1453:
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601:) and Symbolics Common Lisp. These Lisp dialects are both provided by Genera. Also parts of the software was using either Flavors, New Flavors, and Common Lisp Object System. Some of the older parts of the Genera operating system have been rewritten in Symbolics Common Lisp and the Common Lisp Object system. Many parts of the operating systems remained written in ZetaLisp and Flavors (or New Flavors).
3206:
845:(exception handling) to handle all kinds of runtime errors and is able to recover from many of these errors. For example, it allows retrying network operations if a network connection has a failure; the application code will keep running. When errors occur, users are presented a menu of restarts (abort, retry, continue options) that are specific to the error signalled.
3226:
750:
browser. The documentation is based on small reusable documentation records that can also be displayed in various contexts with the Editor and the Lisp
Listener. The documentation is organized in books and sections. The books were also provided in printed versions with the same contents as the online
519:(SCT) maintains the dependencies, the components and the versions of all the systems. A system has two numbers: a major and a minor version number. The major version number counts the number of full constructions of a system. The minor version counts the number of patches to that system. A
821:(LMFS) optimized for many small files. These systems also maintain different versions of files. If a file is modified, Genera still keeps the old versions. Genera also provides access to, can read from and write to, other, local and remote, file systems including: NFS, FTP, HFS, CD-ROMs,
511:. The release of the operating system also provided most of the source code of the operating system and its applications. The user has free access to all parts of the running operating system and can write changes and extensions. The source code of the operating system is divided into
809:
unit to get information about changed pages in physical memory. The collector uses generations and the virtual memory is divided into areas. Areas can contain objects of certain types (strings, bitmaps, pathnames, ...), and each area can use different memory management mechanisms.
718:
is an example of a command line interface with full graphics abilities and support for mouse-based interaction. It accepts Lisp expressions and commands as input. The output is mouse sensitive. The Lisp listener can display forms to input data for the various built-in commands.
495:. Some of the layered software has been integrated into Genera in later releases. Symbolics improved the operating system software from the original MIT Lisp machine and expanded it. The Genera operating system was only available for Symbolics Lisp machines and the Open Genera
502:
Symbolics Genera has many features and supports all the versions of various hardware that
Symbolics built over its life. Its source code is more than a million lines; the number depends on the release and what amount of software is installed. Symbolics Genera was published on
41:
710:
to control windows, switch applications, and operate the window system. Many features of the user interface (switching between activities, creating activities, stopping and starting processes, and much more) can also be controlled with keyboard commands.
929:
It is remarkable that these programming language implementations inherited some of the dynamic features of the Lisp system (like garbage collection and checked access to data) and supported incremental software development.
703:(applications) use the whole screen with several panes, though windows can also be smaller. The layout of these activity windows adapts to different screen sizes. Activities can also switch between different pane layouts.
680:), keystrokes, and with a command line interface. All applications share one command line interpreter implementation, which adapts to various types of usage. The graphical abilities of the window system are based on the
3290:
1121:
Genera is written fully in Lisp, using ZetaLisp and
Symbolics Common Lisp, including all low-level system code, such as device drivers, garbage collection, process scheduler, network stacks, etc.
2897:
269:
1124:
The source code is more than a million lines of Lisp, yet relatively compact, compared to the provided functions, due to extensive reuse. It is also available for users to inspect and change.
530:, that included a virtual machine that enabled executing Genera on DEC Alpha based workstations, plus several Genera extensions and applications that were sold separately (like the Symbolics
597:(CLOS). Then Symbolics Common Lisp became the default Lisp dialect for writing software with Genera. The software of the operating system was written mostly in Lisp Machine Lisp (named
488:. The latest version is 8.5. Symbolics Genera was developed in the early 1980s and early 1990s. In the final years, development entailed mostly patches, with very little new function.
663:). This works for both textual and graphical output. At runtime the applicable operations to these objects are computed based on the class hierarchy and the available operations (
3275:
2050:
1168:
Only one Lisp system can run at once. Data and code is shared by applications and the operating system. However, multiple instances of Open Genera can run on one DEC Alpha.
2806:
1576:
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1523:
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2903:
2300:
3250:
3210:
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2043:
2891:
2077:
1852:
1823:
802:
625:. This window system was introduced with Genera 7 in 1986. Many of the applications of Genera have then been using Dynamic Windows for their
392:
265:
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2942:
348:
Genera supports incremental and interactive development of complex software using a mix of programming styles with extensive support for
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3018:
2998:
2908:
2752:
2082:
2036:
249:
629:. Eventually there was a move to port parts of the window system to run on other Common Lisp implementations by other vendors as the
2569:
1102:
1049:
938:
695:) since that was what the hardware console typically provided. But extensive support exists for color, using color frame buffers or
376:
interface, a disk drive, and slots for expansion. The operating system was supporting this hardware and it provided (among others):
3220:
1627:
1571:
338:
189:
1389:
779:
Genera supports printing to postscript printers, provides a printing queue and also a PostScript interpreter (written in Lisp).
491:
Symbolics developed Genera based on this foundation of the MIT Lisp machine operating system. It sells the operating system and
3013:
2977:
2316:
1546:
1516:
905:
Symbolics Common Lisp provides most of the Common Lisp standard with very many extensions, many of them coming from ZetaLisp.
2337:
2321:
2166:
1739:
1637:
1481:
805:(GC): full GC, in-place GC, incremental GC, and ephemeral GC. The ephemeral collector uses only physical memory and uses the
769:
The documentation provides user guides, installation guidelines and references of the various Lisp constructs and libraries.
404:
2113:
1416:
3086:
2678:
2370:
2291:
2017:
1566:
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884:
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There is little protection against changing the operating system. The whole system is fully accessible and changeable.
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261:
119:
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2504:
1793:
1632:
1509:
1193:
1985 – Release 6.0, introduces
Symbolics Common Lisp, the Ephemeral Object Garbage Collector, and Document Examiner
922:
504:
3055:
2559:
2155:
1828:
1647:
1607:
1602:
1561:
787:
Genera also has support for various network protocols and applications using those. It has extensive support for
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183:
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1871:
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2275:
2240:
2213:
2005:
1944:
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1813:
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1720:
727:
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Namespace Editor to access information about objects in the network (users, computers, file systems, ...)
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2801:
2757:
2735:
2257:
2092:
1788:
1754:
1656:
1592:
642:
523:
is a file that can be loaded to fix problems or provide extensions to a particular version of a system.
1266:
Greenblatt, Richard D.; Knight, Thomas F.; Holloway, John T.; Moon, David A. (1980). "A Lisp
Machine".
1127:
The operating system is mostly written in an object-oriented style using
Flavors, New Flavors, and CLOS
659:
for all output to the screen. All displayed information keeps its connection to the objects displayed (
758:
The documentation was created with a separate application that was not shipped with Genera: Symbolics
617:
of the Lisp machine operating system. Symbolics then developed a radically new windowing system named
3003:
2957:
2725:
1985:
1959:
1146:
server provides a directory of machines, users, services, networks, file systems, databases, and more
1066:
864:
397:
interface to various hardware: mouse, keyboard, bitmap frame buffer, disk, printer, network interface
331:
216:
60:
2208:
2136:
1954:
1906:
1783:
1015:
Flavor
Examiner, to examine the classes and methods of the Flavor object-oriented extension to Lisp
634:
242:
1270:. Association for Computing Machinery – Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval: 137–138.
3109:
3094:
3046:
2952:
2235:
2189:
1891:
1798:
1279:
1136:
The user interface can be used locally (on Lisp
Machines and MacIvories) and remotely (using X11)
3185:
3104:
3071:
2705:
2589:
2000:
1949:
1881:
1838:
1679:
806:
578:
458:
The MIT Lisp machine operating system was developed from the middle 1970s to the early 1980s.
455:
This was already a complete one-user Lisp-based operating system and development environment.
361:
280:
40:
3051:
3023:
2937:
2855:
2664:
1980:
1532:
1492:"The Symbolics Virtual Lisp Machine, Or, Using The Dec Alpha As A Programmable Micro-engine"
1326:
1271:
614:
373:
327:
245:
211:
139:
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in several versions: Symbolics Common Lisp, Future Common Lisp (ANSI Common Lisp), CLtL1
585:
object-oriented extension to that Lisp. Symbolics provided a successor to
Flavors named
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3137:
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2352:
2087:
2010:
1934:
1896:
1768:
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Several companies developed and sold applications for
Symbolics Genera. Some examples:
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with typed parameters. Commands can be entered with the mouse (making extensive use of
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196:
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3114:
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Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computer Architecture for Non-numeric Processing
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176:
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2713:
2123:
2107:
1803:
1476:
1217:
2021 – Portable Genera 2.0, the Virtual Lisp Machine ported to additional platforms
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information is delivered with Genera and can be modified with incremental patches.
481:
272:
253:
156:
75:
766:
editor for editing documentation records, a graphics editor and a page previewer.
1090:
Automated Reasoning Tool (ART), an expert system shell from Inference Corporation
1055:
Symbolics S-Graphics, a suite of tools: S-Paint, S-Geometry, S-Dynamics, S-Render
991:
Peek to examine system information (processes, windows, network connections, ...)
3132:
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3033:
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2311:
2198:
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1420:
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855:. These worlds can be booted and then will contain all the saved data and code.
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723:
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17:
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571:
364:. It was a one-user workstation initially targeted at software developers for
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48:
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2357:
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2028:
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292:
257:
161:
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949:
Symbolics Genera comes with several applications. Applications are called
2654:
2639:
2624:
2514:
2509:
2457:
2418:
2131:
1995:
1233:
1130:
It has extensive online documentation readable with the Document Examiner
871:
752:
598:
555:
449:
426:
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2796:
2619:
2609:
2594:
2554:
2519:
2462:
2452:
2447:
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1990:
1919:
1689:
1330:
1039:
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915:
646:
547:
508:
369:
308:
166:
1501:
1058:
Symbolics S-Utilities: S-Record, S-Compositor, S-Colorize, S-Convert
933:
Third-party developers provided more programming languages, such as
794:
Genera supports one-processor machines with several threads (called
609:
The early versions of Symbolics Genera were built with the original
1087:
Gatekeeper, a rule-based resource manager for airports and airlines
2762:
2604:
2574:
2486:
2219:
1939:
1468:
1246:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1024:
Symbolics sold several applications that run on Symbolics Genera.
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551:
437:
433:
319:
315:
312:
304:
171:
1162:
Only runs on Symbolics Lisp Machines or the Open Genera emulator.
1139:
Groups of developers can work together in a networked environment
2692:
2390:
2262:
934:
901:
written in Lisp (Lisp source is included in Genera distribution)
894:
written in Lisp (Lisp source is included in Genera distribution)
887:
written in Lisp (Lisp source is included in Genera distribution)
633:(CLIM). Versions of CLIM have been available (among others) for
465:
for this Lisp machine operating system from MIT was released as
2032:
1505:
1446:
400:
an interpreter and a native code compiler for Lisp Machine Lisp
1975:
1497:"2013 Video Demonstration by Symbolics programmer Kalman Reti"
515:. These systems bundle sources, binaries and other files. The
1487:
Screenshots of the award-winning Symbolics Document Examiner
1133:
Dynamic Windows provides a presentation-based user interface
1108:
Knowledge Craft, an expert system shell, from Carnegie Group
577:
The original Lisp machine operating system was developed in
2898:
MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
1211:
1993 – Open Genera 1.0, introduces the Virtual Lisp Machine
227:
973:
File system browser with tools for file system maintenance
742:
online documentation. The documentation is read with the
1084:
534:
suite). Also, they made a new operating system named
1171:
Development effectively stopped in the middle 1990s.
988:
Distribute Systems, to create software distributions
918:, a version of Prolog written and integrated in Lisp
3291:
Lisp (programming language)-based operating systems
3171:
3123:
3085:
3032:
2921:
2884:
2843:
2836:
2816:
2778:
2771:
2745:
2734:
2704:
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2471:
2438:
2431:
2409:
2290:
2197:
2188:
2179:
2145:
2066:
1968:
1905:
1851:
1812:
1747:
1738:
1708:
1655:
1646:
1585:
1539:
1459:
Symbolics Genera Integrated Development Environment
562:processor. The virtual machine then runs under the
222:
210:
195:
182:
148:
138:
118:
100:
90:
82:
71:
59:
47:
851:Genera can save versions of the running system to
776:markup language and also usable by the developer.
484:and published the operating system under the name
264:of an earlier operating system originating on the
2807:Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs
360:The Lisp Machine operating system was written in
1242:A hacked version of Open Genera that can run on
1221:A stable version of Open Genera that can run on
1028:Symbolics Concordia, a document production suite
1105:(KEE), an expert system shell, from IntelliCorp
1111:Metal, machine translation system from Siemens
970:Zmail, a mail reader also providing a calendar
817:: the FEP file system for large files and the
2044:
1517:
1477:Symbolics software documents at bitsavers.org
1471:web copy of Symbolics' introduction to Genera
1196:1986 – Genera 7.0, introduces Dynamic Windows
730:, completion of choices in various contexts.
355:
8:
1006:Inspector, for browsing Lisp data structures
874:, the Symbolics version of Lisp Machine Lisp
287:, which runs Genera on computers based on a
33:
3276:Common Lisp (programming language) software
2904:Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
801:Genera supports several different types of
283:(TI). Genera was also sold by Symbolics as
3205:
2925:
2840:
2775:
2742:
2435:
2194:
2185:
2070:
2051:
2037:
2029:
1744:
1652:
1524:
1510:
1502:
1451:
546:, which has the virtual machine ported to
32:
1298:"Retrocomputing – MIT CADR Lisp Machines"
985:Restore Distribution to install software.
976:Lisp Listener with command-line interface
762:. Concordia provides an extension to the
1321:Ciccarelli, Eugene C. (August 1, 1984).
299:. In 2021 a new version was released as
275:which Symbolics had used in common with
27:Symbolics operating system based on Lisp
1258:
1165:Only one user can be logged in at once.
1012:Frame-Up, for designing user interfaces
645:. An open source version is available (
848:Genera has extensive debugging tools.
722:The user interface provides extensive
699:(X11) servers with color support. The
368:(AI) projects. The system had a large
2892:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1390:"The Symbolics Lisp Machine on Linux"
1071:Symbolics Statice, an object database
937:, and development tools, such as the
266:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
7:
3225:
772:The markup language is based on the
526:Symbolics developed a version named
3286:Integrated development environments
1323:"Presentation Based User Interface"
356:MIT's Lisp machine operating system
303:which runs on Tru64 UNIX on Alpha,
2909:University of California, Berkeley
2753:Scheme Requests for Implementation
1388:Wiegley, John (October 23, 2007).
1202:1991 – Genera 8.1, introduces CLIM
1199:1990 – Genera 8.0, introduces CLOS
925:, a version of Ada written in Lisp
841:Genera makes extensive use of the
383:means to boot the operating system
341:based on the programming language
250:integrated development environment
25:
3296:Object-oriented operating systems
2570:Knowledge Engineering Environment
1103:Knowledge Engineering Environment
1020:Other applications from Symbolics
939:Knowledge Engineering Environment
831:Genera provides a client for the
751:documentation. The documentation
623:presentation-based user interface
589:. Later Symbolics also supported
558:processors - additionally to the
3245:
3244:
3235:
3234:
3224:
3214:
3204:
1628:Object-oriented operating system
1415:Collison, Patrick (April 2008).
1045:Symbolics NS, a chip design tool
897:Symbolics Fortran, a version of
687:The user interface is mostly in
339:object-oriented operating system
39:
1482:A page of screenshots of Genera
883:Symbolics Pascal, a version of
372:screen, a mouse, a keyboard, a
1638:Supercomputer operating system
909:Other languages from Symbolics
1:
2679:Common Lisp Interface Manager
1464:"Symbolics Technical Summary"
1365:Palter, Gary (Feb 17, 2021).
669:). Commands are organized in
631:Common Lisp Interface Manager
467:free and open-source software
380:code for a frontend processor
289:Digital Equipment Corporation
2078:Automatic storage management
1613:Just enough operating system
1598:Distributed operating system
828:Genera supports netbooting.
3271:Common Lisp implementations
2327:Game Oriented Assembly Lisp
1726:User space and kernel space
1099:Illustrate, graphics editor
1042:, a computer algebra system
863:Symbolics provided several
517:system construction toolkit
350:object-oriented programming
337:Genera is an example of an
106:; 42 years ago
3312:
1633:Real-time operating system
1392:. Advogato. Archived from
1096:, 3d parametric CAD system
982:for browsing documentation
953:. Some of the activities:
890:Symbolics C, a version of
442:a mail program named Zmail
126:; 3 years ago
124:Portable Genera 2.0 / 2021
3202:
2928:
2156:Common Lisp Object System
2073:
2060:Lisp programming language
1829:Multilevel feedback queue
1824:Fixed-priority preemptive
1608:Hobbyist operating system
1603:Embedded operating system
1158:Genera's limits include:
941:(KEE) from IntelliCorp).
595:Common Lisp Object System
38:
2856:Bolt, Beranek and Newman
2786:Common Lisp the Language
1872:General protection fault
1623:Network operating system
1577:User features comparison
1076:Third-party applications
1063:digital image processing
819:Lisp Machine File System
611:graphical user interface
542:. The latest version is
413:(GUI) window system and
411:graphical user interface
1618:Mobile operating system
1000:Converse, a chat client
473:Genera operating system
366:artificial intelligence
2791:How to Design Programs
2630:Portable Standard Lisp
2276:Steel Bank Common Lisp
2241:Embeddable Common Lisp
2214:Armed Bear Common Lisp
2093:Higher-order functions
1721:Loadable kernel module
1214:1998 – Open Genera 2.0
813:Genera implements two
738:Genera supports fully
728:context sensitive help
538:for embedded uses, in
326:). It is released and
324:Apple Silicon M Series
260:. It is essentially a
177:Apple Silicon M Series
3100:Shriram Krishnamurthi
2802:Practical Common Lisp
2758:Common Lisp HyperSpec
2282:Symbolics Common Lisp
2258:Macintosh Common Lisp
1789:Process control block
1755:Computer multitasking
1593:Disk operating system
1276:10.1145/800083.802703
1031:Symbolics Joshua, an
867:for use with Genera:
865:programming languages
859:Programming languages
716:Dynamic Lisp Listener
643:Macintosh Common Lisp
322:on x86-64 and Arm64 (
3004:Robert Tappan Morris
2958:Robert Bruce Findler
2726:Space-cadet keyboard
2137:Tree data structures
2114:Read–eval–print loop
1960:Virtual tape library
1552:Forensic engineering
1067:Pixar Image Computer
332:proprietary software
3281:Computing platforms
2746:Technical standards
2209:Allegro Common Lisp
1969:Supporting concepts
1955:Virtual file system
1345:"Genera 7 Brochure"
1239:has been released.
1048:Symbolics Plexi, a
635:Allegro Common Lisp
436:-like Editor named
35:
3110:Gerald Jay Sussman
3095:Matthias Felleisen
3047:Richard P. Gabriel
2978:Richard Greenblatt
2953:Matthias Felleisen
2236:Corman Common Lisp
1892:Segmentation fault
1740:Process management
1367:"And there it is!"
1190:1984 – Release 5.0
1187:1983 – Release 4.0
1184:1982 – Release 210
803:garbage collection
706:Genera provides a
570:, additionally to
403:an object system:
393:garbage collection
279:, Inc. (LMI), and
3258:
3257:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3186:Robin Popplestone
3105:Guy L. Steele Jr.
3072:Guy L. Steele Jr.
2917:
2916:
2832:
2831:
2700:
2699:
2590:Lisp Machine Lisp
2500:
2499:
2427:
2426:
2175:
2174:
2026:
2025:
1882:Memory protection
1853:Memory management
1847:
1846:
1839:Shortest job next
1734:
1733:
1533:Operating systems
1469:"Genera Concepts"
1208:1993 – Genera 8.3
1205:1992 – Genera 8.2
1181:1982 – Release 78
1085:Ascent Technology
1061:Symbolics Scope,
980:Document Examiner
807:memory management
744:Document Examiner
579:Lisp Machine Lisp
362:Lisp Machine Lisp
281:Texas Instruments
236:
235:
16:(Redirected from
3303:
3248:
3247:
3238:
3237:
3228:
3227:
3218:
3208:
3207:
3052:Philip Greenspun
3024:Richard Stallman
2938:Daniel G. Bobrow
2926:
2841:
2776:
2743:
2665:Operating system
2436:
2195:
2186:
2071:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2030:
1981:Computer network
1745:
1653:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1503:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1447:Official website
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1419:. Archived from
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1396:on June 30, 2017
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1263:
1052:development tool
843:condition system
838:from Symbolics.
684:graphics model.
661:output recording
615:windowing system
493:layered software
425:support for the
295:processor using
246:operating system
232:
229:
223:Official website
203:Dynamic Windows
134:
132:
127:
114:
112:
107:
95:Source-available
43:
36:
30:Operating system
21:
18:Symbolics Genera
3311:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3190:
3167:
3163:Cynthia Solomon
3158:Mitchel Resnick
3119:
3081:
3028:
2982:Timothy P. Hart
2943:William Clinger
2933:Edmund Berkeley
2913:
2880:
2828:
2824:ProgramByDesign
2812:
2767:
2737:
2730:
2696:
2659:
2496:
2467:
2423:
2405:
2286:
2247:GNU Common Lisp
2230:CMU Common Lisp
2200:
2181:Implementations
2171:
2141:
2062:
2057:
2027:
2022:
1964:
1925:Defragmentation
1910:
1901:
1887:Protection ring
1856:
1843:
1815:
1808:
1730:
1704:
1642:
1581:
1535:
1530:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1426:
1424:
1417:"Lisp Machines"
1414:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1306:
1304:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1178:
1156:
1118:
1078:
1022:
947:
911:
861:
836:object database
785:
736:
697:X Window System
693:black-and-white
653:Dynamic Windows
619:Dynamic Windows
607:
544:Portable Genera
497:virtual machine
475:
445:a Lisp listener
429:(CHAOS) network
358:
301:Portable Genera
226:
198:
190:Object-oriented
175:
170:
165:
160:
130:
128:
125:
110:
108:
105:
101:Initial release
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3309:
3307:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3263:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3153:Seymour Papert
3150:
3145:
3143:Wally Feurzeig
3140:
3138:Denison Bollay
3135:
3129:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3077:Daniel Weinreb
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2948:R. Kent Dybvig
2945:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2851:Apple Computer
2847:
2845:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2740:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2710:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2676:
2669:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2477:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2433:
2432:Unstandardized
2429:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2368:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2353:MIT/GNU Scheme
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2192:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2152:
2150:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2088:Dynamic typing
2085:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2011:User interface
2008:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1935:File attribute
1932:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1897:Virtual memory
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1818:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1769:Context switch
1766:
1751:
1749:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
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1659:
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1644:
1643:
1641:
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1600:
1595:
1589:
1587:
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1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
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1559:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1461:
1440:
1439:External links
1437:
1434:
1433:
1407:
1380:
1357:
1336:
1325:. DSpace@MIT.
1313:
1289:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
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1191:
1188:
1185:
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1177:
1174:
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1169:
1166:
1163:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:neural network
1046:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
977:
974:
971:
968:
946:
943:
927:
926:
919:
910:
907:
903:
902:
895:
888:
881:
875:
860:
857:
784:
781:
735:
732:
678:mouse chording
674:command tables
627:user interface
606:
605:User interface
603:
480:developed new
474:
471:
453:
452:
446:
443:
440:
430:
423:
417:
415:window manager
407:
401:
398:
395:
390:
387:virtual memory
384:
381:
357:
354:
234:
233:
224:
220:
219:
214:
208:
207:
201:
199:user interface
193:
192:
187:
180:
179:
150:
146:
145:
142:
136:
135:
122:
116:
115:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
73:
69:
68:
63:
57:
56:
51:
45:
44:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3308:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3253:
3252:
3243:
3242:
3233:
3232:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3201:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3115:Julie Sussman
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3062:David A. Moon
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3042:Scott Fahlman
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3019:Steve Russell
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2999:John McCarthy
2997:
2995:
2994:David Luckham
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2963:Matthew Flatt
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2837:Organizations
2835:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2367:Pocket Scheme
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2124:S-expressions
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2108:M-expressions
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1877:Memory paging
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
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1811:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
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1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1716:Device driver
1714:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1657:Architectures
1654:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
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1553:
1550:
1548:
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1538:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1515:
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1508:
1507:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1423:on 2009-08-27
1422:
1418:
1411:
1408:
1395:
1391:
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1368:
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1358:
1353:
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1228:
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1189:
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1068:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1033:expert system
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1009:Notifications
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
967:
963:
959:
956:
955:
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952:
944:
942:
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936:
931:
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920:
917:
913:
912:
908:
906:
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896:
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889:
886:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
869:
868:
866:
858:
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854:
849:
846:
844:
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3009:Joel Moses
2990:Mike Levin
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2551:Franz Lisp
2541:Emacs Lisp
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2225:Clozure CL
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1547:Comparison
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1307:2018-12-01
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1142:A central
1116:Highlights
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1352:Bitsavers
1144:namespace
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639:LispWorks
560:DEC Alpha
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258:Symbolics
162:DEC Alpha
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72:OS family
54:Symbolics
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3251:Category
3241:Category
2844:Business
2706:Hardware
2655:Zetalisp
2640:S-1 Lisp
2625:Picolisp
2515:BBN LISP
2510:AutoLISP
2458:StarLogo
2419:OpenLisp
2375:features
2132:compiler
2067:Features
1996:Live USB
1858:resource
1748:Concepts
1586:Variants
1567:Timeline
1284:10081363
1249:exists.
1234:Apple M1
1176:Releases
1003:Terminal
994:Debugger
872:ZetaLisp
783:Features
753:database
666:commands
599:ZetaLisp
593:and the
556:Apple M1
450:debugger
427:Chaosnet
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2876:Xanalys
2797:On Lisp
2620:PC-LISP
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2555:PC-LISP
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