 4451: 4421: 4420: 4416: 4372: 4371: 4364: 4320: 4319: 4312: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4273: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4253: 4251: 4242: 4241: 4218: 4208: 4207: 4203: 4172:(5): CD012885. 4159: 4158: 4151: 4105: 4104: 4091: 4047: 4046: 4039: 4029: 4027: 4014: 4013: 4006: 3975:(3): CD010743. 3962: 3961: 3954: 3944: 3942: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3892: 3890: 3889:on 30 June 2020 3883:IFIC Foundation 3877: 3876: 3865: 3855: 3853: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3829: 3827: 3818: 3817: 3802: 3764: 3763: 3756: 3724: 3723: 3716: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3673:Wayback Machine 3664: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3643:. 15 May 2007. 3635: 3634: 3627: 3622:Wayback Machine 3613: 3609: 3599: 3597: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3573: 3571: 3564:vitarium.com.au 3560:"du Chocolat -" 3558: 3557: 3553: 3543: 3541: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3490: 3488: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3469:, 23 March 2008 3463:Wayback Machine 3454: 3450: 3412: 3411: 3404: 3397: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3331: 3329: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3304: 3302: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3282:Wayback Machine 3272: 3265: 3255: 3253: 3246: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3190: 3188: 3178: 3177: 3168: 3158: 3156: 3149:"Cyclamic acid" 3147: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3060: 3059: 3052: 3042: 3040: 3031: 3030: 3026: 2987: 2986: 2979: 2972: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2932: 2931: 2924: 2914: 2912: 2903: 2902: 2895: 2885: 2883: 2874: 2873: 2866: 2856: 2854: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2795: 2793: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2754: 2753: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2715: 2714: 2707: 2697: 2695: 2688:Chicago Tribune 2681: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2666: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2625: 2612: 2606: 2590: 2578: 2554: 2526: 2521: 2286: 2274: 2264:Tate & Lyle 2216:FDA banned 1950 2118:FDA banned 1950 1944: 1931: 1920: 1914: 1911: 1868: 1866: 1856: 1844: 1833: 1788:Monosaccharide 1293:Energy density 1286: 1270: 1259: 1253: 1250: 1207: 1205: 1195: 1183: 1172: 1160: 1136: 1062: 1050: 1017:overconsumption 1004: 998:or monk fruit. 919: 907:Cochrane review 894: 886: 884:Reasons for use 881: 838: 776: 770: 715:hydroxyl groups 711: 705: 663:available as a 656: 650: 593: 576: 553: 547: 519: 501: 445: 439: 426:sodium ferulate 421: 415: 406: 400: 328: 317: 311: 308: 265: 263: 253: 241: 230: 217: 194: 101: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6766: 6764: 6756: 6755: 6745: 6744: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6724: 6714: 6704: 6694: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6637:Food marketing 6634: 6629: 6623: 6621: 6620:Related topics 6617: 6616: 6614: 6613: 6608: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6586: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6563: 6561: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6495: 6493: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6475: 6474: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6355: 6346: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6264: 6262: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6205:Food additives 6202: 6197: 6192: 6186: 6184: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6133: 6131: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6070: 6068: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6018: 6012: 6010: 6004: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5984: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5946: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5927: 5919: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5877: 5869: 5862: 5855: 5848: 5841: 5835: 5833: 5831:Microorganisms 5827: 5826: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5801:Paragonimiasis 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5766:Cyclosporiasis 5763: 5758: 5753: 5747: 5745: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5691: 5689: 5687:Food additives 5683: 5682: 5680: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5662:Lead poisoning 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5628: 5626: 5616: 5615: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5600: 5593: 5585: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5561: 5559: 5558:Related topics 5555: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5506:Meat analogues 5503: 5498: 5493: 5487: 5485: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5406: 5404: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5387: 5385: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5371: 5369: 5362: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5348: 5341: 5333: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5234: 5233: 5230:Foaming agents 5227: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5159: 5145: 5135: 5129: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5112: 5110: 5109: 5102: 5095: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5074: 5060: 5059:External links 5057: 5055: 5054: 5040: 5022: 4993:(2): 374–383. 4973: 4952:(3): 516–526. 4932: 4901: 4860: 4825: 4793: 4734: 4667: 4613: 4576:(4): 305–312. 4553: 4501: 4472:(4): 305–312. 4449: 4430:(5): 739–758. 4414: 4385:(3): 765–777. 4362: 4333:(3): 381–394. 4310: 4261: 4216: 4201: 4149: 4089: 4037: 4004: 3952: 3926: 3900: 3863: 3837: 3800: 3773:(3): 372–379. 3754: 3714: 3677: 3658: 3625: 3607: 3581: 3551: 3524: 3498: 3471: 3448: 3402: 3395: 3372: 3339: 3312: 3286: 3263: 3244: 3224: 3198: 3166: 3140: 3133: 3115: 3089: 3050: 3024: 2997:(8): 629–727. 2977: 2970: 2952: 2922: 2893: 2864: 2834: 2803: 2773: 2738: 2705: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2643: 2642: 2637: 2631: 2624: 2621: 2605: 2602: 2589: 2586: 2577: 2574: 2553: 2550: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2497:Compare with: 2494: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2283: 2273: 2272:Sugar alcohols 2270: 2267: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2251: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2230: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2206: 2198: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2186: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2131: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2115: 2113: 2108: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2055: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2039: 2036: 2027: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1973: 1970: 1965: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1941: 1933: 1932: 1847: 1845: 1838: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1805:Protein; E957 1803: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1752:rebaudioside A 1748: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1716: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1522: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1419: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1382: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1366: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1350: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1283: 1272: 1271: 1186: 1184: 1177: 1171: 1168: 1159: 1156: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1118: 1112: 1106: 1100: 1094: 1061: 1058: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1034: 1003: 1000: 994:, also called 971:Food additives 931:sugar alcohols 918: 915: 893: 890: 885: 882: 880: 877: 837: 834: 772:Main article: 769: 766: 707:Main article: 704: 701: 685:rebaudioside A 652:Main article: 649: 646: 632:, part of the 609:bladder cancer 589:Main article: 575: 572: 549:Main article: 546: 543: 535:European Union 527:bladder cancer 515:Main article: 500: 497: 441:Main article: 438: 435: 417:Main article: 414: 411: 402:Main article: 399: 396: 392:sugar alcohols 330: 329: 244: 242: 235: 229: 226: 193: 190: 162:sugar alcohols 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6765: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6733: 6725: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6713: 6705: 6703: 6695: 6693: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6672: 6669: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6642:Food politics 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6618: 6612: 6609: 6607:(South Korea) 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6590: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6556: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6472: 6471:United States 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6458: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6392:2011 Germany 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6349:1996 Odwalla 6347: 6345: 6343: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6309: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6179: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6126: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5980:Preservatives 5977: 5971: 5970:Methamidophos 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5933: 5932: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5856: 5854: 5853: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5828: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5811:Toxoplasmosis 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5723: 5722:Vegetable oil 5720: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5684: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5606: 5601: 5599: 5594: 5592: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5556: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5398: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5382: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5363: 5354: 5349: 5347: 5342: 5340: 5335: 5334: 5331: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5166: 5163: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5133: 5132:Preservatives 5130: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5120: 5115: 5108: 5103: 5101: 5096: 5094: 5089: 5088: 5085: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5067: 5063: 5062: 5058: 5050: 5044: 5041: 5036: 5032: 5026: 5023: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4974: 4969: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4936: 4933: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4902: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4829: 4826: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4797: 4794: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4735: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4671: 4668: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4632:(8): e12521. 4631: 4627: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4265: 4262: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4205: 4202: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3901: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3851: 3847: 3841: 3838: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3729: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3689: 3681: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3667: 3662: 3659: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3623: 3619: 3616: 3611: 3608: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3582: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3552: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3525: 3512: 3508: 3502: 3499: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3452: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3376: 3373: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3350: 3343: 3340: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3313: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3251: 3247: 3241: 3237: 3236: 3228: 3225: 3212: 3208: 3202: 3199: 3186: 3182: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3141: 3136: 3134:9781846276378 3130: 3126: 3119: 3116: 3103: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2852: 2848: 2847:Wholesome Yum 2844: 2838: 2835: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2807: 2804: 2791: 2787: 2786:Wholesome Yum 2783: 2777: 2774: 2761: 2757: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2678: 2675: 2669: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2645: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2629:Sugar alcohol 2627: 2626: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2611: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2598:meta-analysis 2595: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2530:blood glucose 2523: 2518: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2289: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2271: 2265: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185:7,000–13,000 2184: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2129: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2101: 2098:E952, Abbott 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1950: 1947: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1929: 1926: 1918: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1876: – 1875: 1871: 1870:Find sources: 1864: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1848:This section 1846: 1842: 1837: 1836: 1830: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1429: 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