1211:) had invested heavily in AI solutions, severely damaged Symbolics. An internal war between Noftsker and the CEO the board had hired in 1986, Brian Sear, over whether to follow Sun's suggested lead and focus on selling their software, or to re-emphasize their superior hardware, and the ensuing lack of focus when both Noftsker and Sear were fired from the company caused sales to plummet. This, combined with some ill-advised real estate deals by company management during the boom years (they had entered into large long-term lease obligations in California), drove Symbolics into
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that base, Symbolics made extensive improvements to every part of the software, and continued to deliver almost all the source code to their customers (including MIT). However, the policy prohibited MIT staff from distributing the
Symbolics version of the software to others. With the end of open collaboration came the end of the MIT hacker community. As a reaction to this, Stallman initiated the
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1401:(DNS), but more comprehensive, like parts of Xerox's Grapevine), automatically select the best protocol combination to use when connecting to network service. An application program (or a user command) would only specify the name of the host and the desired service. For example, a host name and a request for "Terminal Connection" might yield a connection over TCP/IP using the
499:, Symbolics engaged in a business tactic in which it forced MIT to make all Symbolics' copyrighted fixes and improvements to the Lisp Machine OS available only to Symbolics (and MIT but not to Symbolics competitors), and thereby choke off its competitor LMI, which at that time had insufficient resources to independently maintain or develop the OS and environment.
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849:(AI) research and commercial applications throughout the 1980s. The AI commercialization boom of the 1980s led directly to Symbolics' success during the decade. Symbolics computers were widely believed to be the best platform available for developing AI software. The LM-2 used a Symbolics-branded version of the complex
1013:, on 1.25 μm and 1 μm CMOS processes. The Ivory had a stack architecture and operated a 4-stage pipeline: Fetch, Decode, Execute and Write Back. Ivory processors were marketed in stand-alone Lisp Machines (the XL400, XL1200, and XL1201), headless Lisp Machines (NXP1000), and on add-in cards for
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reflected the growth of programs and data as semiconductor memory and disk space became cheaper. The Ivory processor had 8 bits of ECC attached to each word, so each word fetched from external memory to the chip was actually 48 bits wide. Each Ivory instruction was 18 bits wide and two instructions
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In the late 1980s (2 years later than planned), the Ivory family of single-chip Lisp
Machine processors superseded the G-Machine 3650, 3620, and 3630 systems. The Ivory 390k transistor VLSI implementation designed in Symbolics Common Lisp using NS, a custom Symbolics Hardware Design Language (HDL),
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Symbolics felt that they no longer had sufficient control over their product. At that point, Symbolics began using their own copy of the software, located on their company servers, while
Stallman says that Symbolics did that to prevent its Lisp improvements from flowing to Lisp Machines, Inc. From
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Symbolics continued as an enterprise with very limited revenues, supported mainly by service contracts on the remaining MacIvory, UX-1200, UX-1201, and other machines still used by commercial customers. Symbolics also sold
Virtual Lisp Machine (VLM) software for DEC, Compaq, and HP Alpha-based
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In 1983, a year later than planned, Symbolics introduced the 3600 family of Lisp machines. Code-named the "L-machine" internally, the 3600 family was an innovative new design, inspired by the CADR architecture but sharing few of its implementation details. The main processor had a
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Later versions of the 3600 architecture were implemented on custom integrated circuits, reducing the five cards of the original processor design to two, at a large manufacturing cost savings and with performance slightly better than the old design. The 3650, first of the
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1255:, maintenance facility. The reclusive owner of the company, Andrew Topping, died that same year. The current legal status of Symbolics software is uncertain. An assortment of Symbolics hardware was still available for purchase as of August 2007. In 2011, the
940:, another MIT spinoff based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Connection Machine ran a parallel variant of Lisp and, initially, was used primarily by the AI community, so the Symbolics Lisp machine was a particularly good fit as a front-end machine.
723:, as they were known within the company, was housed in a cabinet derived from the 3640s. Denser memory and smaller disk drives enabled the introduction of the 3620, about the size of a modern full-size tower PC. The 3630 was a
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with room for more memory and video interface cards. The 3610 was a lower priced variant of the 3620, essentially identical in every way except that it was licensed for application deployment rather than general development.
876:, California, near to the major Hollywood movie and television studios, made its S-Render and S-Paint software into industry leaders in the animation business and its 24 fps lock displays were featured in Star Trek movies.
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Under contract from AT&T, Symbolics developed Minima, a real-time Lisp run-time environment and operating system for the Ivory processor. This was delivered in a small hardware configuration featuring much
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Baker, Clark; Chan, David; Cherry, Jim; Corry, Alan; Efland, Greg; Edwards, Bruce; Matson, Mark; Minsky, Henry; Nestler, Eric; Reti, Kalman; Sarrazin, David; Sommer, Charles; Tan, David; Weste, Neil (1987).
1021:(MacIvory I, II, III) computers. The Lisp Machines with Ivory processors operated at speeds that were between two and six times faster than a 3600 depending on the model and the revision of the Ivory chip.
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Symbolics' Graphics
Division was sold to Nichimen Trading Company in the early 1990s, and the S-Graphics software suite (S-Paint, S-Geometry, S-Dynamics, S-Render) ported to Franz Allegro Common Lisp on
1429:, was developed for the Symbolics Lisp Machine in 1983. Electronic CAD software on the Symbolics Lisp Machine was used to develop the first implementation of the Hewlett-Packard Precision Architecture (
1173:(RISC), that was to be released shortly after the Ivory. It was designed by Ron Lebel's group at the Symbolics Westwood office. However, the project was canceled the day it was supposed to tape out.
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plus a 2-bit CDR code and 2-bit Data Type were in each instruction word fetched from memory. Fetching two instruction words at a time from memory enhanced the Ivory's performance. Unlike the 3600's
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The
Symbolics Graphics Division (SGD, founded in 1982, sold to Nichimen Graphics in 1992) developed the S-Graphics software suite (S-Paint, S-Geometry, S-Dynamics, S-Render) for Symbolics Genera.
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prototype cards to fit without interference) and partly due to the size of disk drive technology in the early 1980s. At the 3600's introduction, the smallest disk that could support the
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1413:, NFILE (the Symbolics network file access protocol), or one of several others, and it might execute the request over TCP/IP, Chaosnet, or whatever other network was most suitable.
377:. Symbolics also made significant advances in software technology, and offered one of the premier software development environments of the 1980s and 1990s, now sold commercially as
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The Lisp
Machine system software was then copyrighted by MIT, and was licensed to both Symbolics and LMI. Until 1981, Symbolics shared all its copyrighted enhancements to the
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architecture, the Ivory instruction set was still microcoded, but was stored in a 1200 × 180-bit ROM inside the Ivory chip. The initial Ivory processors were fabricated by
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designed to support the execution of Lisp programs: the
Symbolics Ivory. Symbolics also used its own CAD system (NS, New Schematic) for the development of the Ivory chip.
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697:). The 3670 and 3675 were slightly shorter in height, but were essentially the same machine packed a little tighter. The advent of 8 inches (200 mm), and later
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1514:, Scott McKay, Sonya Keene, and others made significant contributions to the emerging Common Lisp language standard from the mid-1980s through the release of the
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system originally used for the
Symbolics manuals- it was based on Zmacs following a design by Janet Walker, and proved influential in the evolution of hypertext.
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severely diminished the commercial advantages of purpose-built Lisp machines. By 1995, the Lisp machine era had ended, and with it
Symbolics' hopes for success.
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Proceedings of the 2nd Annual ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on User interface Software and Technology (Williamsburg, Virginia, United States, November 13–15, 1989)
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addressed a 40-bit word (8 bits tag, 32 bits data/address). Since it only addressed full words and not bytes or half-words, this allowed addressing of 4
883:(HDTV) quality video, which enjoyed a popular following in Japan. A 3600, with the standard black-and-white monitor, made a cameo appearance in the movie
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Conference Proceedings on Object-Oriented Programming Systems, Languages and Applications (Portland, Oregon, United States, September 29–October 2, 1986)
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592:(divided up as 4 or 8 bits of tags, and 32 bits of data or 28 bits of memory address). Memory words were 44 bits, the additional 8 bits being used for
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Symbolics' research and development staff (first at MIT, and then later at the company) produced several major innovations in software technology:
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The 3600 was roughly the size of a household refrigerator. This was partly due to the size of the processor (the cards were widely spaced to allow
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varied depending on which instruction was being executed, but was typically around 5 MHz. Many Lisp primitives could be executed in a single
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1594:. CLIM is a descendant of Dynamic Windows, Symbolics' own window system. CLIM was the result of the collaboration of several Lisp companies.
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made heavy use of Flavors objects. The experience gained with Flavors led to the design of New Flavors, a short-lived successor based on
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protocol (although there were many other possibilities). Likewise, requesting a file operation (such as a Copy File command) might pick
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1548:(RAM), no disk, and dual network ports. It was used as the basis for a next-generation carrier class long-distance telephone switch.
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used in Zmacs, notably Control/Meta/Super/Hyper in a block, but did not feature the complex symbol set of the space-cadet keyboard.
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Incorporated April 9, 1980, in Delaware by Robert P. Adams, President; Russell Noftsker, Secretary, and Andrew Egendorf, attorney.
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Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Hawaii international Conference on Software Track (Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, United States)
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color video interfaces, combined with extremely powerful animation software. Symbolics' Graphics Division, headquartered in
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Walker, J. H.; Moon, D. A.; Weinreb, D. L.; McMahon, M. (November 1987). "The Symbolics Genera Programming Environment".
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Proceedings of the 12th annual international symposium on Computer architecture, June 17–19, 1985, Boston, Massachusetts
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This software was also used to create a few computer-animated movies and was used for some popular movies.
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Proceedings of the 1984 ACM Symposium on LISP and functional programming, August 6–8, 1984, Austin, Texas
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1569:", produced by the Graphics Division. Reynolds went on to win the Scientific And Engineering Award from
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led to the introduction of the 3640 and 3645, which were roughly the size of a two-drawer file cabinet.
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computer-aided engineering system. One of the first networked multi-player video games, a version of
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by Izware LLC, and continues to be used in major motion pictures (most famously in New Line Cinema's
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Genera also featured the most extensive networking interoperability software seen to that point. A
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Symbolics' initial product, the LM-2, introduced in 1981, was a repackaged version of the MIT CADR
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manufacturer that acquired the assets of the former company and continues to sell and maintain the
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McKay, S.; York, W.; McMahon, M. (1989). "A presentation manager based on application semantics".
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Walker, J. H. (1988). "Supporting document development with concordia". In Shriver, B.D. (ed.).
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1984, graphics for the little screens on the bridges of the Enterprise and the Klingon ship in
326:-domain in the world. In August 2009, it was sold to napkin.com (formerly XF.com) Investments.
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As quickly as the commercial AI boom of the mid-1980s had propelled Symbolics to success, the
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1259:(US DoD) awarded Symbolics a 5 year contract for maintenance work, ending in September 2016.
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Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Hypertext (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States)
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Moon, David A. (1986). "Object-oriented programming with Flavors". In N. Meyrowitz (ed.).
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The Symbolic Ivory Processor: A VLSI CPU for the Genera Symbolic Processing Environment
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Walker, J. H. (1987). "Document Examiner: delivery interface for hypertext documents".
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and software development environment, over 500,000 lines, was written in Lisp from the
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2443:(including a demo of Brad Parker's emulator port) – The Last Symbolics Developer, at
1885:(including a demo of Brad Parker's emulator port) – The Last Symbolics Developer, at
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around 1984. The system included several advanced dialects of Lisp. Its heritage was
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Edwards, Bruce; Efland, Greg; Weste, Neil. "The Symbolics I-Machine Architecture".
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and software development environment from the XL machines, is sold as Open Genera.
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design like the CADR, and was built on several large circuit boards from standard
2106:"The Symbolics Ivory Processor: A 40 Bit Tagged Architecture Lisp Microprocessor"
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had been invented for the Lisp Machine (predating the commercial availability of
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1903:"Boston Lisp Meeting Thursday 2012-06-28 Kalman Reti on Symbolics Lisp Machines"
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at MIT. Symbolics used the name ZetaLisp. Symbolics later wrote new software in
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For a long time, the operating system didn't have a name, but was finally named
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software was 14 inches (360 mm) wide (most 3600s shipped with the 10½-inch
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1986:"War of the workstations: How the lowest bidders shaped today's tech landscape"
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the first (and currently, since it is still registered, the oldest) registered
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devised an algorithm that simulated the flocking behavior of birds in flight.
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The most popular application program for the Symbolics Lisp Machine was the
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414:, Inc., although Symbolics attracted most of the hackers, and more funding.
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Lisp machines timeline – A timeline of Symbolics' and others' Lisp machines
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Archives from the Symbolics Lisp Users Group (SLUG) Mailing List, 1990-1999
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Archives from the Symbolics Lisp Users Group (SLUG) Mailing List, 1986-1993
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1372:). The Symbolics system supported Chaosnet, but also had one of the first
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on the PDP-10, but it included more data types, and multiple-inheritance
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Symbolics' 3600-series computers were also used as the first front end
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of the late 1980s and early 1990s, combined with the slowdown of the
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1929:"Kalman Reti, the Last Symbolics Developer, Speaks of Lisp Machines"
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Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Design
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and Lisp run-time environment. Hardware support was provided for
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1352:. The symbolics.com domain was purchased by Napkin.com in 2009.
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It's all about domains with... Aron Meystedt from symbolics.com
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Symbolics was very active in the design and development of the
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1476:. Many of the concepts in New Flavors formed the basis of the
889:. The company was also referenced in Michael Crichton's novel
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inches (130 mm), disk drives that could hold hundreds of
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for the purpose of manufacturing Lisp machines. The other was
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2289:. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society. pp. 355–364.
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Noftsker took over as President one year after incorporation.
2164:
Moon, David A. "Garbage collection in a large LISP system".
1772:"25 Years Later, First Registered Domain Name Changes Hands"
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Also contributing to the 3600 series' success was a line of
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MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
1744:"Symbolics.com WHOIS, DNS, & Domain Info – DomainTools"
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network protocols. A Dialnet protocol used phone lines and
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Symbolics developed the first workstations able to process
2276:
Shrobe, H. E. (1988). "Symbolic computing architectures".
1525:, Statice, in 1989. Its developers later went on to found
2424:"Symbolics announces the first true Single-Chip Lisp CPU"
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Moon, David A. (January 1987). "Symbolics Architecture".
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Symbolics introduced in 1987 one of the first commercial
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393:. The Lisp Machine was the first commercially available
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at a meeting of the Boston Lisp group, 28 June 2012 @
2280:. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 545–617.
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at a meeting of the Boston Lisp group, 28 June 2012 @
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The various models of the 3600 family were popular for
1812:"My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs"
1248:), refurbished MacIvory IIs, and Symbolics keyboards.
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technology, and the economics of manufacturing custom
624:, which was common for machines in its class, and for
2262:. Hypertext '87. New York, NY: ACM. pp. 307–323.
2173:
Moon, David A. "Architecture of the Symbolics 3600".
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Symbolics produced the first workstation which could
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and others, particularly the first commercial use of
448:, was implemented in a text-processing package named
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IEEE International Conference on Computer Design '87
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with MIT and kept it on an MIT server. According to
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2426:– Symbolics press release announcing the Ivory chip
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1005:CMOS process, with later generations fabricated by
515:would ensure that a hacker's software could remain
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66:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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338:A view of running processes in a Symbolics machine
16:Defunct American computer manufacturer (1980–1996)
3741:Defunct computer companies based in Massachusetts
3242:Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs
1521:Symbolics introduced one of the first commercial
1388:. Genera would, using hints from its distributed
2271:. Symbolics Cambridge Center, VLSI System Group.
678:interface was standard equipment, replacing the
366:. Symbolics designed and manufactured a line of
3761:Defunct software companies of the United States
3746:Defunct computer companies of the United States
2410:– Web copy of Symbolic's introduction to Genera
1571:The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
3771:Lisp (programming language) software companies
2306:. UIST '89. New York, NY: ACM. pp. 141–8.
2186:. OOPLSA '86. New York, NY: ACM. pp. 1–8.
1464:and several other enhancements. The Symbolics
399:, although that word had not yet been coined.
2479:
2419:A collection of press releases from Symbolics
936:massively parallel computers manufactured by
924:3600 ports, with Connection Machine interface
507:project to make a new community. Eventually,
370:, single-user computers optimized to run the
8:
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362:). Its first CEO, chairman, and founder was
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3339:Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
2124:"The Computer Graphics Essential Reference"
861:. The Symbolics keyboard featured the many
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2313:"CLIM: the Common Lisp interface manager"
1859:"Symbolics 3600 Symbol Processing System"
1838:"Symbolics LM-2 Symbol Processing System"
1205:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
1153:architecture. The "Virtual Lisp Machine"
126:Learn how and when to remove this message
2267:Efland, G.; et al. (January 1988).
2061:"Definitive Contract PIID W91WAW11C0055"
1344:On March 15, 1985, symbolics.com became
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3711:1996 disestablishments in Massachusetts
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1641:Stanley and Stella in: Breaking the Ice
1567:Stanley and Stella in: Breaking the Ice
955:features. This Lisp dialect was called
322:on March 15, 1985, making it the first
3781:Software companies established in 1980
3726:Computer companies established in 1980
3716:American companies established in 1980
1169:Sunstone was a processor similar to a
436:The software bundle was later renamed
3327:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1810:Stallman, Richard (28 October 2002).
1516:American National Standards Institute
1480:(Common Lisp Object System) standard.
7:
3706:1980 establishments in Massachusetts
3660:
1660:The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera
1518:(ANSI) Common Lisp standard in 1994.
64:adding citations to reliable sources
3751:Defunct computer hardware companies
1683:1993, 3D animation of the Orca for
1625:Star Trek III: The Search for Spock
1376:implementations. It also supported
1257:United States Department of Defense
1251:In July 2005, Symbolics closed its
1145:was later emulated in software for
354:, with manufacturing facilities in
3756:Defunct computer systems companies
3344:University of California, Berkeley
3188:Scheme Requests for Implementation
2441:History of Symbolics Lisp machines
1965:from the original on 22 April 2021
1883:History of Symbolics Lisp machines
1678:An American Tail: Fievel Goes West
631:The original 3600 processor was a
616:and time-critical routines of the
14:
3005:Knowledge Engineering Environment
2278:Exploring Artificial intelligence
1984:Proven, Liam (25 December 2023).
1770:Wauters, Robin (27 August 2009).
1646:1989, Symbolics, The Little Death
1437:Contributions to computer science
468:and puns on the German words for
402:Symbolics was a spinoff from the
3680:
3679:
3670:
3669:
3659:
3649:
3639:
1935:from the original on 29 May 2023
1672:1991, Symbolics, Virtually Yours
1592:User Interface Management System
1171:reduced instruction set computer
1113:Nubus Board for Apple Macintosh
1069:Nubus Board for Apple Macintosh
1047:Nubus Board for Apple Macintosh
984:(GB) of memory; the increase in
289:, was a privately held American
40:
2373: (archived August 29, 2009)
1561:made their first appearance at
903:(SGI) and PC computers running
51:needs additional citations for
1456:object system patterned after
346:manufacturer headquartered in
156:Privately-held Symbolics, Inc.
1:
3114:Common Lisp Interface Manager
2402:Symbolics Lisp Machine Museum
1711:Symbolics Lisp Machine Museum
1669:, presented at SIGGRAPH 1991
1588:Common Lisp Interface Manager
938:Thinking Machines Corporation
318:The symbolics.com domain was
2513:Automatic storage management
2311:McKay, S. (September 1991).
2086:"100 oldest dot com domains"
1707:"Symbolics Bancruptcy Filed"
1565:in the 1987 animated short "
1193:Strategic Defense Initiative
1124:Compact Workstation, VMEBus
612:; the rest were used by the
27:, or the religious study of
3766:Lisp (programming language)
2762:Game Oriented Assembly Lisp
2011:"MIT CADR Lisp Machine FAQ"
1606:Symbolics Graphics Division
1590:(CLIM) presentation-based
1578:Symbolics Document Examiner
1450:object-oriented programming
953:object-oriented programming
3802:
2456:– The story of the domain
1818:. Free Software Foundation
1452:extensions to Lisp, was a
881:high-definition television
572:Symbolics 3600 Front Panel
513:GNU General Public License
444:text editor, a variant of
18:
3637:
3363:
2591:Common Lisp Object System
2508:
2495:Lisp programming language
1128:
1117:
1106:
1095:
1084:
1073:
1062:
1051:
1040:
1035:
1032:
1029:
824:
813:
802:
791:
780:
769:
758:
747:
742:
739:
736:
143:
3291:Bolt, Beranek and Newman
3221:Common Lisp the Language
2460:and how it is used today
2295:10.1109/HICSS.1988.11825
1733:, Sales by David Schmidt
1675:1991, 3D animations for
1657:1990, 3D animations for
1649:1990, 3D animations for
1630:1985, 3D animations for
1551:The Graphics Division's
1149:implementing the 64-bit
348:Cambridge, Massachusetts
19:Not to be confused with
2205:10.1109/MC.1987.1663356
1497:generational scavenging
1203:program, for which the
847:artificial intelligence
682:interface of the LM-2.
644:Central processing unit
454:Zwei was Eine initially
358:(a suburban section of
305:computer algebra system
3226:How to Design Programs
3065:Portable Standard Lisp
2711:Steel Bank Common Lisp
2676:Embeddable Common Lisp
2649:Armed Bear Common Lisp
2528:Higher-order functions
2234:10.1109/MS.1987.232087
1448:, one of the earliest
1350:domain of the Internet
1322:; 39 years ago
1253:Chatsworth, California
925:
907:. Today it is sold as
842:
581:
573:
565:
521:free software movement
356:Chatsworth, California
352:Concord, Massachusetts
342:Symbolics, Inc. was a
339:
315:
283:
166:; 44 years ago
3776:Macintosh peripherals
3736:Computer workstations
3535:Shriram Krishnamurthi
3237:Practical Common Lisp
3193:Common Lisp HyperSpec
2717:Symbolics Common Lisp
2693:Macintosh Common Lisp
2414:screenshots of Genera
2404:@ ifis.uni-luebeck.de
2367:www.symbolics-dks.com
2330:10.1145/114669.114675
1397:(somewhat similar to
1215:. Rapid evolution in
1102:VMEBus Board for Sun
1080:VMEBus Board for Sun
971:Ivory and Open Genera
963:, its version of the
961:Symbolics Common Lisp
923:
914:The Lord of the Rings
874:Westwood, Los Angeles
840:
658:(I/O) was handled by
594:error-correcting code
579:
571:
563:
460:being an acronym for
337:
320:originally registered
313:
281:
233:, Massachusetts, U.S.
204:May 7, 1996
3439:Robert Tappan Morris
3393:Robert Bruce Findler
3161:Space-cadet keyboard
2572:Tree data structures
2549:Read–eval–print loop
2396:The Symbolics Museum
1931:. 5 September 2012.
1546:random-access memory
1462:multiple inheritance
1417:Application programs
1228:), advances in Lisp
1157:, combined with the
1091:Workstation, VMEBus
1058:Workstation, VMEBus
1017:(UX400, UX1200) and
999:San Jose, California
851:space-cadet keyboard
628:, which was unique.
372:programming language
60:improve this article
3181:Technical standards
2644:Allegro Common Lisp
2168:. pp. 235–246.
2142:"Ductile Flow 1991"
2065:www.usaspending.gov
1955:"The Tuesday Group"
1527:Object Design, Inc.
1502:Symbolics staffers
1335:Current status
1320:March 15, 1985
1269:
1195:, popularly termed
1026:
995:VLSI Technology Inc
870:bit-mapped graphics
733:
672:front-end processor
640:integrated circuits
608:for the top of the
528:
429:up, based on MIT's
140:
3545:Gerald Jay Sussman
3530:Matthias Felleisen
3482:Richard P. Gabriel
3413:Richard Greenblatt
3388:Matthias Felleisen
2671:Corman Common Lisp
1652:Jetsons: The Movie
1485:garbage collection
1399:Domain Name System
1362:local area network
1294:XF.com Investments
1024:
934:Connection Machine
932:computers for the
926:
857:Symbolics keyboard
843:
841:Symbolics Keyboard
731:
626:garbage collection
582:
574:
566:
526:
466:recursive acronyms
340:
316:
284:
164:April 9, 1980
3693:
3692:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3621:Robin Popplestone
3540:Guy L. Steele Jr.
3507:Guy L. Steele Jr.
3352:
3351:
3267:
3266:
3135:
3134:
3025:Lisp Machine Lisp
2935:
2934:
2862:
2861:
2610:
2609:
2408:"Genera Concepts"
2177:. pp. 76–83.
2148:. 5 October 2015.
2112:. pp. 512–4.
1665:1991, Symbolics,
1638:1987, Symbolics,
1510:, Neal Feinberg,
1470:generic functions
1342:
1341:
1283:Available in
1263:First .com domain
1191:administration's
1139:
1138:
1135:Headless Machine
1011:Corvallis, Oregon
957:Lisp Machine Lisp
835:
834:
553:
552:
462:Eine Is Not Emacs
452:, an acronym for
431:Lisp Machine Lisp
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3459:Richard Stallman
3373:Daniel G. Bobrow
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3100:Operating system
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1015:Sun Microsystems
901:Silicon Graphics
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580:Symbolics Boards
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497:Richard Stallman
423:operating system
364:Russell Noftsker
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3593:Mitchel Resnick
3554:
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3417:Timothy P. Hart
3378:William Clinger
3368:Edmund Berkeley
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3315:
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3259:ProgramByDesign
3247:
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3094:
2931:
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2858:
2840:
2721:
2682:GNU Common Lisp
2665:CMU Common Lisp
2635:
2616:Implementations
2606:
2576:
2497:
2492:
2400:Ralf Möller's
2371:Wayback Machine
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2157:Further reading
2154:
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2146:www.youtube.com
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1265:
1244:) and servers (
1234:microprocessors
1201:missile defense
1179:
1167:
1147:microprocessors
1143:instruction set
1025:Ivory machines
1019:Apple Macintosh
1007:Hewlett-Packard
991:microprogrammed
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668:68000 processor
633:microprogrammed
598:instruction set
558:
556:The 3600 series
387:Hewlett-Packard
350:, and later in
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300:system and the
287:Symbolics, Inc.
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3573:Denison Bollay
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517:free software
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412:Lisp Machines
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77: –
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71:Find sources:
65:
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49:This article
47:
43:
38:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3684:
3674:
3664:
3654:
3644:
3616:Rod Burstall
3583:Brian Harvey
3305:
3149:Lisp machine
3106:
2967:
2734:
2625:Standardized
2564:Self-hosting
2545:(deprecated)
2533:Linked lists
2518:Conditionals
2457:
2320:
2316:
2303:
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2250:
2228:(6): 36–45.
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2199:(1): 43–52.
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2109:
2098:
2090:Jottings.com
2089:
2080:
2068:. Retrieved
2064:
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2039:
2030:
2018:. Retrieved
2015:Unlambda.com
2014:
2005:
1993:. Retrieved
1990:The Register
1989:
1979:
1967:. Retrieved
1958:
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1906:
1897:
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1844:
1832:
1820:. Retrieved
1815:
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1775:. Retrieved
1765:
1753:. Retrieved
1747:
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1726:
1714:. Retrieved
1710:
1701:
1684:
1676:
1667:Ductile Flow
1666:
1658:
1650:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1617:
1609:
1556:
1483:Advances in
1472:rather than
1440:
1420:
1389:
1359:
1343:
1274:Type of site
1250:
1242:AlphaStation
1238:
1223:
1204:
1196:
1182:
1180:
1168:
1140:
1063:MacIvory II
1036:Description
974:
960:
944:
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929:
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912:
897:
891:
884:
878:
867:
854:
844:
831:Workstation
820:Workstation
809:Workstation
798:Workstation
787:Workstation
776:Workstation
765:Workstation
754:Workstation
743:Description
724:
720:
717:
684:
671:
670:(termed the
660:multitasking
656:input/output
630:
583:
538:Description
501:
490:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
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457:
453:
449:
435:
421:design. The
419:Lisp machine
416:
401:
394:
341:
317:
286:
285:
249:Workstations
122:
113:
103:
96:
89:
82:
70:
58:Please help
53:verification
50:
33:
3568:Hal Abelson
3502:Kent Pitman
3469:Common Lisp
3421:Louis Hodes
3408:Paul Graham
3403:Phyllis Fox
3173:of practice
3154:TI Explorer
2747:Chez Scheme
2597:CommonLoops
2437:Kalman Reti
2323:(9): 58–9.
2036:"Symbolics"
1907:LiveJournal
1879:Kalman Reti
1816:GNU Project
1633:Real Genius
1531:ObjectStore
1529:and create
1512:Kent Pitman
1504:Dan Weinreb
1489:Henry Baker
1460:, but with
1246:AlphaServer
1217:mass market
1041:MacIvory I
980:(GW) or 16
965:Common Lisp
886:Real Genius
652:clock cycle
648:clock speed
596:(ECC). The
493:source code
464:. Both are
396:workstation
379:Open Genera
360:Los Angeles
295:Open Genera
116:August 2014
75:"Symbolics"
3700:Categories
3449:David Park
3444:Joel Moses
3425:Mike Levin
3301:Lucid Inc.
3252:Curriculum
3085:Spice Lisp
2986:Franz Lisp
2976:Emacs Lisp
2836:TinyScheme
2660:Clozure CL
1959:ai.mit.edu
1693:References
1686:Free Willy
1380:and IBM's
1356:Networking
1327:1985-03-15
1309:Commercial
1278:Commercial
1213:bankruptcy
1141:The Ivory
967:standard.
930:controller
905:Windows NT
721:G machines
404:MIT AI Lab
383:Tru64 UNIX
208:1996-05-07
171:1980-04-09
86:newspapers
3491:10th rule
3320:Education
3306:Symbolics
3296:Harlequin
3207:Education
3171:Community
3000:Interlisp
2816:Scheme 48
2793:MultiLisp
2768:GNU Guile
2688:LispWorks
2554:Recursion
2439: :
2317:Comm. ACM
1881: :
1866:Bitsavers
1845:Bitsavers
1731:Symbolics
1581:hypertext
1458:Smalltalk
1391:namespace
1197:Star Wars
1184:AI Winter
1001:, on a 2
982:gigabytes
978:Gigawords
713:megabytes
687:wire-wrap
666:level. A
664:microcode
614:microcode
427:microcode
177:Cambridge
153:Successor
29:Symbolics
25:Symbolism
3686:Category
3676:Category
3279:Business
3141:Hardware
3090:Zetalisp
3075:S-1 Lisp
3060:Picolisp
2950:BBN LISP
2945:AutoLISP
2893:StarLogo
2854:OpenLisp
2810:features
2567:compiler
2502:Features
2339:30569359
2213:14958379
2193:Computer
1963:Archived
1933:Archived
1573:in 1998.
1563:SIGGRAPH
1427:Spacewar
1395:database
1370:Ethernet
1366:Chaosnet
1317:Launched
1230:compiler
1165:Sunstone
1155:emulator
1129:NXP1000
725:fat 3620
691:ZetaLisp
680:Chaosnet
676:Ethernet
511:and the
509:Copyleft
438:ZetaLisp
344:computer
291:computer
256:Services
241:Products
224:Location
3666:Commons
3335:(CSAIL)
3311:Xanalys
3232:On Lisp
3055:PC-LISP
3045:newLISP
3030:Maclisp
2990:PC-LISP
2969:history
2955:Clojure
2918:(POP-1)
2898:UCBLogo
2888:NetLogo
2883:MSWLogo
2778:JScheme
2752:Chicken
2736:History
2667:(CMUCL)
2602:Flavors
2584:systems
2449:YouTube
2369:at the
2242:1923776
1891:YouTube
1599:genlock
1446:Flavors
1431:PA-RISC
1325: (
1286:English
1177:Endgame
1118:XL1201
1096:UX1200
1085:XL1200
949:Maclisp
706:⁄
662:at the
654:. Disk
456:, with
408:hackers
385:on the
330:History
302:Macsyma
261:Website
253:Storage
245:Servers
231:Concord
206: (
201:Defunct
191:Founder
169: (
161:Founded
100:scholar
21:Symbols
3522:Scheme
3357:People
3244:(SICP)
3228:(HTDP)
3123:Genera
3118:McCLIM
3015:LeLisp
2981:EuLisp
2927:POP-11
2916:COWSEL
2846:ISLISP
2806:Racket
2773:Ikarus
2764:(GOAL)
2757:Gambit
2742:Bigloo
2727:Scheme
2713:(SBCL)
2706:Poplog
2702:Movitz
2651:(ABCL)
2634:Common
2593:(CLOS)
2582:Object
2538:Macros
2337:
2240:
2211:
2070:27 May
2045:27 May
2020:27 May
1995:27 May
1969:27 May
1939:27 May
1913:27 May
1822:27 May
1777:27 May
1755:27 May
1716:27 May
1614:Movies
1403:Telnet
1386:modems
1378:DECnet
1374:TCP/IP
1338:Active
1074:UX400
1052:XL400
1030:Model
945:Genera
737:Model
646:(CPU)
480:) and
219:Public
102:
95:
88:
81:
73:
3656:Books
3329:(MIT)
3214:Books
3198:X3J13
3080:SKILL
3040:MLisp
3010:*Lisp
2964:Apple
2960:Dylan
2922:POP-2
2684:(GCL)
2678:(ECL)
2655:CLISP
2335:S2CID
2238:S2CID
2209:S2CID
1862:(PDF)
1841:(PDF)
1749:WHOIS
1558:Boids
1291:Owner
1209:DARPA
1151:Alpha
1033:Year
909:Mirai
825:3650
814:3620
803:3610
792:3645
781:3675
770:3640
759:3670
748:3600
740:Year
606:cache
532:Model
446:Emacs
442:Zmacs
391:Alpha
389:(HP)
107:JSTOR
93:books
23:, or
3646:List
3560:Logo
3128:Scsh
3108:List
2875:Logo
2826:SIOD
2798:Pico
2783:Kawa
2698:Mocl
2636:Lisp
2072:2024
2047:2024
2022:2024
1997:2024
1971:2024
1941:2024
1915:2024
1824:2024
1779:2024
1757:2024
1718:2024
1576:The
1478:CLOS
1423:ICAD
1348:.com
1132:1992
1121:1992
1110:1991
1099:1990
1088:1990
1077:1989
1066:1989
1055:1988
1044:1988
828:1986
817:1986
806:1986
795:1985
784:1985
773:1984
762:1984
751:1983
590:word
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