100:, female writers were found to be more likely to suffer not only from mood disorders, but also from panic attacks, general anxiety, drug abuse, and eating disorders. The rates of multiple mental disorders were also higher among these writers. Although it was not explored in depth, abuse during childhood (physical or sexual) also loomed as a possible contributor to psychological issues in adulthood. The cumulative
126:
Some critics have argued that because anti-depressants usually take up to three weeks to take effect, her prescription from Horder may not have been of any help. Others say that Plath's
American doctor had warned her never again to take the anti-depressant drug prescribed by Horder as it was found to
104:
scores of subjects, their reported exposure to abuse during childhood, mental difficulties in their mothers, and the combined creativity scores of their parents represented significant predictors of their illnesses. The high rates of certain emotional disorders in female writers suggested a direct
92:
In one study, 1,629 writers were analyzed for signs of mental illness. Female poets were found to be significantly more likely to experience mental illness than female fiction writers or male writers of any type. Another study extended the analysis to 520 eminent women (poets, fiction writers,
123:(her close friend) felt Plath was at risk of further harm and prescribed her anti-depressants mere days before Plath took her own life. He also visited with her daily and made many attempts to have her admitted to a hospital. Upon her refusal, he made arrangements for a live-in nurse.
50:, Kaufman's work further demonstrated that female poets were more likely to experience mental illness than any other class of writers. In addition, female poets were more likely to be mentally ill than other eminent women, such as politicians, actresses, and artists.
20:
60:
classifying his essay as inaccurate and stated "As I matured and studied more aspects of creativity, I was less thrilled about the Sylvia Plath Effect legacy I made several arguments against the importance of my own work".
105:
relationship between creativity and psychopathology, but the relationships were not clear-cut. As the results of the predictive analysis indicated, familial and environmental factors also appeared to play a role.
53:
Although many studies (e.g., Andreasen, 1987; Jamison, 1989; Ludwig, 1995) have demonstrated that creative writers are prone to mental illness, this relationship has not been examined in depth.
968:
1060:
93:
non-fiction writers, visual artists, politicians, and actresses), and again found the poets to be significantly more likely to experience mental illness.
1074:
134:
in her kitchen after putting her head in the oven. She sealed the rooms between the kitchen and her sleeping children with wet towels and cloths.
1155:
916:
673:
1067:
886:
46:
Building on the more general research that, from early adolescence through adulthood, women are twice as likely as men to experience
594:
Andreasen NC (October 1987). "Creativity and mental illness: prevalence rates in writers and their first-degree relatives".
463:
1014:
909:
469:
1021:
576:
47:
524:
183:
127:
worsen her depression, but he supposedly prescribed it under a proprietary name which she did not recognize.
989:
120:
297:
39:, and implications and possibilities for future research are discussed. The effect is named after author
1150:
954:
902:
382:
829:
996:
418:
629:
Jamison KR (May 1989). "Mood disorders and patterns of creativity in
British writers and artists".
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369:
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have spawned many articles in scientific journals, but almost all have been focused on issues of
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339:
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267:
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171:
153:
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36:
1103:
496:
Kaufman JC (2011). "The sylvia plath effect: Mental illness in eminent creative writers".
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73:
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509:
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177:
69:
32:
767:
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961:
790:
Ludwig AM (November 1994). "Mental illness and creative activity in female writers".
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834:
642:
561:
406:
255:
219:
114:
40:
694:"From the Sylvia Plath Effect to Social Justice: Moving Forward With Creativity"
430:
321:
237:
201:
165:
131:
758:
1109:
1091:
1068:
Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams: Short
Stories, Prose, and Diary Excerpts
874:
666:
The price of greatness : resolving the creativity and madness controversy
315:
195:
159:
80:. Undeniably, the view has been broadly proliferated that hers was a typical
803:
709:
607:
543:
77:
776:
727:
330:(1896–1940), novelist, essayist, screenwriter, and short-story writer
811:
650:
615:
19:
552:
225:
35:
than other creative writers. The term was coined in 2001 by psychologist
65:
72:
explanation and have been unsuccessful in dealing directly with the
96:
In another study performed by the
Department of Psychiatry at the
18:
898:
894:
336:(1899–1961), novelist, short-story writer, and journalist
421:(1962–2008), novelist, short-story writer, and essayist
264:(1882–1941), novelist, short-story writer, and essayist
142:
16:
Phenomenon of poets being more susceptible to mental illness
372:(1808–1855), poet, short-story writer, and translator
312:(1935–1984), novelist, poet, and short-story writer.
366:(1850–1893), short-story writer, novelist, and poet
115:
Sylvia Plath § Final depressive episode and death
851:"Hughes letter reveals his Plath reconciliation hope"
31:
is the phenomenon that poets are more susceptible to
270:(1900–1948), novelist, painter, and playwright
1084:
1045:
1006:
932:
210:(1897–1967), artist, author, and psychologist
342:(1906–1936), novelist and short-story writer
324:(1909–1948), novelist and short-story writer
379:(1844–1900), philosopher, poet and composer
823:
821:
439:(1930–1999), author, poet, and cartoonist
403:(1937–1979), author, poet, and translator
130:Plath, on February 11, 1963, was found dead of
687:
685:
397:(1913–1966), poet and short-story writer
198:(1971–1999), playwright and screenwriter
910:
8:
969:Two Lovers and a Beachcomber by the Real Sea
743:"Sylvia Plath and the depression continuum"
532:Current Directions in Psychological Science
917:
903:
895:
766:
717:
551:
491:
489:
487:
747:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
473:, a game about poetry and mental illness
445:(1925–2006), novelist and essayist
354:(1905–1983), novelist and essayist
234:(1943–1991), author and translator
162:(1968–2004), author and journalist
43:, who died by suicide at the age of 30.
1075:Superman and Paula Brown's New Snowsuit
483:
56:Kaufman himself wrote an editorial for
1061:Letters Home: Correspondence 1950–1963
156:(1892–1938), poet and playwright
385:(1952–1979), short-story writer
300:(1892–1927), short-story writer
98:University of Kentucky Medical Center
7:
427:(1958–2001), poet and musician
276:(1931–1993), poet and activist
222:(1932–1963), poet and novelist
186:(1860–1935), novelist and poet
306:(1914–1972), poet and scholar
138:List of writers with mental illness
887:American Psychological Association
792:The American Journal of Psychiatry
596:The American Journal of Psychiatry
577:"Going early into that good night"
525:"Gender differences in depression"
510:10.1002/j.2162-6057.2001.tb01220.x
409:(1914–1953), author and poet
391:(1842–1891), author and poet
348:(1914–1965), author and poet
228:(1898–1963), poet and artist
204:(1931–2009), author and poet
14:
498:The Journal of Creative Behavior
119:After several suicide attempts,
828:Feinmann J (16 February 1993).
830:"Rhyme, reason and depression"
698:Europe's Journal of Psychology
643:10.1080/00332747.1989.11024436
58:Europe’s Journal of Psychology
1:
1156:Creativity and mental illness
464:Creativity and mental illness
1015:The Colossus and Other Poems
668:. New York: Guilford Press.
873:Bailey DS (November 2003).
415:(1937–1969), novelist
360:(1914–1948), novelist
1172:
849:Ezard J (18 August 2001).
759:10.1177/014107680309600613
470:Doki Doki Literature Club!
112:
109:Sylvia Plath and her death
875:"The Sylvia Plath effect"
523:Nolen-Hoeksema S (2001).
433:(1981–2013), author
282:(1970–2016), author
132:carbon monoxide poisoning
575:Lee FR (24 April 2004).
184:Charlotte Perkins Gilman
82:manic-depressive illness
804:10.1176/ajp.151.11.1650
710:10.5964/ejop.v13i2.1413
692:Kaufman JC (May 2017).
608:10.1176/ajp.144.10.1288
544:10.1111/1467-8721.00142
318:(1899–1932), poet
258:(1927–1969), poet
252:(1892–1941), poet
246:(1884–1933), poet
240:(1928–1974), poet
216:(1936–1972), poet
192:(1933–1965), poet
180:(1962–1979), poet
174:(1894–1930), poet
168:(1933–1962), poet
741:Cooper B (June 2003).
24:
955:The Munich Mannequins
879:Monitor on Psychology
113:Further information:
22:
990:Mad Girl's Love Song
419:David Foster Wallace
64:Plath's illness and
1130:Sylvia Plath effect
377:Friedrich Nietzsche
328:F. Scott Fitzgerald
298:Ryūnosuke Akutagawa
88:Supporting evidence
29:Sylvia Plath effect
1029:Crossing the Water
1007:Poetry collections
664:Ludwig AM (1995).
413:John Kennedy Toole
383:Breece D'J Pancake
358:Ross Lockridge Jr.
214:Alejandra Pizarnik
25:
1138:
1137:
798:(11): 1650–1656.
675:978-0-89862-839-5
454:
453:
425:Andrew Waterhouse
389:Antero de Quental
364:Guy de Maupassant
310:Richard Brautigan
280:Michelle McNamara
250:Marina Tsvetayeva
208:Christiana Morgan
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1046:Prose and novels
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437:Shel Silverstein
395:Delmore Schwartz
370:Gérard de Nerval
340:Robert E. Howard
334:Ernest Hemingway
268:Zelda Fitzgerald
172:Florbela Espanca
154:Alfonsina Storni
143:
74:clinical history
37:James C. Kaufman
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1104:Nicholas Hughes
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602:(10): 1288–92.
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401:Edward Stachura
352:Arthur Koestler
346:Randall Jarrell
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102:psychopathology
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753:(6): 296–301.
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581:New York Times
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538:(5): 173–176.
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33:mental illness
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1151:Sylvia Plath
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1054:The Bell Jar
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1036:Winter Trees
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976:Lady Lazarus
926:Sylvia Plath
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855:The Guardian
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504:(1): 37–50.
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407:Dylan Thomas
292:Male writers
291:
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256:Assia Wevill
220:Sylvia Plath
147:
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41:Sylvia Plath
28:
26:
23:Sylvia Plath
1126:(2003 film)
431:Ned Vizzini
375:Allegedly:
322:Osamu Dazai
238:Anne Sexton
202:Alda Merini
166:Elise Cowen
121:John Horder
1145:Categories
1110:Otto Plath
1100:(daughter)
1092:Ted Hughes
631:Psychiatry
478:References
316:Hart Crane
196:Sarah Kane
160:Iris Chang
48:depression
1094:(husband)
78:diagnosis
1118:(mother)
1112:(father)
777:12782699
728:28580020
458:See also
226:Kay Sage
1085:Related
812:7943456
719:5450978
651:2734415
616:3499088
562:1988591
66:suicide
1123:Sylvia
962:Tulips
885:(10).
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768:539515
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232:Sanmao
1106:(son)
1022:Ariel
983:Ennui
948:Daddy
941:Ariel
933:Poems
889:: 42.
558:S2CID
528:(PDF)
808:PMID
773:PMID
724:PMID
670:ISBN
647:PMID
612:PMID
76:and
27:The
800:doi
796:151
763:PMC
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714:PMC
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639:doi
604:doi
600:144
548:hdl
540:doi
506:doi
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