206:, George Walford seeks to analyse ideologies on the basis of its adherents' surface behaviors, their underlying sentiments and assumptions ("ethos") and underlying cognitions ("eidos"). Of particular interest to him are a single group, the non-politicals; and five major political ideologies (conservatism, liberalism, socialism, communism and anarchism) which can be listed as a series, with each seeking to repress its predecessor. He forms a series of hypotheses about the nature of those six ideologies, observing that they may be gauged upon different dimensions. According to relative size and political influence of its adherents, their relative reliance upon theory over practice and the degree to which they sought change. He postulates that the non-politicals have the greatest influence and least interest in theory while anarchists exhibit the least influence and greatest interest in theory, with the rest having mixed degrees of those properties.
194:, the purist variety of it allegedly expounded by the SPGB). The more an ideology represses the preferences for family, tradition and so on in favour of social change, dynamism and the pursuit of theory as a guide to action, the fewer in number its adherents are likely to be, with anarchists (or anarcho-socialists) being the smallest of all. Those seeking radical social change, so the theory contends, will always be hampered and restrained by the enduring preferences of the largest ideological groups.
59:
120:, it did perform a valuable function by demonstrating through its application of critical analysis, logical thought and theory the limitations of other political groups that valued these less highly (a perspective which had informed Harold Walsby's decision in 1950 to surreptitiously rejoin the party through its postal branch and write articles for the
233:'s "End of History" thesis), Walford claims the opposite, saying: "More than ever before, our world is a boiling, bounding, bubbling ferment of ideological novelty, and the rate of change is accelerating. If the ideological system has reached completion it is only in the sense that a newborn child is complete".
45:
by Harold Walsby, George
Walford and others. It seeks to understand the origin and development of ideologies, how ideologies and ideological groups work together and the possibilities of guiding the development of ideologies on a global scale. The basic premise of systematic ideology is that ideology
165:
and forming a series, with the largest groups being most typically guided in their thoughts and actions by a preference for family, authority, familiarity and tradition. Politically, these preferences find predominant expression in the ideas of the large number of so-called non-politicals in society
272:
We found that political attitudes are influenced much more heavily by genetics than by parental socialization. For the overall index of political conservatism, genetics accounts for approximately half the variance in ideology while shared environment (including parental socialization) accounts for
218:
Societies grow to have more advanced and secure political systems at the same time that they make better use of agricultural technology with more long-term goals in mind. In the process, economic behavior becomes more and more collectivistic. From then on, the societies engage in wars and conquer.
209:
He also formulates that each is relative to certain ideological ethos: a) (short-term) expediency; b) (traditional) principles; c) precision; d) (fundamental) reform; e) revolution; and e) repudiation. By his formulations, historical change, development of technology and development of more
177:
As the series progresses further, the next, progressively smaller, ideological groups seek to repress these identifications and preferences in favor of dynamism, social change, logical thought and the pursuit of theory as a guide to decision-making, these being expressed politically in
267:
Twin studies have shown that genetics have a strong effect on both attitude formation, and receptivity to ideological affiliation. This may provide some answer to the criticism that systematic ideology lacks a causal model. According to one study:
152:
The theory of the group developed over time and was re-christened systematic ideology by
Walford in 1976. Its basic premise was that people's assumptions and identifications (the factors making up their ideology) are not explicable in terms of
252:(with those understanding the theory being the smallest group of all, metaphorically positioned at the apex of a pyramid, just above the SPGB) and it lent itself to criticism on the grounds that it was merely a particularly convoluted type of
214:
For
Walford, all societies historically begin in a state where a mass of individuals engage in expediency at the hunter-gatherer level. This state of affairs is characterized by short-term individual economic behavior and collective political
135:
Walsby, Walford and their group produced a large number of leaflets, pamphlets and other literature over time, a fair chunk of it dealing with the SPGB. The most readable expressions of systematic ideology are
Walford's book
222:
Finally, societies enter a stage where principles espoused actually begin to be followed, enacted, and made more precise. Similarly, economic production becomes more bureaucratic and rationally goal-oriented.
912:
50:
in human affairs; that the characteristics that make up the major ideologies come in sets; that those sets of characteristics form a series; and that the ideological series forms a system.
586:
769:
225:
The remaining three forms of ethos—reform, revolution, and repudiation—when taken together are seen to compose the envisioned fourth stage in historical development.
619:
116:
elements and even left the SPGB money at the time of his death. He did this on the grounds that although in his view the party would never help achieve
855:
897:
579:
456:
629:
609:
229:
While some other philosophers have expressed the opinion that political liberalism is the peak or end-stage of historical development (see
58:
309:
572:
161:
in particular—and are never likely to be. Instead, there are persistent and distinct ideological groups in society, cutting across
807:
70:
813:
802:
787:
651:
614:
902:
624:
845:
836:
646:
245:
and causal model for what it is that influences some people and not others to gravitate towards a particular ideology.
892:
777:
132:
survived until the death of
Walford in 1994. As of 2007, barely a handful of systematic ideology's exponents remain.
907:
850:
830:
692:
394:
797:
595:
860:
697:
509:
710:
191:
887:
782:
514:
404:
158:
78:
731:
687:
527:
399:
122:
94:
448:
792:
737:
672:
452:
371:
355:
339:
323:
305:
288:
682:
677:
519:
389:
230:
74:
89:
and those involved in the group set up an organisation to propagate their views called the
865:
705:
667:
436:
93:(SSA) which existed from 1944 until 1956, attracting a number of new recruits during the
210:
complicated social relations can be explained as occurring in stages along this series:
441:
242:
98:
494:
881:
82:
531:
253:
249:
167:
162:
17:
112:
and former secretary of the SSA, watered down some of the theory's more obviously
69:
The group that formed around Harold Walsby and his ideas was a breakaway from the
154:
715:
523:
171:
47:
375:
359:
292:
85:. The theory they developed was expressed by Walsby himself in his 1947 book
343:
327:
187:
183:
179:
174:(the strength of these preferences gradually weakening through the series).
117:
564:
336:
S.P.G.B. - Utopian or
Scientific? The Fallacy of the Overwhelming Minority
219:
Empires grow and create obedience with the mask of traditional principles.
34:
77:, this group developed a fascination with perceived impediments to mass
113:
42:
38:
57:
568:
443:
The
Monument: The Story of the Socialist Party of Great Britain
241:
Historically, systematic ideology has been unable to produce a
559:
256:
argument. This was essentially the response outlined in the
554:
493:
Alford, John; Funk, Carolyn; Hibbing, John (May 2005).
495:"Are Political Orientations Genetically Transmitted?"
823:
768:
724:
660:
638:
602:
440:
108:From the 1980s onwards, George Walford, editor of
913:Socialist Party of Great Britain breakaway groups
248:Walsby's early version of the theory was clearly
62:Cover of the Social Science Association pamphlet
431:(1198). Socialist Party of Great Britain: 38–41.
474:. Socialist Party of Great Britain. April 1949.
580:
260:’s April 1949 review of Walsby's book called
101:and the journal which emerged from it called
8:
555:The George Walford International Essay Prize
186:and then in an ultimate and extreme form in
620:World Socialist Party of the United States
587:
573:
565:
513:
157:in general and their relationship to the
856:Socialist Party of Great Britain debates
37:founded in the late 1930s in and around
485:
27:Study of the ideologies of 1930s London
423:DAP (June 2004). "Getting Splinters".
140:, published in 1990; and the pamphlet
7:
630:World Socialist Party of New Zealand
610:The Socialist Party of Great Britain
868:(carried a regular column from WSM)
126:under the pseudonym H. W. S. Bee).
352:Ideological Commentary (1979-1994)
25:
502:American Political Science Review
808:Socialist Party of North America
447:. London: Pluto Press. pp.
97:. It was later succeeded by the
71:Socialist Party of Great Britain
814:Bund Demokratischer Sozialisten
803:World Socialist Party of Canada
788:Libertarian Communism (journal)
652:World Socialist Party (Ireland)
144:, published ten years earlier.
64:The Intellectual and the People
898:Subfields of political science
746:World Socialist Review (WSPUS)
625:World Socialist Party of India
1:
749:World Socialist Journal (WSM)
615:The Socialist Party of Canada
846:Social Democratic Federation
839:(adopted principles of SPGB)
837:Proletarian Party of America
647:Socialist Party of Australia
778:Socialist Propaganda League
929:
851:Socialist Party of America
783:Social Science Association
91:Social Science Association
831:Socialist Party of Canada
639:Defunct companion parties
524:10.1017/s0003055405051579
468:The Domain of Sterilities
395:John Rowan (psychologist)
262:The Domain of Sterilities
798:Socialist Studies (1989)
596:World Socialist Movement
300:Walford, George (1990).
285:The Domain of Ideologies
182:, more overtly still in
87:The Domain of Ideologies
861:Winnipeg general strike
761:Socialist Comment (SPA)
758:Socialist Review (SPNZ)
320:Socialist Understanding
142:Socialist Understanding
79:socialist consciousness
560:Beyond Politics e-text
130:Ideological Commentary
110:Ideological Commentary
103:Ideological Commentary
66:
903:Sociological theories
725:Official publications
61:
755:Socialist View (SPI)
752:Forum Journal (SPGB)
405:World Values Survey
159:means of production
155:material conditions
73:/SPGB). During the
31:Systematic ideology
18:Systematic Ideology
893:Political theories
732:Socialist Standard
472:Socialist Standard
425:Socialist Standard
400:Political spectrum
304:. Calabria Press.
258:Socialist Standard
123:Socialist Standard
95:Turner Controversy
67:
908:Social philosophy
875:
874:
793:Spanner (journal)
738:Western Socialist
673:Thomas A. Jackson
603:Companion parties
458:978-0-904383-00-3
192:anarcho-socialism
16:(Redirected from
920:
770:Breakaway groups
683:Edgar Hardcastle
678:Albert E. Jacomb
589:
582:
575:
566:
543:
542:
540:
538:
517:
499:
490:
475:
462:
446:
437:Barltrop, Robert
432:
390:History of ideas
379:
363:
347:
331:
315:
296:
273:only 11 percent.
231:Francis Fukuyama
75:Second World War
21:
928:
927:
923:
922:
921:
919:
918:
917:
878:
877:
876:
871:
866:Western Clarion
819:
764:
720:
706:Robert Barltrop
668:Jack Fitzgerald
661:Notable members
656:
634:
598:
593:
551:
546:
536:
534:
497:
492:
491:
487:
478:
465:
459:
435:
422:
413:
386:
366:
350:
334:
318:
312:
302:Beyond Politics
299:
283:
280:
239:
204:Beyond Politics
200:
150:
138:Beyond Politics
56:
46:is the central
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
926:
924:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
880:
879:
873:
872:
870:
869:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
840:
834:
827:
825:
821:
820:
818:
817:
811:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
774:
772:
766:
765:
763:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
735:
728:
726:
722:
721:
719:
718:
713:
708:
703:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
664:
662:
658:
657:
655:
654:
649:
642:
640:
636:
635:
633:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
606:
604:
600:
599:
594:
592:
591:
584:
577:
569:
563:
562:
557:
550:
549:External links
547:
545:
544:
515:10.1.1.622.476
508:(2): 153–167.
484:
483:
482:
477:
476:
463:
457:
433:
419:
418:
417:
412:
409:
408:
407:
402:
397:
392:
385:
382:
381:
380:
364:
348:
332:
316:
311:978-0950544564
310:
297:
279:
276:
275:
274:
238:
235:
227:
226:
223:
220:
216:
199:
198:George Walford
196:
163:social classes
149:
146:
99:Walsby Society
55:
52:
33:is a study of
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
925:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
883:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:Radio Imagine
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
828:
826:
822:
815:
812:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
775:
773:
771:
767:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
743:Imagine (SPC)
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
729:
727:
723:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:Harry Baldwin
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
665:
663:
659:
653:
650:
648:
644:
643:
641:
637:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
605:
601:
597:
590:
585:
583:
578:
576:
571:
570:
567:
561:
558:
556:
553:
552:
548:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
511:
507:
503:
496:
489:
486:
480:
479:
473:
469:
464:
460:
454:
450:
445:
444:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
420:
415:
414:
410:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
383:
377:
373:
369:
368:999 Emergency
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
307:
303:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:
277:
271:
270:
269:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
244:
236:
234:
232:
224:
221:
217:
213:
212:
211:
207:
205:
197:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
175:
173:
169:
164:
160:
156:
147:
145:
143:
139:
133:
131:
127:
125:
124:
119:
115:
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
83:working class
80:
76:
72:
65:
60:
53:
51:
49:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
535:. Retrieved
505:
501:
488:
471:
467:
442:
428:
424:
367:
351:
335:
319:
301:
284:
278:Publications
266:
261:
257:
254:human nature
250:hierarchical
247:
240:
228:
208:
203:
202:In his book
201:
176:
168:conservatism
151:
141:
137:
134:
129:
128:
121:
109:
107:
102:
90:
86:
68:
63:
30:
29:
698:Harry Young
688:Tony Turner
470:(review)".
243:falsifiable
888:Ideologies
882:Categories
716:Adam Buick
693:Jim D'Arcy
411:References
172:liberalism
81:among the
35:ideologies
833:(non-WSM)
816:(Austria)
711:Cyril May
510:CiteSeerX
376:504152694
360:0960-8761
293:751392696
237:Criticism
188:anarchism
184:communism
180:labourism
170:and then
118:socialism
48:motivator
481:Specific
439:(1975).
384:See also
370:. 1946.
344:83399662
338:. 1949.
328:82747736
322:. 1980.
287:. 1947.
824:Related
740:(WSPUS)
532:3820911
449:149–150
416:General
215:action.
166:and in
114:elitist
54:History
43:England
810:(1911)
734:(SPGB)
645:World
537:26 May
530:
512:
455:
374:
358:
342:
326:
308:
291:
148:Theory
39:London
528:S2CID
498:(PDF)
539:2011
453:ISBN
372:OCLC
356:ISSN
340:OCLC
324:OCLC
306:ISBN
289:OCLC
190:(or
520:doi
429:100
884::
526:.
518:.
506:99
504:.
500:.
451:.
427:.
354:.
264:.
105:.
41:,
588:e
581:t
574:v
541:.
522::
466:"
461:.
378:.
362:.
346:.
330:.
314:.
295:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
