Surge protector - Knowledge (XXG)

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release fireballs of metal fragments and clouds of conductive carbon soot. Marshalling panels keep such hazards from reaching the digital and control devices that are mounted in the remote main control panels. Marshalling cabinet panels are used for digital system panels (fire alarm, security access control, computer clean power, etc.). Wiring and cables to be protected include both the power supply and any wiring (signaling circuit, initiating device circuit, shields, etc.), which extend beyond the building by underground, overhead or other means, such as walkways, bridges, etc. In addition, it should include the wiring of devices located in high places such as attics, roof levels of parking lots, parking lights, etc. After passing through the SPDs in the marshalling cabinets, the wiring can pass through conduits into other remote, nearly adjacent, cabinets that contain the input & output connections to for digital system panels (fire alarm, security access control, computer clean power,

789:(UL), a global independent safety science company, defines how a protector may be used safely. UL 1449 became compliance mandatory in jurisdictions that adopted the NEC with the 3rd edition in September 2009 to increase safety compared to products conforming to the 2nd edition. A measured limiting voltage test, using six times higher current (and energy), defines a voltage protection rating (VPR). For a specific protector, this voltage may be higher compared to a Suppressed Voltage Ratings (SVR) in previous editions that measured let-through voltage with less current. Due to non-linear characteristics of protectors, let-through voltages defined by 2nd edition and 3rd edition testing are not comparable. 845:), leading to possible overuse and eventual premature failure of that component. However the other MOVs in the group do help a little as they start to conduct as the voltage continues to rise as it does since a MOV does not have a sharp threshold. It may start to short at 270 volts but not reach full short until 450 or more volts. A second MOV might start at 290 volts and another at 320 volts so they all can help clamp the voltage, and at full current there is a series ballast effect that improves current sharing, but stating the actual joule rating as the sum of all the individual MOVs does not accurately reflect the total clamping ability. The first MOV may bear more of the burden and fail earlier. 1198: 31: 1463: 920: 760: 879:

the imparted current then traveling equally in both directions on the power line with the resulting 10 kA traveling into the building or home. These assumptions are based on an average approximation for testing minimum standards. While 10 kA is typically good enough for minimum protection against lightning strikes, it is possible for a lightning strike to impart up to 200 kA to a power line with 100 kA traveling in each direction.

276: 805: 1164:), but have a relatively low energy-absorbing capability. Voltages can be clamped to less than twice the normal operation voltage. If current impulses remain within the device ratings, life expectancy is exceptionally long. If component ratings are exceeded, the diode may fail as a permanent short circuit; protection may remain, but normal circuit operation is terminated in the case of low-power signal lines. 584: 1330: 813: 892: 576: 1145: 1249: 1083: 183: 650:

between the two ends of the conductor, most applications install a surge arrester just before the conductor lands in each piece of equipment to be protected. Each conductor must be protected, as each will have its own transient induced, and each SPD must provide a pathway to earth to safely divert the transient away from the protected component.

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protected against by the SM device before the power supply. NIST reports that "Sending them down the drain of a grounding conductor only makes them reappear within a microsecond about 200 meters away on some other conductor." So having protection on a data transmission line is only required if surges are diverted to the ground line.

1106:) that can conduct large currents when presented with a voltage above its rated voltage. MOVs typically limit voltages to about 3 to 4 times the normal circuit voltage by diverting surge current elsewhere than the protected load. MOVs may be connected in parallel to increase current capability and life expectancy, providing they are 1404: 837:

lines that supply the power, the chance of lightning or other seriously energetic spike, and specify the MOVs accordingly. A little battery charger might include a MOV of only 1 watt, whereas a surge strip will have a 20 watt MOV or several of them in parallel. A house protector will have a large block-type MOV.

779:, this specifies what spike voltage will cause the protective components inside a surge protector to short or clamp. A lower clamping voltage indicates better protection, but can sometimes result in a shorter life expectancy for the overall protective system. The lowest three levels of protection defined in the 1117:

Modern surge strips and house protectors have circuit breakers and temperature fuses to prevent serious consequences. A thermal fuse disconnects the MOV when it gets too hot. Only the MOV is disconnected leaving the rest of the circuit working but without surge protection. Often there is an LED light

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It is possible for a MOV to overheat when exposed to overvoltage sufficient for the MOV to start conducting, but not enough to totally destroy it, or to blow a house fuse. If the overvoltage condition persists long enough to cause significant heating of the MOV, it can result in thermal damage to the

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by a high voltage spike. GDTs can conduct more current for their physical size than other components. Like MOVs, GDTs have a finite life expectancy, and can handle a few very large transients or a greater number of smaller transients. The typical failure mode occurs when the triggering voltage rises

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Lightning and other high-energy transient voltage surges can be suppressed with pole-mounted suppressors by the utility, or with an owner-supplied whole-house surge protector. A whole-house product is more expensive than simple single-outlet surge protectors and often needs professional installation

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Surge protectors for homes can be in power strips used inside, or a device outside at the power panel. Sockets in a modern house use three wires: line, neutral and ground. Many protectors will connect to all three in pairs (line–neutral, line–ground and neutral–ground), because there are conditions,

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In the shorting method the electrical lines are temporarily shorted together (as by a spark gap) or clamped to a target voltage (as by a MOV) resulting in a large current flow. The voltage spike is reduced as the shorting current flows through the resistance in the power lines. The spike's energy is

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that limits the surge current that reaches the loads when a voltage transient arrives at the service entrance (the point where the supply company's wiring enters a property). There is less surge current at longer wire distances and where more impedance is present between the service entrance and the

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Metal marshalling cabinet panels can allow surge protection device (SPD) failures to be contained remotely from digital devices and electrical controllers. Direct flashes of lightning and lightning surge on secondary systems can cause catastrophic failures of SPDs. Catastrophic failures of SPDs can

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is one of the oldest protective electrical technologies still found in telephone circuits, having been developed in the nineteenth century. A carbon rod electrode is held with an insulator at a specific distance from a second electrode. The gap dimension determines the voltage at which a spark will

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Additional auxiliary circuitry may be needed in DC (and some AC) applications to suppress follow-on current, to prevent this from destroying the GDT after the initiating spike has dissipated. Some GDTs are designed to deliberately short out to a grounded terminal when overheated, thereby triggering

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Due to their relatively limited current capacity, TVS diodes are often restricted to circuits with smaller current spikes. TVS diodes are also used where spikes occur significantly more often than once a year, since this type of component will not degrade when used within its ratings. A unique type

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The common assumptions regarding lightning specifically, based ANSI/IEEE C62.41 and UL 1449 (3rd ed.) at time of this writing, are that minimum lightning-based power line surges inside a building are typically 10,000 amperes or 10 kiloamperes (kA). This is based on 20 kA striking a power line,

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to a conductor, but rather against electrical transients resulting from lightning strikes occurring in the vicinity of the conductor. Lightning which strikes the earth results in ground currents which can pass over buried conductors and induce a transient that propagates outward towards the ends of

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protection of transmission or data lines in electronic circuits. MOV-based TVSs are used to protect home electronics, distribution systems and may accommodate industrial level power distribution disturbances saving downtime and damage to equipment. The level of energy in a transient overvoltage can

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is a transient event, typically lasting 1 to 30 microseconds, that may reach over 1,000 volts. Lightning that hits a power line can cause a spike of thousands of volts. A motor when switched off can generate a spike of 1,000 or more volts. Spikes can degrade wiring insulation and destroy electronic

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strikes, leaving a surge remnant that often does not exceed a theoretical maximum (such as 6000 V at 3000 A with a modeled shape of 8 × 20 microsecond waveform specified by IEEE/ANSI C62.41). Because SMs work on both the current rise and the voltage rise, they can safely operate in the worst surge

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Inductors, line reactors, chokes, and capacitors are used to limit fault currents and can reduce or prevent overvoltage events. In applications that limit fault currents, inductors are more commonly known as electrical line reactors or a choke. Line reactors can prevent overvoltage trips, increase

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Thus response time under standard testing is not a useful measure of a surge protector's ability when comparing MOV devices. All MOVs have response times measured in nanoseconds, while test waveforms usually used to design and calibrate surge protectors are all based on modeled waveforms of surges

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connections, or multiple such devices cascaded and linked to the primary devices. This is because they do not divert surge energy to the ground line. Data transmission requires the ground line to be clean in order to be used as a reference point. In this design philosophy, such events are already

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MOVs have finite life expectancy and degrade when exposed to a few large transients, or many small transients. Every time an MOV activates, its threshold voltage reduces slightly. After many spikes the threshold voltage can reduce enough to be near the protection voltage, either mains or data. At

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EN 62305 and ANSI/IEEE C62.xx define what spikes a protector might be expected to divert. EN 61643-11 and 61643-21 specify both the product's performance and safety requirements. In contrast, the IEC only writes standards and does not certify any particular product as meeting those standards. IEC

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The one notable exception where they are not installed at both ends is in high voltage distribution systems. In general, the induced voltage is not sufficient to do damage at the electric generation end of the lines; however, installation at the service entrance to a building is key to protecting

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surge, lasting seconds, minutes, or hours, caused by power transformer failures such as a lost neutral or other power company error, are not protected by transient protectors. Long-term surges can destroy the protectors in an entire building or area. Even tens of milliseconds can be longer than a

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One MOV manufacturer recommends using fewer but bigger MOVs (e.g. 60 mm vs 40 mm diameter) if they can fit in the device. It is further recommended that multiple smaller MOVs be matched and derated. In some cases, it may take four 40 mm MOVs to be equivalent to one 60 mm MOV.

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Some manufacturers commonly design higher joule-rated surge protectors by connecting multiple MOVs in parallel and this can produce a misleading rating. Since individual MOVs have slightly different voltage thresholds and non-linear responses when exposed to the same voltage curve, any given MOV

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The joule rating is commonly quoted for comparing MOV-based surge protectors. An average surge (spike) is of short duration, lasting for nanoseconds to microseconds, and experimentally modeled surge energy can be less than 100 joules. Well-designed surge protectors consider the resistance of the

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A protector with a higher let-through voltage, e.g. 400 V vs 330 V, will pass a higher voltage to the connected device. The design of the connected device determines whether this pass-through spike will cause damage. Motors and mechanical devices are usually not affected. Some (especially older)

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Used in RF signal transmission paths, this technology features a tuned quarter-wavelength short-circuit stub that allows it to pass a bandwidth of frequencies, but presents a short to any other signals, especially down towards DC. The passbands can be narrowband (about ±5% to ±10% bandwidth) or

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None of those standards guarantee that a protector will provide proper protection in a given application. Each standard defines what a protector should do or might accomplish, based on standardized tests that may or may not correlate to conditions present in a particular real-world situation. A

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surge protector can theoretically absorb in a single event, without failure. Better protectors exceed ratings of 1,000 joules and 40,000 amperes. Since the actual duration of a spike is only about 10 microseconds, the actual dissipated energy is low. Any more than that and the MOV will fuse, or

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Without very thick insulation, which is generally cost prohibitive, most conductors running more than minimal distances (greater than approximately 50 feet (15 m)) will experience lightning-induced transients at some time during use. Because the transient is usually initiated at some point

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Due to their exceptionally low capacitance, GDTs are commonly used on high-frequency lines, such as those used in telecommunications equipment. Because of their high current-handling capability, GDTs can also be used to protect power lines, but the follow-on current problem must be controlled.

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Every time an MOV shorts, its internal structure is changed and its threshold voltage reduced slightly. After many spikes the threshold voltage can reduce enough to be near the line voltage, i.e. 120 vac or 240 vac. At this point, the MOV will partially conduct and heat up and eventually fail,

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because they operate differently from the above listed suppressors, and they do not depend on materials that inherently wear out during repeated surges. SM suppressors are primarily used to control transient voltage surges on electrical power feeds to protected devices. They are essentially

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Surge arresters can only protect against induced transients characteristic of a lightning discharge's rapid rise-time, and will not protect against electrification caused by a direct strike to the conductor. Transients similar to lightning-induced, such as from a high voltage system's fault

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Surge protectors do not operate instantly; a slight delay exists, some few nanoseconds. With longer response time and depending on system impedance, the connected equipment may be exposed to some of the surge. However, surges typically are much slower and take around a few

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In addition, the following standards are not standards for standalone surge protectors, but are instead meant for testing surge immunity in electrical and electronic equipment as a whole. Thus, they're frequently used in the design and test of surge protection circuitry.

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Slower-responding technologies (notably, GDTs) may have difficulty protecting against fast spikes. Therefore, good designs incorporating slower but otherwise useful technologies usually combine them with faster-acting components, to provide more comprehensive protection.

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The MOV (or other shorting device) requires resistance in the supply line in order to limit the voltage. For large, low resistance power lines a higher joule rated MOV is required. Inside a house, with smaller wires that have more resistance, a smaller MOV is acceptable.

1060:. Some surge suppression systems use multiple technologies, since each method has its strong and weak points. The first six methods listed operate primarily by diverting unwanted surge energy away from the protected load, through a protective component connected in a 611:

systems. The energy criterion for various insulation material can be compared by impulse ratio. A surge arrester should have a low impulse ratio, so that a surge incident on the surge arrester may be bypassed to the ground instead of passing through the apparatus.

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this point the MOV conducts more and more often, heats up and finally fails. In data circuits, the data channel becomes shorted and non-functional. In a power circuit, you may get a dramatic meltdown or even a fire if not protected by a fuse of some kind.

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voltage which occurs before the GDT begins to operate. The triggering voltages are typically 400–600 volts for gas tubes and those that are UL Standard 497 listed typically have high surge current ratings, 5,000 to 10,000 amperes (8x20 μs).

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strike of 60 ns to 70 ns), permitting a higher voltage spike to pass through briefly before the GDT conducts significant current. It is not uncommon for a GDT to let through pulses of 500 V or more of 100 ns in duration.

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are not protected against by these devices. The energy in a handled transient is substantially less than that of a lightning discharge; however it is still of sufficient quantity to cause equipment damage and often requires protection.

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Therefore, all MOV-based protectors intended for long-term use should have an indicator that the protective components have failed, and this indication must be checked on a regular basis to ensure that protection is still functioning.

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when devices are rated for various applications. These bursts of overvoltage can be measured with specialized electronic meters that can show power disturbances of thousands of volts amplitude that last for a few microseconds or less.

1647: 327:, or in the protector, converted to heat. Since a spike lasts only tens of microseconds, the temperature rise is minimal. However, if the spike is large enough or long enough, the protector can be destroyed and power lines damaged. 1547:

Experimental results show that most surge energies occur at under 100 joules, so exceeding the SM design parameters is unlikely. SM suppressors do not present a fire risk should the absorbed energy exceed design limits of the

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to indicate if the MOVs are still functioning. Older surge strips had no thermal fuse and relied on a 10 or 15 amp circuit breaker which usually blew only after the MOVs had smoked, burned, popped, melted and permanently shorted.

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sometimes in a dramatic meltdown or even a fire. Most modern surge protectors have circuit breakers and temperature fuses to prevent serious consequences. Many also have an LED light to indicate if the MOVs are still functioning.

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The 3rd Edition of UL Standard 1449 for SPDs was a major rewrite of previous editions, and was also accepted as an ANSI standard for the first time. A subsequent revision in 2015 included the addition of low-voltage circuits for

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An "overvoltage clamping" bulk semiconductor similar to an MOV, though it does not clamp as well. However, it usually has a longer life than an MOV. It is used mostly in high-energy DC circuits, like the exciter field of an

2203: 1240:, but can "break over" to a low clamping voltage analogous to an ionized and conducting spark gap. After triggering, the low clamping voltage allows large current surges while limiting heat dissipation in the device. 1307:

The CG2 SN series of surge arrestors, formerly produced by C P Clare, are advertised as being non-radioactive, and the datasheet for that series states that some members of the CG/CG2 series (75–470V) are inherently

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Spikes can also occur on telephone and data lines when AC main lines accidentally connect to them or lightning hits them, or if the telephone and data lines travel near lines with a spike and the voltage is induced.

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on the incoming electrical power feed; however, they prevent power line spikes from entering the house. Damage from direct lightning strikes via other paths, such as telephone lines, must be controlled separately.

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Many GDTs are light-sensitive, in that exposure to light lowers their triggering voltage. Therefore, GDTs should be shielded from light exposure, or opaque versions that are insensitive to light should be used.

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To protect a unit of equipment from transients occurring on an attached conductor, a surge arrester is connected to the conductor just before it enters the equipment. The surge arrester is also connected to

1424:(0.003 inches). Carbon block suppressors are similar to gas arrestors (GDTs); but as the two electrodes are exposed to the air, their behavior is affected by the surrounding atmosphere, especially higher 874:

assumptions, power line surges inside a building can be up to 6,000 volts and 3,000 amperes, and deliver up to 90 joules of energy, including surges from external sources not including lightning strikes.

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and functions by routing energy from an over-voltage transient to ground if one occurs, while isolating the conductor from ground at normal operating voltages. This is usually achieved through use of a

1540:. Surges are not diverted but actually suppressed. The inductors slow the energy. Since the inductor in series with the circuit path slows the current spike, the peak surge energy is spread out in the 1284:

GDTs create an effective short circuit when triggered, so that if any electrical energy (spike, signal, or power) is present, the GDT will short. Once triggered, a GDT will continue conducting (called

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A protector may be larger to obtain a same let-through voltage during 3rd edition testing. Therefore, a 3rd edition or later protector should provide superior safety with increased life expectancy.

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connected so that they allow 50 or 60 Hz line voltages through to the load, while blocking and diverting higher frequencies. This type of suppressor differs from others by using banks of

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A further problem is that if a single inline fuse is placed in series with a group of paralleled MOVs as a disconnect safety feature, it will open and disconnect all remaining working MOVs.

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surge energy absorption capacity of the entire system is dependent on the MOV matching so derating by 20% or more is usually required. This limitation can be managed by using carefully

1288:), until all electric current sufficiently diminishes, and the gas discharge quenches. Unlike other shunt protector devices, a GDT once triggered will continue to conduct at a voltage 948:

61643-21 Low voltage surge protective devices – Part 21: Surge protective devices connected to telecommunications and signalling networks – Performance requirements and testing methods

1483:; at these frequencies they can perform much better than the gas discharge cells typically used in the universal/broadband coax surge arrestors. Quarter-wave arrestors are useful for 2780:, Surge protection for intrinsically safe systems; Crouse Hinds | Recommended earthing system for loops including intrinsic safety barrier (IS) barriers and SPDs, p. 3, see Figure 4. 2756: 2944:

A comprehensive compilation of papers and articles published 1963–2003, hosted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), an agency of the US Commerce Department

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61643-22 Low-voltage surge protective devices – Part 22: Surge protective devices connected to telecommunications and signalling networks – Selection and application principles

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61643-11 Low-voltage surge protective devices – Part 11: Surge protective devices connected to low-voltage power systems – Requirements and test methods (replaces IEC 61643-1)

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Unmatched MOVs have a tolerance of approximately ±10% on voltage ratings, which may not be sufficient. For more details on the effectiveness of parallel-connected MOVs, see

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These are some of the most prominently featured specifications which define a surge protector for AC mains, as well as for some data communications protection applications.

201: 136:. Scaled-down versions of these devices are sometimes installed in residential service entrance electrical panels, to protect equipment in a household from similar hazards. 2002: 1411:

with spark-gap overvoltage suppressors. The two brass hex-head objects on the left cover the suppressors, which act to short overvoltage on the tip or ring lines to ground.

2528: 2646:, How to Protect Your House and Its Contents from Lightning | IEEE Guide for Surge Protection of Equipment Connected to AC Power and Communication Circuits | 2005. 1915: 132:, communications systems, and other heavy-duty industrial systems, for the purpose of protecting against electrical surges and spikes, including those caused by 1471:

wideband (above ±25% to ±50% bandwidth). Quarter-wave coax surge arrestors have coaxial terminals, compatible with common coax cable connectors (especially

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A coiled extension cord can be used to increase the wire length to more than 60 feet and increase the impedance between the service entrance and the load.

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SM devices tend to be bulkier and heavier than devices using other surge suppression technologies. The initial costs of SM filters are higher, typically

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and up, but a long service life can be expected if they are used properly. In-field installation costs can be higher, since SM devices are installed in

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surge currents. Category B loads are between 30 and 60 feet of wire length from the service entrance to the load. Category B loads can be exposed to

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https://download.schneider-electric.com/files?p_enDocType=White+Paper&p_File_Name=asc-spd-wp-series-v-parallel.pdf&p_Doc_Ref=SPD-WP-SVPSPD

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is a sealed glass-enclosed device containing a special gas mixture trapped between two electrodes, which conducts electric current after becoming

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Key specifications that characterize this device are: the clamping voltage, or the transient voltage at which the device starts functioning, the

2792:, TOV Effects on Surge-Protective Devices | Dalibor Kladar, Eaton Electrical; François Martzloff, Surges Happen!; Doni Nastasi, EPRI Solutions. 1499:

frequencies. Since a quarter-wave arrestor shorts out the line for low frequencies, it is not compatible with systems which send DC power for a

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electronic parts, like chargers, LED or CFL bulbs and computerized appliances are sensitive and can be compromised and have their life reduced.

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the conductor. The same kind of induction happens in overhead and above ground conductors which experience the passing energy of an atmospheric

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This typical low-power lightning protection circuit combines fast-acting MOVs (blue disks) with higher-capacity GDTs (small silver cylinders).

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However, in countries without regulations, there are power strips labelled as "surge" or "spike" protectors that only have a capacitor, an

1676: 393:. These fast overvoltage spikes are present on all distribution networks and can be caused by either internal or external events, such as 2958: 1237: 1153: 453: 381:

The characteristic of a TVS requires that it respond to overvoltages faster than other common overvoltage protection components such as

363: 319:(MOVs), all of which begin to conduct current once a certain voltage threshold is reached. Some surge protectors use multiple elements. 2828: 2801: 2744: 1197: 666:: Apply in Low-voltage distribution system, exchange of electrical appliances protector, low-voltage distribution transformer windings 2804:, Hillsborough County Aviation Authority | Design Criteria Manual | October 16, 2017 | Section 16289 – Transient Voltage Suppression. 1179:

TVS diodes are often used in high-speed but low-power circuits, such as occur in data communications. These devices can be paired in

1377: 219: 2372: 2591: 2331: 2113: 1885: 1395:. It can dissipate power continuously, and it retains its clamping characteristics throughout the surge event, if properly sized. 672:: Apply in 3 kV, 6 kV, 10 kV AC power distribution system to protect distribution transformers, cables and power station equipment 1351: 2609: 1160:

which can limit voltage spikes. These components provide the fastest limiting action of protective components (theoretically in

1125:(NFPA) UL1449 standard in 1986 and subsequent revisions in 1998, 2009 and 2015. NFPA's primary concern is protection from fire. 240:

Category A loads are more than 60 feet of wire length from the service entrance to the load. Category A loads can be exposed to

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Standards are used by members of the CB Scheme of international agreements to test and certify products for safety compliance.

2677: 1677:"Surge Protection in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits – An Anthology Part 8 – Coordination of Cascaded Surge-Protective Devices" 1451: 1355: 1948: 30: 2992: 2987: 2630: 2536: 1872: 1276:

In some cases, additional protective components are necessary to prevent damage to a protected load, caused by high-speed

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current to ground or absorbing the spike when a transient occurs, thus avoiding damage to the devices connected to it.

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measured in microseconds. As a result, MOV-based protectors have no trouble producing impressive response-time specs.

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Surge Protection for SCADA and Process Control; Lightning and Surge Protection | Tristan King | Novaris Pty Limited.

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http://downloads.eatoncanada.ca/downloads/Transient%20Voltage%20Surge%20Supp/Tech%20Data/TVSS%20UL%20spec%201449.pdf

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with the power feed to the protected load, and additionally may shunt the unwanted energy like the earlier systems.

1064:(or shunted) topology. The last two methods also block unwanted energy by using a protective component connected in 3002: 1420:

jump between the two parts and short to ground. The typical spacing for telephone applications in North America is

256:. Category C loads are less than 30 feet from the service entrance to the load. Category C loads can be exposed to 1462: 1359: 1344: 1011:

specialized engineering analysis may be needed to provide sufficient protection, especially in situations of high

2061:"Walaszczyk, et al. 2001 "Does Size Really Matter? An Exploration of ... Paralleling Multiple Lower Energy Movs"" 982: 786: 2448:

Walaszczyk, et al. 2001 "Does Size Really Matter? An Exploration of ... Paralleling Multiple Lower Energy Movs".

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so high that the device becomes ineffective, although lightning surges can occasionally cause a dead short.

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might be more sensitive than others. This can cause one MOV in a group to conduct more (a phenomenon called

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such as lightning, where both line and neutral have high voltage spikes that need to be shorted to ground.

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cables, and plugging them in allows the surge protector to shield them from external electrical damage.

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device against overvoltages. Another design alternative applies a family of products that are known as

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is a general classification of electronic components that are designed to react to sudden or momentary

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Systems used to reduce or limit high-voltage surges can include one or more of the following types of

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are 330 V, 400 V and 500 V. The standard let-through voltage for 120 V AC devices is 330 volts.

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https://www.tampaairport.com/sites/default/master/files/Design%20Criteria%20Manual%2010-16-17_1.pdf

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https://literature.rockwellautomation.com/idc/groups/literature/documents/wp/drives-wp016_-en-p.pdf

2734:, What is a line reactor and when do I use one? | Jun 6, 2019 | Engineers Corner | Wolf Automation. 1293: 75: 2256: 1552:

material of the components because the surge energy is also limited via arc-over to ground during

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Applications of transient voltage suppression diodes are used for unidirectional or bidirectional

389:. This makes TVS devices or components useful for protection against very fast and often damaging 2557: 2461: 2306: 2282: 1598: 1484: 1233: 995:

Each standard defines different protector characteristics, test vectors, or operational purpose.

924: 524: 386: 2777: 2146: 2088: 1848: 759: 720:: Used to twisted-pair transmission line in order to protect communications and computer systems 2941: 2353:

Includes extensive comparison of design tradeoffs among various surge suppression technologies.

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response time would kick in fast enough to suppress the most damaging portion of the spike.

629: 414: 128:) are used to describe electrical devices typically installed in power distribution panels, 94: 2836: 2338: 1760:, Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 94, September 21, 1983, p. 42, 825:

sometimes short and melt, hopefully blowing a fuse, disconnecting itself from the circuit.

2922: 2595: 1517: 1500: 1157: 842: 498: 86:, which can arise from a variety of causes including lightning strikes in the vicinity. 2588: 2121: 1976: 1893: 678:: Used to protect the 3 ~ 220 kV transformer station equipment and communication system 308: 275: 104:

rating, a measure of how much energy can be absorbed per surge, and the response time.

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Series vs. Parallel Surge Protection | ASCO Power Technologies. Schneider Electric SE.

1136:, MOVs are the most common protector component in low-cost basic AC power protectors. 816:

A varistor inside a consumer-grade surge protector has failed after a lightning strike

2981: 2917: 2643: 1849:"metal oxide varistors – Circuit Breakers Blog – Expert Safety and Usage Information" 1824: 1800: 1603: 1183:

with another diode to provide low capacitance as required in communication circuits.

1095: 1044: 1035: 1026: 750:: Used on the coaxial cable to protect the wireless transmission and receiving system 390: 339: 292: 145: 79: 1148:

The TVS diodes shown here are able to handle 1.5kW of peak power for a short period.

804: 696:: Used to protect 330 kV and above communication system circuit equipment insulation 684:: Use to 35 ~ 500 kV protect communication systems, transformers and other equipment 556:

have basic surge protection built in; these are typically clearly labeled as such.

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These thyristor-family devices can be viewed as having characteristics much like a

714:: Apply in the power station's wires and the weaknesses protection in the insulated 583: 312: 34:

Surge Protection Device (SPD) for installation in a low-voltage distribution board.

2283:"AN9769 – An Overview of Electromagnetic and Lightning Induced Voltage Transients" 2558:"Application Note 9773 "Varistor Testing". See "Varistor Rating Assurance Tests"" 2020:"No Joules for Surges: Relevant and Realistic Assessment of Surge Stress Threats" 1762:

Figure 27: a coiled extension cord makes a weak longitudinal transformer, a balun

467:< 1 pF (small surface-mount device) to > 10 nF (large through-hole device) 1777:"7 best surge protectors to keep the electricity safe running around your house" 1541: 1537: 1472: 1329: 1309: 1161: 901: 891: 812: 642: 553: 502: 371: 367: 359: 295:

current to reduce the voltage below a safe threshold. Blocking is done by using

280: 161: 150: 83: 71: 1479:

types). They provide the most rugged available protection for RF signals above

2234: 1549: 1392: 1103: 905: 726:: Used to protect the microwave, mobile base stations satellite receiver, etc. 575: 165:

protector can handle. Long-term surges may or may not be handled by fuses and

17: 2858: 1553: 1525: 1441:

the reliability and life of solid state devices, and reduce nuisance trips.

1416: 1269: 1229: 1222: 1192: 1012: 780: 763:

Single-outlet surge protector, with visible connection and protection lights

738:: Apply in MODEM, DDN line, fax, phone, process control signal circuit, etc. 394: 304: 300: 133: 2657: 1144: 2719: 2395:"AN9767 – Littelfuse Varistors: Basic Properties, Terminology and Theory" 1529: 1521: 1425: 1292:

the high voltage that initially ionized the gas; this behavior is called

1099: 1077: 821: 622: 382: 375: 362:

conditions. One such common device used for this purpose is known as the

335: 316: 296: 1248: 808:

A surge protection device mounted on a residential circuit breaker panel

2790:

https://www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/pml/div684/TOVs_on_SPDs.pdf

2722:

Inductors. See that Knowledge (XXG) article for references and history.

1261: 1169: 1082: 957: 628:

Surge arresters are not generally designed to protect against a direct

625:, which has substantially different resistances at different voltages. 288: 90: 2942:

Surge Protection in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits: An 8-part Anthology

641:

switching, may also be safely diverted to ground; however, continuous

458:

1 A (small surface-mount device) to 15 kA (large through-hole device)

2936: 2747:

Line Reactors and AC Drives. Rockwell Automation | Mequon, Wisconsin.

1428:. Since their operation produces an open spark, these devices should 1206: 988: 398: 1589:

with the power feed, requiring the feed to be cut and reconnected.

1544:

and harmlessly absorbed and slowly released from a capacitor bank.

1403: 702:: Use to protect the DC system's insulation of electrical equipment 2692:"Microsemi – Semiconductor & System Solutions – Power Matters" 2147:"EC640 – Combining GDTs and MOVs for Surge Protection of AC Lines" 1512: 1488: 1461: 1402: 1247: 1218: 1196: 1143: 1081: 918: 890: 811: 803: 758: 582: 574: 410: 274: 101: 29: 2003:"UL 1449, 3rd ed.: SPD/TVSS Changes Effective September 29, 2009" 688:

Protection of rotating machine using magnetic blow valve arrester

153:, battery chargers, modems, TVs, and other consumer electronics. 1496: 976: 972: 871: 867: 1754:

Guideline on Electrical Power For Data Processing Installations

1579: 1569: 1323: 1201:

Miniature thyristor protectors for an electronic circuit board

1041: 1032: 1023: 1000: 951: 945: 939: 299:

which inhibit a sudden change in current. Shorting is done by

176: 93:

supplied to the electrical devices to a certain threshold, by

2778:

https://www.mtl-inst.com/images/uploads/AN_904-1004_Rev_G.pdf

2235:"Standard 1449 – Standard for Surge Protective Devices" 863:

of MOVs, matched according to manufacturer's specification.

334:

Additionally, some consumer-grade protectors have ports for

2947: 2732:

https://www.wolfautomation.com/blog/what-is-a-line-reactor/

1268:

GDTs take a relatively long time to trigger (longer than a

2598:

See chart entitled "TVS Capacitance vs Transmission Rate".

904:

to reach their peak voltage, and a surge protector with a

2204:"Next Generation Surge Protection: UL 1449 Third Edition" 1432:

be installed where an explosive atmosphere may develop.

1121:

A failing MOV is a fire risk, which is a reason for the

708:: Apply in motor or the transformer's neutral protection 2307:"AN9768 – Transient Suppression Devices and Principles" 1648:"Safety switches, surge diverters and circuit breakers" 1532:

that suppress voltage surges and inrush current to the

690:: Used to protect the AC generator and motor insulation 197: 1560:

SM suppression focuses its protective philosophy on a

1217:

circuits to protect against overvoltage conditions. A

1213:, a specialized solid-state electronic device used in 291:

supplied to an electric device by either blocking or

1825:"Transient Voltage Suppressors (TVS) for Automot..." 2885:"Surge Protection in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits" 2815:"What is Marshalling Cabinet or Marshalling Panel?" 1801:"What is a Silicon Transient Voltage Suppressor..." 1236:, but can operate much faster. They are related to 192:

may be too technical for most readers to understand

2972:Comparison to other transient voltage technologies 2644:http://lightningsafety.com/nlsi_lhm/IEEE_Guide.pdf 2141: 2139: 1225:type device used for similar protective purposes. 866:According to industry testing standards, based on 820:The Joule rating number defines how much energy a 744:: Apply in servers, workstations, interfaces, etc. 732:: Use to Protect the terminal Electronic equipment 287:A transient surge protector attempts to limit the 283:with built-in surge protector and multiple outlets 2172:"TD01005005E – UL 1449 3rd Edition – Key Changes" 2589:SemTech "TVS Diode Application Note" Rev 9/2000. 1445:Marshalling cabinet panels with surge protectors 70:) is an appliance or device intended to protect 2103:See pp. 7–8, "Parallel Operation of Varistors". 1714:"Understanding Surge Protective Device Ratings" 923:A two-pole surge protector for installation in 303:which inhibit a sudden change in voltage or by 27:Protects electrical devices from voltage spikes 2332:"Filtering and Surge Suppression Fundamentals" 2055: 2053: 2051: 603:(TVSS), is used to protect equipment in power 2612:. Archived from the original on March 5, 2012 2089:"EC638 – Littelfuse Varistor Design Examples" 1399:Carbon block spark gap overvoltage suppressor 1038:Electrical fast transient/burst immunity test 532:@ 20 kA, 8x20 μs pulse width: > 20 surges 8: 2450:See Figures 4 & 5 for Pulse Life Curves. 1436:Inductors, line reactors, chokes, capacitors 654:downstream products that are not as robust. 1358:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 484:@ 100 A, 8x20 μs pulse shape: 1,000 surges 935:Some frequently listed standards include: 1718:Electrical Construction & Maintenance 1378:Learn how and when to remove this message 1176:avalanche diodes for bi-polar operation. 1003:charging ports and associated batteries. 676:The station type of common valve arrester 220:Learn how and when to remove this message 204:, without removing the technical details. 2926:) is being considered for deletion. See 2337:. Circuit Components Inc. Archived from 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1211:thyristor surge protection device (TSPD) 1187:Thyristor surge protection device (TSPD) 429: 2953:Important Points About Surge Protectors 2829:"Surge suppression computer definition" 2463:Application Note 9311, The ABCs of MOVs 1638: 1615: 1168:of TVS diode (trade names Transzorb or 2883:Ibacache, Rodrigo (January 13, 2009). 2622: 2529:"Investigating Surge Suppressor Fires" 2384:Connection of MOVs and GDTs in series. 1734:Understanding TVSS and its Application 1654:. Energy Safe Victoria. Archived from 1123:National Fire Protection Association's 567:provide true or any spike protection. 510:@ 50 A, 8x20 μs pulse shape: infinite 2257:"UL Publishes New Edition of UL 1449" 1652:Gas and electrical safety in the home 1536:, whereas other designs shunt to the 1300:an external fuse or circuit breaker. 1029:Electrostatic discharge immunity test 323:dissipated in the power lines or the 202:make it understandable to non-experts 82:with very short duration measured in 7: 2577:See definition of "end-of-lifetime". 1356:adding citations to reliable sources 682:Magnetic blow valve station arrester 2177:. Eaton Corporation. Archived from 1466:Quarter-wave coaxial surge arrestor 1458:Quarter-wave coaxial surge arrestor 1154:transient-voltage-suppression diode 1140:Transient voltage suppression diode 563:circuit, or nothing at all that do 426:Comparison of transient suppressors 364:transient voltage suppression diode 2420:"Metal Oxide Varistor Degradation" 1507:Series mode (SM) surge suppressors 1244:Gas discharge tube (GDT) spark gap 601:transient voltage surge suppressor 122:transient voltage surge suppressor 64:transient voltage surge suppressor 25: 2998:Electric power systems components 2930:to help reach a consensus. › 1623: 1568:, such as antennae, telephone or 700:DC or blowing valve-type arrester 694:Line Magnetic blow valve arrester 409:be equated to energy measured in 2959:Intro to TVS on AllAboutCircuits 1328: 748:Coaxial cable lightning arrester 464:≈ 1 ps (limited by pin lengths) 181: 2948:NEMA Surge Protection Institute 1511:These devices are not rated in 960:61643-11, 61643-21 and 61643-22 637:caused by the lightning flash. 2965:Inductive Load Arc Suppression 2567:. January 1998. p. 10-145 1452:programmable logic controllers 730:Receptacle-type surge arrester 724:High-frequency feeder arrester 448:Leakage current (approximate) 1: 2610:"Gas Discharge Tube Overview" 2418:Brown, Kenneth (March 2004). 1712:Komm, David (June 21, 2011). 89:A surge protector limits the 2460:"Q. How does an MOV fail?", 2209:. Siemens AG. Archived from 439:Lifetime – number of surges 352:transient voltage suppressor 346:Transient voltage suppressor 2859:"How It Works - Brick Wall" 2363:Underwriters Laboratories. 1775:Uysal, Ceren (2022-06-13). 1320:Selenium voltage suppressor 1172:) contains reversed paired 706:Neutral protection arrester 490:Typically 100–1,000 pF +++ 436:Surge capability (typical) 3019: 2400:. Littelfuse, Incorporated 2312:. Littelfuse, Incorporated 2288:. Littelfuse, Incorporated 2152:. Littelfuse, Incorporated 2094:. Littelfuse, Incorporated 1190: 1075: 664:Low-voltage surge arrester 2629:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1503:up the coaxial downlink. 1156:(TVS diode) is a type of 1094:(MOV) consists of a bulk 983:Underwriters Laboratories 787:Underwriters Laboratories 422:device and start a fire. 232:A building's wiring adds 2955:. Surgege Protector Tech 2928:templates for discussion 2369:UL 6500 – Second Edition 2330:Circuit Components Inc. 1947:Rosch, Winn (May 2008). 1409:network interface device 1258:gas discharge tube (GDT) 755:Important specifications 2365:"Application Guideline" 1853:circuitbreakersblog.com 1781:Interesting Engineering 1495:but less useful for TV/ 1134:price–performance ratio 718:Plug-in Signal Arrester 597:surge protection device 406:electrostatic discharge 130:process control systems 114:surge protection device 56:surge protection device 2261:In Compliance Magazine 1916:"Surge Protection FAQ" 1646:Energy Safe Victoria. 1487:applications, such as 1467: 1412: 1253: 1202: 1149: 1132:Because of their good 1087: 964:Telcordia Technologies 927: 896: 817: 809: 764: 588: 580: 284: 35: 2720:Inductor#Applications 2678:"C P Clare datasheet" 1740:, Eaton Cutler-Hammer 1465: 1406: 1251: 1200: 1191:Further information: 1147: 1086:Metal-oxide varistors 1085: 1076:Further information: 1058:electronic components 922: 894: 815: 807: 762: 670:Distribution arrester 586: 578: 376:metal-oxide varistors 317:metal-oxide varistors 278: 33: 2993:Computer peripherals 2988:Consumer electronics 2608:Citel Incorporated. 1352:improve this section 1098:material (typically 1092:metal oxide varistor 1072:Metal oxide varistor 966:Technical Reference 587:Large surge arrester 476:Metal-oxide varistor 370:designed to protect 315:semiconductors, and 234:electrical impedance 144:In an AC circuit, a 2743:John T. Streicher, 2170:Eaton Corporation. 1624:§ Joule rating 1294:negative resistance 1047:Surge immunity test 925:distribution boards 777:let-through voltage 712:Fiber-tube arrester 387:gas discharge tubes 78:(AC) circuits from 76:alternating current 2833:YourDictionary.com 2658:"Fail Safe Device" 2594:2009-01-12 at the 2263:. 2 September 2014 1693:on 8 December 2020 1599:Lightning arrester 1562:power supply input 1485:telecommunications 1468: 1413: 1254: 1252:Gas discharge tube 1203: 1150: 1088: 1052:Primary components 928: 897: 818: 810: 775:Also known as the 765: 589: 581: 525:Gas discharge tube 445:Shunt capacitance 285: 167:overvoltage relays 72:electrical devices 36: 3003:Voltage stability 1956:Eaton Corporation 1731:Finen, Chris M., 1388: 1387: 1380: 1286:follow-on current 545: 544: 230: 229: 222: 16:(Redirected from 3010: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2889: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2835:. Archived from 2825: 2819: 2818: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2696: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2664: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2628: 2620: 2618: 2617: 2605: 2599: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2562: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2544: 2535:. Archived from 2525: 2519: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2504: 2495:. Archived from 2485: 2479: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2469:, pp. 10–48 2468: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2435: 2426:. Archived from 2415: 2409: 2408: 2406: 2405: 2399: 2391: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2380: 2371:. Archived from 2360: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2349: 2343: 2336: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2317: 2311: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2294: 2293: 2287: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2221: 2215: 2208: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2190: 2189: 2183: 2176: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2157: 2151: 2143: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2120:. Archived from 2118:grouper.IEEE.org 2110: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2099: 2093: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2065: 2057: 2046: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2035: 2029:. Archived from 2024: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2007: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1953: 1949:"UL 1449 3rd ed" 1944: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1912: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1892:. Archived from 1890:grouper.IEEE.org 1882: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1845: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1797: 1791: 1790: 1788: 1787: 1772: 1766: 1764: 1759: 1749: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1692: 1686:. Archived from 1681: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1663: 1643: 1626: 1620: 1582: 1518:low-pass filters 1494: 1482: 1423: 1383: 1376: 1372: 1369: 1363: 1332: 1324: 771:Clamping voltage 742:Network arrester 630:lightning strike 430: 415:electric current 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 225: 218: 214: 211: 205: 185: 184: 177: 95:short-circuiting 48:surge suppressor 44:spike suppressor 21: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3008: 3007: 2978: 2977: 2933:Surge protector 2931: 2912: 2907: 2906: 2896: 2894: 2887: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2867: 2865: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2839:on June 2, 2010 2827: 2826: 2822: 2817:. June 4, 2018. 2813: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2742: 2738: 2730: 2726: 2717: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2699:www.Zarlink.com 2694: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2662: 2660: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2621: 2615: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2596:Wayback Machine 2587: 2583: 2570: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2542: 2540: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2515: 2511: 2502: 2500: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2446: 2442: 2433: 2431: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2378: 2376: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2334: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2300: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2266: 2264: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2240: 2238: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2206: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2174: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2137: 2127: 2125: 2124:on 9 April 2017 2112: 2111: 2107: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2072: 2070: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2049: 2039: 2037: 2033: 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2995: 2990: 2980: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2968: 2961: 2956: 2950: 2945: 2939: 2915: 2911: 2910:External links 2908: 2905: 2904: 2875: 2850: 2820: 2806: 2794: 2782: 2770: 2761: 2749: 2736: 2724: 2711: 2683: 2669: 2648: 2636: 2600: 2581: 2565:Littelfuse.com 2549: 2533:esdjournal.com 2520: 2509: 2480: 2452: 2440: 2410: 2386: 2355: 2322: 2298: 2274: 2248: 2226: 2194: 2162: 2135: 2105: 2080: 2068:Littelfuse.com 2047: 2011: 1994: 1983:. 18 July 2014 1968: 1932: 1907: 1877: 1873:esdjournal.com 1865: 1840: 1828:element-14.com 1816: 1804:element-14.com 1792: 1767: 1744: 1723: 1704: 1668: 1637: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1614: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1594: 1591: 1557:environments. 1508: 1505: 1459: 1456: 1446: 1443: 1437: 1434: 1400: 1397: 1386: 1385: 1336: 1334: 1327: 1321: 1318: 1245: 1242: 1188: 1185: 1141: 1138: 1073: 1070: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1039: 1030: 993: 992: 986: 980: 970: 961: 955: 949: 943: 932: 929: 888: 885: 801: 798: 772: 769: 756: 753: 752: 751: 745: 739: 733: 727: 721: 715: 709: 703: 697: 691: 685: 679: 673: 667: 659: 656: 593:surge arrester 572: 571:Industrial use 569: 549: 546: 543: 542: 539: 536: 533: 530: 527: 521: 520: 517: 514: 511: 508: 505: 495: 494: 491: 488: 485: 482: 479: 472: 471: 468: 465: 462: 459: 456: 450: 449: 446: 443: 442:Response time 440: 437: 434: 427: 424: 413:or related to 391:voltage spikes 347: 344: 272: 269: 228: 227: 189: 187: 180: 174: 173:Surge currents 171: 141: 140:Voltage spikes 138: 109: 106: 80:voltage spikes 52:surge diverter 26: 24: 18:Surge arrester 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3015: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2985: 2983: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2893: 2886: 2879: 2876: 2864: 2860: 2854: 2851: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2821: 2816: 2810: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2771: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2715: 2712: 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