731:
635:
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making a persuasive argument that leads to the change of beliefs or emotions thus enhancing the speaker's credibility. The move from a low credibility source to a high credibility source can elicit a positive surprise among individuals. The act of being persuaded by said speaker can also elicit a positive surprise, as an individual may have perceived the speaker as having too low of a credibility to elicit change and the change of beliefs or emotion then causes surprise.
894:(LET) states that people develop norms and expectations concerning appropriate usage of a language in a given situation. When norms or expectations of verbal language are violated surprise may occur. The EVT model supports that expectations can be violated verbally and this violation may cause a surprise within the individual. Expectations of verbal language that may lead to surprise may include but are not limited to, expletives, shouts, screams, and gasps.
643:
717:
866:
754:. The main function of surprise or the startle response is to interrupt an ongoing action and reorient attention to a new, possibly significant event. There is an automatic redirection of focus to the new stimuli and, for a brief moment, this causes tenseness in the muscles, especially the neck muscles. Studies show that this response happens extremely fast, with information (in this case a loud noise) reaching the
651:
708:
increase the level of attraction of the violator, whereas negative violations decrease the attraction. Positive violations would then cause positive surprise, such as a surprise birthday party, and negative violations would cause negative surprise, such as a parking ticket. Positive violations may enhance credibility, power, attraction, and persuasiveness. Negative violations may reduce them.
2170:
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45:
40:
913:
the jump scene due to familiarity with scary movies, thus lowering the level of surprise. The EVT model helps to support this claim because as individuals become more accustomed to a situation or communication, it becomes less and less likely that the situation or communication will cause a violation of expectation, and without violating an expectation, surprise cannot occur.
1426:
881:
Non-verbal responses to surprise can also be affected by voice inflection, distance, time, environment, volume, rate, quality, pitch, speaking style, and even the level of eye contact made by an individual trying to cause a surprise. These non-verbal cues help to define whether the perceived surprise
861:
between the facial display of surprise and the actual experience of surprise. This suggests that there are variations in the expression of surprise. It has been suggested that surprise is an envelope term for both the startle response and also disbelief. More recent research shows that raising of the
912:
As individuals become more accustomed to particular types of surprise, over time the level of surprise will decrease in intensity. This does not necessarily mean that an individual, for instance, will not be surprised during the jump scene of a scary movie, it implies that the individual may expect
877:
Pupil dilation and constriction can determine the valence of surprise from the action to the reaction of the individual. Positive valence to surprise is shown through a dilation or expansion of the pupil, where as negative valence in surprise is associated with pupil constriction. But, newer studies
897:
The aforementioned expectations of verbal language are more closely associated to negative expectancies of surprise, but positive surprise can occur from verbal interaction as well. A positive violation of expectations that could result in a positive surprise may include a low credibility source
707:
Surprise does not always have to have a negative valence. EVT proposes that expectancy's will influence the outcome of the communication as a confirmation, behaviors within the expected range, or violation, behaviors outside the expected range. EVT also postulates that positive interactions will
662:
Surprise is intimately connected to the idea of acting in accordance with a set of rules. When the rules of reality generating events of daily life separate from the rule-of-thumb expectations, surprise is the outcome. Surprise represents the difference between expectations and reality, the gap
663:
between our assumptions and expectations about worldly events and the way that those events actually turn out. This gap can be deemed an important foundation on which new findings are based since surprises can make people aware of their own
850:. The intensity of the surprise is associated with how much the jaw drops, but the mouth may not open at all in some cases. The raising of the eyebrows, at least momentarily, is the most distinctive and predictable sign of surprise.
765:, which is a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival that causes a release of adrenaline for a boost of energy as a means to escape or fight. This response generally has a negative valence in terms of surprise.
768:
Surprise has one core appraisal-appraising something as new and unexpected-but new appraisals can shift the experience of surprise to another. Appraising an event as new predicts surprise, but the appraisal of the
678:
Interactant variables involve traits of the persons involved in the communication and in this instance the communication leading to surprise, including: sex, socio-economic status, age, race, and appearance.
1256:
592:
2651:
674:(EVT) says that three factors influence a person's expectations: interactant variables, environmental variables, and variables related to the nature of the interaction or environmental variables.
730:
611:. That is, it can be pleasant/positive, unpleasant/negative, or neutral/moderate. Surprise can occur in varying levels of intensity ranging from very surprised, which may induce the
1386:
Partala, Timo; Surakka, Veikko. (2003), "Pupil size variation as an indication of affective processing", International journal of human-computer studies 59.1 : 185–198
1287:
878:
show pupil dilation for negative as well as positive stimuli, indicating a general autonomous arousal associated with pupil dilation and not affective valence.
857:(that facial display is necessary in the experience of emotion or a major determinant of feelings), in the case of surprise, some research has shown a strong
1105:
572:
1458:
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838:
Spontaneous, involuntary surprise is often expressed for only a fraction of a second. It may be followed immediately by the emotion of
2609:
634:
2411:
1023:
Burgoon, J. K.; Hale, J. L. (1988). "Nonverbal
Expectancy Violations: Model Elaboration and Application to Immediacy Behaviors".
86:
2483:
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1146:
626:. According to these perspectives, surprise is evolutionarily adaptive, and also innate and universal across human cultures.
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565:
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671:
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Surprise can also occur due to a violation of expectancies. In the specific case of interpersonal communication, the
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891:
854:
785:
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739:
81:
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Burgoon, J.K., Dunbar, N.E, & Segrin, C. (2002). Non-verbal influence "The persuasion handbook". p.445-465.
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A surprised NASA Engineer Jay Greene. Photo taken after the destruction of the
Challenger Space shuttle in 1986
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558:
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2619:
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1444:
996:
Burgoon, J. K.; Jones, S. B. (1976). "Toward a Theory of
Personal Space Expectations and Their Violations".
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will have a positive or negative valence and to what degree the surprise will be induced by the individual.
91:
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923:
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1161:"Looking Past Pleasure: Anger, Confusion, Disgust, Pride, Surprise, and Other Unusual Aesthetic Emotions"
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1513:
498:
1336:
Hess, Eckhard H.; Polt, James M. (1960). "Pupil Size as
Related to Interest Value of Visual Stimuli".
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Open eyelids: the upper lid is raised and the lower lid is drawn down, often exposing the white
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2015:
2010:
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1257:"Evidence for strong dissociation between emotion and facial displays: The case of surprise"
1214:
1206:
1175:
1106:"A Fuzzy Inference System for Synergy Estimation of Simultaneous Emotion Dynamics in Agents"
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1005:
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within 3 to 8 ms and the full startle reflex occurring in less than two tenths of a second.
751:
700:, physiological influences, biological influences and unique individual behavioral patterns.
642:
601:
538:
513:
458:
453:
1080:
On the
Origins of Human Emotions: A Sociological Inquiry Into the Evolution of Human Affect
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Surprise may occur due to a violation of one, two, or a combination of all three factors.
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If the startle response is strongly elicited through surprise then it will bring on the
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Cannon, Walter (1932). Wisdom of the Body. United States: W.W. Norton & Company.
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619:
483:
313:
268:
233:
183:
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Reisenzein, Rainer; Bordgen, Sandra; Holtbernd, Thomas; Matz, Denise (August 2006).
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Dropped jaw so that the lips and teeth are parted, with no tension around the mouth.
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Complexification: Explaining a
Paradoxical World through the Science of Surprise .
693:
158:
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1357:
1104:
Atifa Athar; M. Saleem Khan; Khalil Ahmed; Aiesha Ahmed; Nida Anwar (June 2011).
667:. The acknowledgement of ignorance, in turn, can mean a window to new knowledge.
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2040:
1978:
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1818:
1740:
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1613:
1312:
1131:(10th ed.). Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. pp. 357–358.
615:, or slightly surprised, which elicits a less intense response to the stimulus.
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600:) is a rapid, fleeting, mental and physiological state. It is related to the
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eyebrows does provide facial feedback to disbelief but not to the startle.
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Environmental variables that effect the communication of surprise include:
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Surprise is included as a primary or basic emotion in the taxonomies of
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experienced by animals and humans as the result of an unexpected event.
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The physiological response of surprise falls under the category of the
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1313:"Exploring the positive and negative implications of facial feedback"
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Linguistics may play a role in the formulation of surprise. The
1956:
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Ignorance and
Surprise: Science, Society, and Ecological Design.
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428:
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348:
303:
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16:
Emotional state experienced as the result of an unexpected event
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1051:"Robert Plutchik's Psychoevolutionary Theory of Basic Emotions"
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as she presents him with the sword that belonged to her father
2652:
Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems
1885:
1573:
1407:
Burgoon, M. & Miller. (1979). Language expectancy theory.
1110:
International
Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research
843:
378:
178:
803:
Surprise is expressed in the face by the following features:
807:
Eyebrows that are raised so they become curved and high.
689:, and the nature of the surroundings of the interaction.
692:
Interaction variables that influence surprise include:
873:) of the pupils is a non-verbal response to surprise.
2239:
2177:
1479:
1168:Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts
2047:
1195:"The pupillary light reflex in normal subjects"
773:predicts the response beyond surprise, such as
1922:
1452:
566:
8:
2226:
2065:
2056:
1823:
1264:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
796:. Representation of the biblical passage in
2725:indicate emotion names in foreign languages
1789:
1245:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc.
1459:
1445:
1437:
573:
559:
18:
1218:
1083:. Stanford University Press. p. 76.
810:Horizontal wrinkles across the forehead.
1241:Ekman, P. & Friesen, W. V. (1975).
941:
30:
1403:
1401:
7:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
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1010:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1976.tb00706.x
638:Facial expressions of astonishment
14:
738:is visibly surprised by his wife
2168:
2162:
1424:
43:
38:
1077:Jonathan Turner (1 June 2000).
971:Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010.
955:New York: HarperCollins, 1994.
1:
908:Perception § Familiarity
2677:Social emotional development
1358:10.1126/science.132.3423.349
998:Human Communication Research
1923:
672:Expectancy Violation Theory
2764:
1276:10.1037/0022-3514.91.2.295
905:
892:Language expectancy theory
855:facial feedback hypothesis
2720:
2160:
1037:10.1080/03637758809376158
2610:in virtual communication
1127:Kalat, James W. (2009).
1025:Communication Monographs
763:fight-or-flight response
613:fight-or-flight response
1409:The persuasion handbook
1159:Silva, Paul J. (2009).
712:Physiological responses
2227:
2066:
2057:
2048:
1824:
1790:
924:Affective neuroscience
874:
828:or pupil constriction
800:
747:
727:
659:
647:
639:
607:Surprise can have any
71:Emotional intelligence
1211:10.1136/bjo.65.11.754
1129:Biological Psychology
868:
788:
744:Eugène de Beauharnais
733:
719:
653:
645:
637:
2647:Group affective tone
1433:at Wikimedia Commons
817:above and below the
781:Non-verbal responses
721:Sunday at the Museum
274:Emotional Detachment
2700:constructed emotion
2370:functional accounts
1350:1960Sci...132..349H
2600:in decision-making
1841:(sense of purpose)
1243:Unmasking the face
1193:Ellis, CJ (1981).
875:
859:lack of connection
801:
790:Belshazzar's Feast
748:
728:
660:
648:
640:
2730:
2729:
2317:Appeal to emotion
2095:Social connection
1429:Media related to
1293:on April 11, 2016
1090:978-0-8047-6436-0
736:Pedro I of Brazil
658:looking surprised
583:
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509:Social connection
2755:
2705:discrete emotion
2605:in the workplace
2501:Empathy quotient
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1344:(3423): 349–50.
1333:
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1292:
1286:. Archived from
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1180:10.1037/a0014632
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886:Verbal responses
771:coping mechanism
752:startle response
602:startle response
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19:
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2733:
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2726:
2716:
2657:Jealousy in art
2400:in conversation
2322:Amygdala hijack
2235:
2173:
2167:
2158:
2147:sense of wonder
1475:
1465:
1421:
1416:
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1406:
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1199:Br J Ophthalmol
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824:Pupil dilation
783:
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632:
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113:
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82:Self-regulation
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2710:somatic marker
2707:
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2682:Stoic passions
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2075:Sentimentality
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1911:at first sight
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1649:Disappointment
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1419:External links
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1270:(2): 295–315.
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1058:Adliterate.com
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1004:(2): 131–146.
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965:Matthias Gross
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932:
931:
929:Nihil admirari
926:
920:
918:
915:
903:
900:
887:
884:
836:
835:
832:
822:
811:
808:
782:
779:
725:Honoré Daumier
713:
710:
702:
701:
698:cultural norms
690:
679:
631:
628:
581:
580:
578:
577:
570:
563:
555:
552:
551:
547:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
239:Disappointment
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
115:
114:
110:
109:
108:
105:
104:
102:
101:
96:
95:
94:
89:
78:
73:
68:
63:
61:Classification
58:
52:
49:
48:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2760:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2724:
2719:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2464:dysregulation
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2412:interpersonal
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:in psychology
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2250:consciousness
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:Schadenfreude
2055:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:Mono no aware
1921:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1777:Joie de vivre
1774:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1746:Gratification
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1674:Embarrassment
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1579:Belongingness
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1329:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1205:(11): 754–9.
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1070:
1059:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
958:
954:
950:
945:
942:
935:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
916:
914:
909:
901:
899:
895:
893:
885:
883:
879:
872:
867:
863:
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
841:
833:
831:
827:
823:
820:
816:
812:
809:
806:
805:
804:
799:
798:Daniel 5:1–31
795:
791:
787:
780:
778:
777:or interest.
776:
772:
766:
764:
759:
757:
753:
745:
741:
737:
732:
726:
722:
718:
711:
709:
705:
699:
695:
691:
688:
684:
680:
677:
676:
675:
673:
668:
666:
657:
656:Carol Burnett
652:
644:
636:
629:
627:
625:
621:
620:Carroll Izard
616:
614:
610:
605:
603:
596:
594:pronunciation
587:
576:
571:
569:
564:
562:
557:
556:
554:
553:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
484:Schadenfreude
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
314:Gratification
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
269:Embarrassment
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
234:Determination
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
184:Belongingness
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
116:
107:
106:
100:
97:
93:
92:Dysregulation
90:
88:
87:Interpersonal
85:
84:
83:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
57:
54:
53:
51:
50:
46:
41:
37:
36:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:
2722:
2662:Meta-emotion
2575:Emotionality
2548:responsivity
2496:and bullying
2491:intelligence
2301:Affectivity
2285:neuroscience
2255:in education
2126:
1838:
1799:Homesickness
1775:
1701:Enthrallment
1686:Emotion work
1549:Anticipation
1408:
1391:
1382:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1320:. Retrieved
1316:
1307:
1295:. Retrieved
1288:the original
1267:
1263:
1250:
1242:
1237:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1174:(1): 48–51.
1171:
1167:
1154:
1137:
1128:
1122:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1079:
1072:
1061:. Retrieved
1057:
1045:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1001:
997:
968:
960:
952:
944:
911:
896:
889:
880:
876:
853:Despite the
852:
837:
802:
789:
767:
760:
749:
720:
706:
703:
694:social norms
669:
661:
617:
606:
585:
584:
523:
159:Anticipation
2590:and culture
2395:recognition
2380:homeostatic
2280:forecasting
2229:Weltschmerz
2202:Misanthropy
1979:grandiosity
1861:Inspiration
1851:Infatuation
1819:Humiliation
1741:Frustration
1614:Contentment
1411:.p. 177-133
1317:APA PsycNET
1297:October 11,
902:Familiarity
364:Humiliation
309:Frustration
209:Contentment
2737:Categories
2667:Pathognomy
2568:well-being
2484:and gender
2479:expression
2474:exhaustion
2459:detachment
2444:competence
2425:Emotional
2407:regulation
2390:perception
2385:in animals
2335:and memory
2271:Affective
2179:Worldviews
2041:melancholy
2026:Resentment
1896:Loneliness
1871:Irritation
1856:Insecurity
1846:Indulgence
1721:Excitement
1706:Enthusiasm
1639:Depression
1599:Confidence
1594:Compassion
1569:Attraction
1494:Admiration
1489:Acceptance
1322:2015-11-02
1147:0393002055
1063:2017-06-05
949:John Casti
936:References
906:See also:
869:Widening (
687:chronemics
624:Paul Ekman
469:Resentment
394:Loneliness
284:Enthusiasm
224:Depression
194:Confidence
124:Admiration
119:Acceptance
66:In animals
2695:appraisal
2635:sociology
2586:Emotions
2558:symbiosis
2543:reasoning
2513:isolation
2454:contagion
2439:blackmail
2365:expressed
2360:evolution
2350:and sleep
2340:and music
2275:computing
2222:Reclusion
2217:Pessimism
2192:Defeatism
2122:Suffering
2068:Sehnsucht
2011:Rejection
1962:self-pity
1937:Nostalgia
1906:limerence
1876:Isolation
1814:Hostility
1771:Happiness
1751:Gratitude
1696:Emptiness
1679:vicarious
1629:Curiosity
1604:Confusion
1544:Annoyance
1524:Amusement
1514:Agitation
1509:Affection
1504:Aesthetic
1499:Adoration
1031:: 58–79.
848:confusion
826:mydriasis
794:Rembrandt
775:confusion
683:proxemics
665:ignorance
654:Comedian
529:Suspicion
519:Suffering
489:Self-pity
454:Rejection
409:Nostalgia
389:Limerence
359:Hostility
339:Happiness
319:Gratitude
264:Elevation
219:Curiosity
199:Confusion
154:Annoyance
134:Amusement
129:Affection
2748:Emotions
2743:Reflexes
2553:security
2533:literacy
2518:lability
2508:intimacy
2449:conflict
2429:aperture
2326:Emotion
2310:negative
2305:positive
2295:spectrum
2260:measures
2212:Optimism
2207:Nihilism
2197:Fatalism
2187:Cynicism
2132:Sympathy
2127:Surprise
1969:Pleasure
1891:Kindness
1881:Jealousy
1866:Interest
1833:Hysteria
1716:Euphoria
1659:Distrust
1609:Contempt
1589:Calmness
1481:Emotions
1468:Emotions
1431:Surprise
1374:12857616
1366:14401489
1284:16881766
917:See also
871:dilation
734:Emperor
586:Surprise
524:Surprise
434:Pleasure
384:Kindness
374:Jealousy
369:Interest
294:Euphoria
249:Distrust
204:Contempt
111:Emotions
32:Emotions
24:a series
22:Part of
2723:Italics
2686:Theory
2642:Feeling
2595:history
2580:bounded
2538:prosody
2345:and sex
2330:and art
2290:science
2246:Affect
2240:Related
2115:chronic
2090:Shyness
2050:Saudade
2036:Sadness
2031:Revenge
2021:Remorse
1952:Passion
1942:Outrage
1932:Neglect
1792:Hiraeth
1691:Empathy
1669:Ecstasy
1654:Disgust
1624:Cruelty
1619:Courage
1584:Boredom
1564:Arousal
1554:Anxiety
1539:Anguish
1346:Bibcode
1338:Science
1229:7326222
1220:1039657
609:valence
504:Shyness
479:Saudade
474:Sadness
464:Remorse
424:Passion
414:Outrage
279:Empathy
259:Ecstasy
244:Disgust
214:Courage
189:Boredom
174:Arousal
164:Anxiety
149:Anguish
99:Valence
2690:affect
2672:Pathos
2625:social
2469:eating
2142:Wonder
2110:Stress
2100:Sorrow
2016:Relief
2006:Regret
1994:vanity
1989:insult
1984:hubris
1839:Ikigai
1809:Horror
1785:Hatred
1644:Desire
1634:Defeat
1559:Apathy
1372:
1364:
1282:
1227:
1217:
1145:
1087:
830:miosis
815:sclera
740:Amélie
630:Causes
539:Wonder
514:Sorrow
459:Relief
449:Regret
354:Horror
344:Hatred
229:Desire
169:Apathy
56:Affect
2615:moral
2523:labor
2375:group
2154:Worry
2137:Trust
2105:Spite
2085:Shock
2080:Shame
1974:Pride
1947:Panic
1826:Hygge
1766:Guilt
1761:Grief
1756:Greed
1726:Faith
1664:Doubt
1534:Angst
1529:Anger
1519:Agony
1370:S2CID
1291:(PDF)
1260:(PDF)
1164:(PDF)
1054:(PDF)
792:, by
544:Worry
534:Trust
499:Shock
494:Shame
439:Pride
419:Panic
334:Guilt
329:Grief
324:Greed
299:Faith
254:Doubt
144:Angst
139:Anger
2434:bias
2419:work
2001:Rage
1957:Pity
1918:Lust
1901:Love
1804:Hope
1736:Flow
1731:Fear
1711:Envy
1472:list
1362:PMID
1299:2011
1280:PMID
1225:PMID
1143:ISBN
1116:(6).
1085:ISBN
840:fear
819:iris
756:pons
622:and
444:Rage
429:Pity
404:Lust
399:Love
349:Hope
304:Fear
289:Envy
76:Mood
1886:Joy
1574:Awe
1354:doi
1342:132
1272:doi
1215:PMC
1207:doi
1176:doi
1033:doi
1006:doi
846:or
844:joy
379:Joy
179:Awe
2739::
1400:^
1368:.
1360:.
1352:.
1340:.
1315:.
1278:.
1268:91
1266:.
1262:.
1223:.
1213:.
1203:65
1201:.
1197:.
1170:.
1166:.
1112:.
1108:.
1056:.
1029:55
1027:.
1000:.
976:^
967:;
951:;
842:,
723:,
696:,
685:,
26:on
1474:)
1470:(
1460:e
1453:t
1446:v
1376:.
1356::
1348::
1325:.
1301:.
1274::
1231:.
1209::
1182:.
1178::
1172:3
1149:.
1114:2
1093:.
1066:.
1039:.
1035::
1012:.
1008::
1002:2
821:.
746:.
588:(
574:e
567:t
560:v
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