293:: a thinking tool to enable the clear and concise expression of concepts in parallel programming. This is in contrast with implementation languages which are often complicated with machine details and historical conventions. It was created to address the need at the time for a parallel publication language. Arguably, few languages today are expressive and concise enough to be used as thinking tools.
25:
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Free Pascal also needs a solution to the above "clock" problem (On windows, just declare gettickcount as external with "clock" as name). Further, the reset/rewrites that are marked as non-standard in the source code must be changed to assign/reset (or rewrite) pairs. (GPC probably only errors on this
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between parallel processes, due to variable updates or channel conflicts. If processes sharing a variable, update it at unpredictable times, the resulting behaviour of the program is time-dependent. Similarly, if two processes simultaneously try to send or receive on a shared channel, the resulting
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to detect as many cases as possible in which the language concepts break down and produce meaningless results. SuperPascal imposes restrictions on the use of variables that enable a single-pass compiler to check that parallel processes are disjoint, even if the processes use procedures with global
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The SuperPascal software can be accessed freely from the Brinch Hansen
Archive. It consists of a compiler and interpreter, which are both written in normal, sequential Pascal (ISO Level 1 standard Pascal). This is supported by the GNU Pascal compiler and newer versions of the
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SuperPascal enforces certain restrictions on the use of variables and communication to minimise or eliminate time-dependent errors. With variables, a simple rule is required: parallel processes can only update disjoint sets of variables. For example, in a
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communication structure with 100 nodes. A master node sends an integer token to the first node, this is then passed along the pipeline and incremented at each step, and finally received by the master node and printed out.
2244:, Christopher Long's modified version of the original SuperPascal implementation; compiles and runs under modern Free Pascal; program execution is faster than Perl 5 or 6, nearly as fast as Python 3
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332:
The requirements of SuperPascal were based on the experience gained by Hansen over three years in developing a set of model parallel programs, which implemented methods for common problems in
514:
Parallel processes communicate by sending typed messages through channels created dynamically. Channels are not variables in themselves, but are identified by a unique value known as the
2234:, Brinch Hansen Archive, a set of his papers and the SuperPascal software which can be downloaded in a compressed file; contains the full language specification and useful documentation.
2262:
2644:
612:, must both be of the same type as the first channel argument. The following example shows the use of these functions in a process that receives a value from the
309:, extending it with features for safe and efficient concurrency. Pascal itself was used heavily as a publication language in the 1970s. It was used to teach
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variables, eliminating time-dependent errors. Several features in Pascal were ambiguous or insecure and were omitted from SuperPascal, such as labels and
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occurs when two parallel processes attempt to communicate through the same channel and the output expression and input variable are of different types.
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of parallel processes connected by communication channels. These configurations may be defined iteratively or recursively and created dynamically.
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variable (which can't be updated) may be used by multiple processes. In some circumstances, when a variable such as an array is the
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if you enable strict flags), and the C preprocessor commands #include 'xx' must be changed to {$ include 'xx'}.
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statement denotes that the fixed number of statements it contains must be executed in parallel. For example:
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statement denotes the parallel execution of a statement by a dynamic number of processes, for example:
2115:(May 1993), "Model programs for computational science: A programming methodology for multicomputers",
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function can be used (which is supported by the GNU Pascal compiler), by declaring a variable of type
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occurs when two parallel processes both attempt to send or receive on the same channel simultaneously.
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336:. This experimentation allowed him to make the following conclusions about the future of scientific
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function (line 1786), which is used to obtain the system time. Instead, the
Extended Pascal
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2, with the added generality of dynamic process arrays and recursive parallel processes.
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statements to create parallel recursive processes. The following example shows how a
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of multiple parallel processes, and the programmer knows its element-wise usage is
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The following is an example of a complete SuperPascal program, which constructs a
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These then led to the following requirements for a parallel publication language:
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process configurations. This was based on his experience programming networks of
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to check that parallel processes do not interfere in a time-dependent manner.
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occurs when a send or receive operation waits indefinitely for completion.
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works, it can easily be implemented in a parallel implementation language.
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language, with the same basic syntax as Pascal. A program consists of a
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switch, with the following respective small modifications to the code.
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2014:
SuperPascal: a publication language for parallel scientific computing
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and programming languages. Hansen had earlier developed the language
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420:. The extensions should be in the spirit of the standard language.
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variable cannot be updated by more than a single process, but an
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send(channel, e1, e2,..., en); receive(channel, v1, v2,..., vn)
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can both take multiple input and output arguments respectively:
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The language should extend a widely used standard language with
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statements. The expression or variable providing the value for
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321:, one of the earliest concurrent languages for the design of
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The key ideas in the design of SuperPascal was to provide a
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522:. A channel is declared, for example, by the declaration
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Another example is the recursive definition of a process
1880:{ Time code for readtime in Freepascal on unix systems }
1199:
The most difficult aspect of concurrent programming is
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Regular problems in computational science require only
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Parallel scientific algorithms can be developed in an
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practices and featured in text books, for example, on
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The parallel features of SuperPascal are a subset of
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programming, with abstract concepts for parallelism.
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2189:(1974). "Hints on programming language design".
2136:(1994). "The programming language SuperPascal".
1275:procedure. Functions and procedures consists of
767:of processes can be recursively defined using a
596:Message communication is then achieved with the
423:The language should make it possible to program
474:statements, pointers and forward declarations.
2063:. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice-Hall.
2034:. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice-Hall.
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8:
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2004:
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1287:by semicolons, as opposed to languages like
1211:errors. Time-dependent errors are caused by
506:forall i := 0 to 10 do something()
348:, allowing programmers to think in terms of
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1854:, setting that with the current time using
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465:in that it should enable its compiler and
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2163:The invention of concurrent programming
2089:The Architecture of Concurrent Programs
1998:
574:which defines a new (mixed) type named
496:parallel source() | sink() end
45:Please improve this article by adding
2645:Programming languages created in 1993
7:
2117:Concurrency: Practice and Experience
400:computer. When it is established an
2059:Principles of Programming Languages
2640:Pascal programming language family
578:and a variable of this type named
344:Future parallel computers will be
252:Communicating sequential processes
14:
2138:Software: Practice and Experience
1801:'The resulting value is '
2635:Procedural programming languages
2630:Concurrent programming languages
755:procedures can be combined with
717:communication errors can occur:
23:
2560:Comparison of Pascal and Delphi
1958:{ A nonstandard function reads
616:channel and outputs it on the
1:
2165:. New York: Springer-Verlag.
2030:Structured System Programming
430:The language should enable a
356:, which were general-purpose
47:secondary or tertiary sources
1279:, where a block is a set of
748:Recursion (computer science)
394:elegant publication language
2279:Pascal programming language
2206:"Per Brinch Hansen Archive"
2204:Hayden, C.C. (2008-06-11).
2191:Computer System Reliability
1831:compiler (2.7.1+) with the
1261:global variable definitions
389:, rather than from several.
202:; 31 years ago
177:; 31 years ago
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2555:Comparison of Pascal and C
1961:the processor time in ms }
1216:effect is time-dependent.
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602:receive(channel, variable)
510:Channels and communication
454:
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414:deterministic parallelism
383:deterministic parallelism
250:
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189:
2524:Visual Component Library
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425:arbitrary configurations
360:able to be connected in
301:SuperPascal is based on
2055:Tennent, R. D. (1981).
1922:'FPC_SYSC_TIME'
305:'s sequential language
297:History and development
289:. It was designed as a
2504:Object Windows Library
1842:uses the non-standard
608:, and the variable in
586:is initialised by the
311:structured programming
34:relies excessively on
746:Further information:
457:Defensive programming
455:Further information:
418:message communication
1247:Structure and syntax
1207:behaviour caused by
1195:Interference control
598:send(channel, value)
518:, which are held by
432:single-pass compiler
291:publication language
283:programming language
280:concurrent computing
16:Programming language
2026:Welsh, Jim (1980).
172:First appeared
123:
2542:Pascal MicroEngine
2119:, pp. 407–423
2010:Hansen, Per Brinch
1858:and assigning the
1838:For GPC, the file
1271:definitions and a
742:Parallel recursion
729:message type error
722:Channel contention
338:parallel computing
278:is an imperative,
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2321:Concurrent Pascal
2091:. Prentice-Hall.
1295:, where they are
1283:. Statements are
1251:SuperPascal is a
520:channel variables
516:channel reference
329:control systems.
323:operating systems
319:Concurrent Pascal
287:Per Brinch Hansen
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260:Concurrent Pascal
221:Typing discipline
166:Per Brinch Hansen
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2159:Hansen, Brinch
2147:
2134:Hansen, Brinch
2122:
2113:Hansen, Brinch
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2085:Hansen, Brinch
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2018:
1997:
1995:
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1822:Implementation
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1209:time-dependent
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2041:0-13-854562-6
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2019:
2015:
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1201:unpredictable
1194:
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303:Niklaus Wirth
296:
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285:developed by
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246:Influenced by
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237:brinch-hansen
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63:
60: –
59:
58:"SuperPascal"
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
42:
41:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2519:Turbo Vision
2442:Turbo Pascal
2432:Apple Pascal
2420:Discontinued
2330:
2209:. Retrieved
2199:
2190:
2181:
2162:
2141:
2137:
2116:
2107:
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2079:
2058:
2050:
2029:
2021:
2013:
1872:
1856:getTimeStamp
1848:getTimeStamp
1837:
1825:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
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1224:statement a
1218:
1213:interference
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
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728:
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575:
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462:
460:
444:
442:
424:
417:
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367:
361:
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345:
331:
300:
290:
275:
274:
105:
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86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
33:
2452:UCSD Pascal
2381:Free Pascal
2331:SuperPascal
2238:superpascal
1840:interpret.p
1829:Free Pascal
1243:statement.
771:statement.
590:statement:
478:Parallelism
354:transputers
276:SuperPascal
200:1 / 1993
122:SuperPascal
2624:Categories
2567:Related to
2494:FireMonkey
2462:Pascal/MT+
2457:JRT Pascal
2396:GNU Pascal
2371:VSI Pascal
2211:2020-03-03
2193:: 505–534.
2144:: 399–406.
1994:References
1297:terminated
1281:statements
1230:expression
398:sequential
375:hypercubes
358:processors
141:structured
137:imperative
133:concurrent
69:newspapers
36:references
2376:IP Pascal
2341:Compilers
1928:procedure
1864:TimeStamp
1852:TimeStamp
1504:procedure
1393:procedure
1285:separated
1269:procedure
991:procedure
776:procedure
753:Recursive
402:algorithm
327:real-time
315:compilers
99:June 2018
2602:Oberon-2
2596:Modula-3
2578:Modula-2
2509:OpenWire
2288:Dialects
2161:(1977).
2087:(1977).
2012:(1993),
1931:readtime
1916:external
1883:Function
1726:parallel
1315:pipeline
1304:pipeline
1265:function
1238:disjoint
1222:parallel
1090:parallel
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875:parallel
779:pipeline
769:parallel
765:pipeline
757:parallel
735:Deadlock
593:open(c)
491:parallel
451:Security
439:Features
128:Paradigm
2401:Turbo51
2385:Lazarus
2366:Oxygene
2360:history
2349:Current
2316:Clascal
2311:Oxygene
1946:integer
1910:integer
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2610:(1991)
2604:(1991)
2598:(1988)
2592:(1986)
2590:Oberon
2586:(1983)
2580:(1977)
2574:(1958)
2356:Delphi
2296:Pascal
2281:family
2242:GitHub
2169:
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1970:fptime
1886:FpTime
1860:Second
1750:create
1651:forall
1507:create
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307:Pascal
256:Pascal
226:Strong
154:Pascal
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2326:Joyce
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175:1993
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