149:; extracted with little-to-no pain; and monitored continuously. There are downfalls to the technology, however. For example, demonstration of successful and reliable sweat extraction and analysis on a cohesive device has yet to be demonstrated. Furthermore, although some biomarker partitioning mechanisms are well understood and well studied, partitioning of other useful biomarkers (
926:
175:
Patches have been demonstrated to be a promising detection platform for sweat diagnostics. Simple, long-term collection devices which check for drugs of abuse or alcohol are already on the market and operate on the following principle: a user applies the patch which then collects sweat over a period
188:
have begun developing products targeted towards the consumer, healthcare and athletics market for sweat diagnostics. Ultimately, it is the hope that these devices will have the ability to detect changes in human physiology within minutes without the need for repeated sample collection and analysis.
180:
which are accurate but have the drawback of lack of continuous measurements and high costs. For example, sweat diagnostic products for illicit drugs and alcohol are manufactured and supplied by PharmChek and AlcoPro, respectively. Recently several efforts have been made to develop low cost polymer
135:
studies from this time period, and even those continuing today, have identified numerous structural nuances and new molecules present within sweat. The first commercially adopted use for sweat diagnostics included testing of sodium and chloride levels in children for the diagnosis of cystic
144:
More recently, numerous studies have identified the plausibility of sweat as an alternative to blood analysis. The potential substitution for sweat versus blood analysis has many potential benefits. For example, sweat can be: extracted in a non-invasive manner via
117:
The use of smart biosensors for on-skin sweat analysis has been described as internet-enabled
Sudorology (iSudorology) by Brasier et al. in 2019. It describes the lab-independent detection of molecular, next-generation digital biomarkers in sweat.
126:
Some of the earliest, published studies on sweat composition date back to the 19th century. Further studies in the 20th century began to solidify understanding of the physiology and pharmacology of the eccrine sweat gland.
638:
Pullan NJ, Thurston V, Barber S (May 2013). "Evaluation of an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method for the analysis of sweat chloride and sodium for use in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis".
921:, Ziaie, Babak; Ochoa, Manuel P. & Jain, Vaibhav et al., "Skin-mounted hydration sensor and management system", published 2020-09-15, issued 2017-10-02, assigned to
843:
824:
805:
727:"Elevated neuroimmune biomarkers in sweat patches and plasma of premenopausal women with major depressive disorder in remission: the POWER study"
614:
177:
960:
202:
353:
Sonner Z, Wilder E, Heikenfeld J, Kasting G, Beyette F, Swaile D, Sherman F, Joyce J, Hagen J, Kelley-Loughnane N, Naik R (May 2015).
136:
fibrosis. Today, one of the most popular devices for this testing is the
Macroduct Sweat Collection System from ELITechGroup.
402:
Sato K, Kang WH, Saga K, Sato KT (April 1989). "Biology of sweat glands and their disorders. I. Normal sweat gland function".
682:
Czarnowski D, Górski J, Jóźwiuk J, Boroń-Kaczmarska A (1992). "Plasma ammonia is the principal source of ammonia in sweat".
355:"The microfluidics of the eccrine sweat gland, including biomarker partitioning, transport, and biosensing implications"
1011:
941:
774:
Banga AK, Chien YW (1988). "Iontophoretic delivery of drugs: fundamentals, developments and biomedical applications".
65:
Although sweat is mostly water, there are many solutes which are found in sweat that have at least some relation to
922:
863:"A mass-customizable dermal patch with discrete colorimetric indicators for personalized sweat rate quantification"
725:
Cizza G, Marques AH, Eskandari F, Christie IC, Torvik S, Silverman MN, Phillips TM, Sternberg EM (November 2008).
844:"Kenzen Wearable Optimizes Athletic Performance with Real-Time Hydration, Lactic Acid and Glucose Analysis"
918:
110:. Development of devices, sensing techniques and biomarker identification in sweat continues to be an
874:
59:
1016:
806:"Measuring Your Sweat, A Health Monitor And Diagnostic Device Is The Future Of Wearable Technology"
271:
De
Giovanni N, Fucci N (2013). "The current status of sweat testing for drugs of abuse: a review".
95:
55:
707:
664:
978:
Bandodkar AJ, Jia W, Wang J (2015). "Tattoo-Based
Wearable Electrochemical Devices: A Review".
181:
based continuous perspiration monitoring devices and are in early stages of commercialization.
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332:
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987:
890:
882:
783:
746:
738:
691:
648:
602:
593:
Sato K (1977). "The physiology, pharmacology, and biochemistry of the eccrine sweat gland".
565:
557:
526:
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458:
450:
411:
374:
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878:
232:"The relevance of sweat testing for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in the genomic era"
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43:
39:
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198:
99:
488:"A Study in Perspiration.: Original Research in One Hundred and Thirteen Cases"
886:
66:
47:
652:
197:
Temporary tattoo-based sweat diagnostic tools have been demonstrated by Dr.
78:
991:
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423:
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of hours or days, then the patch is analyzed utilizing techniques such as
150:
132:
82:
74:
624:
517:
Nyman E, Palmlöv A (1936). "The elimination of ethyl alcohol in sweat".
205:. Their work includes sweat diagnostics for sodium, lactate, ammonium,
695:
606:
210:
154:
128:
107:
103:
561:
454:
370:
825:"CoreSyte Selected as Worldwide Athletics Partner by Eccrine Systems"
70:
487:
684:
European
Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology
42:
used to provide insights to the health of the human body. Common
961:"A Temporary Tattoo to Track Your Workout and Charge Your Phone"
942:"Sweat Sensors Will Change How Wearables Track Your Health"
206:
861:
Jain V, Ochoa M, Jiang H, Rahimi R, Ziaie B (2019-06-17).
439:"Sweat as a Source of Next-Generation Digital Biomarkers"
185:
54:. Most testing of human sweat is in reference to the
309:
Wilke K, Martin A, Terstegen L, Biel SS (June 2007).
595:
Reviews of
Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology
114:
for medical diagnostics and athletics applications.
25:
20:
546:"Excretion of sodium and potassium in human sweat"
230:Mishra A, Greaves R, Massie J (November 2005).
404:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
8:
348:
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492:Journal of the American Medical Association
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894:
750:
569:
462:
378:
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315:International Journal of Cosmetic Science
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184:More recently, startup companies such as
544:Schwartz IL, Thaysen JH (January 1956).
311:"A short history of sweat gland biology"
222:
519:Skandinavisches Archiv für Physiologie
17:
550:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
111:
46:diagnostic tests include testing for
7:
29:test for Eccrine sweat gland(mostly)
203:University of California, San Diego
62:, has a lower composition of oils.
867:Microsystems & Nanoengineering
531:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1936.tb01150.x
14:
940:Heikenfeld J (22 October 2014).
504:10.1001/jama.1899.92450510001003
328:10.1111/j.1467-2494.2007.00387.x
236:The Clinical Biochemist. Reviews
69:found in blood. These include:
641:Annals of Clinical Biochemistry
743:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.035
437:Brasier N, Eckstein J (2019).
1:
842:Begonia R (5 December 2014).
776:Journal of Controlled Release
416:10.1016/s0190-9622(89)70063-3
157:, etc.) are less understood.
788:10.1016/0168-3659(88)90075-2
285:10.2174/0929867311320040006
273:Current Medicinal Chemistry
1033:
923:Purdue Research Foundation
959:Free K (13 August 2014).
887:10.1038/s41378-019-0067-0
58:which in contrast to the
653:10.1177/0004563212474565
823:Fenner R (8 May 2015).
992:10.1002/elan.201400537
40:non-invasive technique
731:Biological Psychiatry
486:Hoelscher JH (1899).
60:apocrine sweat gland
879:2019MicNa...5...29J
804:(29 October 2014).
56:eccrine sweat gland
1012:Chemical pathology
696:10.1007/bf00705070
607:10.1007/BFb0037089
443:Digital Biomarkers
965:Popular Mechanics
616:978-3-540-08326-9
562:10.1172/JCI103245
455:10.1159/000504387
371:10.1063/1.4921039
193:Temporary tattoos
36:Sweat diagnostics
33:
32:
21:Sweat diagnostics
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647:(Pt 3): 267–70.
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166:Portable devices
161:Current research
140:General evidence
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112:expanding field
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48:cystic fibrosis
38:is an emerging
12:
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5:
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986:(3): 562–572.
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815:
793:
766:
737:(10): 907–11.
717:
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525:(2): 155–159.
509:
478:
449:(3): 155–165.
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556:(1): 114–20.
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498:: 1352–1360.
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410:(4): 537–63.
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365:(3): 031301.
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321:(3): 169–79.
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279:(4): 545–61.
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242:(4): 135–53.
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199:Joseph Wang's
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52:illicit drugs
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690:(2): 135–7.
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15:
919:US 10772560
848:PR Newswire
201:group from
1017:Skin tests
1006:Categories
601:: 51–131.
217:References
67:biomarkers
873:(1): 29.
151:cytokines
79:potassium
905:31240108
802:Scutti S
782:: 1–24.
761:18657799
669:40347024
661:23605131
580:13278407
473:32095774
389:26045728
337:18489347
293:23244520
258:16648884
155:peptides
133:in-vitro
108:proteins
104:peptides
96:alcohols
83:ammonium
75:chloride
896:6572848
875:Bibcode
752:2610843
712:7994016
704:1396636
464:7011725
424:2654204
380:4433483
249:1320177
211:biofuel
186:Xsensio
171:Patches
129:In-vivo
122:History
100:lactate
26:Purpose
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106:&
77:(Cl),
73:(Na),
71:sodium
708:S2CID
665:S2CID
625:21440
178:GC-MS
81:(K),
44:sweat
901:PMID
757:PMID
700:PMID
657:PMID
621:PMID
611:ISBN
576:PMID
469:PMID
420:PMID
385:PMID
333:PMID
289:PMID
254:PMID
209:and
131:and
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