154:
118:
proposed the
Swedish experiment as a model for what should be done to solve the economic crisis that was affecting the United States at the time. Swedish leaders who played a role in devising the Swedish solution and have spoken about the implications for other countries include
106:
This bailout initially cost about 4% of Sweden's GDP, later lowered to between 0–2% of GDP depending on various assumptions due to the value of stock later sold when the nationalized banks were privatized.
99:
When distressed assets were later sold, the proceeds flowed to the state, and the government was able to recoup more money later by selling its shares in the nationalized banks in public offerings.
78:) to the government. Shareholders at the remaining large banks were diluted by private recapitalizations (meaning that they sold equity to new investors). Bondholders at all banks were protected.
142:, since the early 1990s, were considering restructuring their economic policies around Sweden's, during that of the Swedish financial crisis, however, such policies never took place.
1175:
1710:
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984:
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1233:
922:
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1372:
1365:
235:
1739:
1358:
611:
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1449:
1414:
1109:
604:
1271:
1226:
1139:
888:
880:
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843:
1603:
1852:
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1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1732:
1538:
1190:
1057:
807:
215:
977:
589:
1379:
1153:
640:
48:
1344:
1867:
1567:
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1442:
314:
1703:
1768:
1407:
1278:
1219:
1072:
940:
1470:
1314:
1307:
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744:
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1205:
1132:
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493:
139:
1610:
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1321:
999:
762:
1877:
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1725:
1649:
1421:
904:
896:
307:
1386:
1049:
1021:
858:
60:
256:
176:
96:
and
Retriva which sold off the assets, mainly real estate, that the banks held as collateral for these debts.
67:
The government announced the state would guarantee all bank deposits and creditors of the nation's 114 banks.
1862:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1761:
1679:
1183:
1086:
687:
52:
851:
633:
1754:
1456:
702:
695:
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349:
1686:
1079:
933:
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578:
505:
484:
120:
1633:
1463:
1007:
619:
524:
516:
428:
231:
1589:
1299:
1197:
1102:
962:
814:
732:
566:
391:
1847:
472:
261:
181:
111:
17:
102:
Sweden formed the Bank
Support Authority to supervise institutions that needed recapitalization.
558:
541:
442:
211:
1523:
1038:
1033:
449:
421:
398:
330:
47:
and a deep recession. Similar crises took place in countries around the same time, such as
1483:
1333:
1168:
1014:
970:
869:
370:
1248:
1160:
1065:
435:
414:
204:
36:
1791:
911:
836:
829:
822:
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784:
776:
769:
755:
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718:
711:
669:
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465:
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384:
356:
89:
85:
56:
40:
1240:
991:
792:
363:
159:
115:
75:
1494:
951:
550:
407:
377:
124:
44:
149:
81:
74:
debts, but banks had to write down losses and issue an ownership interest (
92:. The firms' bad debts were transferred to the asset-management companies
342:
71:
88:
were granted financial support and nationalized at a cost of 64 billion
138:, which was struggling to handle the deflationary situation due to the
93:
63:
of 2007–2008. In response, the government took the following actions:
32:
283:
299:
135:
303:
206:
The Nordic
Banking Crisis: Pitfalls in Financial Liberalization
59:. The causes of the crisis were similar to those of the
648:
Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks
1482:
1332:
1032:
950:
921:
868:
743:
679:
577:
504:
482:
203:
202:Drees, Burkhard; Pazarbasioglu, Ceyla (1998).
177:"Stopping a Financial Crisis, the Swedish Way"
1776:List of stock market crashes and bear markets
315:
8:
322:
308:
300:
1597:2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence
167:
1502:Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010
1272:South American economic crisis of 2002
1169:Black Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis)
1553:2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis
1509:2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis
985:Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975
7:
1583:Russian financial crisis (2014–2016)
1436:2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis
1429:2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis
1394:2000s U.S. housing market correction
1234:1998–2002 Argentine great depression
1740:2023–2024 Egyptian financial crisis
1575:Puerto Rican government-debt crisis
1568:2014–2016 Brazilian economic crisis
941:1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation
844:Shanghai rubber stock market crisis
533:Dutch Republic stock market crashes
1546:2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis
1450:2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis
1422:2008–2009 Russian financial crisis
1415:2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis
1110:1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis
605:British credit crisis of 1772–1773
282:Bertoldi, Moreno (February 2003).
25:
1733:2023 United States banking crisis
1539:2011 Bangladesh share market scam
1227:1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis
1191:Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994
1117:Japanese asset price bubble crash
1058:Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash
808:Australian banking crisis of 1893
612:Dutch Republic financial collapse
257:"The good, the bad, and the ugly"
29:Sweden financial crisis 1990–1994
18:Sweden financial crisis 1990-1994
590:Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763
175:Dougherty, Carter (2008-09-22).
152:
1315:2007 Chinese stock bubble crash
641:Danish state bankruptcy of 1813
236:Financial Supervisory Authority
210:. International Monetary Fund.
1696:Chinese property sector crisis
1604:2015–2016 stock market selloff
1532:August 2011 stock markets fall
1443:2008–2011 Irish banking crisis
1140:1990s Swedish financial crisis
889:Weimar Republic hyperinflation
110:In September 2008, economists
1:
1769:List of sovereign debt crises
1711:2022 Russian financial crisis
1408:2008 Latvian financial crisis
1401:U.S. bear market of 2007–2009
1279:Stock market downturn of 2002
1220:1998 Russian financial crisis
1073:1983 Israel bank stock crisis
1471:Greek government-debt crisis
1308:2004 Argentine energy crisis
1265:2001 Turkish economic crisis
1154:1990s Armenian energy crisis
1147:1990s Finnish banking crisis
1008:1976 British currency crisis
978:1973–1974 stock market crash
255:Krugman, Paul (2008-09-28).
70:Sweden's government assumed
1627:2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis
1293:2003 Myanmar banking crisis
1286:2002 Uruguay banking crisis
1206:1997 Asian financial crisis
1133:1991 Indian economic crisis
1125:Rhode Island banking crisis
1095:Cameroonian economic crisis
881:Early Soviet hyperinflation
494:Crisis of the Third Century
140:Japanese asset price bubble
1894:
1858:Economic history of Sweden
1658:Sri Lankan economic crisis
1516:Energy crisis in Venezuela
1495:2009 Dubai debt standstill
1345:2007–2008 financial crisis
1000:Latin American debt crisis
763:Paris Bourse crash of 1882
284:"Whither Japan's Economy?"
1853:Economic crises in Europe
1749:
1726:2022 stock market decline
1718:Pakistani economic crisis
1704:2021–2023 inflation surge
1650:Lebanese liquidity crisis
1619:Venezuelan hyperinflation
1611:Brexit stock market crash
1560:Venezuela economic crisis
1322:Zimbabwean hyperinflation
905:Wall Street Crash of 1929
745:2nd Industrial Revolution
579:1st Industrial Revolution
337:
1818:1994 in economic history
1813:1993 in economic history
1808:1992 in economic history
1803:1991 in economic history
1798:1990 in economic history
1387:Subprime mortgage crisis
1050:Brazilian hyperinflation
1022:Brazilian hyperinflation
859:Financial crisis of 1914
567:Mississippi bubble crash
61:subprime mortgage crisis
53:Savings and Loans crisis
35:when the deflation of a
1762:List of economic crises
1680:2020 stock market crash
1673:Financial market impact
1642:Turkish economic crisis
1257:9/11 stock market crash
1213:October 1997 mini-crash
1184:1994 bond market crisis
1176:Yugoslav hyperinflation
1087:Savings and loan crisis
688:European potato failure
1755:List of banking crises
1524:Syrian economic crisis
1457:Blue Monday Crash 2009
1066:Chilean crisis of 1982
897:Shōwa financial crisis
703:Highland Potato Famine
559:South Sea bubble crash
350:Commodity price shocks
1868:Early 1990s recession
1080:Black Saturday (1983)
934:Kennedy Slide of 1962
506:Commercial revolution
1634:Ghana banking crisis
1464:European debt crisis
1249:Dot-com bubble crash
1161:Cuban Special Period
620:Copper Panic of 1789
525:The Great Debasement
517:Great Bullion Famine
1590:2015 Nepal blockade
1300:2000s energy crisis
1198:Mexican peso crisis
1103:Black Monday (1987)
963:1970s energy crisis
923:Post–WWII expansion
597:Bengal bubble crash
392:Financial contagion
852:Panic of 1910–1911
696:Great Irish Famine
634:Panic of 1796–1797
473:Stock market crash
262:The New York Times
182:The New York Times
1785:
1784:
1666:COVID-19 pandemic
551:Tulip mania crash
542:Kipper und Wipper
519:(c. 1400–c. 1500)
131:Relation to Japan
16:(Redirected from
1885:
1878:Economic bubbles
1873:Financial crises
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1742:
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1135:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1053:
1039:Great Regression
1034:Great Moderation
1025:
1017:
1010:
1003:
995:
987:
980:
973:
966:
943:
936:
914:
907:
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884:
861:
854:
847:
839:
832:
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803:
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772:
765:
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736:
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629:
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562:
554:
546:
536:
528:
520:
497:
475:
468:
461:
452:
445:
438:
431:
424:
422:Liquidity crisis
417:
410:
401:
399:Social contagion
394:
387:
380:
373:
366:
359:
352:
345:
331:Financial crises
324:
317:
310:
301:
294:
293:
291:
290:
279:
273:
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269:
252:
246:
245:
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228:
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172:
162:
157:
156:
155:
39:caused a severe
21:
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1892:
1888:
1887:
1886:
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1882:
1788:
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1786:
1781:
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1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
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1573:
1566:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1522:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1484:Information Age
1478:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1334:Great Recession
1328:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1255:
1247:
1239:
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1123:
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1101:
1093:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1041:
1037:
1028:
1020:
1015:1979 oil crisis
1013:
1006:
998:
990:
983:
976:
971:1973 oil crisis
969:
961:
954:
952:Great Inflation
946:
939:
932:
925:
917:
910:
903:
895:
887:
879:
872:
870:Interwar period
864:
857:
850:
842:
835:
828:
821:
813:
806:
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783:
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768:
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724:
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478:
471:
464:
457:
448:
441:
434:
427:
420:
413:
406:
397:
390:
383:
376:
371:Currency crisis
369:
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355:
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328:
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297:
288:
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133:
121:Urban Bäckström
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1891:
1889:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1863:Banking crises
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1843:1994 in Sweden
1840:
1838:1993 in Sweden
1835:
1833:1992 in Sweden
1830:
1828:1991 in Sweden
1825:
1823:1990 in Sweden
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1720:(2022–present)
1714:
1707:
1700:
1698:(2020–present)
1692:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1662:
1660:(2019–present)
1654:
1652:(2019–present)
1646:
1644:(2018–present)
1638:
1630:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1571:
1564:
1562:(2013–present)
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1526:(2011–present)
1520:
1518:(2010–present)
1512:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1488:
1487:(2009–present)
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
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1474:
1467:
1460:
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1446:
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1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1352:September 2008
1340:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1324:(2007–present)
1318:
1311:
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1268:
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981:
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893:
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863:
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826:
819:
811:
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797:
789:
781:
773:
766:
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751:
749:
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738:
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729:
722:
715:
708:
707:
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699:
683:
681:
677:
676:
674:
673:
666:
659:
652:
644:
637:
630:
623:
616:
614:(c. 1780–1795)
608:
601:
593:
585:
583:
575:
574:
572:
571:
563:
555:
547:
537:
535:(c. 1600–1760)
529:
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510:
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489:
487:
480:
479:
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418:
415:Hyperinflation
411:
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79:
68:
37:housing bubble
31:took place in
24:
14:
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10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1409:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1373:December 2008
1370:
1367:
1366:November 2008
1363:
1360:
1356:
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1348:
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1107:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
986:
982:
979:
975:
972:
968:
964:
960:
959:
957:
953:
949:
942:
938:
935:
931:
930:
928:
924:
920:
913:
912:Panic of 1930
909:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
877:
875:
871:
867:
860:
856:
853:
849:
845:
841:
838:
837:Panic of 1907
834:
831:
830:Panic of 1901
827:
824:
823:Panic of 1896
820:
816:
812:
809:
805:
802:
801:Panic of 1893
798:
794:
790:
786:
785:Baring crisis
782:
778:
777:Arendal crash
774:
771:
770:Panic of 1884
767:
764:
760:
757:
756:Panic of 1873
753:
752:
750:
746:
742:
734:
730:
727:
726:Panic of 1866
723:
720:
719:Panic of 1857
716:
713:
712:Panic of 1847
709:
704:
700:
697:
693:
692:
689:
685:
684:
682:
678:
671:
670:Panic of 1837
667:
664:
663:Panic of 1825
660:
657:
656:Panic of 1819
653:
649:
645:
642:
638:
635:
631:
628:
627:Panic of 1792
624:
621:
617:
613:
609:
606:
602:
598:
594:
591:
587:
586:
584:
580:
576:
568:
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548:
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522:
518:
514:
513:
511:
507:
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495:
491:
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488:
486:
481:
474:
470:
467:
466:Social crisis
463:
460:
459:Minsky moment
456:
451:
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440:
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433:
430:
426:
425:
423:
419:
416:
412:
409:
405:
400:
396:
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393:
389:
386:
385:Energy crisis
382:
379:
375:
372:
368:
365:
361:
358:
357:Credit crunch
354:
351:
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344:
340:
339:
336:
332:
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320:
318:
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311:
306:
305:
302:
285:
278:
275:
264:
263:
258:
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237:
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219:
217:1-55775-700-3
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137:
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108:
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98:
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91:
87:
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80:
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73:
69:
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65:
64:
62:
58:
57:United States
54:
50:
46:
42:
41:credit crunch
38:
34:
30:
19:
1359:October 2008
1241:Samba effect
1097:(1987–2000s)
992:Steel crisis
815:Black Monday
793:Encilhamento
733:Black Friday
540:
496:(235–284 CE)
364:Credit cycle
287:. Retrieved
277:
266:. Retrieved
260:
250:
239:. Retrieved
226:
205:
197:
186:. Retrieved
180:
170:
160:Banks portal
134:
116:Paul Krugman
109:
105:
76:common stock
28:
26:
1636:(2017–2018)
1621:(2016–2022)
1577:(2014–2022)
1337:(2007–2009)
1302:(2003–2008)
1251:(2000–2004)
1200:(1994–1996)
1178:(1992–1994)
1163:(1991–2000)
1127:(1990–1992)
1119:(1990–1992)
1089:(1986–1995)
1052:(1982–1994)
1042:(1982–2007)
1024:(1980–1982)
1002:(1975–1982)
994:(1973–1982)
965:(1973–1980)
955:(1973–1982)
926:(1945–1973)
891:(1921–1923)
883:(1917–1924)
873:(1918–1939)
795:(1890–1893)
748:(1870–1914)
690:(1845–1856)
650:(1815–1816)
599:(1769–1784)
582:(1760–1840)
545:(1621–1623)
527:(1544–1551)
509:(1000–1760)
408:Flash crash
378:Debt crisis
125:Bo Lundgren
112:Brad DeLong
45:bank crisis
1792:Categories
429:Accounting
289:2021-01-19
268:2012-10-04
241:2012-10-04
188:2012-10-04
146:References
86:Götabanken
82:Nordbanken
49:in Finland
1848:Bad banks
1687:Recession
680:1840–1870
232:"History"
343:Bank run
72:bad bank
51:and the
443:Funding
436:Capital
94:Securum
55:in the
1613:(2016)
1259:(2001)
1243:(1999)
1060:(1982)
899:(1927)
846:(1910)
817:(1894)
787:(1890)
779:(1886)
735:(1869)
569:(1720)
561:(1720)
553:(1637)
450:Market
214:
90:kronor
33:Sweden
136:Japan
1380:2009
485:1000
483:Pre-
212:ISBN
123:and
114:and
84:and
43:and
27:The
1794::
259:.
234:.
179:.
127:.
1036:/
323:e
316:t
309:v
292:.
271:.
244:.
220:.
191:.
20:)
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