1664:. The area of its jurisdiction is the entire State. A ruling of the Supreme Court is binding upon every court, other than the Supreme Court itself. The Israeli supreme court is both an appellate court and the high court of justice. As an appellate court, the Supreme Court considers cases on appeal (both criminal and civil) on judgments and other decisions of the District Courts. It also considers appeals on judicial and quasi-judicial decisions of various kinds, such as matters relating to the legality of Knesset elections and disciplinary rulings of the Bar Association. As the High Court of Justice (Hebrew: Beit Mishpat Gavoha Le'Zedek בית משפט גבוה לצדק; also known by its initials as Bagatz בג"ץ), the Supreme Court rules as a court of first instance, primarily in matters regarding the legality of decisions of State authorities: Government decisions, those of local authorities and other bodies and persons performing public functions under the law, and direct challenges to the constitutionality of laws enacted by the Knesset. The court has broad discretionary authority to rule on matters in which it considers it necessary to grant relief in the interests of justice, and which are not within the jurisdiction of another court or tribunal. The High Court of Justice grants relief through orders such as injunction, mandamus and Habeas Corpus, as well as through declaratory judgments. The Supreme Court can also sit at a further hearing on its own judgment. In a matter on which the Supreme Court has ruled - whether as a court of appeals or as the High Court of Justice – with a panel of three or more justices, it may rule at a further hearing with a panel of a larger number of justices. A further hearing may be held if the Supreme Court makes a ruling inconsistent with a previous ruling or if the Court deems that the importance, difficulty or novelty of a ruling of the Court justifies such hearing. The Supreme Court also holds the unique power of being able to order "
158:
1835:
169:
149:
759:. It has authority to interpret the constitution, and strike down laws and activities of the state that it finds to be unconstitutional. It is also the highest authority in the interpretation of the law. Constitutionally it must have authority to interpret the constitution but its further appellate jurisdiction from lower courts is defined by law. The Irish Supreme Court consists of its presiding member, the Chief Justice, and seven other judges. Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President in accordance with the binding advice of the Government. The Supreme Court sits in the
178:
1034:
737:. Article 141 of the Constitution of India states that the law declared by Supreme Court is to be binding on all Courts within the territory of India while article 142 vests the court with the inherent power to pass any decree or order to ensure 'complete justice'. It is the highest court in India and has ultimate judicial authority to interpret the Constitution and decide questions of national law (including local bylaws). The Supreme Court is also vested with the power of judicial review to ensure the application of the rule of law.
2109:) if the case involves setting a precedent in the interpretation of the law. Exceptions are issues where the Supreme Court is the court of first instance. Such cases include an application for a retrial of a criminal case in the light of new evidence, and prosecutions made against an incumbent minister of the Government for severe neglect of duty. If a lower court has to try a case which involves a question where there is no settled interpretation of the law, it can also refer the question to the relevant Supreme Court for an answer.
2458:
2150:
system is complex blend of both common-law and civil-law. In some cases such as capital punishment, the decision may be passed on to the
President of the Republic for clemency petitions. However, when there is 2/3 majority in the parliament in favour of president (as with present), the supreme court and its judges' powers become nullified as they could be fired from their positions according to the Constitution, if the president wants. Therefore, in such situations, Civil law empowerment vanishes.
229:
218:
2441:, on the other hand, is a part of the judicial branch tasked with review of bills and government actions for constitutionality, as well as regulation of the interactions between various arms of the state. The constitutional amendment to establish the court was passed in 2001, and the court itself was established in 2003. The Constitutional Court consists of nine justices serving nine year terms, and they're appointed in tandem by the Supreme Court, the
198:
2356:; requests directly from the federal cabinet asking about a question of law, typically the constitutionality of a major issue before it is heard in a trial court. Reference questions asked by a provincial cabinet to a province's highest court can be appealed as of right to the Supreme Court. Opinions given by the Supreme Court in answer to a reference question are not legally binding, but no government has ever ignored the opinion.
238:
2669:
189:
47:
1718:(Saikō-Saibansho; called 最高裁 Saikō-Sai for short), located in Chiyoda, Tokyo, and is the highest court in Japan. It has ultimate judicial authority within Japan to interpret the Constitution and decide questions of national law (including local bylaws). It has the power of judicial review (i.e., it can declare Acts of Diet and Local Assembly, and administrative actions, unconstitutional).
209:
1960:(憲法法庭): abstract review of the constitutionality of statutes and regulations, constitutional complaint against the final court decisions, disputes between constitutional organs, dissolution of political parties in violation of the Constitution, protection of local self-governments, uniform interpretation of statutes and regulations, trial of impeachments against the
2317:
1607:(Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts) is not a supreme court itself, but an ad-hoc body that is convened only when one high court intends to diverge from another high court's legal opinion. As the courts have well-defined areas of responsibility, situations like these are rather rare and the Joint Senate gathers very infrequently.
1859:. Next to the Hoge Raad, in administrative law there are also other highest courts of appeal. Which highest court has jurisdiction in this field of law depends on the subject of the case. The most important of these courts is the Department of Justice of the Council of State (Afdeling Bestuursrechtspraak van de Raad van State).
1855:, the Supreme Court of the Netherlands is the highest court. Its decisions, known as "arresten", are absolutely final. The court is banned from testing legislation against the constitution, pursuant to the principle of the sovereignty of the States-General; the court can, however, test legislation against treaties such as the
2496:, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influenced the development of Philippine laws and jurisprudence. Even as the body of Philippine laws remain mostly codified, the Philippine Civil Code expressly recognizes that decisions of the Supreme Court "form part of the law of the land", belonging to the same class as
2101:, founded in 1909, respectively function as the highest courts of the land. The Supreme Administrative Court considers cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs, as well as disputes among administrative organs, while the Supreme Court considers all other cases. The judges are appointed by the
2129:, it has no authority to review the constitutionality of federal statutes, but the people can strike down a proposed law by referendum. According to settled case law, however, the Court is authorised to review the compliance of all Swiss law with certain categories of international law, especially the
2209:
was created in 1973 after the adoption of the
Constitution. The Supreme Court is the highest and final superior court of record and is empowered to exercise its powers, subject to the provisions of the Constitution. The court rulings take precedence over all lower Courts. The Emirati judicial system
2390:
from the
Supreme Court, and also from the provincial appellate courts, by-passing the Supreme Court. In 1933, the federal Parliament abolished such appeals in criminal matters. It was not until 1949 that all appeals to the Judicial Committee were abolished, although appeals which were pending could
2348:
as a "General Court of Appeal". As a result, it can hear appeals on any legal issues considered by lower courts, on issues of constitutional law, federal law and provincial law. It can hear appeals involving the common law and the civil law, and has full authority to rule on those issues. The Court
1567:
ineffective. In addition, it has the power to overrule decisions of all other courts, despite not being a court of appeals in the German court system. It is also the only court possessing the power and authority to outlaw political parties, should their manifests or activism prove unconstitutional.
904:
With respect to
Pakistan's autonomous territories (i.e. Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan) the Supreme Court's jurisdiction is rather limited and varies from territory to territory; it can hear appeals only of a constitutional nature from Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. Azad Kashmir has its own
508:
compromised by sketching only a general outline of the judiciary, vesting of federal judicial power in "one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the
Congress may from time to time ordain and establish". They delineated neither the exact powers and prerogatives of the Supreme Court nor the
2149:
was created in 1972 after the adoption of a new
Constitution. The Supreme Court is the highest and final superior court of record and is empowered to exercise its powers, subject to the provisions of the Constitution. The court rulings take precedence over all lower Courts. The Sri Lanka judicial
650:
is created by the provisions of the
Constitution of Bangladesh, 1972. There are two Divisions of the Supreme Court, i.e. (a) Appellate Division and (b) High Court Division. Appellate Division is the highest Court of Appeal and usually does not exercise the powers of a court of the first instance.
2433:
is the main judicial arm of the state, functioning as the final court of appeal as well as a means to re-open cases previously closed. The
Supreme Court, which consists of a total of 51 justices, also oversees the regional high courts. It was founded at the country's independence in 1945.
2192:
The decisions of the Court of Appeal's
General Assembly on the Unification of Judgments are binding on judges. This is not a separate appellate body but an assembly of the Court of Appeal which renders decisions regarding points of laws on which its different chambers disagree.
866:. In some cases, an appeal may be removed directly to the Supreme Court from the High Court. For certain cases, particularly cases which commenced in the District Court, a lower court (typically the High Court or the Court of Appeal) may be the court of final jurisdiction.
874:
The
Supreme Court is the highest court in Nigeria. The Supreme Court mainly regulates in disputes between states and/or the federal government. Another power of the Supreme court rests in its authority to oversee any decisions over presidential elections and term lengths.
1635:) was founded under Act No. 22/1919 and held its first session on 16 February 1920. The Court holds the highest judicial power in Iceland. The court system was transformed from a two level system to a three level system in 2018 with the establishment of Landsréttur.
2383:. Parties can argue their cases in either English or French, and file written materials in either language. The Court will provide simultaneous interpretation for counsel and members of the public. It issues its judgments in both languages simultaneously.
2188:
The Supreme Court is one of Turkey's four highest judicial authority. Judicial justice is the final review authority of the decisions and judgments issued by the courts of first instance and that the law does not leave to another judicial authority.
2049:
Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution).
2367:. Three of the nine justices are required to come from the Bar or superior courts of Quebec, to ensure the Court has a strong membership in the civil law of Quebec. The remaining six justices come from the rest of Canada, traditionally three from
2349:
can hear appeals from the courts of appeal from the provinces and territories, and also appeals from the Federal Court of Appeal. The court's decisions are final and binding on the federal courts and the courts from all provinces and territories.
2052:
In Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations. In most private law cases, two Supreme Court judgements supporting a claim are needed to appeal at the Supreme
539:
is not generally considered to apply, so the decisions of the supreme court are not necessarily binding beyond the immediate case before it; however, in practice the decisions of the supreme court usually provide a very strong precedent, or
842:
was abolished following the passing of the Supreme Court Act (2003). A right of appeal to the Privy Council remains for criminal cases which were decided before the Supreme Court was created, but it is likely that the successful appeal by
355:
within the hierarchy of courts. Broadly speaking, the decisions of a supreme court are binding on all other courts in a nation and are not subject to further review by any other court. Supreme courts typically function primarily as
1400:
have original jurisdiction to hear all types of cases, including cases of a constitutional or administrative nature. As a result, there exists no special constitutional court, and therefore final jurisdiction is vested with the
711:(NPCSC) in Beijing (without retroactive effect), and the courts are authorised to interpret the Basic Law when trying cases, in accordance with Article 158 of the Basic Law. This arrangement became controversial in light of the
378:
states tend not to have a single highest court. Some federations, such as the United States, also do not have a single highest court. The highest court in some jurisdictions is not named the "Supreme Court", for example, the
2173:
retains the important status as the highest court of justice in the country. Operating separately from the Administrative Court and the Constitutional Court, the judgement of the Supreme Court is considered as final.
491:
established the parameters for the national judiciary. Creating a separate "third branch" of government was a novel idea; in the English tradition, judicial power is just one aspect of the sovereign authority of the
2592:. This supervises the administration of justice by all subordinate "local" and "special" people's courts, and is the court of last resort for the whole People's Republic of China except for Macau and Hong Kong.
1953:
Disciplinary Court of the Republic of China (中華民國懲戒法院): disciplinary cases of civil servants and judges. (The Public Functionary Disciplinary Sanction Commission was a previous form of disciplinary court until
2081:, which has a duty of the supreme interpreter of the Spanish Constitution, with the power to determine the constitutionality of acts and statutes made by any public body, central, regional, or local in Spain.
2612:
1383:
of laws and regulations, as well as decide on individual complaints on decisions on governmental bodies. It also decides on jurisdictional disputes between the legislative, executive and judicial branches.
1577:(Federal Court of Justice) is at the top of the hierarchy of courts. The other branches of the German judicial system each have their own appellate systems, each topped by a high court; these are the
1081:(which applies to all the states). There are currently nine members of the US Supreme Court, however, there is no number specified in the Constitution. New members are nominated to life terms by the
1509:, members of the French government are subject to the same laws as other French citizens. However, since 1993, a new and different court was introduced to judge them in place of normal courts, the
2552:. But in August 2013 the Constitution was amended to make the Constitutional Court the country's single apex court, superior to the SCA in all matters, both constitutional and non-constitutional.
1972:
The Constitutional Court, consisting of 15 justices and mainly dealing with constitutional issues. (The Council of Grand Justices was a previous form of Constitutional review organ until 2022.)
2517:
687:) was the final court of appeal during its colonial times which ended with transfer of sovereignty in 1997. The final adjudication power, as in any other British Colonies, rested with the
407:
Some countries have multiple "supreme courts" whose respective jurisdictions have different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law. Some countries with a
926:
is the ultimate court for criminal and civil matters in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland. (The supreme court for criminal matters in Scotland is the
901:
law, federal law or on matters of mixed federal and provincial competence. It can hear appeals on matters of provincial competence only if a matter of a constitutional nature is raised.
2596:
1803:
708:
471:
jurisdictions retain this system, but many others have reconstituted their own highest court as a court of last resort, with the right of appeal to the Privy Council being abolished.
1241:), which is also charged with the review of administrative acts on whether they violate constitutionally guaranteed rights. Other than that, administrative acts are reviewed by the
2623:
jurisdictions respectively. This power is a legislative power and not a judicial one in that an interpretation by the NPCSC does not affect cases which have already been decided.
2513:
1115:
The official names of state supreme courts vary, as do the titles of its members, which can cause confusion between jurisdictions. Alternative names for supreme courts includes
1690:, which has a duty of judicial review, and which can strike down legislation as being in conflict with the Constitution. As with France, administrative cases are ruled by the
2896:
Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of Nauru relating to Appeals to the High Court of Australia from the Supreme Court of Nauru
2206:
2210:
is complex blend of both Islamic law and civil law. In some cases such as capital punishment, the decision may be passed on to the President of the country (currently
1293:) is the highest court. It is both the constitutional court and the court of last resort in Brazilian law. It only reviews cases that may be unconstitutional or final
392:
908:
The provinces have their own courts system, with the High Court as the apex court, except insofar as where an appeal can go to the Supreme Court as mentioned above.
396:
2386:
Although created in 1875, the Supreme Court was not originally the final court of appeal. Canada was part of the British Empire, and appeals initially lay to the
1603:
1540:
1928:). Presently, in time of peace, the supreme court for military justice matters is the Supreme Court of Justice, which now includes four military judges.
1128:
431:. However, other federations, such as Canada, may have a supreme court of general jurisdiction, able to decide any question of law. Jurisdictions with a
1173:
The Supreme Court functions as a last resort tribunal. Its rulings cannot be appealed. It also decides on cases dealing with the interpretation of the
2166:, an official department for appeals was set up, and, after Thailand adopted a western-styled government, Thai Supreme Court was established in 1891.
488:
2654:
1000:
935:
2537:
2387:
2250:
1965:
1902:
1546:
1535:
single supreme court. Instead, cases are decided in the final instance by one of five federal high courts (see below), depending on their nature.
1124:
966:
955:
897:
since the declaration of the republic in 1956 (previously the Privy Council had that function). The Supreme Court has the final say on matters of
848:
839:
688:
464:
444:
905:
courts system and the constitution of Pakistan does not apply to it as such; appeals from Azad Kashmir relate to its relationship with Pakistan.
2098:
1944:
1815:
1597:
1120:
3176:
2545:
2122:
265:
2637:
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699:, its constitution, the territory remains a common law jurisdiction. Consequently, judges from other common law jurisdictions (including
3139:
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2130:
2002:
1876:
1856:
1834:
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917:
624:
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uses the civil law. Federal public law is based on the common law, but federal statute law must take into account both legal systems.
1961:
1683:
1062:
1038:
1024:
989:
412:
252:
1498:
in case of "breach of his duties patently incompatible with his continuing in office". Since a constitutional amendment of 2007, the
1131:
is a lower court, not a supreme court. The titles for judicial officeholders can cause confusion, even within the same jurisdiction.
2824:
2727:
2438:
692:
664:
480:
452:
130:
31:
459:, the highest court within a colony was often called the "Supreme Court", even though appeals could be made from that court to the
2544:
of the Supreme Court of South Africa as the highest court of appeal in non-constitutional matters. The SCA was subordinate to the
2426:, though even at the national level, individual justices can cite sharia or other forms of non-Dutch law in their legal opinions.
707:
according to Article 92 of the Basic Law. On the other hand, the power of interpretation of the Basic Law itself is vested in the
2509:
2481:
1887:
1846:
1839:
1495:
1464:
2828:
2751:
2707:
2702:
2501:
2380:
1202:
712:
383:. On the other hand, in some places the court named the "Supreme Court" is not in fact the highest court; examples include the
2750:
Some constitutional courts are not courts per se but judicial or quasi-judicial panels, councils or commissions, such as the
1791:
1082:
931:
863:
68:
64:
1502:
states that the High Court is composed of all members of both Houses of Parliament. As of 2023, it has never been convened.
862:
was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the
111:
969:
which hears final appeals from certain smaller Commonwealth realm countries, admiralty cases, and certain appeals from the
651:
Whereas, the High Court Division is a Court of the first instance in writ/judicial review, company, and admiralty matters.
2697:
2585:
2077:
2026:
1779:
1759:
1687:
1376:
1242:
1234:
1194:
629:
83:
2765:
2549:
2423:
1913:
1480:
947:
855:
829:
531:
are binding upon all lower courts; this is intended to apply a uniform interpretation and implementation of the law. In
2641:
2211:
2183:
1557:
1438:
1304:
1178:
1086:
647:
641:
505:
278:
257:
3085:
1924:
Until 2003, a fifth supreme court also existed for the military jurisdiction, this being the Supreme Military Court (
368:, or from intermediate-level appellate courts. A supreme court can also, in certain circumstances, act as a court of
90:
1479:), which is empanelled half from the Court of Cassation and half from the Council of State and presided over by the
455:), such as Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal, Russia, Spain and South Africa. Within the former
2430:
2146:
2014:
1937:
1168:
981:
680:
616:
561:
270:
1033:
57:
3041:
2589:
2228:
2170:
1517:). It has since been highly criticized and is scheduled for deletion in a constitutional amendment due for 2019.
1449:
1174:
1116:
1101:
1100:, the highest authority in interpreting that state's law and administering that state's judiciary. The courts of
951:
890:
884:
859:
825:
589:
428:
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of the Commonwealth of Australia. The Court was constituted by, and its first members were appointed under, the
2795:
2581:
2473:
2403:
2293:
2282:
2018:
1998:
1895:
1691:
1616:
1573:
1316:
1308:
1152:
1066:
927:
776:
752:
746:
532:
432:
375:
97:
805:
1135:, the posts of Justice, Judge, and Justices of the Peace are members of successively lower levels of courts.
1108:
have separate criminal and civil courts of last resort, while Delaware has separate courts for appellate and
858:
was officially established at the beginning of 2004, although it did not come into operation until July. The
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2335:
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813:
684:
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416:
380:
296:
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When there is jurisdictional dispute between judicial and administrative courts: the Court of Arbitration (
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2469:
2442:
2340:
2044:
2032:
1852:
1709:
1372:
1250:
1105:
1042:
1012:
797:
787:
730:
724:
704:
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577:
388:
384:
309:
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283:
79:
1734:(Constitutional Court). The most used and common procedure to present these challenges is by way of the "
3110:
2239:
1868:
1763:
1300:
1286:
801:
734:
573:
369:
35:
2001:
is the supreme criminal court. However, the absolute highest court (excluding criminal matters) is the
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2224:
2202:
2102:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1148:
970:
497:
484:
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436:
2158:
Historically, citizens appealed directly to the King along his route to places out of the Palace. A
3151:
2533:
2268:
1783:
1628:
1499:
1487:
1348:
1312:
1097:
1050:
1028:
962:
756:
3037:
2908:
2353:
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2118:
1988:
1799:
1620:
1506:
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are generally held to be the historical model for civil law. From the late 18th century onwards,
1132:
835:
604:
496:. It was also proposed in the Constitutional Convention that the judiciary should have a role in
2853:
3027:
Pablo Contreras, Pedro de (ed.). "Curso de Derecho Civil (I)". Colex 2008, p. 167, 168 and 175
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2327:
Canada is a bi-jural country. Nine of the provinces use the common law, while the province of
2235:
1561:
1402:
1380:
1230:
1070:
943:
700:
3096:
1089:. There are no specific requirements set out in the Constitution for Supreme Court nominees.
2548:, which is the highest court in matters involving the interpretation and application of the
2399:
2126:
1994:
1819:
1434:
676:
632:
on the advice of the federal government, and under the constitution must retire at age 70.
419:), with the former having jurisdiction over the latter only to the extent that the federal
104:
30:
This article is about supreme courts in general. For specific national supreme courts, see
3136:
Alphabetical Index of the 192 United Nations Member States and Corresponding Legal Systems
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2505:
2407:
2376:
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were also transferred to the new Supreme Court by the Constitutional Reform Act, from the
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581:
565:
440:
357:
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cases, when dealing with federal law or conflicting rulings. The Superior Labour Court (
3135:
2633:
2372:
2289:
2278:
2257:
1526:
1460:
1393:
1214:
1198:
1078:
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691:(JCPC) in London, United Kingdom. Now the power of final adjudication is vested in the
528:
460:
456:
3124:
816:
in both criminal and civil cases, with the notable exception of constitutional cases.
3193:
2493:
2462:
2411:
2246:
2090:
1976:
1957:
1730:, challenges on the conformity of the law to the Constitution are brought before the
1665:
1430:
1422:
1344:
1295:
1282:
523:
1950:
Supreme Administrative Court of the Republic of China (中華民國最高行政法院): executive cases.
599:
The High Court is mandated by section 71 of the Constitution, which vests in it the
2561:
2418:. Law in regional jurisdictions can vary from province to province, including even
2065:
Section three judges administrative cases and controls government normative powers.
1705:
1356:
1328:
1270:
1109:
898:
793:
420:
320:
17:
2668:
2565:
2488:. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both
1649:
1564:
1324:
1266:
1222:
1054:
1008:
760:
424:
365:
46:
2867:
973:
and statutory private jurisdictions, such as professional and academic bodies.
2674:
2664:
2477:
1727:
1336:
1156:
1093:
939:
844:
518:
408:
2883:
2692:
2604:
2600:
2159:
2142:
2105:. In most cases, the Supreme Courts will only grant leave to appeal a case (
1979:, whose president also serves as Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court.
1661:
1144:
809:
600:
569:
493:
2994:
2031:
for every cases except jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court of Korea,
1483:, is called together to settle the dispute or hand down a final decision.
2958:
1552:
1425:, supreme appellate jurisdiction is divided among three judicial bodies:
894:
487:
between the legislative and executive departments that delegates to the
411:
system of government may have both a federal supreme court (such as the
2521:
2497:
2368:
1871:, there are several supreme courts, each with a specific jurisdiction:
1531:
1368:
2937:
2419:
2364:
2328:
1601:(Federal Administrative Court) for administrative law. The so-called
764:
361:
2524:
or in divisions, depending on the nature of the case to be decided.
2316:
1740:
The Court of last resort for civil and criminal proceedings is the "
812:
in 1976 provides for appeals from the Supreme Court of Nauru to the
588:
and the parliaments of the states, and the ability to interpret the
527:
applies, whereby the principles applied by the supreme court in its
607:. It now operates under sections 71 to 75 of the Constitution, the
447:, for example). A number of jurisdictions also maintain a separate
2608:
2489:
2456:
2315:
1833:
1775:
1676:
1595:(Federal Fiscal Court) for taxation and financial issues, and the
1032:
352:
1660:. It is the highest judicial instance. The Supreme Court sits in
451:
or other judicial or quasi-judicial body (first developed in the
2415:
2059:
Section one judges private law cases (including commercial law).
501:
3164:
Constitutional Court Website: History of The Constitution Court
1201:, except in the sphere of constitutional justice, in which the
796:, there is no single highest court for all types of cases. The
3125:
Supreme Court of Canada: Creation and Beginning of the Court.
2976:
2125:
is the final court of appeals. Due to Switzerland's system of
961:
The Supreme Court shares its members and accommodation at the
40:
3142:
World Legal Systems Research Group. Accessed 8 February 2017.
934:
with effect from 1 October 2009, replacing and assuming the
847:
to the Privy Council in 2013 will be the last appeal to the
479:
The idea of a supreme court owes much to the framers of the
3177:
House begins selection of new Constitutional Court justice'
2013:
In South Korea, role of highest court is divided among two
1583:(Federal Social Court) for matters of social security, the
1065:, established in 1789, is the highest federal court in the
804:
matters, but any other case may be appealed further to the
2841:
The High Court of Australia is the highest court of appeal
1682:
The Italian court of last resort for most disputes is the
1015:
functions, was also a senior judge in the House of Lords.
2504:
also explicitly grants to the Supreme Court the power of
1746:
For administrative proceedings the highest court is the "
1323:) reviews State and Federal Circuit courts decisions for
1311:, ministers of state, members of the high courts and the
415:), and supreme courts for each member state (such as the
2599:(NPCSC). This power includes the power to interpret the
2472:
is generally considered the largest state with a hybrid
560:
The High Court of Australia is the supreme court in the
443:, headed by a supreme administrative court (such as the
399:, which are all subordinate to higher courts of appeal.
389:
supreme courts of several Canadian provinces/territories
2461:
Senior Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
2642:
Standing Committee of the National Assembly of Vietnam
2595:
The final power to interpret the law is vested in the
2560:
In most nations with constitutions modelled after the
1589:(Federal Labour Court) for employment and labour, the
733:
was created on January 28, 1950 after adoption of the
2536:, a "two apex" system existed from 1994 to 2013. The
1798:), though like Hong Kong, the power to interpret the
1686:. There is also a separate constitutional court, the
1538:
Final interpretation of the German Constitution, the
995:
The Supreme Court was set up in 2009; until then the
715:
in 1999, raising concerns for judicial independence.
3086:
Canada - Department of Justice: "About Bijuralism".
2597:
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
1804:
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
709:
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
628:, and six other Justices. They are appointed by the
2402:at the national level is based on a combination of
2162:would adjudicate all disputes. During the reign of
2075:There is also a separate constitutional court, the
1769:
1375:, which secures a uniform application of laws. The
670:
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1940:, there are four different courts of last resort:
2207:Federal Supreme Court of the United Arab Emirates
1409:) which was established 14 February 1661 by king
986:Supreme Court of Judicature for England and Wales
2766:"Essays on Article III: Judicial Vesting Clause"
2728:"U.S. Senate: Constitution of the United States"
1997:is the supreme civil court of Scotland, and the
1806:(NPCSC) in Beijing, without retroactive effect.
976:(The Constitutional Reform Act also renamed the
703:) can be recruited and continue to serve in the
509:organization of the Judicial Branch as a whole.
393:Supreme Court of Judicature of England and Wales
1571:When it comes to civil and criminal cases, the
978:Supreme Court of Judicature of Northern Ireland
397:Supreme Court of Judicature of Northern Ireland
2338:was established in 1875. It is defined by the
2071:Section five is dedicated to military justice.
2055:Five sections form the Spanish Supreme court:
1883:) - for judicial (civil and criminal) matters;
1713:
1299:pleads for criminal cases. It also judges, in
1177:(for example, it can overturn a law passed by
808:. In addition, an agreement between Nauru and
2616:
1556:highest German court, as it can declare both
1550:(Federal Constitutional Court), which is the
1355:) is the highest court in matters of federal
1257:), stands at the top of Austria's system of "
8:
2620:
930:.) The Supreme Court was established by the
615:1979. It is composed of seven Justices: the
2540:(SCA) was created in 1994 and replaced the
2062:Section two decides about criminal appeals.
1604:Gemeinsamer Senat der Obersten Gerichtshöfe
1371:, the supreme jurisdiction is given to the
1155:began to codify their laws, most of all in
3154:. Freedom House. Accessed 8 February 2017.
3038:"The Judiciary: The Federal Supreme Court"
2611:, the constitutional documents of the two
1909:) - for administrative and fiscal matters;
1656:is at the head of the court system in the
1129:New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division
1069:. It has final appellate powers over the
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
3175:Ina Parlina and Margareth S Aritonang, '
2655:Supreme Judicial Council of Saudi Arabia
2068:Section four is dedicated to labour law.
1975:All three courts are directly under the
1920:) - for auditing the public expenditure.
936:judicial functions of the House of Lords
546:, for both itself and all lower courts.
2938:"Overview of the Delaware Court System"
2719:
2388:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
2251:Supreme Court of the Republic of Poland
1770:NPCSC of the People's Republic of China
1001:in addition to being a legislative body
967:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
956:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
689:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
671:NPCSC of the People's Republic of China
445:Supreme Administrative Court of Finland
3063:"Reem Island murder: 'Ghost' executed"
3061:Administrator, System (13 July 2015).
2940:. Delaware Judicial Information Center
2796:"Essays on Article III: Supreme Court"
2391:be decided by the Judicial Committee.
1945:Supreme Court of the Republic of China
1824:Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación
1816:Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation
1037:The first four female justices of the
3152:Indonesia - Freedom in the World 2012
2508:over laws and executive actions. The
1947:(中華民國最高法院): civil and criminal cases.
1265:) as the final instance in issues of
592:and thereby shape the development of
7:
2123:Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland
1233:. This function is performed by the
266:Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland
69:adding citations to reliable sources
3140:University of Ottawa Faculty of Law
2886:, United States Department of State
2588:the highest court of appeal is the
2262:High Court of Cassation and Justice
2131:European Convention of Human Rights
2003:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
1993:Founded by papal bull in 1532, the
1857:European Convention on Human Rights
924:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
918:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
504:or to revise laws. In the end, the
2800:Heritage Guide to the Constitution
2770:Heritage Guide to the Constitution
1826:) is the highest court in Mexico.
1181:if it deems it unconstitutional).
1063:Supreme Court of the United States
1039:Supreme Court of the United States
1025:Supreme Court of the United States
990:Senior Courts of England and Wales
500:the executive power to exercise a
413:Supreme Court of the United States
253:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
2638:Supreme People's Court of Vietnam
2575:
2568:was given the power of being the
2439:Constitutional Court of Indonesia
1343:) is the court of last resort of
1319:. The Superior Court of Justice (
665:Court of Final Appeal (Hong Kong)
481:Constitution of the United States
453:Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920
435:system often have a hierarchy of
403:Single or multiple supreme courts
32:List of supreme courts by country
2909:"Nigeria's Constitution of 1999"
2869:High Court of Australia Act 1979
2667:
2025:for major constitutional cases,
1847:Supreme Court of the Netherlands
1840:Supreme Court of the Netherlands
1515:Cour de Justice de la République
1496:President of the French Republic
1339:. The Superior Electoral Court (
236:
227:
216:
207:
196:
187:
176:
167:
156:
147:
45:
2884:"Nauru: Courts & Judgments"
2829:Australian Bureau of Statistics
2708:Lists of supreme court justices
2703:List of national supreme courts
2447:People's Representative Council
1907:Supremo Tribunal Administrativo
1351:. The Superior Military Court (
1203:Constitutional Court of Armenia
467:(based in London). A number of
56:needs additional citations for
27:Highest court in a jurisdiction
2959:"About the Court of Cassation"
2613:special administrative regions
1795:
1679:has different supreme courts.
1317:Vice-President of the Republic
1229:of legislative acts for their
1083:President of the United States
932:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
864:Court of Appeal of New Zealand
489:1787 Constitutional Convention
1:
3018:Spanish Civil Code, article 1
2698:Independence of the judiciary
2627:Socialist Republic of Vietnam
2484:is heavily modeled after the
2359:The Court is composed of the
2218:Other civil law jurisdictions
2027:Constitutional Court of Korea
1760:Court of Final Appeal (Macau)
1511:Justice Court of the Republic
1494:) exists only to impeach the
1459:constitutional challenges of
1333:Tribunal Superior do Trabalho
1303:, cases involving members of
1221:of 1920 (based on a draft by
1195:Court of Cassation of Armenia
1085:and must be confirmed by the
838:, the right of appeal to the
630:Governor-General of Australia
2502:1987 Philippine Constitution
2424:Islamic criminal law in Aceh
2099:Supreme Administrative Court
1903:Supreme Administrative Court
1788:Tribunal de Última Instância
1321:Superior Tribunal de Justiça
893:has been the apex court for
856:Supreme Court of New Zealand
830:Supreme Court of New Zealand
755:is the highest court in the
483:. It was while debating the
2212:Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan
2184:Court of Cassation (Turkey)
2097:, founded in 1789, and the
1881:Supremo Tribunal de Justiça
1341:Tribunal Superior Eleitoral
695:created in 1997. Under the
648:Supreme Court of Bangladesh
642:Supreme Court of Bangladesh
613:High Court of Australia Act
506:Framers of the Constitution
279:Supreme Court of Costa Rica
258:Supreme Court of Kazakhstan
3221:
3114:, RSC 1985, c. S-26, s. 3.
2576:People's Republic of China
2556:Soviet-model jurisdictions
2431:Supreme Court of Indonesia
2309:
2301:Mixed-system jurisdictions
2181:
2147:Supreme Court of Sri Lanka
2042:
1986:
1938:Republic of China (Taiwan)
1932:Republic of China (Taiwan)
1844:
1767:
1757:
1750:" (Administrative Court).
1684:Supreme Court of Cassation
1642:
1448:for administrative cases:
1429:for judicial cases, i.e.,
1335:) reviews cases involving
1169:Supreme Court of Argentina
1166:
1022:
915:
882:
823:
800:has final jurisdiction on
785:
774:
744:
722:
681:Supreme Court of Hong Kong
668:
658:
639:
617:Chief Justice of Australia
562:Australian court hierarchy
553:
271:Supreme Court of Argentina
29:
3042:Government of Switzerland
2649:Islamic law jurisdictions
2381:institutionally bilingual
2229:Supreme Court of Honduras
2171:Supreme Court of Thailand
1738:" (prejudicial question).
1714:
1353:Tribunal Superior Militar
1255:Oberste Gerichtshof (OGH)
885:Supreme Court of Pakistan
860:High Court of New Zealand
826:High Court of New Zealand
590:Constitution of Australia
517:In jurisdictions using a
34:. For the racehorse, see
2615:which are British-based
2520:. The court sits either
2352:The court can also hear
2294:Supreme Court of Uruguay
2283:Supreme Court of Ukraine
1999:High Court of Justiciary
1926:Supremo Tribunal Militar
1877:Supreme Court of Justice
1633:Highest Court of Iceland
1617:Supreme Court of Iceland
1598:Bundesverwaltungsgericht
1547:Bundesverfassungsgericht
1291:Supremo Tribunal Federal
1197:is the highest court in
1121:Supreme Court of Appeals
928:High Court of Justiciary
777:Kiribati Court of Appeal
747:Supreme Court of Ireland
584:over laws passed by the
521:system, the doctrine of
513:Common law jurisdictions
364:from decisions of lower
2804:The Heritage Foundation
2774:The Heritage Foundation
2752:Conseil constitutionnel
2538:Supreme Court of Appeal
2361:Chief Justice of Canada
2336:Supreme Court of Canada
2322:Supreme Court of Canada
2312:Supreme Court of Canada
2273:Supreme Court of Uganda
2078:Tribunal Constitucional
1892:Tribunal Constitucional
1838:Large courtroom of the
1645:Supreme Court of Israel
1469:Conseil constitutionnel
1153:civil law jurisdictions
1139:Civil law jurisdictions
999:was the ultimate court
984:, and the rarely cited
948:Government of Wales Act
814:High Court of Australia
685:High Court of Hong Kong
661:High Court of Hong Kong
594:federalism in Australia
586:Parliament of Australia
556:High Court of Australia
543:jurisprudence constante
533:civil law jurisdictions
417:Supreme Court of Nevada
381:High Court of Australia
297:High Court of Australia
247:Seats of supreme courts
3098:Constitution Act, 1867
2794:Watson, Bradley C. S.
2764:Pushaw, Robert J. Jr.
2590:Supreme People's Court
2486:American Supreme Court
2465:
2443:President of Indonesia
2414:from the tradition of
2406:from the tradition of
2341:Constitution Act, 1867
2324:
2045:Supreme Court of Spain
2033:Supreme Court of Korea
1842:
1823:
1787:
1736:question préjudicielle
1732:Cour constitutionnelle
1710:Supreme Court of Japan
1624:
1465:Constitutional Council
1247:Verwaltungsgerichtshof
1239:Verfassungsgerichtshof
1125:Supreme Judicial Court
1058:
788:Supreme Court of Nauru
731:Supreme Court of India
725:Supreme Court of India
578:appellate jurisdiction
385:New York Supreme Court
310:Supreme Court of Ghana
305:Supreme Court of India
292:Supreme Court of Japan
284:Supreme Court of Spain
2977:"Hæstiréttur Íslands"
2963:www.cassationcourt.am
2619:and Portuguese-based
2460:
2320:The courtroom of the
2319:
2240:Supreme Court of Peru
1837:
1780:Court of Final Appeal
1774:The supreme court of
1764:Legal system of Macau
1544:, is the task of the
1477:Tribunal des conflits
1301:original jurisdiction
1287:Supreme Federal Court
1219:Austrian Constitution
1205:maintains authority.
1191:Armenian constitution
1077:in matters involving
1036:
971:ecclesiastical courts
693:Court of Final Appeal
437:administrative courts
370:original jurisdiction
349:court of final appeal
36:Supreme Court (horse)
3166:accessed 17 May 2009
2802:. Washington, D.C.:
2772:. Washington, D.C.:
2688:Separation of powers
2570:court of last resort
2546:Constitutional Court
2203:United Arab Emirates
2197:United Arab Emirates
1958:Constitutional Court
1888:Constitutional Court
1688:Constitutional Court
1586:Bundesarbeitsgericht
1505:While the President
1403:Danish Supreme Court
1377:Constitutional Court
1347:, and also oversees
1263:ordentliche Gerichte
1243:Administrative Court
1235:Constitutional Court
1149:Corpus Juris Civilis
1071:federal court system
952:Northern Ireland Act
713:right of abode issue
449:constitutional court
329:court of last resort
65:improve this article
3183:, 28 February 2013.
2582:the judicial system
2375:, and one from the
2354:reference questions
2017:judicial bodies of
1748:Cour administrative
1625:Hæstiréttur Íslands
1580:Bundessozialgericht
1500:French Constitution
1481:Minister of Justice
1098:state supreme court
1051:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
1043:Sandra Day O'Connor
1029:State supreme court
982:Court of Judicature
965:in London with the
963:Middlesex Guildhall
757:Republic of Ireland
18:Supreme Court Judge
2999:www.landsrettur.is
2916:Constitute Project
2872:, 22 February 2005
2854:Judiciary Act 1903
2542:Appellate Division
2518:Associate Justices
2466:
2377:Atlantic provinces
2325:
2164:King Chulalongkorn
2107:prövningstillstånd
1989:College of Justice
1918:Tribunal de Contas
1843:
1439:Court of Cassation
1073:, and can perform
1059:
851:from New Zealand.
683:(now known as the
605:Judiciary Act 1903
485:division of powers
439:separate from the
327:, also known as a
3112:Supreme Court Act
2683:Constitutionalism
2512:is composed of 1
2422:law, for example
2373:western provinces
2346:Supreme Court Act
1914:Court of Auditors
1802:is vested in the
1742:Cour de cassation
1574:Bundesgerichtshof
1443:Cour de cassation
1381:constitutionality
1379:exists to verify
1349:general elections
1231:constitutionality
1189:According to the
1096:also has its own
944:Scotland Act 1998
942:issues under the
701:England and Wales
391:, and the former
351:, is the highest
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16:(Redirected from
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2480:system, and the
2400:Law of Indonesia
2169:At present, the
2127:direct democracy
1995:Court of Session
1797:
1717:
1716:
1692:Council of State
1450:Council of State
1117:Court of Appeals
627:
535:the doctrine of
358:appellate courts
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2578:
2558:
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2506:judicial review
2455:
2408:Roman-Dutch law
2397:
2379:. The Court is
2371:, two from the
2365:puisne justices
2314:
2308:
2303:
2220:
2199:
2186:
2180:
2156:
2139:
2115:
2087:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2019:judicial branch
2011:
1991:
1985:
1934:
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1849:
1832:
1812:
1772:
1766:
1758:Main articles:
1756:
1745:
1739:
1724:
1702:
1674:
1668:" (a retrial).
1658:State of Israel
1647:
1641:
1613:
1592:Bundesfinanzhof
1523:
1419:
1398:ordinary courts
1390:
1365:
1279:
1259:ordinary courts
1227:judicial review
1211:
1187:
1171:
1165:
1141:
1075:judicial review
1047:Sonia Sotomayor
1031:
1023:Main articles:
1021:
1005:Lord Chancellor
920:
914:
887:
881:
872:
832:
824:Main articles:
822:
806:Appellate Court
790:
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773:
749:
743:
727:
721:
673:
667:
659:Main articles:
657:
644:
638:
623:
621:Stephen Gageler
582:judicial review
580:, the power of
566:court of appeal
558:
552:
515:
477:
441:ordinary courts
405:
345:court of appeal
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39:
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23:
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5:
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3200:Courts by type
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3001:(in Icelandic)
2995:"Um Landsrétt"
2986:
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2732:www.senate.gov
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2586:mainland China
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2454:
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2396:
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2310:Main article:
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2286:
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2182:Main article:
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2063:
2060:
2043:Main article:
2040:
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2035:
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2015:constitutional
2010:
2007:
1987:Main article:
1984:
1981:
1970:
1969:
1966:Vice President
1955:
1951:
1948:
1933:
1930:
1922:
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1910:
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1896:constitutional
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1529:, there is no
1522:
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1461:statutory laws
1457:
1454:Conseil d'État
1446:
1418:
1415:
1389:
1386:
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1275:
1210:
1207:
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1167:Main article:
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76:Find sources:
70:
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52:
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3070:. Retrieved
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2769:
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2735:. Retrieved
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2562:Soviet Union
2559:
2550:Constitution
2534:South Africa
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58:verification
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2470:Philippines
2453:Philippines
2344:and by the
2119:Switzerland
2113:Switzerland
2009:South Korea
1853:Netherlands
1830:Netherlands
1565:legislation
1541:Grundgesetz
1267:private law
1223:Hans Kelsen
1157:civil codes
1112:functions.
1055:Elena Kagan
1009:legislative
836:New Zealand
820:New Zealand
761:Four Courts
425:federal law
121:August 2024
3194:Categories
3072:2016-05-24
3047:2010-11-14
3005:2018-10-23
2944:2009-12-19
2754:in France.
2737:2024-08-28
2714:References
2675:Law portal
2617:common law
2601:basic laws
2478:common law
2363:and eight
2103:Government
1784:Portuguese
1768:See also:
1728:Luxembourg
1722:Luxembourg
1712:is called
1492:Haute Cour
1488:High Court
1407:Højesteret
1337:labour law
1094:U.S. state
1003:, and the
940:Devolution
845:Mark Lundy
669:See also:
636:Bangladesh
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519:common law
360:, hearing
333:apex court
91:newspapers
3100:, s. 101.
2922:9 October
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2621:civil law
2605:Hong Kong
2474:civil law
2404:civil law
2395:Indonesia
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2137:Sri Lanka
1962:President
1800:Basic Law
1662:Jerusalem
1621:Icelandic
1437:matters:
1325:civil law
1313:President
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705:judiciary
697:Basic Law
677:Hong Kong
655:Hong Kong
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376:Civil law
2825:"Courts"
2661:See also
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2492:and the
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1209:Austria
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988:as the
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1706:Japan
1700:Japan
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1672:Italy
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341:final
112:JSTOR
98:books
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2781:2018
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