166:. The Supreme Patriarch of Thailand operates in this mold, in association with the civil government. The central religious hierarchy is responsible for issues of national and regional importance- such as the curriculum of monastic schools, the creation of authoritative forms for scriptures and rituals, and reform issues of nationwide importance â leaving most local decisions to the discretion of individual temples and abbots (such as the ordination and disciplining of individual monks). The position of Sangharaja is currently defunct in
131:, and a monk is not bound to follow the orders or recommendations of another monk - even a senior monk. While in practice, the respect accorded to a senior monk and the standards of the local community often provide a significant impetus for requests from senior monks to be obeyed, there is no traditional or scriptural demand for such attitudes. Most monasteries â even in areas where a
210:
219:
525:
In 1988, Maha
Ghosananda was elected Supreme Patriarch by a group of exiled monks in Paris, however this status was not officially recognized in Cambodia. During this same period, Tep Vong held the same office in the unified Cambodian sangha, and after 1991 as the Supreme Patriarch of the Maha
352:
era, one sangharaja existed for the
Cambodian branch of the Dhammayuttika Nikaya, and another for the Maha Nikaya. Because the Dhammayuttika order enjoyed closer ties to the throne, it officially had primacy in Cambodia despite constituting a small majority of Khmer monks.
375:
sangharaja of the
Dhammayuttika order, returning Cambodia to the two-patriarch system. As the monarchy no longer has government status in Cambodia, the two fraternities are now officially equals. The full official title of the Supreme Patriarch of the Maha Nikaya is
91:
has been assigned according to various methods in different countries and time periods. In some cases, the sangharaja is determined by absolute monastic seniority; the sangharaja is the monk who has spent the most rains retreats
146:
can often effect significant changes in a
Theravada country by employing the respect accorded to him and his office to mobilize monks and laymen for social or religious change. Preah Maha Ghosananda of
142:
is primarily a figurehead, a focal point and spokesman for
Buddhist piety, but not endowed with any particular authority. Even without any clearly designated authority or responsibilities, a
307:, the head of the Sangha community of the whole country. The first Sri Lankan Buddhist monk to hold this title was Dimbulagala Maha Kassapa Maha Thero. However some sources suggests that
265:), typically rendered into English as 'Primate', 'Archbishop' or 'Supreme Patriarch.' The Thathanabaing of Burma served as the head of the Buddhist order of monks (
540:
356:
During the Khmer Rouge period, the role of sangharaja essentially vanished, as
Buddhism was officially suppressed first by the Khmer Rouge. The Vietnam-backed
571:
412:
348:) was a senior monk appointed by the king who headed one of the countries monastic fraternities. From the period between 1855 and the beginning of the
735:
696:
475:
199:
446:, while he was an abbot with the ordination name of VajirañÄá¹o, before renouncing the monastic life to ascend the throne as Rama IV.
767:
357:
135:
has been appointed â remain primarily self-governing or, at the most, dependent on a single larger temple in the same region.
96:) as a monk. In other cases, royal appointment may play a role--the sangharaja may be appointed by the king, particularly in
316:
162:
may be part of a national or regional hierarchy that is responsible for settling issues of wider importance to the national
155:â one whose influence over the local religious community far exceeded any ecclesiastic authority that he may have wielded.
873:
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35:
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was appointed the new sangharaja by the government in 1981, with both nikayas combined into a single unified order.
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having appointed the first of modern times in 1782. Since passage of the Sangha Act of 1902 in the reign of
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560:
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195:
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The
Sangharaja of Laos was traditionally appointed by the King of Laos (the monarchy of Luang Phrabang)
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began to reverse its stance in order to gain wider popular support for its rule, and the venerable
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50:
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277:. When Started Supreme Patriarchy at 1980. Currently Fifth Supreme Patriarch of Myanmar is
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380:, while the full official title of the Supreme Patriarch of the Dhammayuttika Nikaya is
813:
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183:
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may be chosen semi-democratically by monks or the laity (similar to the election of an
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countries to a senior monk who is the titular head either of a monastic fraternity (
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442:. The latter began as a reform movement within the larger order, established by
17:
435:
349:
170:, as no Buddhist monk was appointed to this position in the last two centuries.
127:. Any monk can offer criticism of any other monk with regards to violations of
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The election of the
Thathanapaing in 1902 was held at the Thudhamma and Pahtan
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30:"Supreme Patriarch" redirects here. For patriarchs of Western religions, see
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31:
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are considered to be the highest ranked
Buddhist monks in the country.
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299:(13th century) the title of Sangharaja has been created by the king
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countries where the monarchy is closely associated with
Buddhism (
93:
241:
In pre-colonial Burma, the office of Sangharaja was known as the
56:
303:. In the beginning, this title of Sangharaja was also known as
799:
Long, Edward E. (January 1906). "Order of the Yellow Robe".
777:
Harris, Ian (August 2001a). "Sangha Groupings in Cambodia".
747:"Thotagamuwe Sri Rahula Thero â Scholar monk par excellence"
337:
In Cambodia and the former Khmer kingdoms, the sangharaja (
123:
has not imposed any particular obligation of obedience on
174:
theros who act as the chief prelates of three main sects
828:"The Thathanabaing, Head of the Buddhist Monks of Burma"
75:
throughout the country. This term is often rendered in
613:
611:
682:(4). Rangoon: International Buddhist Society: 177â208.
422:) of Thailand is traditionally appointed by the king,
311:, who was conferred with Sangharaja position by King
821:. Vol. 2. Superintendent, Government Printing.
60:ruler, king, or prince) is the title given in many
115:The authority and responsibility assigned to the
785:(I). UK Association for Buddhist Studies: 65â72.
495:Samdech Preah SugandhÄdhipati Bour Kry, current
760:Buddhism and Politics in Twentieth-century Asia
708:"Buddhist Head Becomes Great Supreme Patriarch"
506:Samdech Preah SumedhÄdhipati Non Nget, current
323:in 1753, was the last Sangharaja of Sri Lanka.
670:Bennett, Charles Henry Allan (November 1904).
541:List of Buddhist sanghas and governing bodies
430:, the office has tended to alternate between
260:
246:
119:can also vary significantly. Traditionally,
8:
815:Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan states
762:. Continuum International Publishing Group.
34:. For the Supreme Patriarch of Armenia, see
319:who was appointed to this position by king
513:Samdech Preah Agga MahÄ SangharÄjÄdhipati
832:The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review
367:Upon his return from exile in 1991, King
676:Buddhism: A Quarterly Illustrated Review
641:
792:Governance and Civil Society in Myanmar
745:Kaviratne, W.T.J.S. (2 February 2014).
653:
629:
617:
602:
583:
273:, until its abolishment in 1938 by the
79:as 'Patriarch' or 'Supreme Patriarch'.
590:
315:as the first Sangharaja of Sri Lanka.
838:(33/34). Oriental Institute: 326â335.
275:British authorities in colonial Burma
7:
104:, for example). Alternatively, the
794:. Psychology Press. pp. 81â84.
388:Sangharaja (Sangkharat) in Thailand
572:State Saá¹
gha MahÄ NÄyaka Committee
200:State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee
25:
217:
208:
112:in some Theravada communities).
826:Twomey, D.H.R. (January 1904).
438:, and of the minority order of
151:was an example of this type of
730:. University of Hawaii Press.
510:of the Maha Nikaya of Cambodia
358:People's Republic of Kampuchea
317:Welivita Sri Saranankara Thero
1:
706:Chandara, Lor (25 May 2006).
556:Supreme Patriarch of Cambodia
551:Supreme Patriarch of Thailand
394:Supreme Patriarch of Thailand
382:Samdech Preah SugandhÄdhipati
333:Supreme Patriarch of Cambodia
378:Samdech Preah SumedhÄdhipati
309:Thotagamuwe Sri Rahula Thera
418:
251:, literally 'Keeper of the
138:As such, in some cases the
36:Catholicos of All Armenians
890:
391:
330:
288:
279:Thanlyin Mingyaung Sayadaw
193:
29:
812:Scott, J. George (1900).
687:Aung San Suu Kyi (2010).
488:, (Maha Nikaya) the late
434:of the majority order of
407:
342:
261:
247:
779:Buddhist Studies Review
726:Ghosh, Parimal (2000).
301:Parakramabahu the great
295:In Sri Lanka, from the
285:Sangharaja in Sri Lanka
728:Brave Men of the Hills
566:Sangha Supreme Council
561:Thathanabaing of Burma
463:Sayadaw Phyagyi Ashin
327:Sangharaja in Cambodia
297:Kingdom of Polonnaruwa
196:Thathanabaing of Burma
54:religious community +
807:(25). Gay & Bird.
790:James, Helen (2005).
486:Preah Maha Ghosananda
321:Kirthi Sri Rajasinghe
874:Buddhism in Thailand
864:Buddhism in Cambodia
859:Thai Buddhist titles
758:Harris, Ian (2001).
501:Dhammayuttika Nikaya
440:Dhammayuttika Nikaya
158:In other cases, the
121:Buddhist monasticism
869:Buddhism in Myanmar
672:"The Thathanabaing"
476:Ariyavongsagatanana
190:Sangharaja in Burma
712:The Cambodia Daily
458:Modern sangharajas
450:Sangharaja in Laos
269:) in pre-colonial
129:disciplinary rules
27:Buddhist honorific
737:978-0-8248-2207-1
698:978-1-101-56400-4
689:Freedom from Fear
536:Agga Maha Pandita
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18:Supreme Patriarch
16:(Redirected from
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gharÄjÄ
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715:. Retrieved
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492:of Cambodia*
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474:Somdet Phra
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346:sangkhareach
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801:Broad Views
691:. Penguin.
591:Twomey 1904
521:of Cambodia
503:of Cambodia
482:of Thailand
436:Maha Nikaya
350:Khmer Rouge
262:ááá¬áá¶áá¬áá¬áá¬
848:Categories
717:7 November
663:References
568:, Thailand
546:Mahanayaka
517:, current
508:sangharaja
497:sangharaja
490:sangharaja
480:sangharaja
478:, current
471:of Myanmar
469:sangharaja
467:, current
419:Sangkharat
408:àžàž£àž°àžªàž±àžàžàž£àž²àž
400:Sangharaja
371:appointed
291:Mahanayaka
289:See also:
248:áá¬ááá¬ááá¯ááº
172:Mahanayaka
160:sangharaja
153:sangharaja
144:sangharaja
140:sangharaja
133:sangharaja
117:sangharaja
106:sangharaja
89:sangharaja
42:Sangharaja
854:Theravada
574:, Myanmar
168:Sri Lanka
62:Theravada
32:Patriarch
530:See also
526:Nikaya.
515:Tep Vong
373:Bour Kry
369:Sihanouk
362:Tep Vong
305:Mahasami
149:Cambodia
102:Thailand
83:Overview
65:Buddhist
499:of the
415::
343:áááááá¶á
267:bhikkhu
77:English
766:
734:
695:
428:Rama V
424:Rama I
253:SÄsana
229:Zayats
164:sangha
73:Sangha
69:nikaya
51:sangha
819:(PDF)
579:Notes
339:Khmer
271:Burma
231:near
110:abbot
94:vassa
836:XVII
764:ISBN
732:ISBN
719:2013
693:ISBN
413:RTGS
404:Thai
398:The
198:and
182:and
57:raja
46:PÄli
850::
834:.
830:.
803:.
783:18
781:.
749:.
710:.
678:.
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610:^
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406::
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