1399:
1419:
1088:, despite the initial resistace to the Czechoslovak rule, the Sudeten German population was not entirely opposed to annexation by Czechoslovakia. Sudeten economy and industry relied on the rest of Bohemia, and local industrialists were afraid of "Reich German competition and therefore of the talk of handing them over". Many Sudeten Germans also opposed joining Austria, arguing that being incorporated into Austria would turn Sudeten lands into "economically helpless Austrian enclaves". Because of this, Sudetenland becoming part of Czechoslovakia was the preferable choice of "a good deal of cautious middle-class" amongst Sudeten Germans. Silesian-Sudeten Germans were particularly pro-Czechoslovak, as they strongly preferred Czechoslovak rule to the prospect of becoming a part of Poland.
1435:
1189:
1476:
779:
450:
1103:
1681:
1608:
1076:, also attempted to proclaim their union with German Austria. The Czechs thus rejected the aspirations of the German Bohemians and demanded the inclusion of the lands inhabited by ethnic Germans in their state, despite the presence of more than 90% (as of 1921) ethnic Germans, which led to the presence of 23.4% of Germans in all of Czechoslovakia, on the grounds they had always been part of lands of the Bohemian Crown. The
3983:
3184:
4000:
3416:
32:
3978:
1639:
129:
969:(state captain), consecutively: Rafael Pacher (1857–1936), 29 October – 6 November 1918, and Rudolf Ritter von Lodgman von Auen (1877–1962), 6 November – 16 December 1918 (the last principal city was conquered by the Czech army but he continued in exile, first at Zittau in Saxony and then in Vienna, until 24 September 1919).
1627:
1669:). As a consequence of the immense hostility against all Germans that had grown within Czechoslovakia because many of them had helped the Nazis, the overwhelming majority of Germans were expelled though the relevant Czechoslovak legislation had provided for Germans to remain if they could prove their anti-Nazi affiliation.
1398:
1418:
1271:
on the transfer of the
Sudetenland to the Reich, third, organising a Four-Power Conference on the matter and, fourth, creating a federal Czechoslovakia. At the meeting, he said that he was very reluctant to offer his own solution and had not seen that as his task. The most that Halifax said was that
1672:
The number of expelled
Germans in the early phase (spring-summer 1945) is estimated to be around 500,000 people. After the Beneš decrees, nearly all Germans were expelled starting in 1946 and in 1950 only 159,938 (from 3,149,820 in 1930) still lived in the Czech Republic. The remaining Germans, who
1258:
A full account of his report, including summaries of the conclusions of his meetings with the various parties, which he made in person to the
Cabinet on his return to the United Kingdom, is found in the Document CC 39(38). Lord Runciman expressed sadness that he could not bring about agreement with
1317:
on 22 September 1938 to confirm the agreements. Hitler, aiming to use the crisis as a pretext for war, now demanded not only the annexation of the
Sudetenland but also the immediate military occupation of Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia, thus giving the Czechoslovak army no time to adapt its defence
1142:
and glassmaking industry were located in the
Sudetenland, and 69% of employees in the sector were German-speaking according to mother tongue, and 95% of bijouterie and 78% of other glassware was produced for export. The glass-making sector was affected by decreased spending power and by protective
722:("Renewed Land's Constitution"), and one of its consequences was that German, according to mother tongue, gradually became the primary and official language, while Czech declined to a secondary role in the Empire. In 1749, the Austrian Empire enforced German as the official language again. Emperor
1059:
The
Commission was... unanimous in its recommendation that the separation of all areas inhabited by the German-Bohemians would not only expose Czechoslovakia to great dangers but equally create great difficulties for the Germans themselves. The only practicable solution was to incorporate these
1263:
that the time that had been gained was important. He reported on the situation of the
Sudeten Germans and gave details of four plans that had been proposed to deal with the crisis, each of which had points that, he reported, made it unacceptable to the other parties to the negotiations.
2088:
Note that what he reportsled is an expression of his opinion on the situation. He may have been entirely mistaken on that, but it helps to understand how he saw the situation. For example, he felt that the
Czechoslovakian government was blind to the situation, but that does not make it
1384:
argues that the mainstream wing of
Henlein's party was "not striving for annexation to Germany, but for genuine autonomy", and the majority of negotiators who conducted talks with Hodža and Beneš belonged to the pro-autonomy wing and were unaware of Henlein's agreements with Hitler.
1371:
Although "Henlein and the SdP had become accessories in Hitler’s escalating campaign to annex the
Sudetenland to the German Reich" by the summer of 1938, the supporters of the SdP supported autonomy within Czechoslovakia rather than annexation into Germany. Contemporary reports of
1110:
According to the February 1921 census, 3,123,000 native German speakers lived in Czechoslovakia, 23.4% of the total population. The controversies between the Czechs and the German-speaking minority lingered on throughout the 1920s and intensified in the 1930s.
1321:
Hitler, in a speech at the Sportpalast in Berlin, claimed that the Sudetenland was "the last territorial demand I have to make in Europe" and gave Czechoslovakia a deadline of 28 September 1938 at 2:00 p.m. to cede the Sudetenland to Germany or face war.
1586:, 17.34% of the total German population in the Sudetenland (the average NSDAP membership participation in Germany was merely 7.85% in 1944). That means the Sudetenland was one of the most pro-Nazi regions of Nazi Germany. Because of their knowledge of the
1746:
up to 2 km (1.2 mi) from the border in which no civilians could reside. A wider region, or "border zone", existed up to 12 km (7 miles) from the border in which no "disloyal" or "suspect" civilians could reside or work. Thus, the entire
762:: while the German-speaking population of Bohemia and Moravia wanted to participate in the building of a German nation state, the Czech-speaking population insisted on keeping Bohemia out of such plans. The Bohemian Kingdom remained a part of the
726:
in 1780 renounced the coronation ceremony as Bohemian king and unsuccessfully tried to push German through as sole official language in all Habsburg lands (including Hungary). Nevertheless, German cultural influence grew stronger during the
1283:
Halifax said that the transfer of these areas to Germany would almost certainly be a good thing adding that the Czechoslovak army would certainly oppose that very strongly and that Beneš had said that it would fight, rather than accept it.
1080:
in 1919 affirmed the inclusion of the German-speaking territories within Czechoslovakia. Over the next two decades, some Germans in the Sudetenland continued to strive for a separation of the German-inhabited regions from Czechoslovakia.
1569:. Jews and Czechs were not the only afflicted peoples since German socialists, communists and pacifists were widely persecuted as well. Some of the German socialists fled the Sudetenland via Prague and London to other countries. The
1738:), western and northern parts of Bohemia, remained depopulated for several strategic reasons (extensive mining and military interests) or are now protected national parks and landscapes. Moreover, before the establishment of the
995:: Robert Freissler (1877–1950), 30 October – 18 December 1918. This province's boundaries do not correspond to what would later be called the Sudetenland, which contained all the German-speaking parts of the Czech lands.
1547:
3748:
1434:
195:
1673:
were proven antifascists and skilled laborers, were allowed to stay in Czechoslovakia but were later forcefully dispersed within the country. Some German refugees from Czechoslovakia are represented by the
3251:
936:
and uniting all German-speaking areas with either Germany or Austria, with the exception of northern Bohemia. However, the American delegation at the Paris talks decided not to follow Coolidge's proposal.
1341:. They accepted the immediate occupation of the Sudetenland. The Czechoslovak government, though not party to the talks, submitted to compulsion and promised to abide by the agreement on 30 September.
797:(Sudeten Germans) emerged by the early 20th century. It originally constituted part of a larger classification of three groupings of Germans within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which also included "
683:. The city of Prague had a German-speaking majority from the last third of the 17th century until 1860, but after 1910 the proportion of German speakers had decreased to 6.7% of the population.
3396:
1251:
to see if he could obtain a settlement between the Czechoslovak government and the Germans in the Sudetenland. Runciman's first day included meetings with President Beneš and Prime Minister
401:
1376:
found that there was a "large number of Sudetenlanders who actively opposed annexation", and that the pro-German policy was challenged by the moderates within the SdP as well; according to
3758:
3753:
1743:
861:
state, consisting of the lands of the Bohemian kingdom and areas belonging to the Kingdom of Hungary, was proclaimed. The German deputies of Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia in the
1546:
1217:
in March 1938, Hitler made himself the advocate of ethnic Germans living in Czechoslovakia, which triggered the Sudeten Crisis. The following month, Sudeten Nazis, led by
2348:
1244:
2029:
Zayas, Alfred Maurice de: Die Nemesis von Potsdam. Die Anglo-Amerikaner und die Vertreibung der Deutschen, überarb. u. erweit. Neuauflage, Herbig-Verlag, München, 2005.
266:
The word "Sudetenland" did not come into being until the early part of the 20th century and did not come to prominence until almost two decades into the century, after
2068:
4059:
1255:
as well as a direct meeting with the Sudeten Germans from Henlein's SdP. On the next day, he met with Dr and Mme Beneš and later met non-Nazi Germans in his hotel.
1666:
1183:
2391:
1454:
as military governor. On 14 April 1939, the annexed territories were divided, with the southern parts being incorporated into the neighbouring Reichsgaue of
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4069:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2384:
1823:
1226:
1167:
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275:
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did the same. No Czechoslovak representative was invited to the discussions. Germany was now able to walk into the Sudetenland without firing a shot.
759:
4064:
4029:
2730:
1803:
1631:
1621:
315:
1798:
619:
By then Germans largely settled the hilly Bohemian border regions as well as the cities of the lowlands; mainly people of Bavarian descent in the
2663:
2039:
3789:
2222:
Zimmermann, Volker: Die Sudetendeutschen im NS-Staat. Politik und Stimmung der Bevölkerung im Reichsgau Sudetenland (1938–1945). Essen 1999. (
2341:
2156:
2134:
1946:
1899:
1773:
In the 2021 census, 24,632 people in the Czech Republic claimed German ethnicity, out of which 15,504 in combination with another ethnicity.
1188:
2489:
381:
1380:, over 50% of Henlein's supporters favoured greater autonomy within Czechoslovakia rather than joining Germany. Sudeten German historian
4049:
3330:
2686:
2522:
1813:
1594:
1349:
1345:
295:
3241:
2649:
1365:
842:, what later became known as the Sudetenland experienced a rate of war deaths that was higher than most other German-speaking areas of
3459:
1936:
1889:
1260:
1200:
4039:
2628:
2227:
2207:
201:
115:
1642:
From the territory occupied by the Third Reich, 160,000 to 170,000 Czech-speaking inhabitants were forced to leave or were expelled
3495:
3388:
3278:
2614:
2334:
1695:(more than 100,000). As the German population was transferred out of the country, the former Sudetenland was resettled mostly by
1578:
However, on 4 December 1938, there were elections in Reichsgau Sudetenland in which 97.32% of the adult population voted for the
1353:
2478:
1833:
1674:
3794:
2568:
582:
53:
2547:
2792:
2419:
1828:
1783:
751:
723:
96:
3325:
1344:
The Sudetenland was assigned to Germany between 1 and 10 October 1938. The Czech part of Czechoslovakia was subsequently
941:
was the American's chief diplomat in the Czechoslovak Commission and emphasized preserving the unity of the Czech lands.
672:
3768:
3480:
2723:
2507:
2467:
1704:
1558:
1052:
68:
49:
1762:, where skilled ethnic German miners and workers continued in mining and industry, until 1955, as sanctioned under the
4034:
2928:
2825:
2460:
2448:
972:
893:
598:
509:
20:
1528:
1333:, and on 29 September, Hitler, Daladier and Chamberlain met and agreed to Mussolini's proposal (actually prepared by
1146:
The high unemployment, as well as the imposition of Czech in schools and all public spaces, made people more open to
1055:
issued a declaration, which gave unanimous support for "unity of Czech lands". In particular the declaration stated:
369:
4054:
3951:
3904:
3784:
3352:
2974:
2923:
948:
862:
75:
2878:
42:
3945:
3579:
3490:
3000:
2954:
2873:
2677:
2659:
2377:
1655:
1064:
Several German minorities according to their mother tongue in Moravia, including German-speaking populations in
636:
3500:
3485:
3475:
2673:
2309:
1566:
1210:
703:
554:
361:
215:
1360:
allied to Germany. (The Ruthenian part, Subcarpathian Rus, made also an attempt to declare its sovereignty as
1118:, the mostly-mountainous regions populated by the German minority, together with other peripheral regions of
82:
3939:
3882:
3589:
2938:
2716:
1735:
1134:), the Sudetenland had a high concentration of vulnerable export-dependent industries (such as glass works,
1077:
747:
3584:
1874:
Papers relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States 1919 – the Paris Peace Conference, Volume XII
1565:
occurred. As elsewhere in Germany, many synagogues were set on fire and numerous leading Jews were sent to
541:
From as early as the second half of the 13th century onwards these Bohemian border regions were settled by
3273:
2893:
2863:
2579:
1793:
1728:
1237:
998:
513:
3565:
3522:
1872:
1485:
1475:
1456:
1304:
702:. Bohemia lost 70% of its population. From the defeat of the Bohemian Revolt that collapsed at the 1620
624:
620:
574:
550:
365:
307:
64:
3334:
2242:"Ethnic Cleansing, Communism, and Environmental Devastation in Czechoslovakia's Borderlands, 1945–1989"
1513:(1 May 1939 – 4 May 1945). The Sudetenland consisted of three administrative districts (
1199:
The increasing aggressiveness of Hitler prompted the Czechoslovak military to start to build extensive
778:
449:
255:. Since the 9th century the Sudetenland had been an integral part of the Czech state (first within the
2964:
4024:
3367:
2990:
2959:
2888:
2845:
1818:
1532:
1163:
1028:
847:
728:
699:
656:
578:
546:
2933:
2098:
2047:
812:
526:(settlement of the east) German settlement from the 13th century onwards continued to move into the
3918:
3911:
3703:
3449:
3385:
3320:
3246:
2808:
2782:
2764:
2535:
2149:
Cleansing the Czechoslovak Borderlands: Migration, Environment and Health in the Former Sudetenland
1982:
1712:
1462:
1307:
1288:
1240:
1222:
1127:
1123:
1085:
758:. Conflicts between Czech and German nationalists emerged in the 19th century, for instance in the
711:
687:
426:
dominated the entire core of the region in later centuries. Those tribes already built cities like
349:
786:
in 1911: regions with a German majority are depicted in pink, those with Czech majorities in blue.
3635:
3357:
3224:
2913:
2903:
2786:
2778:
2769:
2753:
2645:
2594:
2585:
2541:
2261:
1956:
1909:
1662:
1598:
1131:
933:
929:
928:
government asked for the opinion of the United States on the Sudetenland. Wilson sent Ambassador
881:
and attempted to negotiate the union of the German-speaking territories with the new Republic of
878:
851:
590:
586:
557:(1278–1305). After the extinction of the Přemyslid dynasty in 1306, the Bohemian nobility backed
531:
501:
493:
466:
384:, which makes it difficult to distinguish the history of the Sudetenland separately from that of
260:
3624:
3140:
1280:, in the northwestern corner of Bohemia, where about 800,000 Germans and very few others lived.
1267:
The four plans included, first, the transfer of the Sudetenland to the Reich, second, holding a
1102:
3853:
3848:
3362:
3256:
2908:
2868:
2819:
2814:
2802:
2797:
2223:
2203:
2152:
2130:
1942:
1895:
1838:
1752:
1680:
1509:
1334:
1139:
732:
707:
695:
691:
668:
497:
4003:
3887:
3799:
3663:
3642:
3604:
3504:
3295:
3268:
3234:
3049:
2995:
2253:
2177:
1788:
1763:
1758:
There remained areas with noticeable German minorities in the westernmost borderland around
1607:
1515:
1361:
1338:
1326:
1248:
1179:
1135:
1115:
984:
857:
Austria-Hungary broke apart at the end of World War I. In late October 1918, an independent
799:
715:
562:
505:
489:
462:
443:
431:
415:
299:
256:
151:
1987:
Czechs and Germans: A Study of the Struggle in the Historic Province of Bohemia and Moravia
3858:
3833:
3828:
3763:
3594:
3300:
3229:
3022:
3017:
3012:
2918:
2640:
2607:
2361:
1968:
1921:
1708:
1571:
1503:
1357:
1006:
965:
886:
870:
843:
783:
767:
763:
755:
570:
558:
477:
419:
271:
236:
224:
137:
3112:
2280:
Facing history: the evolution of Czech-German relations in the Czech provinces, 1848–1948
640:
89:
3183:
231:) is the historical German name for the northern, southern, and western areas of former
3956:
3823:
3454:
3077:
3054:
2898:
2883:
2499:
2358:
1808:
1587:
1536:
1494:
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1252:
1218:
1119:
897:
882:
874:
858:
660:
542:
357:
353:
279:
232:
220:
133:
3982:
1734:
Some areas, such as part of Czech Silesian-Moravian borderland, southwestern Bohemia (
4018:
3843:
3612:
3263:
3107:
2774:
2669:
2326:
2265:
1720:
1716:
1562:
1377:
1314:
1296:
1040:
1018:
1010:
917:
743:
652:
527:
517:
435:
338:
287:
248:
3710:
3415:
3165:
3117:
2634:
2442:
1739:
1692:
1591:
1524:
1468:
1292:
1214:
938:
648:
609:
605:
565:. In 1322 King John of Bohemia acquired (for the third time) the formerly Imperial
311:
291:
2020:
Kárník, Zdeněk. České země v éře první republiky (1918–1938). Vol. 2. Prague 2002.
2195:
1381:
955:), the regions of northern and western Bohemia; proclaimed a constitutive state (
3344:
3290:
3122:
3092:
2969:
2301:
1646:
Shortly after the liberation of Czechoslovakia in May 1945, the use of the term
1409:
1159:
839:
739:
522:
481:
458:
389:
267:
252:
31:
19:
This article is about the historical region. For the irredentist territory, see
1638:
1412:
after he crossed the border into the Czechoslovak Sudetenland on 3 October 1938
1352:. The Slovak part declared its independence from Czechoslovakia and became the
987:; proclaimed a constituent state of the German-Austrian Republic with Troppau (
601:, which then comprised large territories with a significant German population.
3977:
3689:
3669:
3656:
2658:ČSR; declared a "people's democracy" (without a formal name change) under the
2113:
Hitler: speeches and proclamations, 1932–1945: the chronicle of a dictatorship
1724:
1583:
1450:
The Sudetenland was initially put under military administration, with General
1389:
1348:
in March 1939, with a portion being annexed and the remainder turned into the
1268:
1126:
more than the interior of the country was. Unlike the less developed regions (
921:
913:
823:) in Hungary and the regions east of it. Of these three terms, only the term "
604:
In the hilly border regions German settlers established major manufactures of
485:
470:
469:(Crown of Saint Václav) had since the Migration Period been settled mainly by
423:
303:
132:
The native German-speaking regions in 1930, within the borders of the current
128:
2174:
Public Opinion, Appeasement, and The Times: Manipulating Consent in the 1930s
1650:(Sudetenland) in official communications was banned and replaced by the term
3963:
3724:
3649:
3160:
2000:
1742:
in 1952 to 1955, the so-called "forbidden zone" was established by means of
1428:) receiving refreshments from the local population in the city of Eger/Cheb)
1373:
1205:
1155:
3717:
932:
into Czechoslovakia. Coolidge insisted on respecting the Germans' right to
345:). The Sudetenland encompassed areas well beyond those mountains, however.
1597:
as well as in Nazi organizations (Gestapo etc.). The most notable one was
3681:
3155:
3150:
3102:
2557:
1767:
1727:(though the Hungarians were forced into that and later returned home—see
1520:
1388:
Part of the borderland had an ethnic Polish majority and was invaded and
1147:
718:
from the Austrian lands. From 1627, the Habsburgs enforced the so-called
644:
566:
1626:
1601:, the SS and police general and Secretary of State in the Protectorate.
318:
and the region today is inhabited almost exclusively by Czech speakers.
3571:
3145:
3132:
3087:
3082:
3007:
2739:
2692:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2181:
1700:
1557:
Before the occupation, Jews in the area had become targeted during the
1490:
1300:
1193:
1151:
1073:
1069:
980:
960:
909:
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survived, because of the ethnic and cultural conflicts within Bohemia.
706:, the Habsburgs gradually integrated the Kingdom of Bohemia into their
680:
676:
664:
632:
613:
594:
535:
385:
334:
244:
240:
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measures in other countries, and many German workers lost their work.
1025:(district captain): Friedrich Wichtl (1872–1922) from 30 October 1918.
414:
tribes settled there and the region was first mentioned on the map of
3696:
3675:
2682:
2176:(Thesis). Vancouver: The University of British Columbia. p. 63.
1696:
1665:
decided that Sudeten Germans would have to leave Czechoslovakia (see
1330:
1230:
925:
901:
473:
342:
3749:
Evangelical Church in Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia
3731:
3059:
2241:
1691:
Many of the Germans who stayed in Czechoslovakia later emigrated to
1440:
Adolf Hitler drives through the crowd in Eger/Cheb on 3 October 1938
1203:
in 1936 to defend the troubled border region. Immediately after the
1192:
Czech inscriptions smeared by Sudeten German activists, March 1938,
239:. These German speakers had predominated in the border districts of
2257:
1364:
but only with ephemeral success since the area was soon annexed by
1225:, which demanded in eight points the complete equality between the
3618:
3097:
1748:
1679:
1658:
of 5 June 1945 disabled German annexation of Sudetenland legally.
1637:
1625:
1606:
1590:, many Sudeten Germans were employed in the administration of the
1579:
1545:
1540:
1498:
1474:
1277:
1221:, agitated for autonomy. On 24 April 1938, the SdP proclaimed the
1187:
1101:
988:
777:
448:
407:
127:
2708:
2099:
http://filestore.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/large/cab-23-95.pdf
1166:(SdP), with its radical demands gained immense popularity, among
698:
in 1526. Both Czech and German Bohemians suffered heavily in the
3069:
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1759:
1405:
1273:
1065:
628:
439:
427:
411:
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2712:
2330:
1553:
was administered by Konrad Henlein for the duration of the war.
1162:. In those years, parties of German nationalists and later the
608:. The situation of the German population was aggravated by the
380:
The areas later known as the Sudetenland never formed a single
1751:
fell within the border zone, a status that remained until the
1233:
people. The government accepted those claims on 30 June 1938.
1138:, paper-making and toy-making industry). Sixty percent of the
306:. Afterwards, the formerly unrecognized Sudetenland became an
172:
25:
157:
1483:
The northern and the western parts were reorganised as the
612:(1419–1434), though there were also some Germans among the
166:
2200:
Sudetendeutsche Geschichte: eine volkstümliche Darstellung
1575:
would permanently alter the community in the Sudetenland.
742:
movement national tensions arose, both in the form of the
402:
History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe
178:
1862:. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 1976. p. 218.
310:
of Germany. When Czechoslovakia was reconstituted after
3759:
Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland
2069:"The Cabinet Papers | CAB 23 interwar conclusions"
686:
From the Luxembourgs, rule over Bohemia passed through
446:
Germans settled into the less populated border region.
3754:
Silesian Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession
461:
the regions situated on the mountainous border of the
2202:(in German). Adam Kraft Verlag München. p. 387.
1479:
Election ballot, Reichsgau Sudetenland, December 1938
1424:
Volunteers of the Sudeten German Free Corps (German:
854:. Thirty-four of each 1,000 inhabitants were killed.
202:
181:
154:
2291:"Přesun v rámci rozptylu občanů německé národnosti."
959:) of the German-Austrian Republic with Reichenberg (
810:) in what later became the Republic of Austria and "
484:
bordered on the German Slavic tribes (German Sorbs)
184:
175:
169:
163:
3932:
3896:
3871:
3812:
3777:
3741:
3603:
3554:
3515:
3468:
3442:
3384:
3343:
3309:
3217:
3210:
3131:
3068:
3040:
3033:
2983:
2947:
2856:
1770:, German minority organizations continue to exist.
1699:but also by other nationalities of Czechoslovakia:
944:Four regional governmental units were established:
160:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1604:Nazi Germany occupied Sudetenland from 1938–1945.
1582:. About a half million Sudeten Germans joined the
1611:Administrative Divisions of Reichsgau Sudetenland
1329:, suggested a conference of the major powers in
1047:: Oskar Teufel (1880–1946) from 30 October 1918.
337:, which run along the northern Czech border and
1829:Pursuit of Nazi collaborators in Czechoslovakia
1057:
770:until its dismemberment after the World War I.
2627:ČSR; boundaries and government established by
2151:. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 35.
1616:Expulsions and resettlement after World War II
790:In the wake of growing nationalism, the name "
569:region in the west and vassalized most of the
2724:
2342:
2129:New York, New York, USA: Enigma Books, 2008.
1325:To achieve a solution, the Italian dictator,
746:ideology developed by Czech politicians like
453:Stages of German eastern settlement, 700–1400
8:
2127:Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings.
1729:Hungarians in Slovakia: Population exchanges
1489:, with the city of Reichenberg (present-day
1092:Within the Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938)
294:that the Sudetenland be annexed to Germany,
1501:member) administered the district first as
900:, a multi-ethnic state of several nations:
714:, less populated areas were resettled with
16:Historical name for areas of Czechoslovakia
3875:
3816:
3558:
3551:
3540:
3439:
3428:
3313:
3214:
3207:
3196:
3037:
2853:
2840:
2748:
2731:
2717:
2709:
2590:1944 / 1946 – 1991
2349:
2335:
2327:
1989:. Oxford University Press. pp. 85–86.
573:Silesian duchies, as acknowledged by King
504:had also been established in the adjacent
1667:flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)
302:. Part of the borderland was invaded and
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
2370:
1804:Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia
1634:as the result of the end of World War II
1632:expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia
1622:Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia
1404:Ethnic Germans in the city of Eger (now
1272:the great centres of opposition were in
1259:the various parties, but he agreed with
1184:Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)
892:The German-speaking parts of the former
667:in the adjacent Sudetes region with the
274:was dismembered and the Sudeten Germans
2643:of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia.
1851:
1799:Expulsion of Germans after World War II
1394:
263:) both geographically and politically.
4060:Territorial disputes of Czechoslovakia
1964:
1954:
1917:
1907:
1303:of the Sudetenland. Three days later,
1824:Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)
1098:Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)
214:
7:
2490:Czech and Slovak Federative Republic
738:Contrastingly, in the course of the
54:adding citations to reliable sources
3331:Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis
2523:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
1814:German occupation of Czechoslovakia
1595:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
1350:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
1017:) of the existing Austrian Land of
372:are within the former Sudetenland.
140:were referred to as the Sudetenland
4045:Jews and Judaism in Czechoslovakia
3481:Legnicko-Głogowski Okręg Miedziowy
3460:Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area
2111:Max Domarus; Adolf Hitler (1990).
1299:on 15 September and agreed to the
877:and the right proposed therein to
348:Parts of the now-Czech regions of
235:which were inhabited primarily by
14:
4070:World War II occupied territories
3790:Moravian–Silesian Football League
2125:Santi Corvaja, Robert L. Miller.
1935:Bruegel, Johann Wolfgang (1973).
1888:Bruegel, Johann Wolfgang (1973).
3999:
3998:
3981:
3976:
3414:
3182:
1433:
1417:
1397:
1150:and extremist movements such as
1039:) of the existing Austrian land
963:) as capital, administered by a
885:, which itself aimed at joining
150:
30:
4065:Territorial disputes of Germany
4030:Historical geography of Germany
2479:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
1877:. Washington. pp. 273–274.
1834:Sudetendeutsche Landsmannschaft
1686:Sudetendeutsche Landsmannschaft
1675:Sudetendeutsche Landsmannschaft
1507:(until 1 May 1939) and then as
561:as king against his rival Duke
438:moved in and were united under
41:needs additional citations for
3242:Silesian Voivodeship (1920–39)
2040:"CZECHOSLOVAKIA: Pax Runciman"
1561:. Only a few weeks later, the
1493:) established as its capital.
1446:Sudetenland as part of Germany
1:
3905:Schlesien Unvergessene Heimat
2793:1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite
2246:The Journal of Modern History
2172:David J. Gossen (June 1994).
1784:Areas annexed by Nazi Germany
1707:(arriving in the wake of the
1318:measures to the new borders.
1106:Flag flown by Sudeten Germans
549:Bohemian kings—especially by
3769:Pentecostal Church in Poland
2879:Obniżenie Milicko-Głogowskie
2046:. 1938-08-15. Archived from
1938:Czechoslovakia Before Munich
1891:Czechoslovakia Before Munich
1559:Holocaust in the Sudetenland
1060:Germans into Czechoslovakia.
991:) as capital, governed by a
924:. On 20 September 1918, the
896:remained in a newly-created
655:, where the border with the
430:, but moved west during the
286:of 1938 was provoked by the
2929:Silesian-Moravian Foothills
2668:ČSSR; from 1969, after the
1941:. CUP Archive. p. 45.
1894:. CUP Archive. p. 44.
1661:In the summer of 1945, the
1408:) greeting Hitler with the
1051:The U.S. commission to the
979:), the regions of northern
973:Province of the Sudetenland
894:Lands of the Bohemian Crown
599:Lands of the Bohemian Crown
510:Bohemian-Moravian Highlands
418:in the 2nd century AD. The
314:, the Sudeten Germans were
21:Province of the Sudetenland
4086:
4050:Republic of German-Austria
3952:Silesian Autonomy Movement
3595:Silesian Museum (Katowice)
2924:Silesian-Lusatian Lowlands
1860:The Army of Francis Joseph
1719:and Jews who had survived
1619:
1426:Sudetendeutsches Freikorps
1313:Chamberlain met Hitler in
1177:
1095:
1035:), proclaimed a District (
949:Province of German Bohemia
545:, who were invited by the
399:
276:found themselves living in
18:
3994:
3974:
3946:Landsmannschaft Schlesien
3878:
3819:
3561:
3550:
3539:
3491:Upper Silesian Coal Basin
3486:Lower Silesian Coal Basin
3476:Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy
3438:
3427:
3412:
3316:
3206:
3195:
3180:
3001:Moravian-Silesian Beskids
2874:Lower Silesian Wilderness
2852:
2839:
2760:
2747:
2678:Slovak Socialist Republic
2660:Ninth-of-May Constitution
2656:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2593:
2584:
2563:
2556:
2540:
2533:
2520:
2505:
2498:
2487:
2476:
2465:
2458:
2453:
2446:
2441:
2426:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2240:Glassheim, Eagle (2006).
2147:Glassheim, Eagle (2016).
2071:. Nationalarchives.gov.uk
1249:mission to Czechoslovakia
1168:Germans in Czechoslovakia
1013:; proclaimed a district (
834:World War I and aftermath
581:. His son, Bohemian King
329:, meaning "country", and
4040:History of Czech Silesia
3397:Lower Silesian and Opole
3326:Moravian–Silesian Region
2674:Czech Socialist Republic
2310:Czech Statistical Office
2282:. Gallery, 2002. p. 218.
1654:(border territory). The
720:Verneuerte Landesordnung
710:. During the subsequent
704:Battle of White Mountain
673:Moravian–Silesian Region
434:. In the 7th century AD
325:is a German compound of
216:[zuˈdeːtn̩ˌlant]
3590:Silesian Museum (Opava)
2975:Slezská Harta Reservoir
1287:British Prime Minister
1078:Treaty of Saint-Germain
782:Ethnic distribution in
643:; Franconian people in
520:. In the course of the
442:'s realm. Later in the
308:administrative division
3795:National football team
2955:Jezioro Goczałkowickie
2939:Zielona Góra Acclivity
2580:Subcarpathian Ruthenia
2565:Southern Slovakia and
1794:Bohemian Forest Region
1688:
1643:
1635:
1612:
1554:
1480:
1425:
1238:British Prime Minister
1196:
1107:
1062:
1053:Paris Peace Conference
999:Bohemian Forest Region
787:
659:was fixed by the 1459
639:and the West Bohemian
593:in 1355. He added the
454:
228:
141:
3764:Roman Catholic Church
3585:Upper Silesian Museum
2629:the 1920 constitution
2101:p. 71; CC 39(38) p 4.
1713:Carpathian Ruthenians
1683:
1641:
1629:
1610:
1549:
1486:Reichsgau Sudetenland
1478:
1305:French Prime Minister
1201:border fortifications
1191:
1105:
953:Provinz Deutschböhmen
846:and exceeded only by
781:
774:Emergence of the term
754:activist raising the
625:South Moravian Region
575:Casimir III of Poland
452:
392:in the 19th century.
131:
3785:Football Association
2960:Jezioro Otmuchowskie
2001:"Sudetenland (flag)"
1983:Wiskemann, Elizabeth
1819:German South Moravia
1736:Šumava National Park
1164:Sudeten German Party
1043:, administered by a
1029:German South Moravia
848:German South Moravia
729:Age of Enlightenment
589:in 1346 and crowned
579:Treaty of Trentschin
388:until the advent of
50:improve this article
3450:Katowice urban area
3358:Lubusz Voivodeships
2894:Przedgórze Sudeckie
2864:Jelenia Góra valley
2672:, consisted of the
2617:government-in-exile
2003:. Flaggenlexikon.de
1567:concentration camps
1289:Neville Chamberlain
1241:Neville Chamberlain
1223:Karlsbader Programm
1128:Carpathian Ruthenia
1124:economic depression
1122:, were hurt by the
1086:Elizabeth Wiskemann
977:Provinz Sudetenland
760:Revolutions of 1848
712:Counter-Reformation
694:and finally to the
688:George of Podiebrad
508:lands south of the
278:the new country of
4035:Historical regions
3897:Unofficial anthems
2914:Silesian Przesieka
2904:Silesian Foothills
2652:(1939–1945).
2641:autonomous regions
2639:ČSR; included the
2599:1991–present
2595:Zakarpattia Oblast
2586:Zakarpattia Oblast
2569:Carpathian Ukraine
2542:Kingdom of Hungary
2182:10.14288/1.0094711
2050:on January 4, 2011
1766:protocols; in the
1744:engineer equipment
1689:
1663:Potsdam Conference
1656:Berlin Declaration
1644:
1636:
1613:
1599:Karl Hermann Frank
1555:
1481:
1469:Bayerische Ostmark
1356:(Slovak State), a
1346:invaded by Germany
1197:
1132:Moravian Wallachia
1108:
1021:; administered by
934:self-determination
930:Archibald Coolidge
879:self-determination
869:) referred to the
788:
591:Holy Roman Emperor
587:King of the Romans
563:Henry of Carinthia
559:John of Luxembourg
532:duchies of Silesia
516:region beyond the
467:Kingdom of Bohemia
455:
333:, the name of the
261:Kingdom of Bohemia
142:
4055:Regions of Europe
4012:
4011:
3990:
3989:
3972:
3971:
3928:
3927:
3867:
3866:
3808:
3807:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3505:Rybnik Coal Areas
3496:Industrial Region
3423:
3422:
3410:
3409:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3191:
3190:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3173:
2909:Silesian Lowlands
2835:
2834:
2820:Battle of Leuthen
2815:Battle of Legnica
2803:Treaty of Teschen
2798:Treaty of Dresden
2706:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2600:
2591:
2554:
2529:
2518:
2496:
2485:
2474:
2158:978-0-8229-6426-1
2135:978-1-929631-42-1
1948:978-0-521-08687-5
1901:978-0-521-08687-5
1839:Sudetenland Medal
1753:Velvet Revolution
1516:Regierungsbezirke
1510:Reichsstatthalter
1390:annexed by Poland
1337:) and signed the
1005:), the region of
748:František Palacký
733:Weimar Classicism
700:Thirty Years' War
696:House of Habsburg
692:Jagiellon dynasty
669:County of Kladsko
512:and the northern
480:in the west, the
382:historical region
335:Sudeten Mountains
304:annexed by Poland
126:
125:
118:
100:
4077:
4002:
4001:
3985:
3980:
3957:Marsz Autōnōmije
3876:
3837:
3836:(Lower Silesian)
3834:Silesian German
3817:
3800:Silesian Stadium
3630:
3580:Regional costume
3559:
3552:
3541:
3440:
3429:
3418:
3321:Jeseník District
3314:
3296:Austrian Silesia
3269:Silesia Province
3215:
3208:
3197:
3186:
3038:
2996:Silesian Beskids
2965:Jezioro Sławskie
2854:
2841:
2809:Book of Henryków
2749:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2710:
2618:
2598:
2589:
2572:
2571:
2552:
2527:
2516:
2512:
2494:
2483:
2472:
2371:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2328:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2283:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2237:
2231:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2144:
2138:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1952:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1905:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1869:
1863:
1856:
1764:Yalta Conference
1684:Coat of arms of
1652:pohraniční území
1437:
1421:
1401:
1362:Carpatho-Ukraine
1339:Munich Agreement
1327:Benito Mussolini
1308:Édouard Daladier
1180:Munich Agreement
1136:textile industry
1116:Great Depression
1033:Deutschsüdmähren
985:Austrian Silesia
873:of US President
863:Imperial Council
829:
818:
805:
800:Alpine Deutschen
796:
716:Catholic Germans
657:Saxon Electorate
637:České Budějovice
553:(1253–1278) and
538:mountain range.
500:of the medieval
444:High Middle Ages
432:Migration Period
300:Munich Agreement
298:after the later
257:Duchy of Bohemia
218:
213:
206:
200:
199:
198:
197:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4008:
3986:
3968:
3924:
3892:
3863:
3835:
3804:
3773:
3737:
3626:
3599:
3546:
3527:
3511:
3501:Ostrava-Karviná
3464:
3434:
3419:
3406:
3372:
3339:
3305:
3301:Eastern Silesia
3202:
3187:
3170:
3127:
3064:
3029:
2979:
2943:
2919:Silesian Upland
2848:
2831:
2756:
2743:
2737:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2681:
2667:
2653:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2616:
2608:Austria-Hungary
2597:
2588:
2567:
2566:
2553:1939–1945
2551:
2548:Slovak Republic
2528:1939–1945
2526:
2517:1938–1939
2515:
2510:
2509:
2495:1990–1992
2493:
2484:1960–1990
2482:
2473:1948–1960
2471:
2468:Fourth Republic
2443:Austrian Empire
2435:
2431:
2413:1989–1992
2406:1948–1989
2399:1945–1948
2392:1938–1945
2385:1918–1938
2364:
2355:
2325:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2277:
2273:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2124:
2120:
2115:. p. 1393.
2110:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2053:
2051:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1963:
1953:
1949:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1916:
1906:
1902:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1858:Rothenburg, G.
1857:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1779:
1709:Greek Civil War
1624:
1618:
1572:Gleichschaltung
1504:Reichskommissar
1448:
1441:
1438:
1429:
1422:
1413:
1402:
1358:satellite state
1354:Slovak Republic
1227:Sudeten Germans
1186:
1178:Main articles:
1176:
1100:
1094:
1007:Bohemian Forest
993:Landeshauptmann
966:Landeshauptmann
871:Fourteen Points
844:Austria-Hungary
836:
827:
825:Sudetendeutsche
816:
803:
794:
792:Sudetendeutsche
784:Austria-Hungary
776:
768:Austria-Hungary
764:Austrian Empire
756:German question
530:region and the
478:Bohemian Forest
404:
398:
378:
362:Moravia-Silesia
272:Austria-Hungary
237:Sudeten Germans
211:
204:
194:
193:
192:
153:
149:
138:interwar period
136:, which in the
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4083:
4081:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4017:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3949:
3942:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3622:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3562:
3556:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3498:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3455:Metropolis GZM
3452:
3446:
3444:
3443:Socioeconomics
3436:
3435:
3432:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3393:
3391:
3389:constituencies
3382:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3353:Lower Silesian
3349:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3221:
3219:
3212:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2934:Wał Trzebnicki
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2899:Silesian Walls
2896:
2891:
2889:Oświęcim Basin
2886:
2884:Ostrava Valley
2881:
2876:
2871:
2869:Kłodzko Valley
2866:
2860:
2858:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2745:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2662:following the
2655:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2612:
2610:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2592:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2544:
2539:
2531:
2530:
2519:
2511: Republic
2503:
2502:
2500:Czech Republic
2497:
2486:
2475:
2464:
2461:Third Republic
2457:
2452:
2449:First Republic
2445:
2440:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2322:
2293:
2284:
2278:Zdeněk Beneš.
2271:
2258:10.1086/499795
2232:
2215:
2208:
2187:
2164:
2157:
2139:
2118:
2103:
2091:
2081:
2060:
2031:
2022:
2013:
1992:
1974:
1947:
1927:
1900:
1880:
1864:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1809:German Austria
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1620:Main article:
1617:
1614:
1588:Czech language
1497:(now openly a
1495:Konrad Henlein
1452:Wilhelm Keitel
1447:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1403:
1396:
1335:Hermann Göring
1219:Konrad Henlein
1175:
1174:Sudeten Crisis
1172:
1120:Czechoslovakia
1096:Main article:
1093:
1090:
1049:
1048:
1045:Kreishauptmann
1026:
1023:Kreishauptmann
996:
970:
898:Czechoslovakia
887:Weimar Germany
883:German Austria
875:Woodrow Wilson
835:
832:
821:Balkan Germans
813:Balkandeutsche
808:Alpine Germans
775:
772:
621:South Bohemian
585:, was elected
543:ethnic Germans
502:German kingdom
471:western Slavic
420:Germanic tribe
397:
394:
377:
374:
370:Ústí nad Labem
296:which happened
284:Sudeten crisis
280:Czechoslovakia
259:and later the
233:Czechoslovakia
134:Czech Republic
124:
123:
106:September 2011
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4082:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4005:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3984:
3979:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3921:
3920:
3919:Slezská hymna
3916:
3914:
3913:
3912:Schlesierlied
3909:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3883:Coats of arms
3881:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3844:Lach dialects
3842:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3704:Modrŏ kapusta
3701:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3628:(ciapkapusta)
3623:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3613:Black noodles
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3538:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3426:
3417:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3279:Lower Silesia
3277:
3275:
3274:Upper Silesia
3272:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:State country
3262:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3194:
3185:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3050:Divoká Orlice
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2697:
2694:
2688:
2687:Ukrainian SSR
2684:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2670:Prague Spring
2665:
2661:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2619:
2615:Czechoslovak
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2562:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2525:
2524:
2514:
2513:
2504:
2501:
2492:
2491:
2481:
2480:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2228:3-88474-770-3
2225:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2209:3-8083-1131-2
2205:
2201:
2197:
2196:Franzel, Emil
2191:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1958:
1950:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1911:
1903:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1845:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1789:Beneš decrees
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1721:the Holocaust
1718:
1717:Romani people
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1640:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1615:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1563:Kristallnacht
1560:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1527:as capital),
1526:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1445:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1378:Wickham Steed
1375:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:Berchtesgaden
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:Lord Runciman
1242:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1104:
1099:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1084:According to
1082:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1041:Lower Austria
1038:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1019:Upper Austria
1016:
1012:
1011:South Bohemia
1008:
1004:
1003:Böhmerwaldgau
1000:
997:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
971:
968:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
947:
946:
945:
942:
940:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
833:
831:
826:
822:
815:
814:
809:
802:
801:
793:
785:
780:
773:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
752:Pan-Germanist
749:
745:
744:Austroslavism
741:
736:
734:
730:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
661:Peace of Eger
658:
654:
653:North Bohemia
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
555:Wenceslaus II
552:
548:
544:
539:
537:
534:north of the
533:
529:
528:Upper Lusatia
525:
524:
519:
518:Ore Mountains
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
472:
468:
464:
460:
451:
447:
445:
441:
437:
436:Slavic people
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
403:
396:Early origins
395:
393:
391:
387:
383:
375:
373:
371:
367:
366:South Moravia
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
339:Lower Silesia
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:Pan-Germanist
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:Czech Silesia
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
209:
208:
196:
189:
147:
139:
135:
130:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
65:"Sudetenland"
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
3944:
3940:Demographics
3933:Other topics
3917:
3910:
3903:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3711:Siymiyniotka
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3682:
3674:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3617:
3570:
3566:Architecture
3503: /
3345:Voivodeships
3333: /
3285:
3211:Subdivisions
3113:Nysa Kłodzka
2824:
2807:
2657:
2635:Nazi Germany
2626:
2578:
2564:
2546:
2534:
2521:
2506:
2488:
2477:
2466:
2459:
2454:
2447:
2427:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2359:Czechoslovak
2357:Timeline of
2313:. Retrieved
2308:(in Czech).
2305:
2296:
2287:
2279:
2274:
2252:(1): 65–92.
2249:
2245:
2235:
2218:
2199:
2190:
2173:
2167:
2148:
2142:
2126:
2121:
2112:
2106:
2094:
2084:
2073:. Retrieved
2063:
2052:. Retrieved
2048:the original
2043:
2034:
2025:
2016:
2005:. Retrieved
1995:
1986:
1977:
1937:
1930:
1890:
1883:
1873:
1867:
1859:
1854:
1772:
1757:
1740:Iron Curtain
1733:
1693:West Germany
1690:
1685:
1671:
1660:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1603:
1592:ethnic Czech
1577:
1570:
1556:
1550:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1484:
1482:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1387:
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1370:
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1312:
1293:Adolf Hitler
1286:
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1266:
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1257:
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1215:German Reich
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476:. Along the
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292:Nazi Germany
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43:verification
40:
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3625:Panczkraut
3291:New Silesia
3286:Sudetenland
3252:politicians
2633:Annexed by
2455:Sudetenland
2420:1993–
2306:Census 2021
2302:"Národnost"
1965:|work=
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1551:Sudetenland
1457:Niederdonau
1410:Nazi salute
1253:Milan Hodža
1236:In August,
1160:irredentism
1158:and German
1114:During the
840:World War I
740:Romanticism
663:; Germanic
523:Ostsiedlung
482:Czech lands
459:Middle Ages
390:nationalism
323:Sudetenland
290:demands of
268:World War I
253:Middle Ages
146:Sudetenland
4019:Categories
3670:Kopalnioki
3657:Karminadle
3247:parliament
3108:Mała Panew
2991:Carpathian
2765:Offensives
2691:Oblast of
2676:(ČSR) and
2075:2013-05-01
2054:2013-05-01
2007:2013-05-01
1846:References
1725:Hungarians
1711:1946–49),
1584:Nazi Party
1269:plebiscite
1140:bijouterie
922:Ruthenians
914:Hungarians
583:Charles IV
551:Ottokar II
424:Marcomanni
416:Ptolemaios
400:See also:
251:since the
76:newspapers
3964:Silesians
3813:Languages
3725:Wodziōnka
3650:Hauskyjza
3161:Pszczynka
2984:Mountains
2846:Geography
2770:Uprisings
2664:1948 coup
2362:statehood
2266:142647561
1967:ignored (
1957:cite book
1920:ignored (
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1755:in 1989.
1463:Oberdonau
1392:in 1938.
1374:The Times
1315:Godesberg
1213:into the
1206:Anschluss
1156:communism
867:Reichsrat
852:Carinthia
724:Joseph II
671:, in the
665:Silesians
547:Přemyslid
494:Franconia
321:The word
207:-tən-land
4004:Category
3854:Moravian
3849:Silesian
3742:Religion
3683:Krupniok
3469:Industry
3402:Silesian
3368:Silesian
3257:treasury
3201:Politics
3156:Przemsza
3151:Gostynia
3103:Liswarta
3093:Kłodnica
2558:Slovakia
2536:Slovakia
2378:Pre-1918
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1749:Aš-Bulge
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1229:and the
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708:monarchy
647:; Upper
595:Lusatias
567:Egerland
506:Austrian
465:and the
341:(now in
316:expelled
3872:Symbols
3690:Makōwki
3605:Cuisine
3572:Familŏk
3555:Culture
3545:Society
3523:Tourism
3516:Tourism
3433:Economy
3335:Görlitz
3310:Current
3225:Duchies
3146:Brynica
3133:Vistula
3088:Kaczawa
3023:Western
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3008:Sudetes
2826:more...
2754:History
2740:Silesia
2693:Ukraine
2685:of the
2650:Hungary
2646:Annexed
2437:Silesia
2433:Moravia
2429:Bohemia
1701:Slovaks
1541:Troppau
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1491:Liberec
1366:Hungary
1301:cession
1211:Austria
1194:Teplice
1152:fascism
1074:Olomouc
1070:Jihlava
981:Moravia
961:Liberec
910:Slovaks
906:Germans
838:During
690:to the
681:Olomouc
677:Svitavy
633:Jihlava
614:Hussite
597:to the
536:Sudetes
514:Meissen
498:marches
490:Bavaria
457:In the
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386:Bohemia
376:History
358:Olomouc
354:Liberec
331:Sudeten
270:, when
245:Moravia
241:Bohemia
212:German:
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989:Opava
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