155:. The Supreme Patriarch of Thailand operates in this mold, in association with the civil government. The central religious hierarchy is responsible for issues of national and regional importance- such as the curriculum of monastic schools, the creation of authoritative forms for scriptures and rituals, and reform issues of nationwide importance â leaving most local decisions to the discretion of individual temples and abbots (such as the ordination and disciplining of individual monks). The position of Sangharaja is currently defunct in
120:, and a monk is not bound to follow the orders or recommendations of another monk - even a senior monk. While in practice, the respect accorded to a senior monk and the standards of the local community often provide a significant impetus for requests from senior monks to be obeyed, there is no traditional or scriptural demand for such attitudes. Most monasteries â even in areas where a
199:
208:
514:
In 1988, Maha
Ghosananda was elected Supreme Patriarch by a group of exiled monks in Paris, however this status was not officially recognized in Cambodia. During this same period, Tep Vong held the same office in the unified Cambodian sangha, and after 1991 as the Supreme Patriarch of the Maha
341:
era, one sangharaja existed for the
Cambodian branch of the Dhammayuttika Nikaya, and another for the Maha Nikaya. Because the Dhammayuttika order enjoyed closer ties to the throne, it officially had primacy in Cambodia despite constituting a small majority of Khmer monks.
364:
sangharaja of the
Dhammayuttika order, returning Cambodia to the two-patriarch system. As the monarchy no longer has government status in Cambodia, the two fraternities are now officially equals. The full official title of the Supreme Patriarch of the Maha Nikaya is
80:
has been assigned according to various methods in different countries and time periods. In some cases, the sangharaja is determined by absolute monastic seniority; the sangharaja is the monk who has spent the most rains retreats
135:
can often effect significant changes in a
Theravada country by employing the respect accorded to him and his office to mobilize monks and laymen for social or religious change. Preah Maha Ghosananda of
131:
is primarily a figurehead, a focal point and spokesman for
Buddhist piety, but not endowed with any particular authority. Even without any clearly designated authority or responsibilities, a
296:, the head of the Sangha community of the whole country. The first Sri Lankan Buddhist monk to hold this title was Dimbulagala Maha Kassapa Maha Thero. However some sources suggests that
254:), typically rendered into English as 'Primate', 'Archbishop' or 'Supreme Patriarch.' The Thathanabaing of Burma served as the head of the Buddhist order of monks (
529:
345:
During the Khmer Rouge period, the role of sangharaja essentially vanished, as
Buddhism was officially suppressed first by the Khmer Rouge. The Vietnam-backed
560:
401:
337:) was a senior monk appointed by the king who headed one of the countries monastic fraternities. From the period between 1855 and the beginning of the
724:
685:
464:
188:
435:, while he was an abbot with the ordination name of VajirañÄá¹o, before renouncing the monastic life to ascend the throne as Rama IV.
756:
346:
124:
has been appointed â remain primarily self-governing or, at the most, dependent on a single larger temple in the same region.
85:) as a monk. In other cases, royal appointment may play a role--the sangharaja may be appointed by the king, particularly in
305:
151:
may be part of a national or regional hierarchy that is responsible for settling issues of wider importance to the national
144:â one whose influence over the local religious community far exceeded any ecclesiastic authority that he may have wielded.
862:
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857:
309:
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24:
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was appointed the new sangharaja by the government in 1981, with both nikayas combined into a single unified order.
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453:
267:
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having appointed the first of modern times in 1782. Since passage of the Sangha Act of 1902 in the reign of
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549:
285:
184:
474:
443:
The
Sangharaja of Laos was traditionally appointed by the King of Laos (the monarchy of Luang Phrabang)
263:
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109:
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began to reverse its stance in order to gain wider popular support for its rule, and the venerable
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681:
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39:
301:
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266:. When Started Supreme Patriarchy at 1980. Currently Fifth Supreme Patriarch of Myanmar is
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86:
369:, while the full official title of the Supreme Patriarch of the Dhammayuttika Nikaya is
802:
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172:
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may be chosen semi-democratically by monks or the laity (similar to the election of an
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735:
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countries to a senior monk who is the titular head either of a monastic fraternity (
164:
816:
660:
431:. The latter began as a reform movement within the larger order, established by
424:
338:
159:, as no Buddhist monk was appointed to this position in the last two centuries.
116:. Any monk can offer criticism of any other monk with regards to violations of
216:
The election of the
Thathanapaing in 1902 was held at the Thudhamma and Pahtan
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19:"Supreme Patriarch" redirects here. For patriarchs of Western religions, see
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50:
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are considered to be the highest ranked
Buddhist monks in the country.
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288:(13th century) the title of Sangharaja has been created by the king
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countries where the monarchy is closely associated with
Buddhism (
82:
230:
In pre-colonial Burma, the office of Sangharaja was known as the
45:
292:. In the beginning, this title of Sangharaja was also known as
788:
Long, Edward E. (January 1906). "Order of the Yellow Robe".
766:
Harris, Ian (August 2001a). "Sangha Groupings in Cambodia".
736:"Thotagamuwe Sri Rahula Thero â Scholar monk par excellence"
326:
In Cambodia and the former Khmer kingdoms, the sangharaja (
112:
has not imposed any particular obligation of obedience on
163:
theros who act as the chief prelates of three main sects
817:"The Thathanabaing, Head of the Buddhist Monks of Burma"
64:
throughout the country. This term is often rendered in
602:
600:
671:(4). Rangoon: International Buddhist Society: 177â208.
411:) of Thailand is traditionally appointed by the king,
300:, who was conferred with Sangharaja position by King
810:. Vol. 2. Superintendent, Government Printing.
49:ruler, king, or prince) is the title given in many
104:The authority and responsibility assigned to the
774:(I). UK Association for Buddhist Studies: 65â72.
484:Samdech Preah SugandhÄdhipati Bour Kry, current
749:Buddhism and Politics in Twentieth-century Asia
697:"Buddhist Head Becomes Great Supreme Patriarch"
495:Samdech Preah SumedhÄdhipati Non Nget, current
312:in 1753, was the last Sangharaja of Sri Lanka.
659:Bennett, Charles Henry Allan (November 1904).
530:List of Buddhist sanghas and governing bodies
419:, the office has tended to alternate between
249:
235:
108:can also vary significantly. Traditionally,
8:
804:Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan states
751:. Continuum International Publishing Group.
23:. For the Supreme Patriarch of Armenia, see
308:who was appointed to this position by king
502:Samdech Preah Agga MahÄ SangharÄjÄdhipati
821:The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review
356:Upon his return from exile in 1991, King
665:Buddhism: A Quarterly Illustrated Review
630:
781:Governance and Civil Society in Myanmar
734:Kaviratne, W.T.J.S. (2 February 2014).
642:
618:
606:
591:
572:
262:, until its abolishment in 1938 by the
68:as 'Patriarch' or 'Supreme Patriarch'.
579:
304:as the first Sangharaja of Sri Lanka.
827:(33/34). Oriental Institute: 326â335.
264:British authorities in colonial Burma
7:
93:, for example). Alternatively, the
783:. Psychology Press. pp. 81â84.
377:Sangharaja (Sangkharat) in Thailand
561:State Saá¹
gha MahÄ NÄyaka Committee
189:State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee
14:
206:
197:
101:in some Theravada communities).
815:Twomey, D.H.R. (January 1904).
427:, and of the minority order of
140:was an example of this type of
719:. University of Hawaii Press.
499:of the Maha Nikaya of Cambodia
347:People's Republic of Kampuchea
306:Welivita Sri Saranankara Thero
1:
695:Chandara, Lor (25 May 2006).
545:Supreme Patriarch of Cambodia
540:Supreme Patriarch of Thailand
383:Supreme Patriarch of Thailand
371:Samdech Preah SugandhÄdhipati
322:Supreme Patriarch of Cambodia
367:Samdech Preah SumedhÄdhipati
298:Thotagamuwe Sri Rahula Thera
407:
240:, literally 'Keeper of the
127:As such, in some cases the
25:Catholicos of All Armenians
879:
380:
319:
277:
268:Thanlyin Mingyaung Sayadaw
182:
18:
801:Scott, J. George (1900).
676:Aung San Suu Kyi (2010).
477:, (Maha Nikaya) the late
423:of the majority order of
396:
331:
250:
236:
768:Buddhist Studies Review
715:Ghosh, Parimal (2000).
290:Parakramabahu the great
284:In Sri Lanka, from the
274:Sangharaja in Sri Lanka
717:Brave Men of the Hills
555:Sangha Supreme Council
550:Thathanabaing of Burma
452:Sayadaw Phyagyi Ashin
316:Sangharaja in Cambodia
286:Kingdom of Polonnaruwa
185:Thathanabaing of Burma
43:religious community +
796:(25). Gay & Bird.
779:James, Helen (2005).
475:Preah Maha Ghosananda
310:Kirthi Sri Rajasinghe
863:Buddhism in Thailand
853:Buddhism in Cambodia
848:Thai Buddhist titles
747:Harris, Ian (2001).
490:Dhammayuttika Nikaya
429:Dhammayuttika Nikaya
147:In other cases, the
110:Buddhist monasticism
858:Buddhism in Myanmar
661:"The Thathanabaing"
465:Ariyavongsagatanana
179:Sangharaja in Burma
701:The Cambodia Daily
447:Modern sangharajas
439:Sangharaja in Laos
258:) in pre-colonial
118:disciplinary rules
16:Buddhist honorific
726:978-0-8248-2207-1
687:978-1-101-56400-4
678:Freedom from Fear
525:Agga Maha Pandita
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421:ordained monks
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246:MahÄsaá¹
gharÄjÄ
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173:Ramanna Nikaya
114:Buddhist monks
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631:Chandara 2006
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704:. Retrieved
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481:of Cambodia*
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463:Somdet Phra
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335:sangkhareach
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790:Broad Views
680:. Penguin.
580:Twomey 1904
510:of Cambodia
492:of Cambodia
471:of Thailand
425:Maha Nikaya
339:Khmer Rouge
251:ááá¬áá¶áá¬áá¬áá¬
837:Categories
706:7 November
652:References
557:, Thailand
535:Mahanayaka
506:, current
497:sangharaja
486:sangharaja
479:sangharaja
469:sangharaja
467:, current
460:of Myanmar
458:sangharaja
456:, current
408:Sangkharat
397:àžàž£àž°àžªàž±àžàžàž£àž²àž
389:Sangharaja
360:appointed
280:Mahanayaka
278:See also:
237:áá¬ááá¬ááá¯ááº
161:Mahanayaka
149:sangharaja
142:sangharaja
133:sangharaja
129:sangharaja
122:sangharaja
106:sangharaja
95:sangharaja
78:sangharaja
31:Sangharaja
843:Theravada
563:, Myanmar
157:Sri Lanka
51:Theravada
21:Patriarch
519:See also
515:Nikaya.
504:Tep Vong
362:Bour Kry
358:Sihanouk
351:Tep Vong
294:Mahasami
138:Cambodia
91:Thailand
72:Overview
54:Buddhist
488:of the
404::
332:áááááá¶á
256:bhikkhu
66:English
755:
723:
684:
417:Rama V
413:Rama I
242:SÄsana
218:Zayats
153:sangha
62:Sangha
58:nikaya
40:sangha
808:(PDF)
568:Notes
328:Khmer
260:Burma
220:near
99:abbot
83:vassa
825:XVII
753:ISBN
721:ISBN
708:2013
682:ISBN
402:RTGS
393:Thai
387:The
187:and
171:and
46:raja
35:PÄli
839::
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772:18
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