1024:, and settled many points which had previously been the subject of conjecture. He proved that the mechanism of the trap was purely mechanical by both killing the trigger hairs with iodine and subsequently showing that the response was unaffected, and by demonstrating that the trap could be made ready to spring a second (or third) time immediately after being set off if the bladder's excretion of water were helped by a gentle squeeze; in other words, the delay of at least fifteen minutes between trap springings is due solely to the time needed to excrete water, and the triggers need no time to recover irritability (unlike the reactive trigger hairs of
1114:. The upper and lower faces of the leaf are differentially associated with genetic markers. The marker UgPHV1 is associated with the upper leaf face. Trap primordia become spherical in shape, due to growth in both the longitudinal and transverse directions, when UgPHV1 / PHAVOLUTA (PHV) is restricted. Expression of UgPHV1 inhibits trap development and leads to the formation of leaflets. The same model can be used to describe shape development of other leaf shapes, including the pitcher-shaped
307:. Despite their small size, the traps are extremely sophisticated. In the active traps of the aquatic species, prey brush against trigger hairs connected to the trapdoor. The bladder, when "set", is under negative pressure in relation to its environment so that when the trapdoor is mechanically triggered, the prey, along with the water surrounding it, is sucked into the bladder. Once the bladder is full of water, the door closes again, the whole process taking only ten to fifteen milliseconds.
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767:
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33:
60:
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1172:(ROS)-detox. ROS is a product of cellular metabolism that can potentially cause cellular damage when accumulated in high amounts. They determined the expression of DNA repair and ROS detox was ubiquitous rather than trap-specific. Due to this ubiquitous expression, relative ROS detoxification is expected to be lower in trap structures due to the high respiratory rate caused by trap activations, eventually leading to higher toxic effects and
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847:. In fact, these bristles are simply levers. The suction force exerted by the primed bladder on the door is resisted by the adhesion of its flexible bottom against the soft-sealing velum. The equilibrium depends quite literally on a hair trigger, and the slightest touch to one of the lever hairs will deform the flexible door lip enough to create a tiny gap, breaking the seal.
3003:
1077:
prove too large for the mouth of the trap and would remain outside, plugging the door. When this happened, the trap evidently formed an effective seal with the head of the larva as it could still excrete water and become flattened, but it would nevertheless die within about ten days "evidently due to overfeeding".
431:. They can range in size from 0.2 to 10 cm (0.08 to 4 in) wide, and have two asymmetric labiate (unequal, lip-like) petals, the lower usually significantly larger than the upper. They can be of any colour, or of many colours, and are similar in structure to the flowers of a related carnivorous genus,
992:(ROS) which can be very harmful, unlike its fully reduced counterpart, the water molecule. When there is greater potential change between the lumen and intermembrane space, the leakiness of the electron transport chain also increases, therefore creating a higher production of ROS in the mitochondria of
758:
needlessly. Epiphytic species have unbranched antennae which curve in front of the mouth and probably serve the same purpose, although it has been observed that they are also capable of holding a pocket of water in front of the mouth by capillary action, and that this assists with the trapping action.
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Silva S.R., Gibson R., Adamec L., DomĂnguez Y., Miranda V.F.O.. (2018) Molecular phylogeny of bladderworts: A wide approach of
Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae) species relationships based on six plastidial and nuclear DNA sequences, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 118, Pages 244-264, ISSN
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Prior to Lloyd, several authors had reported this phenomenon and had attempted to explain it by positing that creatures caught by the tail repeatedly set off the trap as they thrash about in an attempt to escape—even as their tails are actively digested by the plant. Lloyd, however, demonstrated that
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at the extremities of their stems: as the autumnal light fails and growth slows down, the main plant may rot away or be killed by freezing conditions, but the turions will separate and sink to the bottom of the pond to rest beneath the coming ice until the spring, when they will return to the surface
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Lloyd concluded that the sucking action produced by the excretion of water from the bladder was sufficient to draw larger soft-bodied prey into the trap without the need for a second or further touch to the trigger levers. An animal long enough not to be fully engulfed upon first springing the trap,
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As water is pumped out, the bladder's walls are sucked inwards by the negative pressure created, and any dissolved material inside the bladder becomes more concentrated. The sides of the bladder bend inwards, storing potential energy like a spring. Eventually, no more water can be extracted, and the
728:
Bladders are hollow underwater suction cups, also known as utricles, that possess a valve with bristles that open and close. The bladder walls are very thin and transparent but are sufficiently inflexible to maintain the bladder's shape despite the vacuum created within. The entrance, or 'mouth', of
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Mosquito larvae, caught by the tail, would be engulfed bit by bit. A typical example given by Lloyd showed that a larva of a size at the upper limit of what the trap could manage would be ingested stage by stage over the course of about twenty-four hours; but that the head, being rigid, would often
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Once inside, the prey is dissolved by digestive secretions. This generally occurs within a few hours, although some protozoa appear to be highly resistant and have been observed to live for several days inside the trap. All the time, the trap walls continue to pump out water, and the bladder can be
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can survive almost anywhere where there is fresh water for at least part of the year; only
Antarctica and some oceanic islands have no native species. The greatest species diversity for the genus is seen in South America, with Australia coming a close second. In common with most carnivorous plants,
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Very thin strands of albumen could be soft and fine enough to allow the trapdoor to close completely; these would not be drawn in any further unless the trigger hairs were indeed stimulated again. On the other hand, a human hair, finer still but relatively hard and unyielding, could prevent a seal
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are often split into two categories: suspended and affixed aquatic. Suspended aquatics are species which are not rooted into the ground and are free-floating, often found in nutrient poor sites. Conversely, fixed aquatics are species which have at least some of their shoots rooted into the ground.
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He tested the role of the velum by showing that the trap will never set if small cuts are made to it; and showed that the excretion of water can be continued under all conditions likely to be found in the natural environment, but can be prevented by driving the osmotic pressure in the trap beyond
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tend to have larger bladders—up to 1.2 cm (0.47 in)—and the mouth of the trap is usually surrounded not by a beak but by branching antennae, which serve both to guide prey animals to the trap's entrance and to fend the trap mouth away from larger bodies which might trigger the mechanism
612:
can require a winter period in which they die back each year, and they will weaken in cultivation if they are not given it; tropical and warm-temperate species, on the other hand, require no dormancy. Floating bladderworts in cold temperate zones such as the UK and
Siberia can produce winter buds
367:
beneath the surface of their substrate, whether that be pond water or dripping moss in the canopy of a tropical rainforest. To these stolons are attached both the bladder traps and photosynthetic leaf-shoots, and in terrestrial species the shoots are thrust upward through the soil into the air or
987:
According to the ROS mutation hypothesis, the sequestration of these protons has cellular consequences, which could lead to nucleotide substitutions. Oxidative phosphorylation is an imperfect process, which allows electrons to leak into the lumen, and only partially reduce oxygen. This partially
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Once the seal is disturbed, the bladder walls instantly spring back to a more rounded shape; the door flies open and a column of water is sucked into the bladder. The animal which touched the lever, if small enough, is inevitably drawn in, and as soon as the trap is filled, the door resumes its
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community of microbes, which may be a very important factor in digestion of prey within
Utricularia. Bacteria consume dissolved organic material which is not able to be directly ingested by larger organisms. When bacteria absorb dissolved organic material, they also release nutrients, which
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the trap is a circular or oval flap whose upper half is joined to the body of the trap by very flexible, yielding cells which form an effective hinge. The door rests on a platform formed by the thickening of the bladder wall immediately underneath. A soft but substantial membrane called the
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but thin and soft enough to allow the door to return fully to its set position, would indeed be left partly outside the trap until it or another body triggered the mechanism once again. However, the capture of hard bodies not fully drawn into the trap would prevent its further operation.
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stretches in a curve around the middle of this platform, and helps seal the door. A second band of springy cells crosses the door just above its lower edge and provides the flexibility for the bottom of the door to become a bendable 'lip' which can make a perfect seal with the velum.
550:
and adapted to rapidly moving streams or even waterfalls. The plants are usually found in acidic waters, but they are quite capable of growing in alkaline waters and would very likely do so were it not for the higher level of competition from other plants in such areas. Aquatic
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allowed for radical morphological evolution of relatively simple trap structures to highly complex and efficient snares. This adaptation may have enhanced the genus' fitness by increasing its range of prey, rate of capture, and retention of nutrients during prey decomposition.
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have tiny traps (sometimes as small as 0.2 mm; 1/100") with a broad beak-like structure extending and curving down over the entrance; this forms a passageway to the trapdoor and may help prevent the trapping and ingestion of inorganic particles. Aquatic species, like
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traps often collect a diversity of microplankton and detritus. When this periphyton is dissolved into basic nutrients within the bladder environment, bacterial enzymes help aid in digestion. Therefore, carbon secretion and periphyton utilization in the utricles enable
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Jobson, R. W., Playford, J., Cameron, K. M., & Albert, V. A. (2003). Molecular
Phylogenetics of Lentibulariaceae Inferred from Plastid rps16 Intron and trnL-F DNA Sequences: Implications for Character Evolution and Biogeography. Systematic Botany, 28 (1),
469:) flowers; but the same plant or species might produce open, insect-pollinated flowers elsewhere or at a different time of year, and with no obvious pattern. Sometimes, individual plants have both types of flower at the same time: aquatic species such as
481:, for example, usually have open flowers riding clear of the water and one or more closed, self-pollinating flowers beneath the water. Seeds are numerous and small and for the majority of species are 0.2 to 1 mm (0.008 to 0.04 in) long.
1069:(egg white) into hot water and selecting shreds of an appropriate length and thickness. When caught by one end, the strand would gradually be drawn in, sometimes in sudden jumps, and at other times by a slow and continuous motion. Strands of
238:
consisting of approximately 233 species (precise counts differ based on classification opinions; a 2001 publication lists 215 species). They occur in fresh water and wet soil as terrestrial or aquatic species across every continent except
354:
The main part of a bladderwort plant always lies beneath the surface of its substrate. Terrestrial species sometimes produce a few photosynthetic leaf-shoots. The aquatic species can be observed below the surfaces of ponds and streams.
1080:
Softer-bodied prey of the same size such as small tadpoles could be ingested completely, because they have no rigid parts and the head, although capable of plugging the door for a time, will soften and yield and finally be drawn in.
896:
trap evolution as these microbes may have allowed these plants to acquire the needed nutrients when they lost their roots, as they may have had issues acquiring phosphorus. Phosphorus was found to be the most important factor in
637:
Biogeographic patterns associated with the boreotropic hypothesis lists the origin of
Lentibulariaceae to temperate Eurasia or tropical America. Based on fossilised pollen and insular separation, the last common ancestor of
537:
About 80% of the species are terrestrial, and most inhabit waterlogged or wet soils, where their tiny bladders can be permanently exposed to water in the substrate. Frequently they will be found in marshy areas where the
545:
Approximately 20% of the species are aquatic. Most of these drift freely over the surface of ponds and other still, muddy-bottomed waters and only protrude above the surface when flowering, although a few species are
375:
refers to the bladder-like traps. The aquatic members of the genus have the largest and most obvious bladders, and these were initially thought to be flotation devices before their carnivorous nature was discovered.
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nuclear genome sequencing project. They recorded increased nucleotide substitution rates in chloroplast, mitochondrial, and cellular genomes. They also recorded increased levels of DNA repair-associated proteins and
2777:
Laakkonen, L., Jobson, R. W., & Albert, V. A. (2006). A new model for the evolution of carnivory in the bladderwort plant (utricularia): adaptive changes in cytochrome C oxidase (COX) provide respiratory power.
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leaves appear similar early in development but may develop into either a spherical trap or a cylindrical leaflet at later stages. Directional expansion of the leaf is suggested to be a crucial driver of the trap's
556:
These plants often have dimorphic shoots, some which are leafy, green, and often bladderless which float in the water, and others which are white and coated with bladders that affix the plant to the ground.
2752:
Sirova D., Borovec, Jakub B.,Rejmankova E., Adamec L., Vrba J. (2009) Microbial community development in the traps of aquatic
Utricularia species, Aquatic Botany, Volume 90, Issue 2, Pages 129-136, ISSN
458:
on nodding stems. The epiphytic species of South
America, however, are generally considered to have the showiest, as well as the largest, flowers. It is these species that are frequently compared with
1309:
shows the relationship between various subgenera and sections. It summarizes the results of two studies (Jobson et al. 2003; MĂĽller et al. 2004), following MĂĽller et al. 2006. Since the sections
2765:
Albert VA, Jobson RW, Michael TP, Taylor DJ. (2010) The carnivorous bladderwort (Utricularia, Lentibulariaceae): a system inflates, Journal of
Experimental Botany, Volume 61, Issue 1, Pages 5–9.
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bladder size, root structure, and relaxed body formation. Overall, the introduction of mutated COXI and high mutation rates provide a strong evolutionary hypothesis for the variability found in
630:
The ancestral line of
Utricularia is thought to have been terrestrial. From terrestrial forms, epiphytic forms evolved independently three times and aquatic life forms arose four times in genus
618:
and resume growth. Many Australian species will grow only during the wet season, reducing themselves to tubers only 10 mm (0.4 in) long to wait out the dry season. Other species are
1101:
to show how genes may control the formation of the upper and lower surfaces of flat leaves and how cup-shaped traps may have evolved from flat leaves. Changes in the gene expression of
2920:
Whitewoods, Christopher D.; Gonçalves, Beatriz; Cheng, Jie; Cui, Minlong; Kennaway, Richard; Lee, Karen; Bushell, Claire; Yu, Man; Piao, Chunlan; Coen, Enrico (3 January 2020).
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process where organisms are sucked in by internal negative pressure achieved by pumping water out of the trap and into the external environment. Recent research suggests that
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and under the door, this is produced in greater quantities and contains sugars. The mucilage certainly contributes towards the seal, and the sugars may help to attract prey.
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is purely mechanical; no reaction from the plant (irritability) is required in the presence of prey, in contrast with the triggered mechanisms employed by Venus flytraps (
1231:
1176:. Mutagenic action of enhanced ROS production may explain both high rates of nucleotide substitution and the dynamic evolution of genome size (via double strand breaks).
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There are also a few lithophytic species which live on wet surfaces of cliffs and mossy rocks and rheophytic species which live in shallow rivers and streams.
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has a variety of life forms, including terrestrial, lithophytic, aquatic, epiphytic, and rheophytic forms which are all highly adapted for their environments.
3102:
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Castaldi, V., Bellino, A., & Baldantoni, D. (2023). The ecology of bladderworts: The unique hunting-gathering-farming strategy in plants. Food Webs, 35.
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they grow in moist soils which are poor in dissolved minerals, where their carnivorous nature gives them a competitive advantage; terrestrial varieties of
266:
are carnivorous and capture small organisms by means of bladder-like traps. Terrestrial species tend to have tiny traps that feed on minute prey such as
1325:. Some monotypic sections have not been included in the study, so that their place in this system is unclear. Sections that are not included below are
571:, and can be found growing in wet moss and spongy bark on trees in rainforests, or even in the watery leaf-rosettes of other epiphytes such as various
876:’s trap is sealed and contains all the needed components of a microbial food web, one can assume that much enzyme activity and available nutrients in
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Miranda, Vitor F. O.; Silva, Saura R.; Reut, Markus S.; Dolsan, Hugo; Stolarczyk, Piotr; Rutishauser, Rolf; PĹ‚achno, Bartosz J. (3 December 2021).
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bladders combined with the unique sequestration of protons could lead to its high nucleotide substitution rates, and therefore its wide diversity.
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The plants are as highly adapted in their methods of surviving seasonally inclement conditions as they are in their structure and feeding habits.
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rates than most vegetative tissue, primarily due to their complex energy-dependent traps. Upon triggering, prey is captured through a two-step
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Bladderwort trap mechanism: seen from below, a bladder squeezed by water excretion suddenly swells as its trapdoor is released by an errant
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Flowers are the only part of the plant clear of the underlying soil or water. They are usually produced at the end of thin, often vertical
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This structural evolution seems highly unlikely to have arisen by chance alone; therefore, many researchers suggest this key adaption in
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swimming in water-saturated soil. The traps can range in size from 0.02 to 1.2 cm (0.008 to 0.5 in). Aquatic species, such as
1040:
Lloyd devoted several studies to the possibility, often recounted but never previously accounted for under scientific conditions, that
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is an aquatic species and grows into branching rafts with individual stolons up to one metre or longer in ponds and ditches throughout
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996:. ROS is harmful to cells, as it produces damage to nucleotides and helical DNA. Therefore, the increased cellular respiration of
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Extending outwards from the bottom of the trapdoor are several long bristle-stiff protuberances that are sometimes referred to as
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can consume larger prey such as young tadpoles and mosquito larvae by catching them by the tail, and ingesting them bit by bit.
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in 1989. Taylor's classification is now generally accepted with modifications based on phylogenetic studies (see below).
280:(common bladderwort), possess bladders that are usually larger and can feed on more substantial prey such as water fleas
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This genus was considered to have 250 species until Peter Taylor reduced the number to 214 in his exhaustive study
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2003:
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Bladderworts are unusual and highly specialized plants, and the vegetative organs are not clearly separated into
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to optimize power output (energy Ă— rate) during times of need, albeit with a 20% cost in energy efficiency.
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is very close to the surface. Most of the terrestrial species are tropical, although they occur worldwide.
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The dramatic shift in genome size and high mutation rates may have allowed for the variations observed in
921:
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650:, and to Africa. There were most likely other transcontinental dispersals, one of which is represented by
528:
and others–in very wet areas where continuously moving water removes most soluble minerals from the soil.
3791:
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816:). The only active mechanism involved is the constant pumping out of water through the bladder walls by
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probably diverged from its sister genus 30 mya and subsequently dispersed to Australia, represented by
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lack a root system. Bladder traps are recognized as one of the most sophisticated structures in the
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790:. The bladder sucks in the nearby water, including the unfortunate animal which triggered the trap.
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2393:"Developmental Genetics and Morphological Evolution of Flowering Plants, Especially Bladderworts (
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2552:"A Historical Perspective of Bladderworts (Utricularia): Traps, Carnivory and Body Architecture"
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closed position—the whole operation being completed in as little as one-hundredth of a second.
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by their possession of four calyx lobes rather than two. The genus has now been subsumed into
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Adlassnig, Wolfram; Peroutka, Marianne; Lambers, Hans; Lichtscheidl, Irene K. (1 July 2005).
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2922:"Evolution of carnivorous traps from planar leaves through simple shifts in gene expression"
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2433:"On the Origin of Carnivory: Molecular Physiology and Evolution of Plants on an Animal Diet"
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could sequester protons are store them until the ATP is needed. Such decoupling would allow
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to Eurasia probably occurred through the Bering Strait via long-distance dispersal 4.7 mya.
589:-like flowers and are the most ornamentally sought after. Rosette-forming epiphytes such as
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being formed; these would prevent the trap from resetting at all due to leakage of water.
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Recent Progress in Understanding the Evolution of Carnivorous Lentibulariaceae (Lamiales)
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the plant is quite capable of ingestion by stages without the need of multiple stimuli.
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Chris Whitewoods has developed a computational model of possible genetic regulation in
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are the most sophisticated carnivorous trapping mechanism to be found anywhere in the
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bladders are found with a wide diversity of bacteria to aid in phosphorus digestion.
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Bladderwort traps: long, usually branching (but here simplified), antennae guide
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880:’s trap fluid are derived from these microbial communities. Additionally,
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to North America probably occurred 12mya from South America. The dispersal of
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Certain plants in particular seasons might produce closed, self-pollinating (
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can frequently be found alongside representatives of the carnivorous genera–
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pathway associated with the synthesis of ATP, has evolved under positive
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Article in Wired magazine featuring video of the plant trapping its food
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He produced suitable artificial "prey" for his experiments by stirring
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392:, a word which has many related meanings but which most commonly means
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350:, showing stolon, branching leaf-shoots and transparent bladder traps.
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1208:. It is one of the three genera that make up the Bladderwort family (
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459:
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conducted extensive experiments with carnivorous plants, including
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clade. There appear to be adaptive substitutions of two contiguous
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K. F. MĂĽller, T. Borsch, L. Legendre, S. Porembski, W. Barthlott:
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clade was found to be a South American lineage that arose 39 mya.
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721:(though they come in various shapes) and attach to the submerged
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but which have no similarity to the sensitive triggers found in
315:
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2397:): Fuzzy Arberian Morphology Complements Classical Morphology"
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would often be fully ingested in as little as twenty minutes.
892:
Mutualism could have been an important association in aquatic
1120:
trap, in terms of the spatial regulation of gene expression.
855:
ready for its next capture in as little as 15 to 30 minutes.
1260:, previously distinguished from the otherwise similar genus
2629:"Bagpipe in Latin - English-Latin Dictionary | Glosbe"
363:
Most species form long, thin, sometimes branching stems or
2799:
Agrawal, Arpita; Pareek, Ashwani; Dkhar, Jeremy (2022).
2673:, revised edition. MIT Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts.
972:, suggests a conformational change that might decouple
828:
rather than physical pressure is the limiting factor).
1248:, the pink petticoats, contained just two species of
259:, especially amongst carnivorous plant enthusiasts.
3484:
3428:
3326:
3122:
2865:"Form Follows Function: How to Build a Deadly Trap"
2431:Hedrich, Rainer; Fukushima, Kenji (17 June 2021).
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2301:
2312:The Savage Garden: Cultivating Carnivorous Plants
1032:normal limits by the introduction of glycerine.
960:. This C-C motif, absent in ~99.9% of databased
2801:"Genetic Basis of Carnivorous Leaf Development"
1321:, they show up multiple times in the cladogram
717:. The bladders are usually shaped similarly to
444:are often described as similar to small yellow
2288:. Kew Bulletin Additional Series XIV: London.
2278:
1150:genomes known. A recent study conducted three
1123:Increased respiration rates caused by mutated
346:The tip of one stolon from a U.K. instance of
3096:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2285:The genus Utricularia - a taxonomic monograph
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
1232:The genus Utricularia – a taxonomic monograph
1127:may have caused two additional traits in the
8:
2739:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fooweb.2023.e00273
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
889:to live with relatively little competition.
701:Authorities on the genus, such as botanists
595:put out runners, searching for other nearby
3034:The International Carnivorous Plant Society
2858:
2856:
2854:
956:) at the docking point of COX1 helix 3 and
776:to the trapdoors of an aquatic bladderwort.
709:, agree that the vacuum-driven bladders of
3472:
3103:
3089:
3081:
2794:
2792:
824:bladder trap is 'fully set' (technically,
737:The outer cells of the whole trap excrete
454:can produce the effect of a field full of
210:
31:
20:
2945:
2880:
2834:
2816:
2580:
2570:
2448:
2426:
2424:
2412:
2315:. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, California.
872:facilitates photo-autotrophic growth. As
567:Some South American tropical species are
251:, which are often compared with those of
2237:
2235:
3436:International Carnivorous Plant Society
2231:
1105:can explain these structural changes.
230:, commonly and collectively called the
2374:. The Ronald Press Company: New York.
976:from proton pumping. By doing so, the
932:(COX1), a rate limiting enzyme in the
440:The flowers of aquatic varieties like
3456:List of carnivorous plant periodicals
3446:North American Sarracenia Conservancy
2988:, in: Plant Biology, 2006; 8: 748-757
2773:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2748:
2746:
2688:
2686:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2450:10.1146/annurev-arplant-080620-010429
1131:clade: i) greatly increased rates of
1061:is held aloft by a rosette of floats.
7:
3859:318a5dd0-f2d7-48d0-8492-6962be3e3fce
3771:61f6d6bc-ac3b-4a4b-8489-0506b2870bc1
504:growing in a rice paddy in Thailand.
2165:
2055:
1976:
1882:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1693:
1632:
1538:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1293:. The genus has been subsumed into
901:nutrition, which helps explain why
47:"Deutschlands Flora in Abbildungen"
3823:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30001688-2
2780:Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)
1143:species with some of the smallest
14:
2490:"The Roots of Carnivorous Plants"
2243:Carnivorous Plants of New Zealand
1163:(~80Mb) as part of a large scale
626:Dispersal and life form evolution
622:, returning from seed each year.
3017:
3001:
697:Physical description of the trap
58:
45:illustration from Jakob Sturm's
2863:Geitmann, Anja (5 March 2020).
1237:Her Majesty's Stationery Office
1055:The flower stem of the aquatic
491:Carnivorous plants of Australia
3044:Botanical Society of America,
2437:Annual Review of Plant Biology
1135:and ii) a dynamic decrease of
1:
2391:Rutishauser, Rolf; Isler, B.
448:, and the Australian species
3441:Insectivorous Plant Society
2610:Treat, Mary. 6 March 1875.
1197:List of Utricularia species
1011:
916:have significantly greater
16:Genus of carnivorous plants
3931:
3451:List of carnivorous plants
3069:from the John Innes Centre
2882:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.023
2805:Frontiers in Plant Science
2245:. Ecosphere Publications.
1194:
794:The trapping mechanism of
744:Terrestrial species, like
585:are often known for their
488:
388:is derived from the Latin
2616:The Gardeners' Chronicles
2514:10.1007/s11104-004-2754-2
2188:
2170:
2163:
2114:
2078:
2060:
2053:
2017:
1999:
1981:
1974:
1941:
1905:
1887:
1880:
1853:
1826:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1716:
1698:
1691:
1655:
1637:
1630:
1603:
1561:
1543:
1536:
1503:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1436:
1429:
1157:from different organs of
247:are cultivated for their
219:Bladderwort distribution
218:
209:
202:
195:
172:
167:
55:Scientific classification
53:
39:
30:
23:
2818:10.3389/fpls.2021.825289
1204:is the largest genus of
1036:Ingestion of larger prey
485:Distribution and habitat
3327:Protocarnivorous genera
3116:protocarnivorous plants
2947:10.1126/science.aay5433
2702:Darwin, Charles. 1875.
2612:Plants that eat animals
2282:Taylor, Peter. (1989).
1258:Polypompholyx multifida
1170:reactive oxygen species
1133:nucleotide substitution
990:reactive oxygen species
859:Microbial relationships
420:Utricularia amethystina
2572:10.3390/plants10122656
2414:10.1006/anbo.2001.1498
2371:The Carnivorous Plants
2309:D'Amato, Peter. 1998.
2241:Salmon, Bruce (2001).
1277:contained the species
1062:
791:
777:
693:
690:Utricularia hamiltonii
680:
654:. The colonization of
648:subgenus Polypompholyx
581:) species. Epiphytic
505:
424:
351:
3792:Paleobiology Database
2669:Slack, Adrian. 2000.
1254:Polypompholyx tenella
1054:
810:), and many sundews (
783:
769:
686:
673:
498:
417:
345:
3014:at Wikimedia Commons
2705:Insectivorous Plants
2155: Subgenus
1751: Subgenus
1548:Utricularia olivacea
1442: Subgenus
1291:Biovularia cymbantha
1129:Utricularia–Genlisea
1018:Francis Ernest Lloyd
988:reduced oxygen is a
934:cellular respiration
909:Enhanced respiration
707:Francis Ernest Lloyd
640:Genlisea-Utricularia
592:U. nelumbifolia
558:Utricularia vulgaris
42:Utricularia vulgaris
2938:2020Sci...367...91W
2506:2005PlSoi.274..127A
2190: Section
2172: Section
2080: Section
2062: Section
2019: Section
2001: Section
1983: Section
1907: Section
1889: Section
1855: Section
1828: Section
1810: Section
1718: Section
1700: Section
1657: Section
1639: Section
1605: Section
1487: Section
1279:Biovularia olivacea
1058:Utricularia inflata
1012:Lloyd's experiments
978:intermembrane space
938:Darwinian selection
725:by slender stalks.
368:along the surface.
49:, Stuttgart (1796)
3123:Carnivorous genera
3074:2019-07-31 at the
3053:2012-01-05 at the
3048:- the Bladderworts
2719:Carnivorous Plants
2671:Carnivorous Plants
2368:Lloyd, F.E. 1942.
1212:), along with the
1206:carnivorous plants
1063:
974:electron transport
792:
778:
762:Trapping mechanism
694:
681:
506:
425:
352:
236:carnivorous plants
3895:
3894:
3779:Open Tree of Life
3478:Taxon identifiers
3469:
3468:
3006:Media related to
2727:978-0-9591937-0-1
2717:Cheers, G. 1983.
2679:978-0-262-69089-8
2380:978-1-4437-2891-1
2321:978-0-89815-915-8
2294:978-0-947643-72-0
2251:978-0-473-08032-7
2222:
2221:
2213:
2212:
2204:
2203:
2145:
2144:
2136:
2135:
2103:
2102:
2094:
2093:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2032:
1963:
1962:
1930:
1929:
1921:
1920:
1869:
1868:
1842:
1841:
1741:
1740:
1732:
1731:
1680:
1679:
1671:
1670:
1619:
1618:
1592:
1591:
1583:
1582:
1525:
1524:
1250:carnivorous plant
1099:Utricularia gibba
677:Utricularia aurea
501:Utricularia aurea
384:The generic name
322:as in most other
223:
222:
163:
3920:
3888:
3887:
3875:
3874:
3862:
3861:
3849:
3848:
3839:
3838:
3826:
3825:
3813:
3812:
3800:
3799:
3787:
3786:
3774:
3773:
3764:
3763:
3751:
3750:
3748:NHMSYS0000464740
3738:
3737:
3725:
3724:
3712:
3711:
3699:
3698:
3686:
3685:
3673:
3672:
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3543:
3542:
3530:
3529:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3473:
3259:Palaeoaldrovanda
3105:
3098:
3091:
3082:
3022:Data related to
3021:
3005:
2989:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2949:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2884:
2860:
2849:
2848:
2838:
2820:
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2741:
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2715:
2709:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2681:
2667:
2654:
2650:
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2619:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2584:
2574:
2556:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2452:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2401:Annals of Botany
2388:
2382:
2366:
2323:
2307:
2296:
2280:
2253:
2239:
2166:
2056:
1977:
1883:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1694:
1633:
1539:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1221:corkscrew plants
1210:Lentibulariaceae
1028:, for example).
867:often culture a
863:The bladders of
826:osmotic pressure
818:active transport
804:), waterwheels (
277:U. vulgaris
234:, is a genus of
214:
159:
144:Lentibulariaceae
63:
62:
35:
21:
3930:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3913:Lamiales genera
3898:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3883:
3878:
3870:
3865:
3857:
3852:
3844:
3842:
3834:
3829:
3821:
3816:
3808:
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3795:
3790:
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3777:
3769:
3767:
3759:
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3746:
3741:
3733:
3728:
3720:
3715:
3707:
3702:
3694:
3689:
3681:
3676:
3668:
3663:
3655:
3650:
3642:
3637:
3629:
3624:
3616:
3611:
3603:
3598:
3590:
3585:
3577:
3572:
3564:
3559:
3551:
3546:
3538:
3533:
3525:
3523:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3480:
3470:
3465:
3424:
3322:
3124:
3118:
3109:
3076:Wayback Machine
3065:Inner World of
3055:Wayback Machine
2998:
2993:
2992:
2983:
2979:
2932:(6473): 91–96.
2919:
2918:
2914:
2862:
2861:
2852:
2798:
2797:
2790:
2776:
2769:
2764:
2757:
2751:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2716:
2712:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2684:
2668:
2657:
2651:
2636:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2593:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2367:
2326:
2308:
2299:
2281:
2256:
2240:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2146:
2137:
2104:
2095:
2043:
2034:
1964:
1931:
1922:
1870:
1843:
1742:
1733:
1681:
1672:
1620:
1593:
1584:
1526:
1303:
1283:B. brasiliensis
1281:(also known as
1235:, published by
1199:
1193:
1095:
1038:
1014:
911:
861:
764:
699:
668:
628:
493:
487:
472:U. dimorphantha
412:
382:
361:
359:Plant structure
340:
185:
179:
158:
57:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3900:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3876:
3872:wfo-4000039907
3863:
3850:
3840:
3827:
3814:
3801:
3788:
3775:
3765:
3752:
3739:
3726:
3713:
3700:
3687:
3674:
3661:
3648:
3635:
3622:
3609:
3596:
3583:
3570:
3557:
3544:
3531:
3521:
3506:
3490:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3313:
3310:Triphyophyllum
3306:
3299:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3230:Fischeripollis
3225:
3218:
3210:
3202:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3136:
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3119:
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3108:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3062:
3057:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3030:at Wikispecies
3015:
2997:
2996:External links
2994:
2991:
2990:
2977:
2912:
2875:(5): 826–828.
2850:
2788:
2767:
2755:
2742:
2730:
2710:
2695:
2682:
2655:
2634:
2620:
2618:, pp. 303-304.
2603:
2542:
2500:(1): 127–140.
2494:Plant and Soil
2480:
2443:(1): 133–153.
2420:
2383:
2324:
2297:
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1831:Avesicarioides
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1458:
1456:
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1449:
1437:
1435:
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1428:
1423:
1340:Choristothecae
1305:The following
1302:
1299:
1195:Main article:
1192:
1189:
1094:
1091:
1037:
1034:
1026:Venus Flytraps
1016:In the 1940s,
1013:
1010:
910:
907:
860:
857:
763:
760:
747:U. sandersonii
698:
695:
667:
664:
627:
624:
486:
483:
478:U. geminiscapa
429:inflorescences
411:
408:
398:leather bottle
381:
378:
360:
357:
339:
336:
221:
220:
216:
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64:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3926:
3925:
3914:
3911:
3909:
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3905:
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3873:
3868:
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3855:
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3701:
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3541:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3462:
3461:Pitcher plant
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3207:Droserapollis
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3141:Archaeamphora
3137:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3101:
3099:
3094:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:Bladderwort (
3020:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:Bladderwort (
3004:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2786:(6), 758–764.
2785:
2781:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2721:. Melbourne.
2720:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2696:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2543:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2410:
2407:: 1173–1202.
2406:
2402:
2398:
2396:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2193:Polypompholyx
2186:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2159:
2158:Polypompholyx
2154:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2141:
2140:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2122:Section
2121:
2120:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2099:
2098:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1949:Section
1948:
1947:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1806:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1736:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1676:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1569:Section
1568:
1567:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1511:Section
1510:
1509:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1419:Polypompholyx
1416:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1301:Phylogenetics
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1245:Polypompholyx
1240:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1160:U. gibba
1156:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1112:morphogenesis
1108:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
930:COX subunit I
927:
923:
919:
915:
908:
906:
904:
900:
895:
890:
888:
883:
879:
875:
870:
866:
858:
856:
852:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
833:trigger hairs
829:
827:
821:
819:
815:
814:
809:
808:
803:
802:
797:
789:
788:
782:
775:
774:
768:
761:
759:
756:
755:
749:
748:
742:
740:
735:
732:
726:
724:
720:
716:
715:plant kingdom
712:
708:
704:
696:
692:
691:
685:
679:
678:
672:
665:
663:
661:
657:
653:
652:sect. Nelipus
649:
645:
641:
635:
633:
625:
623:
621:
616:
611:
608:
603:
600:
599:to colonise.
598:
594:
593:
588:
584:
580:
576:
575:
570:
565:
563:
559:
554:
549:
543:
541:
535:
533:
529:
527:
526:
521:
520:
515:
510:
503:
502:
497:
492:
484:
482:
480:
479:
474:
473:
468:
467:cleistogamous
463:
461:
457:
453:
452:
447:
443:
438:
436:
435:
430:
422:
421:
416:
409:
407:
405:
404:
399:
395:
391:
387:
379:
377:
374:
369:
366:
358:
356:
349:
344:
337:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
299:
295:
291:
287:
285:
279:
278:
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
237:
233:
229:
228:
217:
213:
208:
205:
201:
198:
194:
191:
190:
189:
184:
183:
182:Polypompholyx
178:
177:
171:
166:
162:
157:
156:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
85:Tracheophytes
83:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
66:
61:
56:
52:
48:
44:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
3485:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3391:Paepalanthus
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3316:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3296:Saxonipollis
3294:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3257:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3222:Drosophyllum
3220:
3215:Droseridites
3213:
3205:
3199:Droserapites
3197:
3189:
3182:
3177:Darlingtonia
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3066:
3045:
3025:
3009:
2985:
2980:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2872:
2868:
2808:
2804:
2783:
2779:
2733:
2718:
2713:
2703:
2698:
2670:
2623:
2615:
2606:
2594:. Retrieved
2565:(12): 2656.
2562:
2558:
2545:
2533:. Retrieved
2497:
2493:
2483:
2440:
2436:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2386:
2369:
2310:
2283:
2242:
2191:
2189:
2173:
2171:
2156:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2081:
2079:
2065:Nigrescentes
2063:
2061:
2020:
2018:
2002:
2000:
1984:
1982:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1908:
1906:
1890:
1888:
1856:
1854:
1829:
1827:
1811:
1809:
1752:
1719:
1717:
1703:Orchidioides
1701:
1699:
1658:
1656:
1640:
1638:
1606:
1604:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1546:
1544:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1488:
1486:
1443:
1418:
1417:in subgenus
1412:
1408:
1407:in subgenus
1402:
1398:
1397:in subgenus
1392:
1388:Steyermarkia
1386:
1380:
1376:Setiscapella
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1322:
1319:polyphyletic
1314:
1310:
1304:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1217:(Pinguicula)
1216:
1201:
1200:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1164:
1158:
1140:
1139:, including
1128:
1122:
1115:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1064:
1056:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1015:
1004:
1002:
997:
993:
986:
981:
958:cytochrome c
945:
941:
913:
912:
902:
898:
893:
891:
886:
881:
877:
873:
864:
862:
853:
849:
844:
840:
836:
832:
830:
822:
811:
805:
799:
795:
793:
785:
771:
752:
745:
743:
736:
730:
727:
710:
703:Peter Taylor
700:
688:
675:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
636:
631:
629:
604:
601:
590:
582:
572:
566:
557:
552:
544:
536:
531:
530:
523:
517:
513:
508:
507:
499:
477:
470:
466:
464:
451:U. dichotoma
449:
441:
439:
432:
426:
418:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
383:
372:
370:
364:
362:
353:
347:
327:
309:
281:
275:
263:
261:
244:
232:bladderworts
231:
226:
225:
224:
186:
180:
174:
173:
154:
153:
117:
104:
91:
78:
46:
40:
24:
18:
3908:Utricularia
3678:iNaturalist
3631:Utricularia
3566:Utricularia
3516:Utricularia
3510:Wikispecies
3486:Utricularia
3412:Proboscidea
3363:Drymocallis
3317:Utricularia
3244:Heliamphora
3125:(†extinct)
3112:Carnivorous
3067:Utricularia
3046:Utricularia
3039:Utricularia
3026:Utricularia
3010:Utricularia
2708:. New York.
2395:Utricularia
2175:Pleiochasia
1660:Utricularia
1445:Utricularia
1414:Tridentaria
1399:Utricularia
1295:Utricularia
1266:Utricularia
1262:Utricularia
1214:butterworts
1202:Utricularia
1185:Utricularia
1181:Utricularia
1174:mutagenesis
1165:Utricularia
1141:Utricularia
1137:genome size
1103:Utricularia
1042:Utricularia
1022:Utricularia
1005:Utricularia
998:Utricularia
994:Utricularia
982:Utricularia
942:Utricularia
926:ion-pumping
918:respiration
914:Utricularia
903:Utricularia
899:Utricularia
894:Utricularia
887:Utricularia
882:Utricularia
878:Utricularia
874:Utricularia
869:mutualistic
865:Utricularia
796:Utricularia
719:broad beans
711:Utricularia
660:Utricularia
656:Utricularia
644:Utricularia
632:Utricularia
583:Utricularia
577:(a type of
553:Utricularia
548:lithophytic
540:water table
532:Utricularia
514:Utricularia
509:Utricularia
446:snapdragons
442:U. vulgaris
386:Utricularia
373:bladderwort
348:U. vulgaris
338:Description
328:Utricularia
324:angiosperms
264:Utricularia
253:snapdragons
245:Utricularia
227:Utricularia
204:233 species
188:Utricularia
155:Utricularia
98:Angiosperms
25:Utricularia
3902:Categories
3398:Passiflora
3335:Aracamunia
3288:Sarracenia
3274:Pinguicula
3170:Cephalotus
3149:Brocchinia
3133:Aldrovanda
2811:: 825289.
2753:0304-3770.
2653:1055-7903.
2226:References
1986:Calpidisca
1858:Benjaminia
1813:Oligocista
1754:Bivalvaria
1572:Vesiculina
1514:Vesiculina
1490:Avesicaria
1409:Bivalvaria
1394:Stylotheca
1346:Kamienskia
1315:Vesiculina
1274:Biovularia
1271:The genus
1242:The genus
1224:(Genlisea)
1148:angiosperm
1117:Sarracenia
845:Aldrovanda
807:Aldrovanda
754:U. inflata
610:perennials
597:bromeliads
574:Tillandsia
519:Sarracenia
489:See also:
434:Pinguicula
394:wine flask
303:and young
241:Antarctica
176:Bivalvaria
168:Subgenera
3600:FloraBase
3419:Stylidium
3267:Philcoxia
3251:Nepenthes
2972:208229594
2956:1095-9203
2907:212408711
2891:0092-8674
2827:1664-462X
2522:1573-5036
2475:231595236
2459:1543-5008
2083:Phyllaria
2022:Australes
1892:Stomoisia
1642:Lecticula
1364:Mirabiles
1328:Candollea
1307:cladogram
1287:B. minima
1187:species.
1155:libraries
962:Eukaryota
954:C-C motif
950:cysteines
674:Traps of
666:Carnivory
607:Temperate
579:bromeliad
569:epiphytes
390:utriculus
380:Etymology
371:The name
334:kingdom.
292:and even
290:nematodes
197:Diversity
68:Kingdom:
3854:VicFlora
3843:VASCAN:
3836:40022335
3831:Tropicos
3561:eFloraSA
3495:Wikidata
3429:See also
3405:Plumbago
3384:Lathraea
3377:Ibicella
3370:Geranium
3356:Dipsacus
3342:Capsella
3303:Triantha
3281:Roridula
3237:Genlisea
3163:Catopsis
3072:Archived
3051:Archived
2964:31753850
2899:32142675
2845:35095989
2693:157–171.
2596:17 March
2591:34961127
2535:17 March
2467:33434053
2125:Aranella
1952:Aranella
1370:Oliveria
1358:Meionula
1352:Martinia
1334:Chelidon
1311:Aranella
1107:U. gibba
1093:Genetics
970:Bacteria
946:Genlisea
924:-driven
837:antennae
739:mucilage
687:Trap of
305:tadpoles
298:mosquito
294:fish fry
272:rotifers
268:protozoa
140:Family:
134:Lamiales
124:Asterids
111:Eudicots
3885:1415756
3709:1097705
3696:23929-1
3657:3172398
3501:Q161195
3191:Drosera
3184:Dionaea
2934:Bibcode
2926:Science
2836:8792892
2582:8707321
2530:5038696
2502:Bibcode
2161:
2004:Lloydia
1910:Enskide
1757:
1721:Foliosa
1608:Nelipus
1448:
1404:Minutae
1382:Sprucea
1191:Species
1145:haploid
1071:albumen
1067:albumen
966:Archaea
940:in the
841:Dionaea
813:Drosera
801:Dionaea
787:Daphnia
773:Daphnia
723:stolons
615:turions
613:called
562:Eurasia
525:Drosera
460:orchids
456:violets
410:Flowers
403:bagpipe
365:stolons
284:Daphnia
257:orchids
249:flowers
150:Genus:
130:Order:
72:Plantae
3805:PLANTS
3797:319864
3784:512422
3768:NZOR:
3644:134270
3618:134270
3540:110132
3527:195756
3524:APDB:
3349:Colura
3156:Byblis
2970:
2962:
2954:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2843:
2833:
2825:
2725:
2677:
2589:
2579:
2559:Plants
2528:
2520:
2473:
2465:
2457:
2378:
2319:
2292:
2249:
2116:
1943:
1563:
1545:
1505:
1411:; and
1391:, and
1289:) and
968:, and
620:annual
587:orchid
423:flower
318:, and
316:leaves
301:larvae
3880:WoRMS
3810:UTRIC
3761:13747
3735:34443
3722:55962
3704:IRMNG
3683:57861
3670:12602
3626:FoAO2
3605:22078
3592:1UTRG
3579:59012
2968:S2CID
2903:S2CID
2555:(PDF)
2526:S2CID
2471:S2CID
731:velum
332:plant
320:stems
312:roots
118:Clade
105:Clade
92:Clade
79:Clade
3846:1803
3818:POWO
3756:NCBI
3730:ITIS
3691:IPNI
3665:GRIN
3652:GBIF
3587:EPPO
3553:85JD
3535:APNI
3114:and
2960:PMID
2952:ISSN
2895:PMID
2887:ISSN
2869:Cell
2841:PMID
2823:ISSN
2723:ISBN
2675:ISBN
2598:2022
2587:PMID
2537:2022
2518:ISSN
2463:PMID
2455:ISSN
2376:ISBN
2317:ISBN
2290:ISBN
2247:ISBN
1317:are
1313:and
1256:and
1219:and
1152:cDNA
1125:COXI
843:and
705:and
475:and
270:and
262:All
255:and
3867:WFO
3743:NBN
3717:ISC
3639:FoC
3613:FNA
3574:EoL
3548:CoL
2942:doi
2930:367
2877:doi
2873:180
2831:PMC
2813:doi
2577:PMC
2567:doi
2510:doi
2498:274
2445:doi
2409:doi
1323:(*)
1285:or
922:ATP
835:or
400:or
326:.
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3882::
3869::
3856::
3833::
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3807::
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3758::
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161:L.
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282:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
